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1 THE KING IS NAKED! The reason why neutrinos appear to be moving faster than light. Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov Changing Rivers by Oceans Summary This paper explains the reason why neutrinos appear to be moving faster than light when moving from Switzerland to Italy in the OPERA experiment (Oscillation Project with Emulsion-Tracking Apparatus) [1]: Speed measurement of neutrinos is being affected by a systematic error generated due to the shift of the Earth through space. So the neutrinos are not coming soon in Italy, but Italy that is going against the neutrinos that are being emitted in Switzerland. To show that this statement is true, this paper will present an experiment based on the use of synchronized clocks, which allows measuring the speed of the Earth relative to the Ether. This experiment is so simple it's hard to believe that this was not proposed until today. Coincidentally, this experiment turned out to be done by chance, when scientists tried to measure the speed of neutrinos in OPERA, even though results could not be understood until now. This reminds the author of a children's tale by Hans Christian Andersen [], where a King wore clothes that were invisible to the ignorant. Obviously, everyone in the court saw such clothes perfectly. Until a boy shouted: THE KING IS NAKED! Soon after, a more open-minded courtier had noticed that the kid was right and confirmed the statement, and the whole court saw that in fact the king was naked... 1 Introduction Until the early 0th century, it was believed that light traveled through space in a kind of Ether, which led physicists to develop a series of experiments, for example, the Michelson Interferometer [3], whose objective was to measure the speed of the Earth relative to the Ether. The results showed an intriguing conclusion: The light always traveled at a constant speed, regardless of the speed of the Earth. It is interesting to note that Michelson himself did not accept this result and spent the rest of his life looking for a way to measure the speed of the Earth relative to the Ether. Ironically, as it will be shown in this paper, this experiment can be performed, provided that we have a system where information moves at a speed greater than that of light. This may sound strange, because according to Einstein's Theory of Relativity [4], nothing in the universe travels faster than light. However, all we have to do is use two synchronized clocks to generate a system in which the time information "travels" from one point to another at a speed that in practice can be considered as instantaneous, or at least thousands of times greater than that of light. A hypothetical experiment To avoid a long theoretical argument, let's use a hypothetical experiment in order to show that light can be used inside a "space wagon" to measure the speed at which it moves in space, in a certain direction. Figure 1 shows the basis of this experiment, which presents two low-power lasers, represented in blue, which are triggered periodically by a trigger circuit (A), which is synchronized by the clock R1. The laser pulses reach the mirrors (E1 and E) located on the ends of the wagon and 1

2 return to the sensor elements represented in green in Fig. The sensors are monitored by the meter (M) that records the arrival time of each pulse, based on time information from clock R. Laser Sensors E 1 E Figure 1 Space wagon containing a conventional experiment. In a complete cycle of this experiment both lasers are triggered, and, after that, both the emission time in the activator and the reception time of each pulse on the meter are recorded. With the interior of the wagon subjected to vacuum, the path of each laser pulse is equal to 100m, for example, and the detectors will record the arrival of the pulses after ns. M Laser After the pulses are reflected, the situation is reversed, so that at the time t 3 pulses will arrive simultaneously to each detector. This shows that, in fact, it is not possible to use light to determine the speed of the spacecraft, as predicted by Einstein. But if in fact, the pulses arrive at different times on the mirrors, would it be possible to position detectors in place of mirrors and perceive this phenomenon? Figure 3 shows this hypothesis, where the left sensor will be firstly activated if the wagon moves to the right. However, the information that the sensor was activated must be transmitted by a cable to the meter at the center of the wagon. As the output signal of the sensor propagates near the speed of light through the cable, both signal activation information arrive simultaneously to the meter. Thus, the experiments shown in Figures 1 and 3 are equivalent; we only