weak mean flow R. M. Samelson
|
|
- Arline Dawson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 An effective-β vector for linear planetary waves on a weak mean flow R. M. Samelson College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences 14 COAS Admin Bldg Oregon State University Corvallis, OR USA rsamelson@coas.oregonstate.edu Submitted to Ocean Modelling January, 1
2 Abstract An effective-β vector and an accompanying mean-flow advection vector are computed for linear planetary waves on a weak, horizontally uniform mean flow, for arbitrary stratification and vertical shear profiles. These vectors arise from the projections of mean-flow vertical shear and horizontal advection terms onto vertical structure functions related to the rest-state linear vertical mode. As such, these vectors are independent of depth, and determine the propagation direction and speed for the linear planetary waves on the weak mean flow. The resulting dispersion relation gives the modified wave frequency as the sum of a Doppler shift term and a dispersion function that has the same form as the rest-state planetary-wave dispersion function, but relative to the effective-β vector. The propagation of long waves remains nondispersive. A modal decomposition of the mean flow illustrates the non-doppler effect. For two examples of climatological mean-flow and stratification profiles, the theory is shown to reproduce accurately the modified long-wave zonal phase speeds from the full linear long-wave solution on a purely zonal mean flow. 1
3 1 The effective-β vector Quasi-geostrophic linear planetary waves on a resting ocean satisfy a dispersion relation of the form, ω = Ω(k,l) = βk K + λr, (1.1) where ω is frequency, k is zonal wavenumber, K = k + l is total squared wavenumber, λ R is a deformation radius, and β is the rate of change of the Coriolis parameter with latitude (Pedlosky, 1987). Such waves have purely westward phase propagation, with zonal phase speed c = ω/k <. The scalar β can be interpreted as the magnitude of a β-vector that is equal to the vector gradient of the Coriolis parameter and directed northward; the westward phase propagation direction is then ninety degrees counterclockwise of this vector. In the presence of a mean flow, this dispersion relation and the associated propagation are altered. In the following, an effective-β vector for linear waves on a non-zero mean flow is computed that determines the analogous pseudo-westward phase propagation, generalizing an approach and result for small-amplitude waves on a zonal mean flow presented by Killworth et al. (1997). For linear waves on a large-scale mean flow that varies only in the vertical, the quasigeostrophic potential vorticity equation for streamfunction (scaled pressure) ψ(x,y,z,t) is [ t +U(z) x +V (z) ] q + ψ ( β + Q ) ψ Q =, (1.) y x y y x where q = ψ x + ψ y + ( f ) ψ z N, (1.3) z is the disturbance potential vorticity, U = (U,V ) is the mean geostrophic flow, and Q =
4 (Q x,q y ), Q x = d ( f ) dv N, Q y = d ( f ) du N, (1.4) is the mean-flow potential vorticity gradient (Pedlosky, 1987). Since the coefficients in (1.) are independent of x, y, and t, let ψ(x,y,z,t) = P(z) exp[ i(kx + ly ωt)]. (1.5) Then P(z) must satisfy the ordinary differential equation, [ (ω ku lv ) K P + d ( f )] dp N { [ k β d ( f )] du N l d ( f )} dv N P =, (1.6) were K = k + l. The equation (1.6) must be solved subject to the boundary conditions, (ω ku lv ) dp + (kdu + l dv )P = at z = { H,}, (1.7) representing the inviscid flat-bottom and rigid-lid no-normal-flow conditions in the presence of the mean geostrophic flow U. Now, suppose that the mean flow is weak, so that the terms involving mean flow effects in (1.6) and (1.7) are small relative to the others. Thus, let (U,V ) = ε(ũ,ṽ ), ω ω + εω 1, P P + εp 1, (1.8) in (1.6) and (1.7), with ε << 1 measuring the relative strength of the mean flow effects. At O(1), the standard equation for vertical modes on an ocean at rest is obtained, ( d f ) dp N + λ P =, λ = βk K, (1.9) ω 3
5 with the standard rest-state boundary condition dp = at z = { H,}. (1.1) This is an eigenvalue problem for λ. For general N(z), the n-th rest-state vertical mode and eigenvalue are denoted by P (n) and λ n, respectively, with n = {,1,,...}, resulting in the dispersion relation (1.1), with ω = Ω(k,l) for λ R = λ n. The modes P (n) are orthogonal, H P (n) P(p) p n =, (1.11) and may be normalized so that H ( P (n) ) = 1. (1.1) The focus here is on the first internal mode, so that λ = λ 1 and P = P (1) in the following. In principle, the calculations go through in exactly the same way for higher rest-state modes; however, for the slower-moving, higher modes, the condition ε << 1, which essentially compares mean-flow velocities to linear-wave phase velocities, becomes progressively more restrictive. Note also that k is required in the disturbance (1.5), to preserve the ordering εω 1 << ω for sufficiently small ε in the expansion (1.8). At O(ε), the equation resulting from (1.6) is, [ ω K P 1 + d ( f )] [ dp 1 N βkp 1 = (ω 1 kũ lṽ ) K P + d ( f and the boundary conditions are, { k d ( f ) dũ N + l d ( f dṽ N ) ] dp N )} P,(1.13) dp 1 = 1 ω (k dũ + l dṽ )P at z = { H,}. (1.14) 4
6 The differential operators on the left-hand sides of (1.9) and (1.13) have the same form, but the first is self-adjoint and the second is not, because of the different boundary conditions. Thus, the Fredholm Alternative is not directly applicable to (1.13), but a solvability condition may still be derived by multiplying (1.13) by P and integrating over depth z, using integration by parts to simplify the left-hand side. This requires that [ (k dũ + l dṽ ) f ] z= N P z= H = [ P { (ω 1 kũ lṽ ) K P + d ( f )] dp N [ k d ( f ) dũ N + l d ( f } dṽ )]P N. (1.15) H Thus, with P normalized so that H P = 1, ω 1 (K + λ ) = = H H [ (K + λ )(kũ + lṽ ) + k d ( f [ (k dũ ] z= N dũ + l dṽ ) f N P z= H [ (K + λ )(kũ + lṽ )P (k dũ + l dṽ ) f dp N It follows that, with an error of order ε, ) + l d ( f )] dṽ N P ] P. (1.16) ω ω + εω 1 = k U P + Ω (k,l), (1.17) where k = (k,l), Ω (k,l) = β y k β x l K, (1.18) + λ the effective-β vector β is, β = (β x,β y ), β x = B, β y = β + A, (1.19) the mean-flow advection vector U P is U P = (U P,V P ), (1.) 5
