Heliostat field design for solar thermochemical processes*
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1 Solar Fuel & Material age 15 Heliotat field deign for olar thermochemical procee* Robert itz-aal DLR - Solar Reearch baed on: Robert itz-aal, Nicola Bayer Botero, Aldo Steinfeld Heliotat field layout optimization for high-temperature olar thermochemical proceing Solar Energ Volume 85, Iue, February 011, age Claification of CRS-Tool degree of detail component analyi ytem analyi ytem layout imulation of operation optimiation of operation performance calc. layout optimiation calculation peed
2 Solar Fuel & Material age 16 Maximizing annual energy output or Minimizing production cot Heliotat Field Optimization by variation of Deign parameter heliotat poition tower height receiver aperture Operation parameter operation temperature E S W N 3 erformance Calculation Given: Heliotat, Heliotat oition, Aim oint, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar DNI ( FMir refl atmo co( b& coordinate ytem: tower coordinate ytem un angle azimuth 0 = outh elevation 90 = zenith y x receiver coordinate ytem 4
3 Solar Fuel & Material age 17 erformance Calculation Given: Heliotat, Heliotat oition, Aim oint, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar DNI ( FMir refl atmo co( b& time ytem: 9 h Vormittag 10 h 11 h Mittag 1 h Jun Mai/Jul Apr/Aug Mär/Sep 13 h Nachmittag 14 h 15 h h 7 h 8 h 9 h 10 h 11 h 10 8 h 16 h 5 h Feb/Okt Jan/Nov Dez 13 h 14 h 15 h 16 h 17 h 18 h 5 erformance Calculation Given: Heliotat, Heliotat oition, Aim oint, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar DNI ( FMir refl atmo co( b& time ytem: 7 month: Dec, Jan/Nov, Feb/Oct, Mar/Sep, Apr/Aug, Mai/Jul, Jun day/month: one repreentative day per month (1 local olar time, hourly interval 6
4 Solar Fuel & Material age 18 erformance Calculation Given: Heliotat, Heliotat oition, Aim oint, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar DNI ( FMir refl atmo co( b& radiation model: tabulated data clear ky model from Hottel (1976): DNI ( ( LAT, h, da time) atmo IRR ET 850 LAT 35 N, 0m, olar noon 800 DNI [W/m²] erformance Calculation Given: Heliotat, Heliotat oition, Aim oint, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar DNI ( FMir refl atmo co( b& atmopheric attenuation: atmo f ( lant range) 1.00 agree well with ittman/vant-hull at Rho_HO 7 g/m³ Vi 40 km H 0 km h_tower 0.1 km Tranmiivity [-] itman/vant-hull HFLCAL Slant Range [km] 8
5 Solar Fuel & Material age 19 erformance Calculation Given: Heliotat, Heliotat oition, Aim oint, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar DNI ( FMir refl atmo co( b& coine factor 9 erformance Calculation Given: Heliotat, Heliotat oition, Aim oint, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar DNI ( FMir refl atmo co( b& hading 10
6 Solar Fuel & Material age 0 erformance Calculation Given: Heliotat, Heliotat oition, Aim oint, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar DNI ( FMir refl atmo co( b& blocking 11 Background Deign and optimization of olar tower ytem require the calculation of the reflected beam in the target plane 1
7 Solar Fuel & Material age 1 Background Deign and optimization of olar tower ytem require the calculation of the reflected beam in the target plane Deviation from ideal concentration: non-parallel ray alignment error hape error lope error diffue reflection (off-axi-reflection) 13 Background tatitical approach (ray-tracing) analytical approach (convolution) I M E S I M ( x1, y1) E( x x1, y y1) S( x y dx1dy1dxdy e I( ( x y ) / i0 j0 Cij Hi( x) H j ( i! j! 14
