3/24/2009. Lecture 6 Gradient Echo Based Techniques and Applications. GRE versus SE. Gradient Recalled Echo (GRE) 3D GRE. Spoiling
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1 The Antomy of Bsic MR Pulse Sequences Lecture 6 Grdient Echo Bsed Techniques nd Applictions Chen Lin, PhD Indin University School of Medicine & Clrin Helth Prtners Mgnetiztion Preprtion Section Chemicl Shift Selective Sturtion/ Excittion Sptil Selective Sturtion Mgnetiztion Trnsfer (MT), CHESS wter suppression Inversion Recovery (IR) Dt Acquisition Section Slice/Slb Selective Excittion Phse Encoding(s) Echo Genertion Spin Echo (SE), Fst/Turbo SE (TSE), Single-shot FSE (HASTE) Grdient Reclled Echo (GRE), Single-shot GRE (EPI) Diffusion Weighting (DWI/DTI) nd Grdient Moment Nulling (GMN) Frequency Encoding Filling of K-spce Mgnetiztion Recovery Section Spoiling Driven Equilibrium Increment Phse Encoding Grdient Reclled Echo (GRE) Excittion Phse Encoding TE Frequency Encoding GRE versus SE No refocusing RF pulse De-phsing in the trnsverse plne due to chemicl shift nd B 0 inhomogeneity is NOT recovered. T2* weighted insted of T2 weighted Prone to rtifcts Shorter Short scn time 3D nd breth hold cquisitions nd typiclly with FA < 90 0 Lower RF energy deposition per thn SE But not necessry lower SAR 3D GRE Slb Excittion K-spce Phse Encoding in Z Phse Encoding in Frequency Encoding in Spoiling Destroy mgnetiztion build up in the trnsverse plne. >> T 2 or T 2 * (trnsverse relxtion) Crusher grdients (grdient spoiling) Chnge the phse RF excittion pulse (RF spoiling) Suppress signl from remining M xy from previous different sptil encoding -> rtifcts T 2 weighting -> contrst ltertion B 1 Z M Z M 0 M (q n ) (q n+1 ) M Z Z M 0 B 1 M M 0 M Z M Z B 1 (q n+2 ) 1
2 Flvors of GRE Sequence Spoiled GRE: FLASH/SPGR/T1-FFE Multi-echo spoiled GRE MEDIC VIBE Un-spoiled/Rewound/Coherent GRE: FISP/GRASS/FFE PSIF/SSFP/T2-FFE TrueFISP/FIESTA/b-FFE CISS/FIESTA-C DESS 2D FLASH/SPGR/FFE-T1 (q n ) FLASH (q n+1 ) Only use signl only from grdient echo. Signl is T 1 nd T 2 * weighted nd flip ngle dependent: sin 1 e S r 1cose / T1 / T1 e Ernst condition: 1 / T1 Ernst cos e / T 2* T 1 weighed ntomicl DCE imging nd perfusion (T 1 chnge with contrst concentrtion) CE MRA (T 1 reduction due to contrst gent) TOF MRA (T 1 reduction due to inflow) PC MRA SWI (T 2 * reduction due to deoxyhemoglobin in venous blood) B 0 nd B 1 field mpping FLASH Applictions Detection of micro-bleeds Neurordiologi, Ospedle Civile Treviso, Pizz Ospedle, Itly 2D/3D FLASH 3T Bright Center Bright Vessel 2D FLASH Use High rbw to minimize susceptibility rtifcts Use in-phse TE to keep ft bright 3D FLASH In nd Out of Phse for Wter nd Ft TE: 0 ms 2.25 ms T Wter Ft Two-point nd Three-point DION (q n ) (q n+1 ) S T (TE Out ) = S W - S F (TE Out ) S T (TE In ) = S W + S F (TE In ) S W = [S T (TE In ) + S T (TE Out )]/2 ; S F (TE Out ) = [S T (TE In ) - S T (TE Out )]/2 OUT IN OUT 2
3 Courtesy of Dr. K. Sndrsegrn of IUSM In-phse DION Exmple Out-of-phse B 0 Field Mpping (q n ) (q n+1 ) Ft-only Wter only TE 1 TE 2 Df = 2pgDB 0 (TE 2 TE 1 ) Multi-echo (ME) Spoiled GRE (q n ) (q n+1 ) ~ Exp(-TE/T 2 *) T2* Mpping Applictions Crtilge: Erly detection of biochemicl chnges Liver nd myocrdium: Estimtion of iron concentrtion T 2 * Quntifiction/Mpping Crtilge T2 Mp Crtilge T2* Mp MEDIC: Multi Echo Dt Imge Combintion (q n ) (q n+1 ) MEDIC Appliction Crtilge lesions (rrow) + + Schmid, M. R. et l. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2005;184: Mgnitude imges from ech echo re combined using sum of squres lgorithm 3
4 Shnghi Zhongshn Hospitl, Shnghi, Chin First Hill DIC, Settle, USA FLASH versus MEDIC VIBE: Volume Interpolted Breth-hold Exmintion (q n ) (q n+1 ) k z k y FLASH MEDIC VIBE VIBE Appliction 1st phse 2nd phse 3rd phse T1 FLASH T2 TSE w. FS LAVA: Liver Acquisition with Volume Acquisition VIEWS: Volume Interpolted Exmintions with Wter-Stimultion 3D VIEWS with rdil reconstruction 3D VIEWS with isotropic 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.6 mm³ VIBRANT: Volume Imging for BRest AssessmeNT Crdinl MRI Sn Jun, Mnil, Philippines FISP versus PSIF TrueFISP/FIESTA/bFFE FISP PSIF Blnced SSFP (TrueFISP) Combines signl from both prtil SE nd GRE. Typiclly with lrge nd short T 2 S r for 90 & T, T T 1 Bright fluid Susceptible to off-resonnce rtifct. Fst cquisition Cn be SAR intensive 2 1 4
5 Eur J Rdiol Jn;65(1):15-28 TrueFISP/FLASH Setup TrueFISP Applictions Imging of Fluid Crdic (Bright blood imging) MSK (Fluid in the joint spce) Non-contrst MRA (High signl from blood) Fst cquisition Crdic (Rel-time imging) Fetl imging TrueFISP nd FLASH Exmple Off-resonnce Effect Finn, J. P. et l. Rdiology 2006;241: To Reduce phse ccumultion between excittion: Improve B 0 homogeneity Reduce CISS Constructive Interference Stedy Stte + MIP 3D cochle protocol DESS Double Echo Stedy Stte DESS Crtilge/crtilge WE-DESS Crtilge/ cpsule Osteorthritis Crtilge Dec;16(12):
6 Skeletl Rdiol Dec;36(12): WE-DESS Imging of Ligment FLASH vs FISP vs DESS Sg 3D WE-DESS Obl. MPR of 3D DESS Obl. T2 w. FS FLASH FISP DESS Thnk ou! 6
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