7 and the constants U P,V P,A,B are defined by, U P = V P = A = H H B = U P, V P. H du dp N P, f dv N H f dp P. (1.1) The dispersion relation (1.17) consists of a Doppler shift by the projected mean velocity components U P and V P, plus a dispersion function Ω (k,l) that has a form similar to the standard, rest-state dispersion relation (1.1), with the vector product ẑ [(k,l,) (β x,β y,)] = β y k β x l taking the place of the single term βk in (1.1). Thus, the U P and β vectors, which are depth-independent constants, completely determine the speed and direction of propagation of linear waves on the weak, depth-dependent mean flow. For the case of long waves on a purely zonal mean flow (K λ << 1 and l = V = ), Killworth et al. (1997; their Section 3.a) and Colin de Verdière and Tailleux (5; their Section 6) have previously obtained equivalents of A and U P, by closely related calculations; in the case of Colin de Verdière and Tailleux (5), the related result is exact in the long-wave limit, but the projection is on mean-flow modified modes, rather than on the rest-state modes, as here. Note also that, as for the higher vertical modes, the condition ε << 1, which relates mean-flow velocities to linear-wave phase speeds, becomes increasingly restrictive for progressively shorter waves, and can be expected to fail at sufficiently short wavelengths, for example, those at which baroclinic instability occurs. Suppose that new coordinate axes (x,y ) are chosen, which are rotated clockwise from 6
8 (x,y) by the angle θ = arctan(β x /β y ), so that x = (β y x β x y)/ β, y = (β x x + β y y)/ β. (1.) Then the corresponding rotated wavenumbers (k,l ) must satisfy k = (β y k β x l)/ β, l = (β x k + β y l)/ β, (1.3) in order that k x +l y = kx+ly. In these rotated coordinates, the modified dispersion function Ω (k,l) takes the standard form (1.1), with β replaced by β, Ω (k,l) = Ω (k,l ) = β k K. (1.4) + λ Thus, the wave-propagation component of the dispersion relation (1.17) for linear waves on the weak mean flow is precisely equivalent to the rest-state propagation, but pseudo-westward relative to the effective-β vector β, and with β replaced by the vector magnitude β. Discussion.1 Energy transmission Energy transmission for linear waves is determined by the group velocity C g = ( ω/ k, ω/ l). For the weak mean-flow dispersion relation (1.17), ( Ω C g = U P + k, Ω ). (.1) l Thus, the energy transmission consists of advection by the non-dispersive, projected meanflow component U P, plus a dispersive component that, in view of (1.4), is precisely equivalent to the rest-state group velocity, but relative to the effective-β vector β rather than β itself. 7
9 For long waves, K λ << 1, and Ω (k,l ) β λ k. The long-wave group (and phase) velocity is then C lw g = (U P β y λ,v P + β x λ ), (.) which is a constant vector, so that the propagation is fully non-dispersive, with direction and magnitude determined by the combination of U P and β λ.. The non-doppler effect If du/ = dv / = at z = { H,}, the mean flow may be projected onto the modes P (n) without loss of information at the boundaries, so that Since then also U = Û n P (n), V = ˆV n P (n). (.3) n= n= ( d f ) dû n N = λn Û n, ( d f ) d ˆV n N = λn ˆV n, (.4) it follows from the first equality in (1.16) that the contribution from the first mean-flow mode (U 1,V 1 )P to the frequency correction ω 1 vanishes for long waves, that is, in the limit K λ. Thus, the first-mode component of the weak mean flow has no effect on the linear long-wave propagation, because the effects of the corresponding potential vorticity gradient exactly cancel the advection. For arbitrary stratification and mean-flow vertical shear, this non- Doppler effect (Held, 1983; Killworth et al., 1997) is exact in the linear long-wave limit for the first mode. If the propagation of another mode is considered, instead of the first mode, it is 8
10 easily seen that a similar non-doppler effect obtains for the corresponding modal component of the mean flow..3 Constant stratification and no shear at boundaries Suppose N = N = constant, so the n-th baroclinic mode is P (n) = (/H) 1/ cos(nπz/h), and λ n = N H/(nπ f ). Suppose also that the mean flow satisfies du/ = dv / = at z = { H,}, and is expanded as U = Û n P (n) = n= where (U n,v n ) = (/H) 1/ (Û n, ˆV n ). Then, U n cos nπz n= H, V = ˆV n P (n) = n= V n cos nπz n= H, (.5) U P = (U,V ) + 1 (U,V ), (A,B) = λ (U, V ). (.6) Thus, for constant N and a mean velocity profile that has no shear at the boundaries but is otherwise arbitrary, there are contributions to the weak mean-flow first-mode dispersion relation only from the barotropic and second-internal mode mean-flow components..4 Zero-pressure bottom boundary conditions Tailleux and McWilliams (1; see also Killworth and Blundell, 3) have suggested that linear wave theory may give dispersion relations more representative of observed lowfrequency sea-surface height disturbance propagation if the standard bottom boundary condition dp / = at z = H is replaced by P = at z = H. This can be heuristically 9
11 motivated as an effect of bottom roughness, which is assumed to reduced the disturbance amplitude near the bottom (see, e.g., Samelson, 199), and results in a vertical mode structure that is roughly equivalent-barotropic, similar to some observed eddies. Results analogous to (1.17)-(1.1) can be readily derived for this case. 3 Examples As examples, the β -vector and mean flow projection U P derived above are computed here for climatological profiles of stratification and mean vertical shear at 3 N latitude, 13 W longitude, and at 35 N latitude, 15 W longitude (Fig. 1). For these profiles of buoyancy frequency N(z) and the standard bottom boundary condition dp/ = at z = H, the reststate vertical modes have the familiar mid-latitude, open-ocean, vertically-intensified structure, with the first internal mode P having a single zero crossings (Fig. ). The projections (U P,V P ) and the β -constants A and B were computed from these profiles directly from (1.1). For the computation of (U P,V P ), the climatological profile of mean vertical shear was converted to mean absolute velocity by requiring zero depth-integrated velocity. The addition of a barotropic component to these velocity profiles would add the same velocity component to (U P,V P ), since the vertical integral of P is unity, and would have no effect on A and B. For these profiles, the resulting values of A and B are positive, giving a β -vector that points northeastward, so that the corresponding pseudo-westward propagation would be northwestward (Table 1). Consistent with the non-doppler effect, the signs of the contributions to the long-wave speed from the advective terms U P and V P, and from A and B, respectively, are 1