8 Solar Fuel & Material age HFLCAL Approach HFLCAL ue a implified convolution approach: The reflected image of each heliotat i approximated by a circular normal ditribution ( Gauian ) F r ² 1 ² ( ) r e ² beam error un beam quality "Kuiper" probability [-] "Gauian" r [mrad] un mirror 15 Accuracy of Mathematical Model F r ² 1 ² ( ) r e ² beam error un beam quality ettit, Vittitoe and Bigg (1983) found good agreement when beam error un Central Limit Theorem: uperpoition of a great number of any ditribution converge toward a normal ditribution ray-tracing HFLCAL ray-tracing HFLCAL perfect mirror realitic mirror 16
9 Solar Fuel & Material age 3 Accuracy of Mathematical Model F r ² 1 ² ( ) r e ² beam error un beam quality How to choe the correct value for beam error? % 9 4.0% 8 3.5% total igma [mrad] RMS (HFLCAL-RayTracing) 3.0%.5%.0% 1.5% 1.0% 1 0.5% lope error (normal) [mrad] 0.0% lope error (normal) [mrad] total igma error 17 Accuracy of Mathematical Model tracking error influence the amount of intercepted energy beam error un beam quality ( track ) track axi1 axi 18
10 Solar Fuel & Material age 4 Accuracy of Mathematical Model atigmatim influence the ize and hape of the reflected beam total beam error atigm H W t d d SLR f SLR f co ; co 1; atigm 1 H t, hel facet W 4 SLR, hel facet 19 Accuracy of Mathematical Model atimgatim influence the ize and hape of the reflected beam total beam error atigm kw/m² [kw/m²] ingle mirror, ident angle 37.6 (left: HFLCAL, right: ray tracing) 0
11 Solar Fuel & Material age 5 erformance Calculation Given: Heliotat, Heliotat oition, Aim oint, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar DNI ( FMir refl atmo co( b& intercept 1 e aperture dd aimpoint = center: analytical olution aimpoint center: numerical olution 1 erformance Calculation Given: Heliotat, Heliotat oition, Aim oint, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar DNI ( FMir refl atmo co( b& intercept 1 e aperture dd aimpoint = center: analytical olution aimpoint center: emi-analytical olution
12 Solar Fuel & Material age 6 erformance Calculation Given: Heliotat, Heliotat oition, Aim oint, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar DNI ( FMir refl atmo co( b& intercept 1 e aperture dd free form: numerical olution 3 erformance Calculation Given: Heliotat, Heliotat oition, Aim oint, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar rec ec( econdary tranmiion 4
13 Solar Fuel & Material age 7 erformance Calculation Given: Heliotat, Heliotat oition, Aim oint, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar olar field power thermal power field ( i i Q thermal ( ( ( field converion field annual performance E E field thermal t w( t field w( Q ( thermal ( 5 Layout Calculation Given: Heliotat, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar Tak: calculate heliotat poition 1. calculation of hypothetical heliotat poition bilinear expanion bilinear with central gap lip plane (heliotat in row) uer defined algorithm 6
14 Solar Fuel & Material age 8 Layout Calculation Given: Heliotat, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar Tak: calculate heliotat poition 1. calculation of hypothetical heliotat poition bilinear expanion bilinear with central gap lip plane (heliotat in row) uer defined algorithm maximum denity zone expand with u = au + r x bu lip plane: add heliotat to each gap 7 Layout Calculation Given: Heliotat, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar Tak: calculate heliotat poition. calculation of field performance 3. election of bet performing heliotat 8
15 Solar Fuel & Material age 9 Field erformance Matrix Given: Heliotat, Heliotat oition, Tower, Receiver, (Secondar Tak: calculate field efficiency for any un angle 9 Optimization Given: Heliotat, oitioning Alg., Tower, Receiver-Type, (Secondar Tak: optimize layout parameter ditribute heliotat calculate all time point choe bet heliotat optimization algorithm manipulate ytem parameter optimize for -power per m² reflective area -leat cot of thermal receiver power 30
