Fuel, Air, and Combustion Thermodynamics
|
|
- Giles Blair
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 3 Fuel, Air, and Combustion Thermodynamics 3.1) What is the molecular weight, enthalpy (kj/kg), and entropy (kj/kg K) of a gas mixture at P = 1000 kpa and T = 500 K, if the mixture contains the following species and mole fractions? a) A table of the given and computed parameters is: i y i M i h o f h i h o f s o i ( y i s o i R u ln(y i ) ) [ kg /kmol] [ MJ /kmol] [ MJ /kmol] [ kg /kmol K] [ kj /kmol K] CO H 2 O N CO The mixture molecular mass is: M = y i M i = (0.10)(44.01) + (0.15)(18.01) + (0.70)(28.01) + (0.05)(28.01) M = kg /kmol The specific mixture enthalpy is: h f = y i h i = (0.10)( ) + (0.15)( ) The mixture enthalpy is: + (0.70)( ) + (0.05)( ) h f = 57.8 MJ /kmol = kj/kmol h = h = m h = 2056 kj /kg The specific mixture entropy is: ( ) P s = R u ln + y i (s o i R u ln(y i )) P 0 ( ) 1000 s = ( 8.314) ln s = kj /kmol K 1
2 2 CHAPTER 3. FUEL, AIR, AND COMBUSTION THERMODYNAMICS The mixture entropy is: s = s m = s = kj /kg K
3 3 3.2) What is the enthalpy h (kj/kg) and entropy s (kj/kg-k) of a mixture of 30% H 2 and 70% CO 2 by volume at a temperature of 3000 K? a) A table of the given and computed parameters is: i y i M i h o f h i h o f s o i ( y i s o i R u ln(y i ) ) [ kg /kmol] [ MJ /kmol] [ MJ /kmol] [ kg /kmol K] [ kj /kmol K] CO H The mixture molecular mass is: M = y i M i = (0.70)(44.01) + (0.30)(2.016) M = kg /kmol The specific mixture enthalpy is: h f = y i h i = (0.70)( ) + (0.30)( ) = 14.8 MJ /kmol = kj/kmol The mixture enthalpy is: h = h = m h = 4516 kj /kg The specific mixture entropy is: ( ) P s = R u ln + y i (s o i R u ln(y i )) P 0 ( ) 2000 s = ( 8.314) ln s = kj /kmol K The mixture entropy is: s = s m = s = kj /kg K
4 4 CHAPTER 3. FUEL, AIR, AND COMBUSTION THERMODYNAMICS 3.3) Using the Gordon and McBride equations, Equations (3.38) and (3.39), calculate the enthalpy h and entropy s o of CO 2 and compare with the gas table values used in Example 3.1. A Matlab program for calculating the enthalpy h and entropy s o of CO 2 is t=1000; % temp in K R= % univ. gas const. a1= ; a2= e-3; a3= e-6; a4= e-9; a5= e-16; a6= e4; a7= ; nondimh=a1+a2/2*t+a3/3*t^2+a4/4*t^3+a5/5*t^4+a6/t h=nondimh*t*r nondims=a1*log(t)+a2*t+a3/2*t^2+a4/3*t^3+a5/4*t^4+a7 s=nondims*r The calculated h = kj/kmol and the entropy s o = kj/kmol-k. The gas table values are h = kj/kmol and the entropy s o = kj/kmol-k. The enthalpy values agree to 4 figures, and the entropy values agree to 3 figures.
5 3.4) Using the program Fuel.m, at what temperature is the specific heat c p of methane CH 4 = 3.0 kj/kg-k? 5
6 6 CHAPTER 3. FUEL, AIR, AND COMBUSTION THERMODYNAMICS 3.5) Why does Equation 3.27 contain y i? a) From the Gibbs equations, we have ( ) s i (T, P ) = s o Pi i (T ) R i ln P 0 Where s o i (T ) is the standard entropy. y i = P i P = P i P0 P 0 P ( ) ( ) Pi P0 ln(y i ) = ln + ln P 0 P ( ) ( ) Pi P ln = ln(y i ) + ln P 0 Substituting back in: ( )) P s i (T, P ) = s o i (T ) R i (ln(y i ) + ln The mole fraction y i originates from the pressure ratio term. P 0 P 0
7 7 3.6) A system whose composition is given below is in equilibrium at P = 101 kpa and T = 298 K. What are the enthalpy (kj/kg), specific volume (m 3 /kg), and quality χ of the mixture? a) A table of the given and computed parameters is: i y i M i h f h i x i [ v i ] [ kg /kmol] [ kj /kmol] [ kj /kg] m 3 /kg H 2 O ,826-13, CO , N The mixture molecular mass is: M = y i M i = (0.141)(18.01) + (0.125)(44.01) + (0.734)(28.01) = kg /kmol Sample calculations for CO 2 (i=2): h 2 = h f = 393,522 = 8942 M i kj /kg ( ) Mi x 2 = y 2 = M = v 2 = Ru T M i P = = m3 /kg If all of the water is vapor, the water partial pressure would be P H2O = y i P = 0.141(101) = 14.2 kpa Whoever, at T = 298K, the saturation pressure of the water is 3.17 kpa (Table 3.1), so some fraction of the water will be liquid. The quality of the gas mixture is given in the Appendix: ( 1 X = y H2O X = ) ( ) 1 P 1 1 = P sat ( ) ( ) 1 The enthalpy of vaporization h fg is 44.02/18.01 = 2444 kj/kg (Table 3.1) The term v fg is v g -v f = ( ) = m 3 /kg (Table 3.1) Therefore using equations (3.55) and (3.57) The enthalpy is given by: h = x 1 h 1 + x 2 h 2 + x 3 h 3 (1 X)x 1 h fg h = (0.0888)( 13,424) + (0.1924)( 8942) + 0 ( )(0.0888)(2444) h = 3087 kj /kg The specific volume is given by: v = x 1 v 1 + x 2 v 2 + x 3 v 3 (1 X)x 1 v fg v = (0.0888)(1.362) + (0.1924)(0.557) + (0.7189)(0.875) ( )(0.0888)(1.361) v = m3 /kg
