UNIT 15: NUCLEUS SF027 1
|
|
- Johnathan Stephens
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 is defined as the central core of an atom that is positively charged and contains protons and neutrons. UNIT 5: NUCLUS SF07 Neutron lectron 5. Nuclear Structure nucleus of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons that known as nucleons (is defined as the particles found inside the nucleus) as shown in figure 5.a. Proton Charge (C)( Mass (kg( kg) Proton and neutron are characterised by the following properties in table 5.a. Proton (p)( Neutron (n)( +e 0 9 ( ) (uncharged) Table 5.a For a neutral atom : The number of protons = the number of electrons orbiting the inside the nucleus nucleus This is because the magnitude of an electron charge equals to the magnitude of a proton charge but opposite sign. SF07
2 Nuclei are characterised by the number and type of nucleons they contain as shown in table 5.b. Number Symbol Definition tomic number Z The number of protons in a nucleus Neutron number N The number of neutrons in a nucleus Mass (nucleon) The number of nucleons in a nucleus number Table 5.b Relationship : ny nucleus of elements in the periodic table called a nuclide is characterised by its atomic number Z and its mass number. The nuclide of an element is represented as Mass number lement X tomic number SF07 The number of protons Z is not necessary equal to the number of neutrons N. 95 e.g. : Na ; 6 S ; 78 Pt Z = N = Z = Since a nucleus can be modeled as tightly packed sphere where each sphere is a nucleon, thus the average radius of the nucleus is given by femtometre (fermi) (5.a) 5 R = R 0-5 where R0 : constant =. 0 m (. fm) : mass number fm = 0 xample : ased on the periodic table of element, Write down the symbol of nuclide for following cases: a. Z=0 ; =40 b. Z=7 ; =5 (exercise) c. 50 nucleons ; 4 electrons d. 06 nucleons ; 48 protons (exercise) e. 4 nucleons ; protons (exercise) SF07 4 m
3 Solution: a. Given Z=0 ; =40 40 X Ca Z 0 c. Given =50 and Z=number of protons = number of electrons =4 Z X 50 4Cr xample : What is meant by the symbols below : 0 n ; p ; 0 e State the mass number and sign of the charge for each entity above. Solution: 0 n Neutron ; = Charge : neutral (uncharged) p 0 e = Proton ; = Charge : positively charged =0 lectron ; =0 Charge : negatively charged SF07 5 xample : (exercise) Complete the table below : lement nuclide H 9 4 e 4 7 N 6 8O Na 59 7 Co 6 S 55Cs 8 9U Number of protons Number of neutrons Total charge in nucleus Number of electrons e SF07 6
4 5. Isotope Definition is defined as the nuclides/elements/atoms that have the same atomic number Z but different in mass number. From the definition of isotope, thus the number of protons or electrons are equal but different in the number of neutrons N for two isotopes from the same element. For example : Hydrogen isotopes : H : Z=, =, N=0 proton ( p) H : Z=, =, N= deuterium ( D) H : Z=, =, N= tritium ( T ) Oxygen isotopes : 6 8O 7 8O 8 8O equal : Z=8, =6, N=8 : Z=8, =7, N=9 : Z=8, =8, N=0 equal not equal not equal SF Mass-nergy equivalent From the theory of relativity leads to the idea that mass is a form of energy. Mass and energy can be related by following relation : where e.g. : The energy for kg of substance is Unit conversion of mass and energy : The electron-volt (ev) is a unit of energy. is defined as the kinetic energy gained by an electron in being accelerated by a potential difference (voltage) of volt. = mc : amount of m: rest mass : speed of (5.a) energy c light in vacuum ( m s - ) = mc 8 = ( )( ) 6 = J 9 ev = J MeV = 0 ev = SF07 8 J
5 The atomic mass unit (u) is a unit of mass. is defined as exactly the mass of a neutral carbon- atom. atomic mass unit (u) can be converted into the unit of energy by using mass-energy equivalent equation (eq. 5.a) : in joule (j): mass of u = u =.66 0 SF C kg = mc 7 8 = ( )( ) 0 = J u = in ev or MeV: = = ev u = ev or 0 u = 9. 5 MeV J 5.4 Mass Defect and inding nergy 5.4. Mass Defect The mass of a nucleus (M ) is always less than the total mass of its constituent nucleons (Zm p +Nm n ) where M < ( Zmp + Nmn ) with m p : mass of a proton m n : mass of a neutron Hence the difference in this mass is given by m ( Zmp + Nmn ) M = (5.4a) where m is called mass defect. The mass defect is defined as the mass difference between the total mass of the constituent nucleons and the mass of a nucleus. The reduction in mass arises because the act of combining the nucleons to form the nucleus causes some of their mass to be released as energy. ny attempt to separate the nucleons would involve them being given this same amount of energy. This energy is called the binding energy of the nucleus. SF07 0
6 5.4. inding nergy Definition - The binding energy of a nucleus is defined as the energy required to separate completely all the nucleons in the nucleus. The binding energy of the nucleus is equal to the energy equivalent of the mass defect. Hence inding energy in joule ( ) c m = (5.4b) Speed of light in vacuum Mass defect in kg xample 4 : Calculate the binding energy of a lithium nucleus ( 7 in MeV. Li) (Given mass of neutron, m n = u ; mass of proton, m p =.0078 u ; speed of light in vacuum, c=.00 x 0 8 m s - and mass of lithium nucleus, M Li = u) Solution: 7 Li Z = and N = Z N = 4 SF07 The mass defect of lithium nucleus is m = Zmp + Nmn M m = (. 0078) + ( ) 7. m = u The binding energy of lithium nucleus can be calculated by using two method : Use equation 5.4b : = ( m) c -7 u =.66 0 in kg 7 in MeV : ( ) Li [ ] 0600 ( )( 66 0 ) m =. 9 m = kg 9 8 ( )( ) = = J MeV =.60 0 J = = 9. 4 MeV SF07 kg