changed the return time of the light in vacuum by the return time of electrons traveling through the cable connecting the sensor to the meter. Figure shows what happens when the spacecraft moves to the right at a constant v speed. In this figure, the wagon was shifted down to facilitate viewing. In addition, the red dots indicate the path that was traveled by light pulses on the considered time. M A At the initial time (t 0 ), lasers emit a pulse of light. At time t 1, mirror E1 will be achieved by the left pulse, while the right pulse is still going towards the mirror E. It occurs because, as the spacecraft moves, mirror E1 approaches the pulse that goes to the left, while mirror E moves away from the right pulse, as can be seen in Figure. Thus, the right pulse reaches mirror E at time t. Figure 3 Modified conventional experiment. Thus, in any experiment where the signs travel at speed lower than or equal to the speed of light, you cannot measure the speed of the wagon in the space. 3 Separating the clocks t o E 1 E t 1 t t 3 Figure Wagon moving in the space. v x However, there is an exception in Einstein's postulate, which states that no signal or information can travel faster than light: The time information can be easily transported between two points, almost instantly, regardless of distance. To do this, simply use two accurate clocks and synchronize them one next to the other, taking then each clock to the desired point. In the example of the space wagon, the clocks are synchronized in the center and then they are placed on opposite walls. Each clock is then

3 connected to an actuator and a meter, as shown in Figure 4. In this condition, the equipment record data that inform the times in which the pulses were emitted from each laser and received at each sensor. Figure 4 Experiment with exchange of time information at speed faster than that of light. Considering that the distance between the laser and the sensor is equal to 100 meters and the speed of light in vacuum is equal to 99,79,485m/s, we can perform the following experiments: Each activator triggers the laser associated with it at a time zero, which can be at the beginning of each new second, for example; With the spacecraft stopped in space, both sensors will record the reception of a light pulse at ns; With the spacecraft moving to the right at 100km / s, at ns time the sensor will be transported to mm (displacement of the wagon in space) in front of the right pulse. Thus, the light will need more ns to travel this distance and the meter will record the coming of the light pulse at the ns time; At the ns time, the sensor 1 will also have moved mm, approaching the laser beam that goes to its direction. Thus, meter 1 will register a time of arrival of the light pulse of ns order; Thus, for the spacecraft moving at 100 km/s, the reception time difference between pulses will be of 0. ns order; If the spacecraft is traveling at 100 km/s in the opposite direction, the same difference of 0. ns will be obtained, but the sensor will receive the light pulse before the sensor 1. Thus, the spacecraft speed according to a given direction (defined by the spatial orientation of the light beam used) can be obtained based on the experiment of Figure 4, by simply having clocks accurate enough and delays in activation and detection of the laser pulses are considered negligible (fixed delays can be easily compensated). If the spacecraft moves at very high speeds, relativistic compensation must be employed, which may be spared for speeds of only 100 km/s magnitude order. 4 Measuring Earth speed in the Ether If we consider a hypothetical universe where there is nothing in space besides the wagon shown at the previous section, we may assume that the wagon has retrorockets that varies its speed. Thus, for each new condition of speed, the time difference between the arrivals of pulses will vary, allowing estimating the instantaneous velocity of the spacecraft. But, in this case, where there is only the ship in space, which referential is this speed related to? A hypothesis is that the experiment of Figure 4 is, in fact, measuring the speed of the spacecraft in relation to the space that surrounds it, i.e., the speed of the spacecraft relative to the Ether. Thus, the experiment of Figure 4 can be adapted to monitor the speed at which planet Earth moves in the Ether. In this case, instead of the vacuum, a fiber optic cable can be used, which the speed of light will be slightly smaller within, but without affecting the operation principle of the experiment. Considering the ideal case, we must build a system with two axes for speed measuring, as shown in Figure 5. The first axis should be on the equator line, generating a direction vector which shifts its position in space throughout the 4 hours of the day. The second axis must be parallel to any meridian, but also in the equatorial region, generating a direction vector whose orientation varies little with the Earth's rotation. This experiment can also be performed closer to the poles, but in this case, the two vectors direction will vary throughout the day. Moreover, with the two vectors exactly on the pole, a single plane (parallel to the equatorial plane) will be scanned, resulting in the loss of a measurement axis. Another important factor in this experiment is the considered distance and accuracy of the clocks 3