8 8 CHAPTER 3. FUEL, AIR, AND COMBUSTION THERMODYNAMICS 3.7) A four cylinder four stroke 2.8 L port injected spark ignition engine is running at 2000 rpm on a lean (φ =0.9) mixture of octane and standard air (101 kpa, 298 K) If the octane flow rate is 2.5 g/s, what is the mass of fuel entering each cylinder per cycle and the volumetric efficiency? a) The mass of fuel entering each cylinder per cycle for a four stroke engine ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) m f = ṁ f = 2.5 N n c m f = g b) Since the engine is port injected e v = m a + m f ρ i v d = m f (AF + 1) ρ i v d = m f ( AFs φ + 1) ρ i v d From Table 3.5, the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio for octane is AF s = Assume R = ρ i = P RT = 101 (0.287)(298) = 1.18 kg /m 3 = 1180 g /m 3 Solving for the volumetric efficiency: η v = ( ) ( ( ) 1) (1180) η v =
9 9 3.8) An engine cylinder has a 90 mm bore and a 85 mm stroke, and contains air and residual gases at 350 K and 1 bar. If the engine is to operate on diesel fuel and run lean with an overall equivalence ratio of φ = 0.7, what is the mass of diesel fuel that needs to be injected during the compression stroke? (Assume R of the air-residual gas mixture is 0.29 kj/kg K). a) m = m a + m r We know that f = m r m Substituting we have Since m a = (1 f)m φ = F A F A s Substituting m f = φ(f A s )(m a ) = φ(f A s )(1 f)m Using the ideal gas law m f = P v d RT = P m f = 0.53 g ( π 4 RT ) b 2 s = 100 ( π 4 ) (0.09) 2 (0.085) (0.29)(350)(1000) From Table 3.5, AF s =14.30 or F A s = The mass of injected diesel fuel is: m f = (0.7)(0.0699)( )(0.53) m f = g
10 10 CHAPTER 3. FUEL, AIR, AND COMBUSTION THERMODYNAMICS 3.9) Using the low temperature (T < 1000K) combustion equations, what are the composition, enthalpy, and entropy of the combustion products of methanol, CH 3 OH, at φ = 1.1, T = 1200 K, and P = 101 kpa? Compare with the results from the program ecp.m.
11 3.10) What are the mole fractions of CO 2, H 2 O, CO, N 2 and H 2 produced when methane (CH 4 ) is burned in rich conditions at φ = 1.1, T = 1000 K, and P = 101 kpa? 11
12 12 CHAPTER 3. FUEL, AIR, AND COMBUSTION THERMODYNAMICS 3.11) If a lean (φ = 0.8) mixture of methane CH 4 is burned at a temperature of 1500 K and pressure of 500 kpa, what are the mole fractions of the products, and the product enthalpy, entropy, and specific heat? Use the program ecp.m.
13 ) At what temperature does the saturation pressure P sat of an octane droplet equal 0.5 bar? At that temperature, what is the enthalpy of vaporization h fg? a) Antoine s equation is: [ log 10 (P sat ) = a b ] T + c Solving for T and using coefficients from Table 3.3 T = b a log 10 (P sat ) c Using coefficients from Table T = ( ) = 375 K (octane) log 10 (0.5) T = ( ) = 498 K (tetradecane) log 10 (0.5) This shows the greater volatility of octane relative to tetradecane b) The molar enthalpy of vaporization h fg is: h fg = Ae dt /Tc (1 TTc ) β Using coefficients from Table 3.4: ( h fg = exp ( h fg = exp 694 ) ( ) ( ) = 36.2 MJ /kmol (octane) ) = 53.1 MJ /kmol (tetradecane) The octane value compares well with the value of 36.4 MJ /kmol in Table 3.2. requires about 47% more energy to vaporize. The tetradecane
14 14 CHAPTER 3. FUEL, AIR, AND COMBUSTION THERMODYNAMICS 3.13) Compare the enthalpy of vaporization h fg (MJ/kmol) of nitromethane, methanol, octane, and tetradecane at 400 K. a) The molar enthalpy of vaporization h fg is ( h fg = A exp α T ) ) β (1 TTc T c Using coefficients from Table 3.4 and molecular mass from Table 3.5 For Nitromethane: h fg = (53.33) exp h fg = 0.53 MJ /kg For Methanol: For Octane: h fg = (45.30) exp h fg = 0.95 MJ /kg h fg = (58.46) exp h fg = 0.30 MJ /kg For Tetradecane: h fg = (95.66) exp h fg = 0.31 MJ /kg ( ) ( ) = MJ /kmol = ( ) ( ) = MJ /kmol = ( ) ( ) = MJ /kmol = ( ) ( ) = MJ /kmol = The charge cooling effect of the vaporization of methanol and nitromethane is 2-3 times that of octane and tetradecane on a per kg basis. The charge cooling produces greater volumetric efficiencies by increasing the density of the cylinder gases.