12 opposite, so that the net long-wave propagation speeds (.) are smaller in magnitude than would be anticipated from the β -vector alone. For comparison to the weak mean-flow results, the full solution of the linear longwave problem with mean flow (1.6) was computed for l = ; the corresponding first internal vertical modes are similar to, but measurably different from, the rest-state modes (Fig. ). The values of the long-wave zonal phase or group velocity c lw from the full long-wave solution are.1 m s 1 and.38 m s 1, while the corresponding rest-state values are.156 m s 1 and.7 m s 1 (Table 1). In comparison, the weak mean-flow theory gives long-wave zonal propagation velocities of.7 m s 1 and.34 m s 1 for these two profiles, respectively, so the approximation appears to be quite accurate, at least for these examples and in the long-wave limit (Table 1). Alternatively, the deviation δβ e f f from β of the weak mean-flow total effective-β quantity β y U P /λ, δβ e f f = β y U P /λ β = A U P /λ, may be compared with the equivalent quantity c lw /λ β from the full long-wave solution. This comparison was done for sets of states constructed from each of the two example profiles, for which N was held fixed while (U,V ) was multiplied by a factor γ, where γ varied between and 1. The results show the convergence of the weak mean-flow estimate toward the full long-wave result as γ (Fig. 3). The northwestward propagation indicated by the weak-mean flow analysis for the two example profiles is not consistent with indications of a tendency for southwestward propagation in this region of eddies tracked from satellite measurements of sea surface height (Schlax 11
13 and Chelton, 8). However, many other effects, including nonlinearities that are neglected here, may influence the meridional propagation of these eddies. If the propagation at the deformation-scale is computed instead, from (1.18)-(1.1) with K = λ, a southwestward phase propagation is obtained, due to the stronger influence of V P relative to β, x but it is not clear how or why this should be related to the observed eddy propagation. It is nonetheless hoped that a more systematic, future comparison of the directional characteristics of eddy trajectories with effective-β vectors may yet yield useful insights. The present results should in any case give useful approximations for wave propagation under the linearity and weak mean-flow conditions for which the derivation formally holds. Acknowledgments I first met Peter Killworth in the summer of 1983, when he was the principal lecturer at the Summer Study Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics at Woods Hole, and in the years thereafter I was one of many who benefited from numerous stimulating interactions with him. His personal and scientific presence in the community will be greatly missed. This research was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Grant NNX8AR37G. I am grateful to an anonymous reviewer for pointing out an error in the original submission. M. Schlax provided the two climatological profiles and helpful discussion on numerical solution of the full long-wave zonal-flow problem. 1
14 References Colin de Verdière, A., and R. Tailleux, 5. The interaction of a baroclinic mean flow with long Rossby waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, Held, I. M., Stationary and quasi-stationary eddies in the extratropical troposphere: Theory. Large-Scale Dynamical Processes in the Atmosphere, B. J. Hoskins, and R. P. Pearce, Eds., Academic Press, Killworth, P. D., and J. R. Blundell, 3. Long Extratropical Planetary Wave Propagation in the Presence of Slowly Varying Mean Flow and Bottom Topography. Part I: The Local Problem. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, Killworth, P.D., D.B. Chelton, and R.A. de Szoeke, The Speed of Observed and Theoretical Long Extratropical Planetary Waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, Pedlosky, J., 1987: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. d ed. Springer Verlag, 71 pp. Samelson, R. M., 199. Surface-intensified Rossby waves over rough topography. Journal of Marine Research, 5(3), ; Corrigendum, Journal of Marine Research, 56(1), 93 (1998). Schlax, M. G., and D. B. Chelton, 8. The influence of mesoscale eddies on the detection of quasi-zonal jets in the ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L46, doi:1.19/8gl Tailleux, R., and J. C. McWilliams, 1. The effect of bottom pressure decoupling on the speed of extratropical, baroclinic Rossby waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31,
15 List of Tables 1 Parameter values for the two example profiles in Fig. 1. The approximate long-wave zonal phase speed U P β λ y from the weak mean-flow analysis may be compared with the value c lw from the direct numerical solution of the long-wave eigenvalue problem and the rest-state zonal phase speed βλ
16 Table 1: Parameter values for the two example profiles in Fig. 1. The approximate long-wave zonal phase speed U P β λ y from the weak mean-flow analysis may be compared with the value c lw from the direct numerical solution of the long-wave eigenvalue problem and the rest-state zonal phase speed βλ. 35 o N, 15 o W 3 o N, 13 o W β (m 1 s 1 ) λ (km) βλ (m s 1 ) U P (m s 1 ) V P (m s 1 ) A (m 1 s 1 ) B (m 1 s 1 ) Aλ (m s 1 ) Bλ (m s 1 ) U P β λ y (m s 1 ) V P + β λ x (m s 1 ).8.17 c lw (m s 1 )
17 List of Figures 1 Mean flow profiles at (upper panels) 35 N, 15 W and (lower) 3 N, 13 W: velocity (left panels; m s 1 ; U - solid line, V - dashed) and buoyancy frequency N (right; s 1 ) vs. depth (m) First vertical mode profiles P = P (1) (thick solid lines) vs. depth (m) for the buoyancy frequency profiles in Fig. 1: (upper panel) 35 N, 15 W and (lower) 3 N, 13 W. The first vertical modes from direct numerical solution of the long-wave eigenvalue problem with purely zonal mean flow U, for the corresponding stratification and velocity profiles, are also shown (thin solid) Weak mean-flow approximation (solid lines) to the departure δβ e f f of the total effective-β quantity β y U P /λ from β vs. nondimensional parameter γ, for purely zonal mean flow γu, with U from the profiles in Fig. 1 ( : 35 o N, 15 o W; : 3 o N, 13 o W. The corresponding equivalent quantity c lw /λ β from direct solution of the long-wave eigenvalue problem with the same zonal mean flow is also shown (dashed lines)
18 1 1 Depth (m) 3 Depth (m) U, V (m s 1 ) N (s 1 ) 1 1 Depth (m) 3 Depth (m) U, V (m s 1 ) N (s 1 ) Figure 1: Mean flow profiles at (upper panels) 35 N, 15 W and (lower) 3 N, 13 W: velocity (left panels; m s 1 ; U - solid line, V - dashed) and buoyancy frequency N (right; s 1 ) vs. depth (m). 17