4 used. Most accurate clocks require shorter distances and vice versa. M 3 Thus, as we do not know exactly what the speed of neutrinos is, the most correct would be to perform the experiment in Figure 5 using photons rather than neutrinos. Then, simply compensate the effect of displacement of the Earth by calculating the speed of neutrinos with greater accuracy. 6 Conclusion Figure 5 Experiment to measure the speed of Earth in the Ether. The author believes that the performance of the experiment shown in Figure 5 will allow calculating the velocity of Earth relative to the Ether. The magnitude and direction of such speed will vary periodically according to the different movements made by the planet in the space. 5 Explaining the speed of neutrinos M 4 The experiment shown in Figure 5 does not need to be done only with photons. Other particles that move at speeds approaching that of light can also be used. Thus, neutrinos could be used, although these are more difficult to detect, but the advantage is that they can cross through solid rock as if they were at vacuum. This is what happens in the case of the OPERA experiment, which was designed to measure the speed of neutrinos, but in fact, it is measuring the speed of the Earth relative to the Ether, as proposed in Figure 5, for the axis to the north/south direction. The results point to the fact that the Earth moves at a speed of at least 7 km/s towards the North Pole, if neutrinos move exactly at the speed of light. Particularly the author believes that because neutrinos have mass, they move at a speed slightly lower than that of light. If the speed of neutrinos is, for example, equal to 99.9% the speed of light, the speed of Earth in the direction monitored by OPERA would be of 307 km/s. R 3 The paradigm that nothing travels faster than light left out the specific case of instantaneous transmission of time information, based on synchronized clocks. Seems little, but this exception allows, for example, measuring the speed of a spacecraft having the light as a reference. As the Earth itself is like a giant spacecraft, the proposed experiment also allows the measurement of displacement of our planet in relation to the Ether. The idea of measuring the speed of a spacecraft relative to the Ether using synchronized clocks was proposed by the author in 006 [5], but, unfortunately, all physicists facing this possibility replied something like, "You do not really understood the paradoxes of the Theory of Relativity, study a little harder...". That is, all the wise men state that the majestic king clothes can only be seen by those who are not ignorant, and therefore the author was obliged to "shout" in the title of this article: THE KING IS NAKED! Fortunately the technology of synchronized clocks, used to measure the speed of neutrinos in the OPERA experiment, turned out to implement the idea proposed by the author in 006 in order to measure the speed of the Earth in the Ether, but using neutrinos instead of photons. The author believes that some of the open-minded physicist, when reading this paper, will be at least intrigued by what is being presented here, creating a motivation to perform the experiment proposed in section 3, even though being done for the purpose of proving that the author of this paper is wrong. Thus, when the experiment proposed in Figure 5 is performed to measure the speed of displacement of the Earth relative to the Ether, variation in arrival times of each light pulse must be observed, as explained in section 3 of this paper. 4