15 3.14) a.) If a rich (φ = 1.1) mixture of diesel fuel is burned at a temperature of 2000 K and pressure of 750 kpa, what are the mole fractions of the products, and the product enthalpy, entropy, specific volume, and specific heat? b.) Repeat the calculation for φ = Discuss the effects of equivalence ratio. 15
16 16 CHAPTER 3. FUEL, AIR, AND COMBUSTION THERMODYNAMICS 3.15) Using the program ecp.m, plot the product equilibrium mole fractions as a function of equivalence ratio (0.5 < φ < 2) resulting from the combustion of methane at 5000 kpa and 2500 K.
17 ) Derive Equation (??) for the species mole fractions of a mixture of air and residual gas. a) The mixture m is composed of the residual mass m r and the premixed fuel-air m fa m = m f + m fa The residual mole fraction y r is y r = n r n fa + n r = 1 n fa n r + 1 Since the residual fraction f = mr /m or 1 f = m = m r + m fa = 1 + m fa m r m r m r m fa m r = 1 f 1 The mole ratio is n fa n r = m fa M fa Mr m r = m fa m r M M = ( ) 1 M f 1 M So y r = [1 + M M ( )] 1 1 f 1 The species mole fractions y i are y i = n i N = n i nfa n fa N + n i nr n r N = ( ni n fa ) y fa + Since the sum of the residual fractions must equal 1 y fa = 1 y r y i = n i n fa y i = n i n r ( ni n r ) y r So the species mole fractions accounting for both the residual gas and the inlet fuel- air y i = (1 y r ) y i + (y r ) y i
18 18 CHAPTER 3. FUEL, AIR, AND COMBUSTION THERMODYNAMICS 3.17) At what equivalence ratio for octane-air mixtures does the carbon to oxygen ratio of the system equal one? Why is this of interest? a) The combustion equation is C 8 H 18 + a s φ (O N 2 ) Products From Table 3.5, a s = for octane. For every mole of octane, there are 8 carbon atoms and 2as /φ oxygen atoms. The carbon/oxygen ratio is: [C] [D] = 8 ( 2 ) a s φ So this ratio is equal to one, i.e. CO formation, φ = 2a s 8 = (2)(12.50) = Therefore for φ > 3.125, there will be solid carbon in the products, since the carbon atoms are in excess of those used to form CO.
19 3.18) At what temperature is the concentration of H 2 a minimum for the combustion of gasoline and air at φ = 1.2 and 4500 kpa? What is that minimum value of H 2? 19
20 20 CHAPTER 3. FUEL, AIR, AND COMBUSTION THERMODYNAMICS 3.19) At what equivalence ratio is the concentration of OH a maximum for the combustion of diesel and air at T = 2500 K and 4500 kpa? What is that maximum value of OH?
21 3.20) At what temperature does the mole fraction of NO reach for the equilibrium products resulting from the combustion of gasoline and air at φ = 1.0 and 5000 kpa? 21
22 22 CHAPTER 3. FUEL, AIR, AND COMBUSTION THERMODYNAMICS 3.21) At what temperature does the mole fraction of CO reach for the equilibrium products resulting from the combustion of methane and air at φ = 1.1 and 3000 kpa?
23 3.22) What is the equilibrium and the frozen specific heat c p of the combustion products of gasoline at a pressure of 2000 kpa and temperature of 2000 K burned at a.) an equivalence ratio of 1.1, and b.) an equivalence ratio of 0.9? 23
Fuel and Air Flow in the Cylinder
Chapter 6 Fuel and Air Flow in the Cylinder 6.1) A four cylinder four stroke 3.0 L port-injected spark ignition engine is running at 00 rpm on a stoichiometric mix of octane and standard air at 100 kpa
More informationDr Ali Jawarneh Department of Mechanical Engineering Hashemite University
Chapter 15 CHEMICAL REACTIONS Dr Ali Jawarneh Department of Mechanical Engineering Hashemite University 2 Objectives Give an overview of fuels and combustion. Apply the conservation of mass to reacting
More informationReacting Gas Mixtures
Reacting Gas Mixtures Reading Problems 15-1 15-7 15-21, 15-32, 15-51, 15-61, 15-74 15-83, 15-91, 15-93, 15-98 Introduction thermodynamic analysis of reactive mixtures is primarily an extension of the principles
More informationME 354 Tutorial, Week#13 Reacting Mixtures
ME 354 Tutorial, Week#13 Reacting Mixtures Question 1: Determine the mole fractions of the products of combustion when octane, C 8 H 18, is burned with 200% theoretical air. Also, determine the air-fuel
More informationGestão de Sistemas Energéticos 2017/2018
Gestão de Sistemas Energéticos 2017/2018 Exergy Analysis Prof. Tânia Sousa taniasousa@tecnico.ulisboa.pt Conceptualizing Chemical Exergy C a H b O c enters the control volume at T 0, p 0. O 2 and CO 2,
More informationChapter 15. In the preceding chapters we limited our consideration to CHEMICAL REACTIONS. Objectives
Chapter 15 CHEMICAL REACTIONS In the preceding chapters we limited our consideration to nonreacting systems systems whose chemical composition remains unchanged during a process. This was the case even
