Nano and Biological Technology Panel: Quantum Information Science
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1 26 th US Army Science Conference, Orlando 3 December 2008 Nano and Biological Technology Panel: Quantum Information Science Professor Andrew Dzurak NSW Manager, Centre for Quantum Computer Technology NSW Director, Australian National Fabrication Facility School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications The University of New South Wales
2 Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE DEC REPORT TYPE N/A 3. DATES COVERED - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Nano and Biological Technology Panel: Quantum Information Science 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Centre for Quantum Computer Technology 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR S ACRONYM(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release, distribution unlimited 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR S REPORT NUMBER(S) 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES See also ADM Proceedings of the Army Science Conference (26th) Held in Orlando, Florida on 1-4 December 2008, The original document contains color images. 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UU a. REPORT unclassified b. ABSTRACT unclassified c. THIS PAGE unclassified 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 33 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18
3 Quantum Information Science Data Security National Security Financial Services e-commerce Decryption National Security Intelligence Killer Apps Supercomputers Database Searching Bioinformatics Modeling & Design Semiconductors Integrated Circuits Sensors Nano-structuring
4 Outline Quantum Computing & Communications Science fiction becomes science fact Single Atom & Single Photon Nanotechnologies Plenty of room at the bottom Future q-it Applications What could be possible? Visualizing a Quantum Computer of the Future Computing at the atomic level
5 Conventional computing must confront some serious issues Transistors per chip 10 9? Cost of Fab $60B 10 8 $50B 10 7 Pentium Pro $40B Pentium 360B $20B Year $10B $0B Year
6 Quantum computing could well be the solution Conventional Computer Quantum Computer 1> 0, 1 0>, 1> 0> bits qubits Quantum state of a two-level system 0> 1>
7 The power of quantum superposition Ever wished you could be in two places at the same time? Consider a 300 qubit byte of information x = b 300 b 299 b 3 b 2 b 1 Example: x = Possible states = = Number of atoms in universe!!! A QC would compute with all of these in parallel Blue Gene: ops/sec would take years to look at each
8 From basic science to new technologies. Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factorings (1994) quantum technologies
9 Quantum Communications when absolute security of information is vital Bob Alice Eve
10 The first quantum computers
11 Australia-US Partnership in QC Silicon Solid State QC Single Atom Nanoelectronics Linear Optics QC Single Photon Photonics B=2T
12 Computing + Communications =
13 Computing + Communications =
14 Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology
15 Underpinning Nanotechnologies Nano-scale Fabrication Atom-scale Fabrication Quantum Measurement
16 Single Atom Nanoelectronics : Top Down Sydney - UNSW U Melbourne D.N. Jamieson et al.
17 Single Atom Nanoelectronics : Bottom Up 1nm 10 nm UNSW M.Y. Simmons et al.
18 Single Atom Nanoelectronics : Bottom Up Optical Image SEM Image SEM Image STM Image 100µm 20 μm 5 μm 90 x 900nm STM Fabricated Device 100nm SEM Imaging 12µm 2mm 22 scan area STM Imaging 50nm 27nm 3.5µm 6 wide wide 2 scan wire wire area
19 Single Electron Electronics 100 nm ,N+2 1,N ,N+1 1,N+1 V top gate (V) ,N 0,N 1 1,N 1,N 1 di/dv (e 2 /h) ,N 2 1,N V SD (mv) V plunger (mv) 0
20 Single Atom Transistor: Control Device barrier/donor gate V plunger di/dv (e 2 /h) 0.16 V SD (mv) V barrier (V) no P-implant no resonant tunneling features A. Morello et al.
21 Single Atom Transistor: P Atom Implants timed P-implant <n> = 3 in nm barrier/donor gate 20 di/dv P-implant area V plunger (e 2 /h) V SD (mv) V barrier (V) <n> = 3 atoms 3 pairs of sharp resonant tunneling features
22 Single Atom Transistor: Tunneling Spectra V barrier (V) V SD (mv) di/dv (e 2 /h) G (e 2 /h) V barrier (V)
23 Zeeman Shift of P-Atom Electron States V barrier (V) Second electron on the donor D - state spin-up G (e 2 /h) B (T) First electron on the donor D 0 state spin-down Resolved the Zeeman shift on electron states of individual donors
24 Single Photon Photonics Linear Optics Quantum Computing Predicted Experiment Free Space & Fibre Integrated Optics CNOT Gate Polarisation or Frequency Encoding CNOT Gate U Queensland A.G. White et al. U Queensland & Australian Defence Forces Academy U Bristol J.L O Brien et al.
25 QIS Key Application Areas Data Security National Security Financial Services e-commerce Decryption National Security Intelligence Killer Apps Supercomputers Database Searching Bioinformatics Modeling & Design Semiconductors Integrated Circuits Sensors Nano-structuring
26 Secure Communications Quantum communication systems can be made perfectly secure (existing protocol BB84) Key applications (near to medium term): Military & Security Services Communications Financial Services e-commerce Corporate Communications (sensitive data) Current data encryption market = $10 billion Quantum LAN now available: MagiQ (USA) ID-Quantique (Switz)
27 Code Decryption Public key encryption (RSA-129) is (almost) uncrackable. Basis of public secure comms today A full-scale (few hundred qubits) quantum computer could crack RSA-129 in seconds (Peter Shor 1994) Obvious applications in national and global security
28 High Performance Computing Simulation (modeling) & database searching Existing supercomputers now under strain Application areas: Nuclear weapons simulation Rapid data search Security services Biotechnology modeling (new reagents & pharma) searching (bioinformatics) Advanced R&D modeling (commercial, govt) Internet Search Engines q-google? Longer term prospect (15 30 years)
29 Next Generation Integrated Circuits Spin-off or pathway technologies potentially provide nearer term applications than QC per se Eg: Single atom nanotechnologies Possible applications: Next generation transistors - extending Moore s Law (to 2020) - single atom transistors Current world semiconductor market $200 billion Transistors per chip Pentium Pro Pentium 80786? Year
30 CQCT: Key International Collaborations
31 Major International QC Projects
32 QIS Investment Worldwide World Total = US$180m p.a.* * Source: Oxford Business School
33 Summary Quantum Information Science Quantum information technologies now a reality First impacts will be secure communications: local area networks (0 5 years) q-internet & satellite comms (5 15 years) Longer term (15 30 years) quantum computing: high-end computing (simulation, biotech) High risk, high pay-off technologies
34 Visualizing a Silicon Quantum Computer See: Barry Sanders, Lloyd Hollenberg et al., in New Journal of Physics v10 (2008). Barry Sanders, in Physics World, December 2008.
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