16 Solar Fuel & Material age 30 Optimization for ower Generation v. Chemical rocee ower Generation Typical temperature below 1300 K Typical olar concentration <1000 un roce temperature defined by power cycle Controlled independently of olar input by adjutment of ma flow rate Chemical procee Typical temperature above 1300K Typical olar concentration >1000 un Ue of econdary concentrator roce temperature defined by chemical proce roce temperature depend on olar power to receiver (change over time!) Reactor model and chemical reaction characteritic impact field deign 31 Aumption to etimate theoretical upper limit the reactor temperature i uniform convection and conduction heat loe are neglected tranient heat loe during tart-up and hut-down are neglected reaction achieve completion, e.g. there are no chemical ide product conidered no purge gae are ued 3
17 Solar Fuel & Material age 31 Two Example Reaction.. ZnO diociation (000K) ZnO Zn + 0.5O Coal gaification (1400K) C + HO CO + H Simplified Model Approach 0 thermalloe olar,in reaction T reaction T 4 T A T aperture thermalloe T T ( T ) H r ( T ) cpdt T in Ea Areaction k0 exp RT Target function for optimization olartochemical all time tep (T)H olar, in all time tep r ( T ) 33 arameter Heliotat ize 10 / 10 m² Beam Quality 3.3; 3.0;.7 mrad l. unhape Deign power to reactor 1; 10; 100 MW Heliotat pacing Tower Height 1 MW 40m 10 MW 10m 100 MW 50m 34
18 Solar Fuel & Material age 3 Multimodal objective function: Different configuration lead to very imilar optima Cae 1 Cae reflectivity coine blockin& hading attenuation int ercept econdary receiver total 35 Reult Comparion of field (10MW 10m²) reference field optimized for deign point concentration of 500 un field = 69,7 % optimization target: chemical yield Coal gaification. field = 61,8 % olar-chemical =39,1% peak concentration = 555 un mean concentration = 107 un optimization target: chemical yield z oxide diociation field = 55 % olar-chemical =30,6% peak concentration = 4798 un mean concentration = 3679 un 36
19 Solar Fuel & Material age 33 Efficiencie [%] Reactor operating condition Average eak Flux Operating Operating ZnO diociation Field Intercept Secondary Optical Reactor Total Denity Temperature Temperature [MW/m²] [K] [K] 1 MW 10m Heliotat 10 MW 10m Heliotat 100 MW; 3 cavitie 10m² Heliotat , Efficiencie [%] Coal gaification Field Intercept Secondary Optical Reactor Total Reactor operating condition Average eak Flux Operating Operating Denity Temperature Temperature [MW/m²] [K] [K] 1 MW 10m Heliotat MW 10m Heliotat MW; 3 cavitie 10m² Heliotat Comparion to olar electric ytem Thermal Receiver 500 kw/m² 1MW 10m² Heliotat Efficiencie [%] Field Intercept Secondary Optical Reactor Total Reactor operating condition 10MW 10m² Heliotat n/a 100MW; Northfield 10m² Heliotat Chemical converion through electrolyi: Aume rec =0.9, cycle =0.45, electroly =0.8 tot =0.699 *0.9* 0.45 * 0.8 =
20 Solar Fuel & Material age 34 Senitivity Analyi: Impact of beam quality a) d) The perfect mirror ZnO The perfect mirror C-Gaif. 39 Senitivity Analyi: Impact of tower height b) e) ZnO C-Gaif. 40
21 Solar Fuel & Material age 35 Senitivity Analyi: Impact heat recovery / inlet temp. a) b) ZnO C-Gaif. 41 Summary Optimization methodology of heliotat field for olar tower applied to hightemperature chemical reaction Application to diociation of Z oxide and coal gaification with optimum etimation: Z oxide diociation: 000 K and 5000 un Coal gaification: 1400 K and 000 un Excellent econdary optic are required to achieve thee condition enaltie up to 5 % in field efficiencie due to need of high temperature heat of chemical reaction Sytem till how efficiency benefit over olar electrochemical concept High temperature reaction concept very enitive to beam quality and tower height 4
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