More informationUsing first law of thermodynamics for a constant pressure system: Using first law of thermodynamics for a constant volume system:
TUTORIAL-10 Solution (19/04/2017) Thermodynamics for Aerospace Engineers (AS1300) Properties of ideal gas, their mixtures and adiabatic flame temperature For air take c v = 0.718 kj/kg K and c p = 1.005
More informationIndex to Tables in SI Units
Index to Tables in SI Units Table A-1 Atomic or Molecular Weights and Critical Properties of Selected Elements and Compounds 926 Table A-2 Properties of Saturated Water (Liquid Vapor): Temperature Table
More informationFUNDAMENTALS of Thermodynamics
SOLUTION MANUAL SI UNIT PROBLEMS CHAPTER 15 SONNTAG BORGNAKKE VAN WYLEN FUNDAMENTALS of Thermodynamics Sixth Edition CONTENT SUBSECTION PROB NO. Correspondence table Concept-Study Guide Problems 1-20 Equilibrium
More informationINTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (SKMV 3413)
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (SKMV 3413) Dr. Mohd Farid bin Muhamad Said Room : Block P21, Level 1, Automotive Development Centre (ADC) Tel : 07-5535449 Email: mfarid@fkm.utm.my THERMOCHEMISTRY IC engine
More informationCombustion: Flame Theory and Heat Produced. Arthur Anconetani Oscar Castillo Everett Henderson
Combustion: Flame Theory and Heat Produced Arthur Anconetani Oscar Castillo Everett Henderson What is a Flame?! Reaction Zone! Thermo/Chemical characteristics Types of Flame! Premixed! Diffusion! Both
More informationME 201 Thermodynamics
Spring 01 ME 01 Thermodynamics Property Evaluation Practice Problems II Solutions 1. Air at 100 K and 1 MPa goes to MPa isenthapically. Determine the entropy change. Substance Type: Ideal Gas (air) Process:
More informationLecture 37. Heat of Reaction. 1 st Law Analysis of Combustion Systems
Department of Mechanical Engineering ME 322 Mechanical Engineering hermodynamics Heat of eaction Lecture 37 1 st Law Analysis of Combustion Systems Combustion System Analysis Consider the complete combustion
More informationAAE COMBUSTION AND THERMOCHEMISTRY
5. COMBUSTIO AD THERMOCHEMISTRY Ch5 1 Overview Definition & mathematical determination of chemical equilibrium, Definition/determination of adiabatic flame temperature, Prediction of composition and temperature
More information1. (25 points) C 6 H O 2 6CO 2 + 7H 2 O C 6 H O 2 6CO + 7H 2 O
MEEBAL Exam 2 November 2013 Show all work in your blue book. Points will be deducted if steps leading to answers are not shown. No work outside blue books (such as writing on the flow sheets) will be considered.
More informationDISCIPLINA MIEEA 2018
DISCIPLINA MIEEA 2018 Technologies of combustion Combustion definition Combustion is essentially burning, fuels react with oxygen to release energy 4 Combustion use in the world No Combustion Combustion
More informationMAE 11. Homework 8: Solutions 11/30/2018
MAE 11 Homework 8: Solutions 11/30/2018 MAE 11 Fall 2018 HW #8 Due: Friday, November 30 (beginning of class at 12:00p) Requirements:: Include T s diagram for all cycles. Also include p v diagrams for Ch
More informationPure Substance. Properties of Pure Substances & Equations of State. Vapour-Liquid-Solid Phase Equilibrium
Pure Substance Properties of Pure Substances & Equations of State Dr. d. Zahurul Haq Professor Department of echanical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
More informationThermodynamics I Chapter 2 Properties of Pure Substances
Thermodynamics I Chapter 2 Properties of Pure Substances Mohsin Mohd Sies Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Properties of Pure Substances (Motivation) To quantify the changes
More informationThermochemistry X.S. Bai Thermochemistry
Lecture 2 Thermochemistry Design a power plant X.S. Bai Thermochemistry When we study a combustion device, what do we want to know? heat generated power production combustion efficiency combustion control
More informationChapter 6. Using Entropy
Chapter 6 Using Entropy Learning Outcomes Demonstrate understanding of key concepts related to entropy and the second law... including entropy transfer, entropy production, and the increase in entropy
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS
FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS SEVENTH EDITION CLAUS BORGNAKKE RICHARD E. SONNTAG University of Michigan John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chemical Reactions 15 Many thermodynamic problems involve chemical reactions.