19 1 Depth (m) Mode amplitude 1 Depth (m) Mode amplitude Figure : First vertical mode profiles P = P (1) (thick solid lines) vs. depth (m) for the buoyancy frequency profiles in Fig. 1: (upper panel) 35 N, 15 W and (lower) 3 N, 13 W. The first vertical modes from direct numerical solution of the long-wave eigenvalue problem with purely zonal mean flow U, for the corresponding stratification and velocity profiles, are also shown (thin solid). 18
20 7 x A U P /λ (m 1 s 1 ) γ Figure 3: Weak mean-flow approximation (solid lines) to the departure δβ e f f of the total effective-β quantity β y U P /λ from β vs. nondimensional parameter γ, for purely zonal mean flow γu, with U from the profiles in Fig. 1 ( : 35 o N, 15 o W; : 3 o N, 13 o W. The corresponding equivalent quantity c lw /λ β from direct solution of the long-wave eigenvalue problem with the same zonal mean flow is also shown (dashed lines). 19
Baroclinic Rossby waves in the ocean: normal modes, phase speeds and instability
Baroclinic Rossby waves in the ocean: normal modes, phase speeds and instability J. H. LaCasce, University of Oslo J. Pedlosky, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution P. E. Isachsen, Norwegian Meteorological
More informationROSSBY WAVE PROPAGATION
ROSSBY WAVE PROPAGATION (PHH lecture 4) The presence of a gradient of PV (or q.-g. p.v.) allows slow wave motions generally called Rossby waves These waves arise through the Rossby restoration mechanism,
More informationGlobal observations of large oceanic eddies
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 34, L15606, doi:10.1029/2007gl030812, 2007 Global observations of large oceanic eddies Dudley B. Chelton, 1 Michael G. Schlax, 1 Roger M. Samelson, 1 and Roland A. de
More informationarxiv: v1 [physics.ao-ph] 31 Jul 2014
The effect of surface buoyancy gradients on oceanic Rossby wave propagation Xiao Xiao, K. Shafer Smith Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY Shane R. Keating arxiv:47.855v
More informationLecture #2 Planetary Wave Models. Charles McLandress (Banff Summer School 7-13 May 2005)
Lecture #2 Planetary Wave Models Charles McLandress (Banff Summer School 7-13 May 2005) 1 Outline of Lecture 1. Observational motivation 2. Forced planetary waves in the stratosphere 3. Traveling planetary
More informationInterpretation of the propagation of surface altimetric observations in terms of planetary waves and geostrophic turbulence
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL.???, XXXX, DOI:10.1029/, 1 2 3 Interpretation of the propagation of surface altimetric observations in terms of planetary waves and geostrophic turbulence Ross Tulloch
More informationIn two-dimensional barotropic flow, there is an exact relationship between mass
19. Baroclinic Instability In two-dimensional barotropic flow, there is an exact relationship between mass streamfunction ψ and the conserved quantity, vorticity (η) given by η = 2 ψ.the evolution of the
More information1/27/2010. With this method, all filed variables are separated into. from the basic state: Assumptions 1: : the basic state variables must
Lecture 5: Waves in Atmosphere Perturbation Method With this method, all filed variables are separated into two parts: (a) a basic state part and (b) a deviation from the basic state: Perturbation Method
More informationEliassen-Palm Cross Sections Edmon et al. (1980)
Eliassen-Palm Cross Sections Edmon et al. (1980) Cecily Keppel November 14 2014 Eliassen-Palm Flux For β-plane Coordinates (y, p) in northward, vertical directions Zonal means F = v u f (y) v θ θ p F will
More informationChapter 9. Geostrophy, Quasi-Geostrophy and the Potential Vorticity Equation
Chapter 9 Geostrophy, Quasi-Geostrophy and the Potential Vorticity Equation 9.1 Geostrophy and scaling. We examined in the last chapter some consequences of the dynamical balances for low frequency, nearly
More information) 2 ψ +β ψ. x = 0. (71) ν = uk βk/k 2, (74) c x u = β/k 2. (75)
3 Rossby Waves 3.1 Free Barotropic Rossby Waves The dispersion relation for free barotropic Rossby waves can be derived by linearizing the barotropic vortiticy equation in the form (21). This equation
More informationChapter 13 Instability on non-parallel flow Introduction and formulation
Chapter 13 Instability on non-parallel flow. 13.1 Introduction and formulation We have concentrated our discussion on the instabilities of parallel, zonal flows. There is the largest amount of literature
More informationThe Interaction of a Baroclinic Mean Flow with Long Rossby Waves
MAY 2005 C O L I N D E V E R D I È R E A N D T A I L L E U X 865 The Interaction of a Baroclinic Mean Flow with Long Rossby Waves A. COLIN DE VERDIÈRE Laboratoire de Physique des Océans, Brest, France
More information6 Two-layer shallow water theory.
6 Two-layer shallow water theory. Wewillnowgoontolookatashallowwatersystemthathastwolayersofdifferent density. This is the next level of complexity and a simple starting point for understanding the behaviour
More informationEliassen-Palm Theory
Eliassen-Palm Theory David Painemal MPO611 April 2007 I. Introduction The separation of the flow into its zonal average and the deviations therefrom has been a dominant paradigm for analyses of the general
More informationUsing simplified vorticity equation,* by assumption 1 above: *Metr 430 handout on Circulation and Vorticity. Equations (4) and (5) on that handout
Rossby Wave Equation A. Assumptions 1. Non-divergence 2. Initially, zonal flow, or nearly zonal flow in which u>>v>>w. 3. Initial westerly wind is geostrophic and does not vary along the x-axis and equations
More informationChapter 3. Stability theory for zonal flows :formulation
Chapter 3. Stability theory for zonal flows :formulation 3.1 Introduction Although flows in the atmosphere and ocean are never strictly zonal major currents are nearly so and the simplifications springing
More information2. Baroclinic Instability and Midlatitude Dynamics
2. Baroclinic Instability and Midlatitude Dynamics Midlatitude Jet Stream Climatology (Atlantic and Pacific) Copyright 26 Emily Shuckburgh, University of Cambridge. Not to be quoted or reproduced without
More informationThe Eady problem of baroclinic instability described in section 19a was shown to
0. The Charney-Stern Theorem The Eady problem of baroclinic instability described in section 19a was shown to be remarkably similar to the Rayleigh instability of barotropic flow described in Chapter 18.