7 Using unit conversion ( u MeV ) = m 9. 5 MeV in u ( ) 9 5 =. = 9. MeV xample 5 : If the mass of chlorine-5 nucleus ( 5 7 Cl) is 4.97 u, calculate its binding energy in joule. (Given mass of neutron, m n =.009 u ; mass of proton, m p =.007 u and speed of light, c=.00 x 0 8 m s - ) Solution: 5 7 Cl Z = 7 and The mass defect of chlorince-5 nucleus is ( ) Cl = 9. 5 MeV SF07 u N = Z N = 8 m = Zmp + Nmn M m =. m =. 8 m = kg [( ) + ( ) ] ( 0. u) ( 66 0 )kg The binding energy of chlorince-5 nucleus is ( ) = m c 8 8 ( )( ) = = J u = or 0 ( ) J = m = 0. u = J 0 ( ) ( )J xample 6 : (exercise) Calculate the binding energy in joule of a deuterium nucleus. The mass of a deuterium nucleus is.4475 x 0-7 kg. (Given mass of neutron, m n = x 0-7 kg ; mass of proton, m p = x 0-7 kg and speed of light, c=.00 x 0 8 m s - ) ns. :.99 x 0 - J 0 J SF07 4
8 5.5 Nucleus Stability Since the nucleus is viewed as a closed packed of nucleons, thus its stability depends only on the forces exist inside it. The forces involve inside the nucleus are repulsive electrostatic (Coulomb) forces between protons and attractive forces that bind all nucleons together in the nucleus. These attractive force is called nuclear force and is responsible for nucleus stability. The general properties of the nuclear force are summarized as follow : The nuclear force is attractive and is the strongest force in nature. It is a short range force. It means that a nucleon is attracted only to its nearest neighbours in the nucleus. It does not depend on charge; neutrons as well as protons are bound and the binding is same for both. e.g. : proton-proton (p-p)( The magnitude of neutron-neutron (n-n)( nuclear forces are proton-neutron neutron (p-n)( same. SF07 5 The nuclear force depends on the binding energy per nucleon. Note that a nucleus is stable if the nuclear force greater than the Coulomb force and vice versa. The binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus is a measure of the nucleus stability where inding energy ( ) inding energy per nucleon = Nucleon number( ) xample 7 : Why is the uranium-8 nucleus ( less stable than carbon- nucleus ( ) 8 9U )? Give an explanation by referring to the 6 C repulsive coulomb force and the binding energy per nucleon. (Given mass of neutron, m n =.009 u ; mass of proton, m p =.008 u ; mass of carbon- nucleus, M C =.000 u ; mass of uranium-8 nucleus, M U =8.05 u and u =9.5 MeV) SF07 6
9 Solution: From the aspect of repulsive coulomb force : Uranium-8 nucleus has 9 protons but the carbon- nucleus has only 6 protons. Therefore the coulomb force inside uranium-8 nucleus is 9 or 5. times the coulomb force inside carbon- 6 nucleus. From the aspect of binding energy per nucleon: Carbon- : C Z = 6 and N = 6 6 The mass defect : m = ( Zmp + Nmn ) M C m = 0. 0 u The binding energy per nucleon: C C = ( m 9. 5) SF07 7 MeV = 7. 9 MeV / nucleon 8 Uranium-8 : 9 The mass defect : U Z = 9 m = Zmp + Nm m =. 999 u The binding energy per nucleon: and N = 46 ( n ) MU ( m 9. 5) MeV = U 8 = 7. 8 MeV / nucleon U From the value of binding energy per nucleon for both nuclei, we obtain that U < Since the binding energy of uranium-8 nucleus less than the binding energy of carbon- and the coulomb force inside uranium-8 nucleus greater than the coulomb force inside carbon- nucleus therefore uranium-8 nucleus less stable than carbon- nucleus. C SF07 8
10 Figure 5.5a shows a graph of the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number. Greatest stability inding energy per nucleon ( (MeV MeV/nucleon) Fig. 5.5a SF07 9 Mass number From the graph : The value of / rises rapidly from MeV/nucleon to 8 MeV/nucleon with increasing mass number for light nuclei. For the nuclei with between 50 and 80, the value of / ranges between 8.0 and 8.9 Mev/nucleon. The nuclei in these range are very stable. The maximum value of the curve occurs in the vicinity of nickel, which has the most stable nucleus. For > 6, the values of / decreases slowly, indicating that the nucleons are on average less tightly bound. For heavy nuclei with between 00 to 40, the binding energy is between 7.5 and 8.0 MeV/nucleon. These nuclei are unstable and radioactive. xample 8 : (exercise) The mass of neon-0 nucleus ( 0 is u. Calculate the 0 Ne) binding energy per nucleon of neon-0 nucleus in joule per nucleon. (Given mass of neutron, m n =.009 u ; mass of proton, m p =.008 u ; u =.66 x 0-7 kg ns. :. x 0 - J/nucleon SF07 0
11 5.6 Liquid Drop Model The liquid drop model is one of the successful models that permits us to correlate many facts about nuclear masses and binding energies. The model is proposed by Niels ohr and later expanded on by C.F. Von Weiszacker in 95. It is used to estimate the total binding energy of a nucleus by driving semi-empirical empirical mass (binding energy) formula. The liquid drop model based on assumptions below : nucleus likes a drop of incompressible liquid with uniform density and spherical shaped. The force between the nucleons does not depend on the spin and charge of the nucleon. Thus the force between two nucleons either (n-n), (n-p) or (p-p) is the same. The attractive nuclear force which binds the nucleons is a short range force. It means a nucleon can attract only a few of its nearest neighbours. SF07 Figure 5.6a shows the diagram of liquid drop model. nucleus proton Fig. 5.6a neutron nuclear force There are five major effects (factors) influence the binding energy of the nucleus in the liquid drop model : The volume effect (factor), V. The binding energy of a nucleus is proportional to mass number and therefore proportional to the nucleus volume. The contribution of this effect to the binding energy of the entire nucleus is given by = C (5.6a) where C : constant of volume effect (factor) SF07 : mass number