More informationCOMBUSTION OF FUEL 12:57:42
COMBUSTION OF FUEL The burning of fuel in presence of air is known as combustion. It is a chemical reaction taking place between fuel and oxygen at temperature above ignition temperature. Heat is released
More informationStoichiometry, Energy Balances, Heat Transfer, Chemical Equilibrium, and Adiabatic Flame Temperatures. Geof Silcox
Stoichiometry, Energy Balances, Heat ransfer, Chemical Equilibrium, and Adiabatic Flame emperatures Geof Silcox geoff@che.utah.edu (80)58-880 University of Utah Chemical Engineering Salt Lake City, Utah
More informationR13. II B. Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, Jan THERMODYNAMICS (Com. to ME, AE, AME) PART- A
SET - 1 II B. Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, Jan - 2015 THERMODYNAMICS (Com. to ME, AE, AME) Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70 Note 1. Question Paper consists of two parts (Part-A and Part-B) 2. Answer
More informationCombustion. Indian Institute of Science Bangalore
Combustion Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Combustion Applies to a large variety of natural and artificial processes Source of energy for most of the applications today Involves exothermic chemical
More information2SO 2(g) + O 2(g) Increasing the temperature. (Total 1 mark) Enthalpy data for the reacting species are given in the table below.
Q1.Which change would alter the value of the equilibrium constant (K p) for this reaction? 2SO 2(g) + O 2(g) 2SO 3(g) A Increasing the total pressure of the system. Increasing the concentration of sulfur
More informationI.C. Engine Cycles. Thermodynamic Analysis
I.C. Engine Cycles Thermodynamic Analysis AIR STANDARD CYCLES Air as a perfect gas All processes ideal and reversible Mass same throughout Constant Specific Heat. OTTO CYCLE OTTO CYCLE Efficiency is
More information0 o C. H vap. H evap
Solution. Energy P (00 ) Pν x 0 5 ρ 850,4 J kg - J kg Power kg s 000,4 600 70 W Solution. 00 o C H evap H vap 0 o C H liq 00 t H liq (4. x0 t ) dt 4.t x0 0 40 0 40 kj kg - H evap 40,68 J mol - (From Appendix
More informationBasic Thermodynamics Module 1
Basic Thermodynamics Module 1 Lecture 9: Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids Thermodynamic Properties of fluids Most useful properties: Properties like pressure, volume and temperature which can be measured
More informationChapter 3 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6 th Edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2008
Chapter 3 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6 th Edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2008 Objectives Introduce the concept of a pure substance. Discuss
More informationN L N G : C O M B U S T I O N
N L N G : C O M B U S T I O N G R A N T I N G R A M 6 T H D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 7 This short lecture provides an introduction into the basic principles of combustion and some of the background to the use
More informationThermochemistry Chapter 8
Thermochemistry Chapter 8 Thermochemistry First law of thermochemistry: Internal energy of an isolated system is constant; energy cannot be created or destroyed; however, energy can be converted to different
More informationPROBLEM 6.3. Using the appropriate table, determine the indicated property. In each case, locate the state on sketches of the T-v and T-s diagrams.
PROBLEM 63 Using the appropriate table, determine the indicated property In each case, locate the state on sketches of the -v and -s diagrams (a) water at p = 040 bar, h = 147714 kj/kg K Find s, in kj/kg
More informationPure Substance. Properties of Pure Substances & Equations of State. Vapour-Liquid-Solid Phase Equilibrium
Pure Substance Properties of Pure Substances & Equations of State Dr. d. Zahurul Haq Professor Department of echanical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
More informationThermodynamics Qualifying Exam Study Material
Thermodynamics Qualifying Exam Study Material The candidate is expected to have a thorough understanding of undergraduate engineering thermodynamics topics. These topics are listed below for clarification.
More informationDr Ali Jawarneh. Hashemite University
Dr Ali Jawarneh Department of Mechanical Engineering Hashemite University Examine the moving boundary work or P d work commonly encountered in reciprocating devices such as automotive engines and compressors.
More informationIntroduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. Chapter 4. KFUPM Housam Binous CHE 303
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 4 1 Sensible heat effects are characterized by temperature changes Experimental measurements provide heat effects of chemical reactions, phase
More informationR13 SET - 1 '' ''' '' ' '''' Code No RT21033
SET - 1 II B. Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, June - 2015 THERMODYNAMICS (Com. to ME, AE, AME) Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70 Note: 1. Question Paper consists of two parts (Part-A and Part-B)
More informationModeling for Control of HCCI Engines
Modeling for Control of HCCI Engines Gregory M. Shaver J.Christian Gerdes Matthew Roelle P.A. Caton C.F. Edwards Stanford University Dept. of Mechanical Engineering D D L ynamic esign aboratory Outline
More informationThe Advanced Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. The thermodynamics properties of fluids (II) Ji-Sheng Chang Q&A_-10-11/17/2005(10)
The Advanced Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics The thermodynamics properties of fluids (II) Q&A_-10-11/17/2005(10) Ji-Sheng Chang Property relations The residual Gibbs free energy The definition of residual
More informationWhat s free about Gibbs free energy?
What s free about Gibbs free energy? The change in free energy for a process equals the maximum work that can be done by the system on the surroundings in a spontaneous process occurring at constant temperature
More informationChapter Eighteen. Thermodynamics
Chapter Eighteen Thermodynamics 1 Thermodynamics Study of energy changes during observed processes Purpose: To predict spontaneity of a process Spontaneity: Will process go without assistance? Depends
More informationTHERMODYNAMICS, FLUID AND PLANT PROCESSES. The tutorials are drawn from other subjects so the solutions are identified by the appropriate tutorial.
THERMODYNAMICS, FLUID AND PLANT PROCESSES The tutorials are drawn from other subjects so the solutions are identified by the appropriate tutorial. THERMODYNAMICS TUTORIAL 1 LIQUIDS VAPOURS - GASES SAE
More informationII/IV B.Tech (Regular) DEGREE EXAMINATION. (1X12 = 12 Marks) Answer ONE question from each unit.