More informationChapter 2. Quasi-Geostrophic Theory: Formulation (review) ε =U f o L <<1, β = 2Ω cosθ o R. 2.1 Introduction
Chapter 2. Quasi-Geostrophic Theory: Formulation (review) 2.1 Introduction For most of the course we will be concerned with instabilities that an be analyzed by the quasi-geostrophic equations. These are
More information( ) (9.1.1) Chapter 9. Geostrophy, Quasi-Geostrophy and the Potential Vorticity Equation. 9.1 Geostrophy and scaling.
Chapter 9 Geostrophy, Quasi-Geostrophy and the Potential Vorticity Equation 9.1 Geostrophy and scaling. We examined in the last chapter some consequences of the dynamical balances for low frequency, nearly
More informationThe Evolution and Propagation of Quasigeostrophic Ocean Eddies*
AUGUST 2011 E A R L Y E T A L. 1535 The Evolution and Propagation of Quasigeostrophic Ocean Eddies* JEFFREY J. EARLY, R.M.SAMELSON, AND DUDLEY B. CHELTON College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon
More informationJet Formation in the Equatorial Oceans Through Barotropic and Inertial Instabilities. Mark Fruman
p. 1/24 Jet Formation in the Equatorial Oceans Through Barotropic and Inertial Instabilities Mark Fruman Bach Lien Hua, Richard Schopp, Marc d Orgeville, Claire Ménesguen LPO IFREMER, Brest, France IAU
More informationStationary Rossby Waves and Shocks on the Sverdrup Coordinate
Journal of Oceanography Vol. 51, pp. 207 to 224. 1995 Stationary Rossby Waves and Shocks on the Sverdrup Coordinate ATSUSHI KUBOKAWA Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University,
More informationNOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE. Effect of Sea Surface Temperature Wind Stress Coupling on Baroclinic Instability in the Ocean
1092 J O U R N A L O F P H Y S I C A L O C E A N O G R A P H Y VOLUME 37 NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE Effect of Sea Surface Temperature Wind Stress Coupling on Baroclinic Instability in the Ocean MICHAEL A.
More informationChapter 9. Barotropic Instability. 9.1 Linearized governing equations
Chapter 9 Barotropic Instability The ossby wave is the building block of low ossby number geophysical fluid dynamics. In this chapter we learn how ossby waves can interact with each other to produce a
More informationFour ways of inferring the MMC. 1. direct measurement of [v] 2. vorticity balance. 3. total energy balance
Four ways of inferring the MMC 1. direct measurement of [v] 2. vorticity balance 3. total energy balance 4. eliminating time derivatives in governing equations Four ways of inferring the MMC 1. direct
More information3. Midlatitude Storm Tracks and the North Atlantic Oscillation
3. Midlatitude Storm Tracks and the North Atlantic Oscillation Copyright 2006 Emily Shuckburgh, University of Cambridge. Not to be quoted or reproduced without permission. EFS 3/1 Review of key results
More informationTraveling planetary-scale Rossby waves in the winter stratosphere: The role of tropospheric baroclinic instability
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL.???, XXXX, DOI:.29/, 1 2 Traveling planetary-scale Rossby waves in the winter stratosphere: The role of tropospheric baroclinic instability Daniela I.V. Domeisen, 1 R.
More information10 Shallow Water Models
10 Shallow Water Models So far, we have studied the effects due to rotation and stratification in isolation. We then looked at the effects of rotation in a barotropic model, but what about if we add stratification
More informationSAMPLE CHAPTERS UNESCO EOLSS WAVES IN THE OCEANS. Wolfgang Fennel Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde (IOW) an der Universität Rostock,Germany
WAVES IN THE OCEANS Wolfgang Fennel Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde (IOW) an der Universität Rostock,Germany Keywords: Wind waves, dispersion, internal waves, inertial oscillations, inertial waves,
More informationA Truncated Model for Finite Amplitude Baroclinic Waves in a Channel
A Truncated Model for Finite Amplitude Baroclinic Waves in a Channel Zhiming Kuang 1 Introduction To date, studies of finite amplitude baroclinic waves have been mostly numerical. The numerical models,
More informationCoastal Ocean Modeling & Dynamics - ESS
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Coastal Ocean Modeling & Dynamics - ESS Roger M. Samelson College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State
More informationTraveling planetary-scale Rossby waves in the winter stratosphere: The role of tropospheric baroclinic instability
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 39,, doi:10.1029/2012gl053684, 2012 Traveling planetary-scale Rossby waves in the winter stratosphere: The role of tropospheric baroclinic instability Daniela I. V. Domeisen
More informationTransformed Eulerian Mean
Chapter 15 Transformed Eulerian Mean In the last few lectures we introduced some fundamental ideas on 1) the properties of turbulent flows in rotating stratified environments, like the ocean and the atmosphere,
More informationAFRICAN EASTERLY WAVES IN CURRENT AND FUTURE CLIMATES
AFRICAN EASTERLY WAVES IN CURRENT AND FUTURE CLIMATES Victoria Dollar RTG Seminar Research - Spring 2018 April 16, 2018 Victoria Dollar ASU April 16, 2018 1 / 26 Overview Introduction Rossby waves and
More informationThe influence of mesoscale eddies on the detection of quasi-zonal jets in the ocean
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35, L24602, doi:10.1029/2008gl035998, 2008 The influence of mesoscale eddies on the detection of quasi-zonaets in the ocean Michael G. Schlax 1 and Dudley B. Chelton
More informationModel equations for planetary and synoptic scale atmospheric motions associated with different background stratification
Model equations for planetary and synoptic scale atmospheric motions associated with different background stratification Stamen Dolaptchiev & Rupert Klein Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
More informationCan a Simple Two-Layer Model Capture the Structure of Easterly Waves?