12 The surface effect (factor). The nucleons on the surface of a nucleus have fewer near neighbours than those in the interior of the nucleus (Figure 5.6a), surface nucleons reduce the binding energy by an amount to their number. Since the number of surface nucleons is proportional to the surface area 4πR of the nucleus and R /, the surface term can be expressed as Negative sign means the decreasing in binding = C (5.6b) energy of the nucleus where C : constant of surface effect (factor) The Coulomb repulsion effect (factor). very one of the Z protons repels every one of the (Z-) other protons in the nucleus. Therefore The total repulsive Z(Z-) electric potential energy SF07 Nucleus radius or R This repulsive energy decreases the binding energy, so this term is negative and given by CZ( Z ) = (5.6c) where C : constant of Coulomb repulsion effect (factor) The symmetry effect (factor). To be in a stable, low energy state, the nucleus must have a balance between the energies associated with the neutrons and with the protons. For stable light nuclei (small ) N Z ny large asymmetry between N and Z for light nuclei reduces the binding energy and makes the nucleus less stable. For stable heavy nuclei (larger ) N >Z This effect can be described by a binding energy term below : C4 ( Z ) = (5.6d) 4 : constant of symmetry effect (factor) SF07 4 where C 4
13 The pairing effect (factor). The nuclear force favours pairing of protons and of neutrons. The binding energy terms positive when both Z and N are even and negative when Z and N are odd. The pairing effect can be written as where C 5 C5 5 = ± (5.6e) 4 : constant of pairing effect (factor) C5 + Z & N are even 4 5 = 0 is odd C Z & N are odd 5 4 SF07 5 s a result, the total estimated binding energy is the sum of these five term : = C C CZ ( Z ) C ( Z ) where the values of the constants are C = MeV C = 7.80 MeV C = MeV C 4 =.69 MeV C 5 = 9.00 MeV C ± The mass of a nucleus for any neutral atom, M is given by M ( Zmp + Nmn ) 4 determined from the experimental results 5 4 = (5.6f) c Mass defect ( m)( (5.6e) Semi-empirical empirical mass formula SF07 6
14 xample 9 : Consider the nuclide ( 7 in example 4. Calculate Li) a. the five terms in the binding energy and the total estimated binding energy. b. its neutral atomic mass using the semi-empirical mass formula. (Given m n = u ; m p =.0078 u ; c=.00 x 0 8 m s - ; C =5.75 MeV ; C =7.80 MeV; C =0.70 MeV; C 4 =.69 MeV; C 5 =9.00 MeV) Solution: From the nuclide notation : Z=, =7 and N=4 a. The five terms are = C = 0. 5 MeV = C = MeV CZ( Z ) = =. MeV 4 5 C4 ( Z ) = 4 =. 8 MeV 0 is odd SF07 7 = is odd The total estimated binding energy is = = 9. 5 MeV This value is 0.5% greater than the value in example 4 which is 9. MeV. b. y applying the semi-empirical mass formula, thus ( Zmp + Nmn ) M = c 9. 5 MeV M = ( )(. 0078) + ( 4)( ) 9. 5 MeV / u = u M (.. 8) MeV [ ] This value is.77 x 0 - % less than the value in example 4 which is u. SF07 8
15 5.7 ainbridge Mass Spectrometer Mass spectrometer is a device that detect the presence of isotopes and determines the mass of the isotope from known mass of the common or stable isotope. Figure 5.7a shows a schematic diagram of a ainbridge mass spectrometer. Ion source Plate P vacuated chamber - S S Plate P r S m m r r r r SF07 9 Fig. 5.7a Ions beam Photographic plate Working principle: Ions from an ion source such as a discharge tube are narrowed to a fine beam by the slits S and S. The ions beam then passes through a velocity selector (plates P and P ) which uses a uniform magnetic field and a uniform electric field that are perpendicular to each other. The beam with selected velocity v passes through the velocity selector without deflection and emerge from the slit S. Hence, the force on an ion due to the magnetic field and the electric field are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction (Figure 5.7b). The selected velocity v is given by Plate P Plate P F = F o + F r F r v r qvsin 90 = q v = SF07 0 Fig. 5.7b Using Fleming s left hand rule. (5.7a)
16 The ions beam emerging from the slit S enter an evacuated chamber of uniform magnetic field which is perpendicular to the selected velocity v. The force due to the magnetic field causes an ion to move in a semicircle path of radius r given by F = F c o mv qvsin 90 = r mv r = and v = q r = Since the magnetic fields and and the electric field are constants and every ion entering the spectrometer contains the same amount of charge q, therefore r = km with k = : constant q r m SF07 m q (5.7b) If ions of masses m and m strike the photographic plate with radii r and r respectively as shown in figure 5.7a then m r = (5.7c) m r xample 0: beam of singly charged ions of isotopes Ne-0 and Ne- travels straight through the velocity selector of a ainbridge mass spectrometer. The mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields in the velocity selector are 0.4 MV m - and 0.6 T respectively. These ions then enter a chamber of uniform magnetic flux density 0.8 T. Calculate a. the selected velocity of the ions. b. the separation between two isotopes on the photographic plate. (Given the mass of Ne-0 =. x 0-6 kg; mass of Ne- =.65 x 0-6 kg and charge of the beam is.60 x 0-9 C) Solution: m =.x0-6 kg, m =.65x0-6 kg, =0.6 T =0.4x0-6 V m -, q=.60x0-9 C, =0.8 T SF07
17 a. The selected velocity of the ions is v = v = b. The radius of the circular path made by isotope Ne-0 is r r m q = 0. 7 m = The radius of the circular path made by isotope Ne- is r r m q = m = Therefore the separation between them is 5 m s r = r r r = r = m SF07 TH ND Next Unit UNIT 6 : Nuclear Reaction SF07 4
A nucleus of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons that known as nucleons (is defined as the particles found inside the nucleus).