5 These delays will vary depending on the Earth's rotation, the displacement of the Earth around the sun, the displacement of the sun through the Milky Way and the displacement of the Milky Way itself. If it were possible for Michelson to observe the experiment proposed in this paper, he certainly would be very happy, because it turns out that the history can still show that he had reason to believe to the end of his career that the speed at which Earth crosses the Ether can be experimentally measured. A new idea about what the Ether really mean is shown in the model on non-euclidean spaces [6] proposed by the author. In case the reader is interested on viewing a new string theory that explains what are the neutrinos, the reader can access the model entitled Ulianov String Theory [7], also proposed by the author. 7 - References: [1] D. V. Naumov, V. A. Naumov, Neutrino Velocity Anomalies: A Resolution without a Revolution. (011). Available at: [] H. C. Andersen, The Emperor's New Clothes. (1837). Available at: mperorsnewclothes_e.html [3] M. Facão, Interferômetro de Michelson: princípios e aplicações. Aveiro University, Department of Physics, Portugal (1999). Available at: [4] A. Einstein, Ether and the Theory of Relativity. (190). Available at: [5] P. Y. Ulianov, Small Bang Criando um universo a partir no nada. (006). Available at: 177pgV7.pdf [6] P. Y. Ulianov, Ulianov Sphere Network - A Digital Model for Representation of Non- Euclidean Spaces. (010). Available at: [7] P. Y. Ulianov, Ulianov String Theory - A new representation for fundamental particles. (010). Available at: V8.pdf About the Author: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov is an electrical engineer with Master Degree in electronic speckle holography and Doctorate degree in artificial intelligence area. He studies theoretical physics as a hobby and throughout 0 years of research, he brought together a series of ideas he considered interesting, and developed a model called Ulianov Theory, which models a fictitious physical universe from a few basic concepts defined intuitively. Contacts with the author can be made by policarpoyu@gmail.com This paper is available at: The author thanks Solução Supernova Staff Team ( for all support and services regarding the translation of this paper from Portuguese to English. APPENDIX 1 - Details of the basic experiment for measuring speed of a space wagon. This appendix presents a numerical example of how the speed of a "space wagon" can be measured using two laser beams. Optical Sensor LASER 100km Space Wagon LASER M Optical Sensor Figure A1 Basic Experiment. In the basic experiment shown in Figure A1, each watch is read by an actuator (A), which generates a signal of one pulse per second, exactly at the zero crossing. This signal triggers a laser is directed to an optical sensor which is 100km away. When the pulse reaches the sensor signals the v 5

6 same meter (M) associated with it, which in turn records the time in which the pulse arrived. Watches can be, for example, 1 ns relative uncertainty, with delays in the launcher / laser and sensor / meter that are less than 1 ns. t =0 (photons are emitted) 0, ,00 v =0km/s And so we obtain: e V = 0,053km/s On this way, an astronaut in the spacecraft will measure a time delay slightly less than 6.676ms. This occur because its clock runs a little slower and the wagon is a little short. Thus the speed that astronaut will obtain, by equation A1, will be near to 3,000km/s (note that this equation is approximated). Note that even if the wagon don t have windows, the astronaut, using light rays and synchronized clocks can measure the speed of the ship, in relation to own space surrounding the ship... And so my question is: This absolute space would not be a kind of Ether? t =166,78us (photon cross) v =0km/s Observe that here occurs the opposite that in Andersen history: When the boy saw that the King is naked, he also saw that the king clothes ( the invisible garment, may be made from a kind of ether?) in fact did not exist... 0, , ,00 t =333,564us (photons reach the sensor) t =0 (photons are emitted) v = 3000km/s v =0km/s 0, ,00 0,00 Figure A Experiment 1: Wagon stopped in space. With the wagon stopped, we can see in Figure A, which each laser emits a light pulse at time zero. In the two ms pulses intersect ms and the two sensors receive the pulses simultaneously. With the car moving at 3.000km/s pulses are emitted at time zero. In ms they intersect again, but this time the wagon walked 500m. So the meter records the arrival of a pulse at ms while the meter records the arrival in ms ms, and recorded a difference (dt) of 6.676ms in arrival times. Based on this difference and the length (L) of the car we can calculate their approximate speed by the following formula: v= c d t = 3.000,045km/s L (A1) The error observed in the speed (presented above) occurs because the relativistic effects (time dilation and reduced the length of the car) it was not considered. This error can be estimated by the following equation: e V ,00 v v = (1-4 1 ) (A) c t =166,783us (photon cross) 0, , ,00 500,34 t =330,59us (photon detected in ) 0, ,00 990, , (wagon shifted m) Figure A3 Experiment : Wagon moving in space. t =336,936us (photon detected in ) 0, , , ,80 v = 3000km/s (wagon shifted m) v = 3.000km/s (wagon shifted m) 6

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