Can a Simple Two-Layer Model Capture the Structure of Easterly Waves? Cheryl L. Lacotta 1 Introduction Most tropical storms in the Atlantic, and even many in the eastern Pacific, are due to disturbances
More informationSIO 210: Dynamics VI (Potential vorticity) L. Talley Fall, 2014 (Section 2: including some derivations) (this lecture was not given in 2015)
SIO 210: Dynamics VI (Potential vorticity) L. Talley Fall, 2014 (Section 2: including some derivations) (this lecture was not given in 2015) Variation of Coriolis with latitude: β Vorticity Potential vorticity
More informationComparison Figures from the New 22-Year Daily Eddy Dataset (January April 2015)
Comparison Figures from the New 22-Year Daily Eddy Dataset (January 1993 - April 2015) The figures on the following pages were constructed from the new version of the eddy dataset that is available online
More informationESCI 343 Atmospheric Dynamics II Lesson 11 - Rossby Waves
ESCI 343 Atmospheric Dynamics II Lesson 11 - Rossby Waves Reference: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology (4 rd edition), J.R. Holton Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics, A.E. Gill Fundamentals of Atmospheric
More informationRadiating Instability of a Meridional Boundary Current
2294 J O U R N A L O F P H Y S I C A L O C E A N O G R A P H Y VOLUME 38 Radiating Instability of a Meridional Boundary Current HRISTINA G. HRISTOVA MIT WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography, Woods Hole,
More informationThe Continuous Spectrum in Baroclinic Models with Uniform Potential Vorticity Gradient and Ekman Damping
2946 J O U R N A L O F T H E A T M O S P H E R I C S C I E N C E S VOLUME 66 The Continuous Spectrum in Baroclinic Models with Uniform Potential Vorticity Gradient and Ekman Damping HYLKE DE VRIES Department
More informationSIO 210: Dynamics VI: Potential vorticity
SIO 210: Dynamics VI: Potential vorticity Variation of Coriolis with latitude: β Vorticity Potential vorticity Rossby waves READING: Review Section 7.2.3 Section 7.7.1 through 7.7.4 or Supplement S7.7
More informationGoals of this Chapter
Waves in the Atmosphere and Oceans Restoring Force Conservation of potential temperature in the presence of positive static stability internal gravity waves Conservation of potential vorticity in the presence
More informationNote that Rossby waves are tranverse waves, that is the particles move perpendicular to the direction of propagation. f up, down (clockwise)
Ocean 423 Rossby waves 1 Rossby waves: Restoring force is the north-south gradient of background potential vorticity (f/h). That gradient can be due to either the variation in f with latitude, or to a
More informationProcesses Coupling the Upper and Deep Ocean on the Continental Slope
Processes Coupling the Upper and Deep Ocean on the Continental Slope D. Randolph Watts Graduate School of Oceanography University of Rhode Island South Ferry Road Narragansett, RI 02882 phone:(401) 874-6507;
More informationInstability of a coastal jet in a two-layer model ; application to the Ushant front
Instability of a coastal jet in a two-layer model ; application to the Ushant front Marc Pavec (1,2), Xavier Carton (1), Steven Herbette (1), Guillaume Roullet (1), Vincent Mariette (2) (1) UBO/LPO, 6
More informationStability of meridionally-flowing grounded abyssal currents in the ocean
Advances in Fluid Mechanics VII 93 Stability of meridionally-flowing grounded abyssal currents in the ocean G. E. Swaters Applied Mathematics Institute, Department of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences
More informationNonlinear baroclinic dynamics of surface cyclones crossing a zonal jet
Nonlinear baroclinic dynamics of surface cyclones crossing a zonal jet Jean-Baptiste GILET, Matthieu Plu and Gwendal Rivière CNRM/GAME (Météo-France, CNRS) 3rd THORPEX International Science Symposium Monterey,
More informationEddy PV Fluxes in a One Dimensional Model of Quasi-Geostrophic Turbulence
Eddy PV Fluxes in a One Dimensional Model of Quasi-Geostrophic Turbulence Christos M.Mitas Introduction. Motivation Understanding eddy transport of heat and momentum is crucial to developing closure schemes
More informationModeling the atmosphere of Jupiter
Modeling the atmosphere of Jupiter Bruce Turkington UMass Amherst Collaborators: Richard S. Ellis (UMass Professor) Andrew Majda (NYU Professor) Mark DiBattista (NYU Postdoc) Kyle Haven (UMass PhD Student)
More informationGravity Waves. Lecture 5: Waves in Atmosphere. Waves in the Atmosphere and Oceans. Internal Gravity (Buoyancy) Waves 2/9/2017
Lecture 5: Waves in Atmosphere Perturbation Method Properties of Wave Shallow Water Model Gravity Waves Rossby Waves Waves in the Atmosphere and Oceans Restoring Force Conservation of potential temperature
More informationDiagnosis of a Quasi-Geostrophic 2-Layer Model Aaron Adams, David Zermeño, Eunsil Jung, Hosmay Lopez, Ronald Gordon, Ting-Chi Wu
Diagnosis of a Quasi-Geostrophic 2-Layer Model Aaron Adams, David Zermeño, Eunsil Jung, Hosmay Lopez, Ronald Gordon, Ting-Chi Wu Introduction For this project we use a simple two layer model, which is
More information9 Rossby Waves. 9.1 Non-divergent barotropic vorticity equation. CSU ATS601 Fall (Holton Chapter 7, Vallis Chapter 5)
9 Rossby Waves (Holton Chapter 7, Vallis Chapter 5) 9.1 Non-divergent barotropic vorticity equation We are now at a point that we can discuss our first fundamental application of the equations of motion:
More informationEffects of Topography on Baroclinic Instability
790 J O U R N A L O F P H Y S I C A L O C E A N O G R A P H Y VOLUME 43 Effects of Topography on Baroclinic Instability CHANGHENG CHEN AND IGOR KAMENKOVICH Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science,