Chapter 11: Nucleus 11.1 Properties of Nucleus 11.1.1 State the properties of proton and neutron nucleus of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons that known as nucleons (is defined as the particles
More informationMirror Nuclei: Two nuclei with odd A in which the number of protons in one nucleus is equal to the number of neutrons in the other and vice versa.
Chapter 4 The Liquid Drop Model 4.1 Some Nuclear Nomenclature Nucleon: A proton or neutron. Atomic Number, Z: The number of protons in a nucleus. Atomic Mass number, A: The number of nucleons in a nucleus.
More informationChapter 44. Nuclear Structure
Chapter 44 Nuclear Structure Milestones in the Development of Nuclear Physics 1896: the birth of nuclear physics Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium compounds Rutherford showed the radiation
More informationTHE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM
VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM Models of the atom positive charge uniformly distributed over a sphere J. J. Thomson model of the atom (1907) ~2x10-10 m plum-pudding model: positive charge
More informationPHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Lecture 5: The Liquid Drop Model of the Nucleus
PHGN 422: NUCLEAR PHYSICS PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Lecture 5: The Liquid Drop Model of the Nucleus Prof. Kyle Leach September 5, 2017 Slide 1 KUgridlrcorner Last Week... Nuclear binding results in a mass
More informationInstead, the probability to find an electron is given by a 3D standing wave.
Lecture 24-1 The Hydrogen Atom According to the Uncertainty Principle, we cannot know both the position and momentum of any particle precisely at the same time. The electron in a hydrogen atom cannot orbit
More informationThe liquid drop model
The liquid drop model Introduction to Nuclear Science Simon Fraser University Spring 2011 NUCS 342 January 10, 2011 NUCS 342 (Tutorial 0) January 10, 2011 1 / 33 Outline 1 Total binding energy NUCS 342
More information= : K A
Atoms and Nuclei. State two limitations of JJ Thomson s model of atom. 2. Write the SI unit for activity of a radioactive substance. 3. What observations led JJ Thomson to conclusion that all atoms have
More informationConstituents of the atom
Constituents of the atom From Plum Pudding to modern Physics Review E=nhf E upper E lower =hf= hc/λ E n = 13.6/ n 2 ev Balmer series for Hydrogen: λ=b( n 2 / n 2 2 2 ) Rydberg series: 1/λ =R( 1/ m 2 1/
More informationfiziks Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT-JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics
Institute for ET/JRF, GTE, IIT-JM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics. asic Properties of uclei. asic uclear Properties n ordinary hydrogen atom has as its nucleus a single proton, whose charge
More informationBasic Nuclear Theory. Lecture 1 The Atom and Nuclear Stability
Basic Nuclear Theory Lecture 1 The Atom and Nuclear Stability Introduction Nuclear power is made possible by energy emitted from either nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. Current nuclear power plants utilize
More informationNUCLEI, RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR REACTIONS
NUCLEI, RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR REACTIONS VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Q-1. Which of the two is bigger 1 kwh or 1 MeV? Q-2. What should be the approximate minimum energy of a gamma ray photon for pair
More informationUNIT VIII ATOMS AND NUCLEI
UNIT VIII ATOMS AND NUCLEI Weightage Marks : 06 Alpha-particles scattering experiment, Rutherford s model of atom, Bohr Model, energy levels, Hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of Nucleus, atomic
More informationBi β + Po Bismuth-214 is radioactive. It has a half-life of 20 minutes. (a) The nuclide notation for bismuth-214 is Bi.
1 Bismuth-214 is radioactive. It has a half-life of 20 minutes. (a) The nuclide notation for bismuth-214 is Bi. State the composition of the nucleus of bismuth-214. [2] (b) Bismuth-214 decays by β-decay
More informationChapter 13 Nuclear physics
OCR (A) specifications: 5.4.11i,j,k,l Chapter 13 Nuclear physics Worksheet Worked examples Practical: Simulation (applet) websites nuclear physics End-of-chapter test Marking scheme: Worksheet Marking
More informationThere are 82 protons in a lead nucleus. Why doesn t the lead nucleus burst apart?