Page 1 of 8 Hall Ticket Number: 14CH 404 II/IV B.Tech (Regular) DEGREE EXAMINATION June, 2016 Chemical Engineering Fourth Semester Engineering Thermodynamics Time: Three Hours Maximum : 60 Marks Answer
More informationCHAPTER 7 ENTROPY. Copyright Hany A. Al-Ansary and S. I. Abdel-Khalik (2014) 1
CHAPTER 7 ENTROPY S. I. Abdel-Khalik (2014) 1 ENTROPY The Clausius Inequality The Clausius inequality states that for for all cycles, reversible or irreversible, engines or refrigerators: For internally-reversible
More informationand mol of Cl 2 was heated in a vessel of fixed volume to a constant temperature, the following reaction reached equilibrium.
Q1. When a mixture of 0.45 mol of PCl and 0.68 mol of Cl was heated in a vessel of fixed volume to a constant temperature, the following reaction reached equilibrium. PCl + Cl PCl 5 H = 9 kj mol 1 At equilibrium,
More informationME Thermodynamics I
HW-6 (5 points) Given: Carbon dioxide goes through an adiabatic process in a piston-cylinder assembly. provided. Find: Calculate the entropy change for each case: State data is a) Constant specific heats
More informationKNOWN: Pressure, temperature, and velocity of steam entering a 1.6-cm-diameter pipe.
4.3 Steam enters a.6-cm-diameter pipe at 80 bar and 600 o C with a velocity of 50 m/s. Determine the mass flow rate, in kg/s. KNOWN: Pressure, temperature, and velocity of steam entering a.6-cm-diameter
More informationChapter 20. Heat Engines, Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Dr. Armen Kocharian
Chapter 20 Heat Engines, Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Dr. Armen Kocharian First Law of Thermodynamics Review Review: The first law states that a change in internal energy in a system can
More informationUse the data in the table to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of liquid methylbenzene, C 7 H 8. Substance C(s) H 2 (g) C 7 H 8 (l)
Q1.(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation, H f ο (3) (b) Use the data in the table to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of liquid methylbenzene, C 7 H 8 Substance C(s) H 2 (g) C
More informationStoichiometry Rockets
Stoichiometry Rockets The objective of this lab is to to: calculate the needed volume of fuel to react with a given volume of gas and result in a productive explosion determine the heat of the reaction
More informationVersion 001 HW 15 Thermodynamics C&J sizemore (21301jtsizemore) 1
Version 001 HW 15 Thermodynamics C&J sizemore 21301jtsizemore 1 This print-out should have 38 questions. Multiple-choice questions may continue on the next column or page find all choices before answering.
More informationConservation of mass: 44 kg on LHS and RHS one kmol of CO₂ produced by burning 1 kmol of C with one kmol of O₂
L20 Stoichiometry of Reactions Gore Combustion provides the heat source for many power cycles (cars, airplanes, power plants), for home heating, cooking applications, and for manufacturing from melting
More informationCHEMISTRY Topic #2: Thermochemistry and Electrochemistry What Makes Reactions Go? Fall 2018 Dr. Susan Findlay See Exercises in Topic 8
CHEMISTRY 2000 Topic #2: Thermochemistry and Electrochemistry What Makes Reactions Go? Fall 208 Dr. Susan Findlay See Exercises in Topic 8 Vapour Pressure of Pure Substances When you leave wet dishes on
More informationMODULE TITLE : MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE TOPIC TITLE : ENERGY BALANCE TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT 3
THIS BOX MUST BE COMPLETED Student Code No.... Student's Signature... Date Submitted... Contact e-mail... MODULE TITLE : MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE TOPIC TITLE : ENERGY BALANCE TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT 3 NAME...
More informationLaws of Thermodynamics
Laws of Thermodynamics The Three Laws of Thermodynamics - The first lawof thermodynamics, also called conservation of energy. We can use this knowledge to determine the amount of energy in a system, the
More information+ m B1 = 1. u A1. u B1. - m B1 = V A. /v A = , u B1 + V B. = 5.5 kg => = V tot. Table B.1.
5.6 A rigid tank is divided into two rooms by a membrane, both containing water, shown in Fig. P5.6. Room A is at 200 kpa, v = 0.5 m3/kg, VA = m3, and room B contains 3.5 kg at 0.5 MPa, 400 C. The membrane
More informationLecture 40: Air standard cycle, internal combustion engines, Otto cycle
ME 200 Thermodynamics I Spring 206 Lecture 40: Air standard cycle, internal combustion engines, Otto cycle Yong Li Shanghai Jiao Tong University Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics 800 Dong Chuan
More informationFirst Law of Thermodynamics
CH2303 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics I Unit II First Law of Thermodynamics Dr. M. Subramanian 07-July-2011 Associate Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College
More informationDishwasher. Heater. Homework Solutions ME Thermodynamics I Spring HW-1 (25 points)
HW-1 (25 points) (a) Given: 1 for writing given, find, EFD, etc., Schematic of a household piping system Find: Identify system and location on the system boundary where the system interacts with the environment
More informationTHE FIRST LAW APPLIED TO STEADY FLOW PROCESSES
Chapter 10 THE FIRST LAW APPLIED TO STEADY FLOW PROCESSES It is not the sun to overtake the moon, nor doth the night outstrip theday.theyfloateachinanorbit. The Holy Qur-ān In many engineering applications,
More informationHeat Engine Cycles. Chapter 2
Chapter 2 Heat Engine Cycles 2.1) An engine cylinder contains 7 10 5 kg of fuel with a heat of combustion, q c, of 45,000 kj/kg. The volume V 1 at top dead center is 0.15 10 3 m 3, and the volume V 2 at
More informationMAE 320 THERODYNAMICS FINAL EXAM - Practice. Name: You are allowed three sheets of notes.