More informationQuasi-equilibrium Theory of Small Perturbations to Radiative- Convective Equilibrium States
Quasi-equilibrium Theory of Small Perturbations to Radiative- Convective Equilibrium States See CalTech 2005 paper on course web site Free troposphere assumed to have moist adiabatic lapse rate (s* does
More informationChapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 1. Introduction In this class, we will examine atmospheric phenomena that occurs at the mesoscale, including some boundary layer processes, convective storms, and hurricanes. We will emphasize
More informationDynamics of the Atmosphere. Large-scale flow with rotation and stratification
12.810 Dynamics of the Atmosphere Large-scale flow with rotation and stratification Visualization of meandering jet stream Upper level winds from June 10th to July 8th 1988 from MERRA Red shows faster
More informationt tendency advection convergence twisting baroclinicity
RELATIVE VORTICITY EQUATION Newton s law in a rotating frame in z-coordinate (frictionless): U + U U = 2Ω U Φ α p U + U U 2 + ( U) U = 2Ω U Φ α p Applying to both sides, and noting ω U and using identities
More informationBALANCED FLOW: EXAMPLES (PHH lecture 3) Potential Vorticity in the real atmosphere. Potential temperature θ. Rossby Ertel potential vorticity
BALANCED FLOW: EXAMPLES (PHH lecture 3) Potential Vorticity in the real atmosphere Need to introduce a new measure of the buoyancy Potential temperature θ In a compressible fluid, the relevant measure
More informationLecture 14. Equations of Motion Currents With Friction Sverdrup, Stommel, and Munk Solutions Remember that Ekman's solution for wind-induced transport
Lecture 14. Equations of Motion Currents With Friction Sverdrup, Stommel, and Munk Solutions Remember that Ekman's solution for wind-induced transport is which can also be written as (14.1) i.e., #Q x,y
More informationRotating stratified turbulence in the Earth s atmosphere
Rotating stratified turbulence in the Earth s atmosphere Peter Haynes, Centre for Atmospheric Science, DAMTP, University of Cambridge. Outline 1. Introduction 2. Momentum transport in the atmosphere 3.
More informationModification of Long Equatorial Rossby Wave. Phase Speeds by Zonal Currents
Modification of Long Equatorial Rossby Wave Phase Speeds by Zonal Currents Theodore S. Durland Dudley B. Chelton Roland A. de Szoeke Roger M. Samelson College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences Oregon
More informationA note on the numerical representation of surface dynamics in quasigeopstrophic turbulence: Application to the nonlinear Eady model
Submitted to JAS A note on the numerical representation of surface dynamics in quasigeopstrophic turbulence: Application to the nonlinear Eady model Ross Tulloch and K. Shafer Smith Center for Atmosphere
More informationEddy Amplitudes in Baroclinic Turbulence Driven by Nonzonal Mean Flow: Shear Dispersion of Potential Vorticity
APRIL 2007 S M I T H 1037 Eddy Amplitudes in Baroclinic Turbulence Driven by Nonzonal Mean Flow: Shear Dispersion of Potential Vorticity K. SHAFER SMITH Center for Atmosphere Ocean Science, Courant Institute
More informationOn the Motion of a Typhoon (I)*
On the Motion of a Typhoon (I)* By S. Syono Geophysical Institute, Tokyo University (Manuscript received 2 November 1955) Abstract Solving barotropic vorticity equation, the motion of a disturbance of
More informationThe ocean mesoscale regime of the reduced-gravity quasi-geostrophic model
1 The ocean mesoscale regime of the reduced-gravity quasi-geostrophic model 2 R. M. Samelson, D. B. Chelton, and M. G. Schlax 3 CEOAS, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR USA 4 5 6 Corresponding author
More informationGFD 2012 Lecture 1: Dynamics of Coherent Structures and their Impact on Transport and Predictability
GFD 2012 Lecture 1: Dynamics of Coherent Structures and their Impact on Transport and Predictability Jeffrey B. Weiss; notes by Duncan Hewitt and Pedram Hassanzadeh June 18, 2012 1 Introduction 1.1 What
More informationModeling and Parameterizing Mixed Layer Eddies
Modeling and Parameterizing Mixed Layer Eddies Baylor Fox-Kemper (MIT) with Raffaele Ferrari (MIT), Robert Hallberg (GFDL) Los Alamos National Laboratory Wednesday 3/8/06 Mixed Layer Eddies Part I: Baroclinic
More informationDiagnosing Cyclogenesis by Partitioning Energy and Potential Enstrophy in a Linear Quasi-Geostrophic Model
Diagnosing Cyclogenesis by Partitioning Energy and Potential Enstrophy in a Linear Quasi-Geostrophic Model by Daniel Hodyss * and Richard Grotjahn Atmospheric Science Program, Dept. of Land, Air, and Water
More informationNonlinear Balance on an Equatorial Beta Plane
Nonlinear Balance on an Equatorial Beta Plane David J. Raymond Physics Department and Geophysical Research Center New Mexico Tech Socorro, NM 87801 April 26, 2009 Summary Extension of the nonlinear balance
More information2.5 Shallow water equations, quasigeostrophic filtering, and filtering of inertia-gravity waves
Chapter. The continuous equations φ=gh Φ=gH φ s =gh s Fig..5: Schematic of the shallow water model, a hydrostatic, incompressible fluid with a rigid bottom h s (x,y), a free surface h(x,y,t), and horizontal
More informationOn the Propagation of Baroclinic Waves in the General Circulation
VOLUME 30 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY NOVEMBER 2000 On the Propagation of Baroclinic Waves in the General Circulation WILLIAM K. DEWAR Department of Oceanography and Supercomputer Computations Research
More informationDo altimeter wavenumber spectra agree with interior or surface. quasi-geostrophic theory?