Question 32.1 The Nucleus There are 82 protons in a lead nucleus. Why doesn t the lead nucleus burst apart? a) Coulomb repulsive force doesn t act inside the nucleus b) gravity overpowers the Coulomb repulsive
More informationThe Charged Liquid Drop Model Binding Energy and Fission
The Charged Liquid Drop Model Binding Energy and Fission 103 This is a simple model for the binding energy of a nucleus This model is also important to understand fission and how energy is obtained from
More informationRadioactivity. (b) Fig shows two samples of the same radioactive substance. The substance emits β-particles. Fig. 12.1
112 (a) What is meant by radioactive decay? Radioactivity [2] (b) Fig. 12.1 shows two samples of the same radioactive substance. The substance emits β-particles. Fig. 12.1 Put a tick alongside any of the
More informationFundamental Forces. Range Carrier Observed? Strength. Gravity Infinite Graviton No. Weak 10-6 Nuclear W+ W- Z Yes (1983)
Fundamental Forces Force Relative Strength Range Carrier Observed? Gravity 10-39 Infinite Graviton No Weak 10-6 Nuclear W+ W- Z Yes (1983) Electromagnetic 10-2 Infinite Photon Yes (1923) Strong 1 Nuclear
More informationABC Math Student Copy
Page 1 of 17 Physics Week 16(Sem. ) Name The Nuclear Chapter Summary Nuclear Structure Atoms consist of electrons in orbit about a central nucleus. The electron orbits are quantum mechanical in nature.
More information6. Atomic and Nuclear Physics
6. Atomic and Nuclear Physics Chapter 6.2 Radioactivity From IB OCC, prepared by J. Domingues based on Tsokos Physics book Warm Up Define: nucleon atomic number mass number isotope. Radioactivity In 1896,
More informationFXA Candidates should be able to :
1 Candidates should be able to : INTRODUCTION Describe qualitatively the alpha-particle scattering experiment and the evidence this provides for the existence, charge and small size of the nucleus. Describe
More informationAQA Chemistry A-Level : Atomic Structure
AQA Chemistry A-Level 3.1.1: Atomic Structure Detailed Notes 3.1.1.1 - Fundamental Particles The model for atomic structure has evolved over time as knowledge and scientific understanding changes. Plum
More informationDescribe the structure of the nucleus Calculate nuclear binding energies Identify factors affecting nuclear stability
Atomic and Nuclear Structure George Starkschall, Ph.D. Lecture Objectives Describe the atom using the Bohr model Identify the various electronic shells and their quantum numbers Recall the relationship
More informationLiquid Drop Model From the definition of Binding Energy we can write the mass of a nucleus X Z
Our first model of nuclei. The motivation is to describe the masses and binding energy of nuclei. It is called the Liquid Drop Model because nuclei are assumed to behave in a similar way to a liquid (at
More informationNJCTL.org 2015 AP Physics 2 Nuclear Physics
AP Physics 2 Questions 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? 2. What is the definition of the atomic number? What is its symbol?
More informationNuclear Physics Part 1: Nuclear Structure & Reactions
Nuclear Physics Part 1: Nuclear Structure & Reactions Last modified: 25/01/2018 Links The Atomic Nucleus Nucleons Strong Nuclear Force Nuclei Are Quantum Systems Atomic Number & Atomic Mass Number Nuclides
More informationMockTime.com. Ans: (b) Q6. Curie is a unit of [1989] (a) energy of gamma-rays (b) half-life (c) radioactivity (d) intensity of gamma-rays Ans: (c)
Chapter Nuclei Q1. A radioactive sample with a half life of 1 month has the label: Activity = 2 micro curies on 1 8 1991. What would be its activity two months earlier? [1988] 1.0 micro curie 0.5 micro
More informationThe nucleus and its structure
The nucleus and its structure Presently no complete theory to fully describe structure and behavior of nuclei based solely on knowledge of force between nucleons (although tremendous progress for A < 12
More informationSubstructure of the Nucleus *
OpenStax-CNX module: m42631 1 Substructure of the Nucleus * OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 Dene and discuss the nucleus in
More informationLECTURE 25 NUCLEAR STRUCTURE AND STABILITY. Instructor: Kazumi Tolich
LECTURE 25 NUCLEAR STRUCTURE AND STABILITY Instructor: Kazumi Tolich Lecture 25 2 30.1 Nuclear structure Isotopes Atomic mass 30.2 Nuclear stability Biding energy 30.3 Forces and energy in the nucleus
More information13. Basic Nuclear Properties
13. Basic Nuclear Properties Particle and Nuclear Physics Dr. Tina Potter Dr. Tina Potter 13. Basic Nuclear Properties 1 In this section... Motivation for study The strong nuclear force Stable nuclei Binding
More informationThe number of protons in the nucleus is known as the atomic number Z, and determines the chemical properties of the element.
I. NUCLEAR PHYSICS I.1 Atomic Nucleus Very briefly, an atom is formed by a nucleus made up of nucleons (neutrons and protons) and electrons in external orbits. The number of electrons and protons is equal
More informationv = E B FXA 2008 UNIT G485 Module Magnetic Fields BQv = EQ THE MASS SPECTROMETER
UNIT G485 Module 1 5.1.2 Magnetic Fields 11 Thus, in order for the particle to suffer NO DEFLECTION and so exit the device at Y : From which : MAGNETIC FORCE UP = ELECTRIC FORCE DOWN BQv = EQ THE MASS
More informationRadioactivity, Radiation and the Structure of the atom
Radioactivity, Radiation and the Structure of the atom What do you know (or can we deduce) about radioactivity from what you have learned in the course so far? How can we learn about whether radioactive
More informationPhysics. Student Materials Advanced Higher. Tutorial Problems Electrical Phenomena HIGHER STILL. Spring 2000
Spring 2000 HIGHER STILL Physics Student Materials Advanced Higher Tutorial Problems Electrical Phenomena TUTORIAL 1 Coulomb's Inverse Square Law 1 A charge of 2.0 x 10-8 C is placed a distance of 2.0
More informationAtomic Quantum number summary. From last time. Na Optical spectrum. Another possibility: Stimulated emission. How do atomic transitions occur?