50 MAE 320 THERODYNAMICS FINAL EXAM - Practice Name: You are allowed three sheets of notes. 1. Fill in the blanks for each of the two (Carnot) cycles below. (a) 5 a) Heat engine or Heat pump/refrigerator
More informationTeaching schedule *15 18
Teaching schedule Session *15 18 19 21 22 24 Topics 5. Gas power cycles Basic considerations in the analysis of power cycle; Carnot cycle; Air standard cycle; Reciprocating engines; Otto cycle; Diesel
More informationChem 105/107 Exam #3 Fall 2012
November 12 th, 2012 Name: CLID: Score: Chem 105/107 Exam #3 Fall 2012 There are 17 multiple choices that are worth 3 points each. There are 4 problems and 1 bonus problem. Try to answer the questions,
More informationThermodynamics is the study of the relationship between heat and other forms of energy that are involved in a chemical reaction.
Ch 18 Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Thermodynamics is the study of the relationship between heat and other forms of energy that are involved in a chemical reaction. Internal Energy (U) Internal energy
More informationName: I have observed the honor code and have neither given nor received aid on this exam.
ME 235 FINAL EXAM, ecember 16, 2011 K. Kurabayashi and. Siegel, ME ept. Exam Rules: Open Book and one page of notes allowed. There are 4 problems. Solve each problem on a separate page. Name: I have observed
More informationUNIT I Basic concepts and Work & Heat Transfer
SIDDHARTH GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS :: PUTTUR Siddharth Nagar, Narayanavanam Road 517583 QUESTION BANK (DESCRIPTIVE) Subject with Code: Engineering Thermodynamics (16ME307) Year & Sem: II-B. Tech & II-Sem
More informationPh.D. Qualifying Examination In Thermodynamics
Ph.D. Qualifying Examination In Thermodynamics May 2014 University of Texas at Austin Department of Chemical Engineering The exam is a closed book examination. There are five equally weighed problems on
More informationThermodynamic and Stochiometric Principles in Materials Balance
Thermodynamic and Stochiometric Principles in Materials Balance Typical metallurgical engineering problems based on materials and energy balance NiO is reduced in an open atmosphere furnace by excess carbon
More informationName: Discussion Section:
CBE 141: Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Spring 2018, UC Berkeley Midterm 2 March 22, 2018 Time: 80 minutes, closed-book and closed-notes, one-sided 8 ½ x 11 equation sheet allowed Please show all
More information1. (10) Calorically perfect ideal air at 300 K, 100 kpa, 1000 m/s, is brought to rest isentropically. Determine its final temperature.
AME 5053 Intermediate Thermodynamics Examination Prof J M Powers 30 September 0 0 Calorically perfect ideal air at 300 K, 00 kpa, 000 m/s, is brought to rest isentropically Determine its final temperature
More informationChemical Energetics. First Law of thermodynamics: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but It can be converted from one form to another.
Chemical Energetics First Law of thermodynamics: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but It can be converted from one form to another. All chemical reactions are accompanied by some form of energy
More informationEnergy, Enthalpy and Thermochemistry. Energy: The capacity to do work or to produce heat
9 Energy, Enthalpy and Thermochemistry Energy: The capacity to do work or to produce heat The law of conservation of energy Energy can be converted but the total is a constant Two types of energy: Kinetic
More informationCHAPTER 8 ENTROPY. Blank
CHAPER 8 ENROPY Blank SONNAG/BORGNAKKE SUDY PROBLEM 8-8. A heat engine efficiency from the inequality of Clausius Consider an actual heat engine with efficiency of η working between reservoirs at and L.
More informationChapter 3 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Seventh Edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2011 Chapter 3 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission
More informationME Thermodynamics I = = = 98.3% 1
HW-08 (25 points) i) : a) 1 Since ν f < ν < ν g we conclude the state is a Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture (SLVM) 1, from the saturation tables we obtain p 3.6154 bar. 1 Calculating the quality, x: x ν
More informationTheory. Humidity h of an air-vapor mixture is defined as the mass ratio of water vapor and dry air,
Theory Background In a cooling tower with open water circulation, heat is removed from water because of the material and heat exchange between the water and the ambient air. The cooling tower is a special
More informationCHEM Exam 2 - October 11, INFORMATION PAGE (Use for reference and for scratch paper)
CHEM 5200 - Exam 2 - October 11, 2018 INFORMATION PAGE (Use for reference and for scratch paper) Constants and Conversion Factors: R = 0.082 L-atm/mol-K = 8.31 J/mol-K = 8.31 kpa-l/mol-k 1 L-atm = 101
More informationProblem 1 (Willans Approximation)
5-0567-00 Engine Systems (HS 205) Exercise 3 Topic: Lectures 3+4 Raffi Hedinger (hraffael@ethz.ch), Norbert Zsiga (nzsiga@ethz.ch); October 9, 205 Problem (Willans Approximation) A useful simplification
More informationChapter 3 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Chapter 3 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES PURE SUBSTANCE Pure substance: A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout. Air is a mixture of several gases, but it is considered to be a pure
More informationThe need for something else: Entropy
Lecture 27 Goals: Ch. 18 ualitatively understand 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics Ch. 19 Understand the relationship between work and heat in a cycling process Follow the physics of basic heat engines and refrigerators.