Do altimeter wavenumber spectra agree with interior or surface quasi-geostrophic theory? P.Y. Le Traon*, P. Klein*, Bach Lien Hua* and G. Dibarboure** *Ifremer, Centre de Brest, 29280 Plouzané, France
More informationLarge-Scale Circulation with Locally Enhanced Vertical Mixing*
712 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Large-Scale Circulation with Locally Enhanced Vertical Mixing* R. M. SAMELSON Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (Manuscript received 15
More informationCirculation and Vorticity
Circulation and Vorticity Example: Rotation in the atmosphere water vapor satellite animation Circulation a macroscopic measure of rotation for a finite area of a fluid Vorticity a microscopic measure
More informationFixed Rossby Waves: Quasigeostrophic Explanations and Conservation of Potential Vorticity
Fixed Rossby Waves: Quasigeostrophic Explanations and Conservation of Potential Vorticity 1. Observed Planetary Wave Patterns After upper air observations became routine, it became easy to produce contour
More informationA note on the numerical representation of surface dynamics in quasigeostrophic turbulence: Application to the nonlinear Eady model
A note on the numerical representation of surface dynamics in quasigeostrophic turbulence: Application to the nonlinear Eady model Ross Tulloch and K. Shafer Smith Center for Atmosphere Ocean Science Courant
More informationOn the Coupling of Wind Stress and Sea Surface Temperature
15 APRIL 2006 S A M E L S O N E T A L. 1557 On the Coupling of Wind Stress and Sea Surface Temperature R. M. SAMELSON, E. D. SKYLLINGSTAD, D. B. CHELTON, S. K. ESBENSEN, L. W. O NEILL, AND N. THUM College
More informationA mechanistic model study of quasi-stationary wave reflection. D.A. Ortland T.J. Dunkerton NorthWest Research Associates Bellevue WA
A mechanistic model study of quasi-stationary wave reflection D.A. Ortland T.J. Dunkerton ortland@nwra.com NorthWest Research Associates Bellevue WA Quasi-stationary flow Describe in terms of zonal mean
More informationA potential vorticity perspective on the motion of a mid-latitude winter storm
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 39,, doi:10.1029/2012gl052440, 2012 A potential vorticity perspective on the motion of a mid-latitude winter storm G. Rivière, 1 P. Arbogast, 1 G. Lapeyre, 2 and K. Maynard
More informationGeneration of strong mesoscale eddies by weak ocean gyres
Journal of Marine Research, 58, 97 116, 2000 Generation of strong mesoscale eddies by weak ocean gyres by Michael A. Spall 1 ABSTRACT The generation of strong mesoscale variability through instability
More informationIsland Wakes in Shallow Water
Island Wakes in Shallow Water Changming Dong, James C. McWilliams, et al Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles 1 ABSTRACT As a follow-up work of Dong et al
More informationsemi-infinite Eady model
The semi-infinite Eady model Using a non-modal decomposition technique based on the potential vorticity (PV) perspective, the optimal perturbation or singular vector (SV) of the Eady model without upper
More informationUnderstanding inertial instability on the f-plane with complete Coriolis force
Understanding inertial instability on the f-plane with complete Coriolis force Abstract Vladimir Zeitlin Laboratory of Dynamical Meteorology, University P. and M. Curie and Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris,
More informationVorticity and Potential Vorticity
Chapter 4 Vorticity and Potential Vorticity In this chapter we explore a way of solving the shallow water equations for motions with characteristic time scales longer than the rotation period of the earth.
More informationDynamics and Kinematics
Geophysics Fluid Dynamics () Syllabus Course Time Lectures: Tu, Th 09:30-10:50 Discussion: 3315 Croul Hall Text Book J. R. Holton, "An introduction to Dynamic Meteorology", Academic Press (Ch. 1, 2, 3,
More informationSymmetric Instability and Rossby Waves
Chapter 8 Symmetric Instability and Rossby Waves We are now in a position to begin investigating more complex disturbances in a rotating, stratified environment. Most of the disturbances of interest are
More informationGeophysics Fluid Dynamics (ESS228)
Geophysics Fluid Dynamics (ESS228) Course Time Lectures: Tu, Th 09:30-10:50 Discussion: 3315 Croul Hall Text Book J. R. Holton, "An introduction to Dynamic Meteorology", Academic Press (Ch. 1, 2, 3, 4,
More informationOn the Role of Synoptic Disturbances in Formation and Maintenance of. Blocking Flows
On the Role of Synoptic Disturbances in Formation and Maintenance of Blocking Flows ARAI Miki Division of Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Graduate school of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University
More informationGlobal Variability of the Wavenumber Spectrum of Oceanic Mesoscale Turbulence
802 J O U R N A L O F P H Y S I C A L O C E A N O G R A P H Y VOLUME 41 Global Variability of the Wavenumber Spectrum of Oceanic Mesoscale Turbulence YONGSHENG XU AND LEE-LUENG FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
More informationDecay of Agulhas rings due to cross-frontal secondary circulations
Decay of Agulhas rings due to cross-frontal secondary circulations S.S. Drijfhout Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, The Netherlands L. de Steur, and P.J. van Leeuwen Institute for Marine
More informationContents. Parti Fundamentals. 1. Introduction. 2. The Coriolis Force. Preface Preface of the First Edition
Foreword Preface Preface of the First Edition xiii xv xvii Parti Fundamentals 1. Introduction 1.1 Objective 3 1.2 Importance of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics 4 1.3 Distinguishing Attributes of Geophysical
More information8 Baroclinic Instability
8 Baroclinic Instability The previous sections have examined in detail the dynamics behind quas-geostrophic motions in the atmosphere. That is motions that are of large enough scale and long enough timescale
More informationThe geography of linear baroclinic instability in Earth s oceans
Journal of Marine Research, 65, 655 683, 2007 The geography of linear baroclinic instability in Earth s oceans by K. Shafer Smith 1 ABSTRACT Satellite observations reveal a mesoscale oceanic circulation
More informationThe Effect of a Hadley Circulation on the Propagation and Reflection of Planetary Waves in a Simple One-Layer Model
1536 JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES The Effect of a Hadley Circulation on the Propagation and Reflection of Planetary Waves in a Simple One-Layer Model J. GAVIN ESLER Program in Atmospheres, Oceans
More informationBaroclinic turbulence in the ocean: analysis with primitive equation and quasi-geostrophic simulations K. SHAFER SMITH
Generated using V3.0 of the official AMS LATX template journal page layout FOR AUTHOR US ONLY, NOT FOR SUBMISSION! Baroclinic turbulence in the ocean: analysis with primitive equation and quasi-geostrophic
More informationMeasurement of Rotation. Circulation. Example. Lecture 4: Circulation and Vorticity 1/31/2017
Lecture 4: Circulation and Vorticity Measurement of Rotation Circulation Bjerknes Circulation Theorem Vorticity Potential Vorticity Conservation of Potential Vorticity Circulation and vorticity are the
More information