From last time Hydrogen atom Multi-electron atoms This week s honors lecture: Prof. Brad Christian, Positron Emission Tomography Course evaluations next week Tues. Prof Montaruli Thurs. Prof. Rzchowski
More informationPhysics 228 Today: April 22, 2012 Ch. 43 Nuclear Physics. Website: Sakai 01:750:228 or
Physics 228 Today: April 22, 2012 Ch. 43 Nuclear Physics Website: Sakai 01:750:228 or www.physics.rutgers.edu/ugrad/228 Nuclear Sizes Nuclei occupy the center of the atom. We can view them as being more
More informationGeneral Physics (PHY 2140)
General Physics (PHY 140) Lecture 18 Modern Physics Nuclear Physics Nuclear properties Binding energy Radioactivity The Decay Process Natural Radioactivity Last lecture: 1. Quantum physics Electron Clouds
More information3 Types of Nuclear Decay Processes
3 Types of Nuclear Decay Processes Radioactivity is the spontaneous decay of an unstable nucleus The radioactive decay of a nucleus may result from the emission of some particle from the nucleus. The emitted
More informationAtomic and nuclear physics
Chapter 4 Atomic and nuclear physics INTRODUCTION: The technologies used in nuclear medicine for diagnostic imaging have evolved over the last century, starting with Röntgen s discovery of X rays and Becquerel
More informationNuclear Physics Questions. 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of?
Nuclear Physics Questions 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? 2. What is the definition of the atomic number? What is its symbol?
More informationRFSS: Lecture 2 Nuclear Properties
RFSS: Lecture 2 Nuclear Properties Readings: Modern Nuclear Chemistry: Chapter 2 Nuclear Properties Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Chapter 1 Introduction, Chapter 2 Atomic Nuclei Nuclear properties Masses
More informationPHYSICS 12 NAME: Electrostatics Review
NAME: Electrostatics Review 1. An electron orbits a nucleus which carries a charge of +9.6 x10-19 C. If the electron s orbital radius is 2.0 x10-10 m, what is its electric potential energy? A. -6.9 x10-18
More informationMultiple Choice Questions
Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems PSI AP Physics B 1. The atomic nucleus consists of: (A) Electrons (B) Protons (C)Protons and electrons (D) Protons and neutrons (E) Neutrons and electrons
More informationA) m B) m C) m D) m E) m. 5. Which one of the following circuits has the largest resistance?
Use the following to answer question 1. Two point charges, A and B, lie along a line separated by a distance L. The point x is the midpoint of their separation. 1. Which combination of charges would yield
More informationSlide 1 / 57. Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems
Slide 1 / 57 Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems Slide 2 / 57 Multiple Choice Slide 3 / 57 1 The atomic nucleus consists of: A B C D E Electrons Protons Protons and electrons Protons
More informationA
1 (a) They are not fundamental particles because they consist Not: They can be sub-divided of quarks (b) Any two from: electron / positron / neutrino / antineutrino Allow: muon / tau (c) (i) 4 Ca 1 e +
More informationPhysics 1C. Lecture 29A. "Nuclear powered vacuum cleaners will probably be a reality within 10 years. " --Alex Lewyt, 1955
Physics 1C Lecture 29A "Nuclear powered vacuum cleaners will probably be a reality within 10 years. " --Alex Lewyt, 1955 The Nucleus All nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons (they can also be called
More informationAtomic Structure Atoms are very small ~ metres All atoms are made up of three sub-atomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons
IB Chemistry (unit ) ATOMIC THEORY Atomic Structure - Recap Questions Define the following words: Atom Element Molecule Compound Atomic Structure Atoms are very small ~ - metres All atoms are made up of
More informationChem 481 Lecture Material 1/23/09
Chem 481 Lecture Material 1/23/09 Nature of Radioactive Decay Radiochemistry Nomenclature nuclide - This refers to a nucleus with a specific number of protons and neutrons. The composition of a nuclide
More informationZ is the atomic number, the number of protons: this defines the element. Isotope: Nuclides of an element (i.e. same Z) with different N.
Lecture : The nucleus and nuclear instability Nuclei are described using the following nomenclature: A Z Element N Z is the atomic number, the number of protons: this defines the element. A is called the
More informationTHE MODERN VIEW OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
44 CHAPTER 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions GO FIGURE What is the charge on the particles that form the beam? Experiment Interpretation Incoming a particles Beam of a particles Source of a particles Nucleus
More information1.1 Atomic structure
1.1 Atomic structure History of the atom The model of the atom has changed as our observations of its behavior and properties have increased. A model is used to explain observations. The model changes
More informationZ is the atomic number, the number of protons: this defines the element. Isotope: Nuclides of an element (i.e. same Z) with different N.
Lecture : The nucleus and nuclear instability Nuclei are described using the following nomenclature: A Z Element N Z is the atomic number, the number of protons: this defines the element. A is called the
More informationNice Try. Introduction: Development of Nuclear Physics 20/08/2010. Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity. SPH4UI Physics
SPH4UI Physics Modern understanding: the ``onion picture Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity Nucleus Protons tom and neutrons Let s see what s inside! 3 Nice Try Introduction: Development of Nuclear Physics
More informationFisika Inti Nuclear Physics 5/14/2010 1
Fisika Inti Nuclear Physics 5/14/2010 1 Pengertian Modern: Gambar onion Modern understanding: the ``onion picture Atom Let s see what s inside! 5/14/2010 2 Pengertian Modern: Gambar onion Modern understanding:
More informationSubatomic Particles. proton. neutron. electron. positron. particle. 1 H or 1 p. 4 α or 4 He. 0 e or 0 β
Nuclear Chemistry Subatomic Particles proton neutron 1n 0 1 H or 1 p 1 1 positron electron 0 e or 0 β +1 +1 0 e or 0 β 1 1 particle 4 α or 4 He 2 2 Nuclear Reactions A balanced nuclear equation has the
More information1.1 Atomic structure. The Structure of the Atom Mass Spectrometry Electronic Structure Ionisation Energies
1.1 Atomic structure The Structure of the Atom Mass Spectrometry Electronic Structure Ionisation Energies a) Protons, neutrons and electrons THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM Atoms are made up of three fundamental
More informationNuclear Binding & Stability. Stanley Yen TRIUMF
Nuclear Binding & Stability Stanley Yen TRIUMF UNITS: ENERGY Energy measured in electron-volts (ev) 1 volt battery boosts energy of electrons by 1 ev 1 volt battery 1 MeV = 106 ev 1 e-volt = 1.6x10-19
More informationTopic 7 &13 Review Atomic, Nuclear, and Quantum Physics
Name: Date:. Isotopes provide evidence for the existence of A. protons. B. electrons. C. nuclei. Topic 7 &3 Review Atomic, Nuclear, and Quantum Physics D. neutrons.. The atomic line spectra of elements
More information[1] (c) Some fruits, such as bananas, are naturally radioactive because they contain the unstable isotope of potassium-40 ( K.