More informationChapter One Reviews of Thermodynamics Update on 2013/9/13
Chapter One Reviews of Thermodynamics Update on 2013/9/13 (1.1). Thermodynamic system An isolated system is a system that exchanges neither mass nor energy with its environment. An insulated rigid tank
More informationChapter 3 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES SUMMARY
Chapter 3 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES SUMMARY PURE SUBSTANCE Pure substance: A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout. Compressed liquid (sub-cooled liquid): A substance that it is
More informationA Project for Thermodynamics II. Entitled
A Project for Thermodynamics II Entitled Determination of the Effect of Equivalence Ratio and Pressure on the Adiabatic Flame Temperature and Reaction "Completeness" during 75% Propane and 25% Methane
More informationINSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous) Dundigal, Hyderabad
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous) Dundigal, Hyderabad -500 043 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TUTORIAL QUESTION BANK Name : THERMODYNAMICS Code : A30306 Class : II B. Tech I Semester Branch :
More informationFind: a) Mass of the air, in kg, b) final temperature of the air, in K, and c) amount of entropy produced, in kj/k.
PROBLEM 6.25 Three m 3 of air in a rigid, insulated container fitted with a paddle wheel is initially at 295 K, 200 kpa. The air receives 1546 kj of work from the paddle wheel. Assuming the ideal gas model,
More informationENTHALPY BALANCES WITH CHEMICAL REACTION
ENTHALPY BALANCES WITH CHEMICAL REACTION Calculation of the amount and temperature of combustion products Methane is burnt in 50 % excess of air. Considering that the process is adiabatic and all methane
More informationChapter 6 Problems: 9, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31-33, 37, 39, 43, 45, 47, 48, 53, 55, 57, 59, 65, 67, 73, 78-82, 85, 89, 93
Chapter 6 Problems: 9, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31-33, 37, 39, 43, 45, 47, 48, 53, 55, 57, 59, 65, 67, 73, 78-82, 85, 89, 93 Chapter 6 Thermochemistry The study of chemical reactions and the energy changes
More informationPure Substances Phase Change, Property Tables and Diagrams
Pure Substances Phase Change, Property Tables and Diagrams In this chapter we consider the property values and relationships of a pure substance (such as water) which can exist in three phases - solid,
More informationIII. Evaluating Properties. III. Evaluating Properties
F. Property Tables 1. What s in the tables and why specific volumes, v (m /kg) (as v, v i, v f, v g ) pressure, P (kpa) temperature, T (C) internal energy, u (kj/kg) (as u, u i, u f, u g, u ig, u fg )
More informationSpeed Distribution at CONSTANT Temperature is given by the Maxwell Boltzmann Speed Distribution
Temperature ~ Average KE of each particle Particles have different speeds Gas Particles are in constant RANDOM motion Average KE of each particle is: 3/2 kt Pressure is due to momentum transfer Speed Distribution
More informationECE309 INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER. 13 June 2007
ECE309 INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER 13 June 2007 Midterm Examination R. Culham This is a 2 hour, open-book examination. You are permitted to use: course text book calculator There are
More information5.4 Liquid Mixtures. G i. + n B. = n A. )+ n B. + RT ln x A. + RT ln x B. G = nrt ( x A. ln x A. Δ mix. + x B S = nr( x A
5.4 Liquid Mixtures Key points 1. The Gibbs energy of mixing of two liquids to form an ideal solution is calculated in the same way as for two perfect gases 2. A regular solution is one in which the entropy
More informationMathCAD Functions for Thermodynamic Analysis of Ideal Gases
MathCAD Functions for Thermodynamic Analysis of Ideal Gases Stephen T. McClain 1 Abstract Data from The Chemkin Thermodynamic Data Base were used to generate MathCAD functions for the molar specific enthalpy,
More informationThermal Energy Final Exam Fall 2002
16.050 Thermal Energy Final Exam Fall 2002 Do all eight problems. All problems count the same. 1. A system undergoes a reversible cycle while exchanging heat with three thermal reservoirs, as shown below.
More informationME Thermodynamics I
Homework - Week 01 HW-01 (25 points) Given: 5 Schematic of the solar cell/solar panel Find: 5 Identify the system and the heat/work interactions associated with it. Show the direction of the interactions.
More informationAP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter Six Notes - Thermochemistry
AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter Six Notes - Thermochemistry 6.1 The Nature of Energy A. Definition 1. Energy is the capacity to do work (or to produce heat*) a. Work is a force acting over a distance (moving
More informationChemical Thermodynamics
Quiz A 42.8 ml solution of ammonia (NH 3 ) is titrated with a solution of 0.9713 M hydrochloric acid. The initial reading on the buret containing the HCl was 47.13 ml and the final reading when the endpoint
More information