(a) State, with a reason, whether or not protons and neutrons are fundamental particles....... [] (b) State two fundamental particles that can be classified as leptons.... [] (c) Some fruits, such as bananas,
More informationNuclear Properties. Thornton and Rex, Ch. 12
Nuclear Properties Thornton and Rex, Ch. 12 A pre-history 1896 Radioactivity discovered - Becquerel a rays + (Helium) b rays - (electrons) g rays 0 (EM waves) 1902 Transmutation observed - Rutherford and
More informationCLASS 32. NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY
CLASS 3. NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY 3.. INTRODUCTION Scientists found that hitting atoms with alpha particles could induce transformations in light elements. (Recall that the capture of an alpha particle by
More informationSECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models
AP Physics Multiple Choice Practice Modern Physics SECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models 1. Light of a single frequency falls on a photoelectric material but no electrons are emitted. Electrons may
More informationPhys102 Lecture 29, 30, 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Phys10 Lecture 9, 30, 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Key Points Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Alpha, Beta and Gamma Decays References 30-1,,3,4,5,6,7. Atomic Structure Nitrogen (N) Atom
More informationWorkout Examples No.of nucleons Binding energy
Workout Examples 1. Find (i) mass defect (ii) binding energy (iii) binding energy per nucleon for a helium nucleus. Given the mass of helium nucleus= 4.001509 a.m.u., mass of proton= 1.00777 a.m.u. and
More informationAtomic and Nuclear Physics. Topic 7.3 Nuclear Reactions
Atomic and Nuclear Physics Topic 7.3 Nuclear Reactions Nuclear Reactions Rutherford conducted experiments bombarding nitrogen gas with alpha particles from bismuth-214. He discovered that fast-moving particles
More informationPhysics Tutorial MF1 Magnetic Forces
Physics Tutorial MF1 Magnetic Forces 1 Magnetic Forces The force F on a charge q moving with velocity v in a magnetic field is: F = qv The force F on a straight conductor of length L carrying a current
More informationChapter test: Probing the Heart of Matter
PRO dditional sheet 5 Chapter test: Probing the Heart of Matter 40 marks total nswer LL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. The marks for individual questions
More informationClass XII Chapter 13 - Nuclei Physics
Question 13.1: (a) Two stable isotopes of lithium and have respective abundances of 7.5% and 92.5%. These isotopes have masses 6.01512 u and 7.01600 u, respectively. Find the atomic mass of lithium. (b)
More informationLecture 32 April
Lecture 32 April 08. 2016. Hydrogen Discharge Tube and Emission of Discrete Wavelengths Description of the discrete Hydrogen Emission Spectrum by the Balmer (1884) Rydberg Ritz formula (1908) Cathode Ray
More informationCHAPTER 19 THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS NUCLEAR STRUCTURE The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. A protonis a positively charged particle having mass 1.6726 x 10(-27) kg and charge 1.6 x 10(-19) coulomb.
More informationHypotheses on Nuclear Physics and Quantum Mechanics: A New Perspective
Journal of Nuclear and Particle Physics 016, 6(1): 10-3 DOI: 10.593/j.jnpp.0160601.03 Hypotheses on Nuclear Physics and Quantum Mechanics: A New Perspective Joshua Egbon Department of Mechanical Engineering,
More informationP Q 2 = -3.0 x 10-6 C
1. Which one of the following represents correct units for electric field strength? A. T B. N/C C. J / C D. N m 2 /C 2 2. The diagram below shows two positive charges of magnitude Q and 2Q. P Q 2Q Which
More information(a) (i) State the proton number and the nucleon number of X.
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 1. Nuclei of 218 84Po decay by the emission of an particle to form a stable isotope of an element X. You may assume that no emission accompanies the decay. (a) (i) State the
More informationWhat did you learn in the last lecture?
What did you learn in the last lecture? Charge density distribution of a nucleus from electron scattering SLAC: 21 GeV e s ; λ ~ 0.1 fm (to first order assume that this is also the matter distribution
More informationObjects usually are charged up through the transfer of electrons from one object to the other.
1 Part 1: Electric Force Review of Vectors Review your vectors! You should know how to convert from polar form to component form and vice versa add and subtract vectors multiply vectors by scalars Find
More informationTest Review FQ3eso_U5_4_Electric field_test_review
Test Review FQ3eso_U5_4_Electric field_test_review Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1.- In which diagram do the field lines best represent the
More informationNuclear Properties. Thornton and Rex, Ch. 12
Nuclear Properties Thornton and Rex, Ch. 12 A pre-history 1896 Radioactivity discovered - Becquerel a rays + (Helium) b rays - (electrons) g rays 0 (EM waves) 1902 Transmutation observed - Rutherford and
More informationPart II Particle and Nuclear Physics Examples Sheet 4
Part II Particle and Nuclear Physics Examples Sheet 4 T. Potter Lent/Easter Terms 018 Basic Nuclear Properties 8. (B) The Semi-Empirical mass formula (SEMF) for nuclear masses may be written in the form
More information1. Section 2: Nuclear Energetics
1. Section 2: Nuclear Energetics The energy stored in atomic nuclei is more than a million times greater than that from chemical reactions and is a driving force in the evolution of our Universe. The energy
More informationBasic science. Atomic structure. Electrons. The Rutherford-Bohr model of an atom. Electron shells. Types of Electrons. Describing an Atom
Basic science A knowledge of basic physics is essential to understanding how radiation originates and behaves. This chapter works through what an atom is; what keeps it stable vs. radioactive and unstable;
More informationChapter 29. Nuclear Physics
Chapter 29 Nuclear Physics Ernest Rutherford 1871 1937 Discovery that atoms could be broken apart Studied radioactivity Nobel prize in 1908 Some Properties of Nuclei All nuclei are composed of protons
More informationCHAPTER 7 TEST REVIEW
IB PHYSICS Name: Period: Date: # Marks: 94 Raw Score: IB Curve: DEVIL PHYSICS BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS CHAPTER 7 TEST REVIEW 1. An alpha particle is accelerated through a potential difference of 10 kv.
More informationUnit 1 Atomic Structure
Unit 1 Atomic Structure Defining the Atom I. Atomic Theory A. Modern Atomic Theory 1. All matter is made up of very tiny particles called atoms 2. Atoms of the same element are chemically alike 3. Individual
More informationThe IC electrons are mono-energetic. Their kinetic energy is equal to the energy of the transition minus the binding energy of the electron.
1 Lecture 3 Nuclear Decay modes, Nuclear Sizes, shapes, and the Liquid drop model Introduction to Decay modes (continued) Gamma Decay Electromagnetic radiation corresponding to transition of nucleus from
More information2007 Fall Nuc Med Physics Lectures
2007 Fall Nuc Med Physics Lectures Tuesdays, 9:30am, NN203 Date Title Lecturer 9/4/07 Introduction to Nuclear Physics RS 9/11/07 Decay of radioactivity RS 9/18/07 Interactions with matter RM 9/25/07 Radiation
More informationI. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I)
I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I) 1. Which of the following conclusions could not be derived from Rutherford s α -particle scattering experiement? (i) Most of the space in the atom is empty. (ii) The
More informationHomework 2: Forces on Charged Particles
Homework 2: Forces on Charged Particles 1. In the arrangement shown below, 2 C of positive charge is moved from plate S, which is at a potential of 250 V, to plate T, which is at a potential of 750 V.
More information5 Atomic Physics. 1 of the isotope remains. 1 minute, 4. Atomic Physics. 1. Radioactivity 2. The nuclear atom
5 Atomic Physics 1. Radioactivity 2. The nuclear atom 1. In a fission reactor, which particle causes a Uranium-235 nucleus to split? A. alpha-particle B. gamma ray C. neutron D. proton 2. A radioactive
More informationChapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Chapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity 30.1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Nucleus is made of protons and neutrons Proton has positive charge: Neutron is electrically neutral: 30.1 Structure
More informationGravitational Fields Review
Gravitational Fields Review 2.1 Exploration of Space Be able to: o describe planetary motion using Kepler s Laws o solve problems using Kepler s Laws o describe Newton s Law of Universal Gravitation o
More informationBinding Energy and Mass defect
Binding Energy and Mass defect Particle Relative Electric Charge Relative Mass Mass (kg) Charge (C) (u) Electron -1-1.60 x 10-19 5.485779 x 10-4 9.109390 x 10-31 Proton +1 +1.60 x 10-19 1.007276 1.672623
More informationNuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions
Slide 1 / 33 Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions The Nucleus Slide 2 / 33 Proton: The charge on a proton is +1.6x10-19 C. The mass of a proton is 1.6726x10-27 kg. Neutron: The neutron is neutral. The
More informationCh 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
AP Chemistry: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Lecture Outline 2.1 The Atomic Theory of Matter Greek philosophers: Can matter be subdivided into fundamental particles? Democritus (460 370 BC): All matter can
More informationSelected Topics in Physics a lecture course for 1st year students by W.B. von Schlippe Spring Semester 2007
Selected Topics in Physics a lecture course for 1st year students by W.B. von Schlippe Spring Semester 2007 Lecture 11 1.) Determination of parameters of the SEMF 2.) α decay 3.) Nuclear energy levels
More informationApplied Nuclear Physics (Fall 2006) Lecture 12 (10/25/06) Empirical Binding Energy Formula and Mass Parabolas
22.101 Applied Nuclear Physics (Fall 2006) Lecture 12 (10/25/06) Empirical Binding Energy Formula and Mass Parabolas References: W. E. Meyerhof, Elements of Nuclear Physics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967),
More informationChapter 28. Atomic Physics
Chapter 28 Atomic Physics Bohr s Correspondence Principle Bohr s Correspondence Principle states that quantum mechanics is in agreement with classical physics when the energy differences between quantized
More informationPhysics 102: Lecture 26. X-rays. Make sure your grade book entries are correct. Physics 102: Lecture 26, Slide 1
Physics 102: Lecture 26 X-rays Make sure your grade book entries are correct. Physics 102: Lecture 26, Slide 1 X-Rays Photons with energy in approx range 100eV to 100,000eV. This large energy means they
More information