On the Accepting Power of 2-Tape Büchi Automata

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1 On the Accepting Power of 2-Tape Büchi Automata Equipe de Logique Mathématique Université Paris 7 STACS 2006

2 Acceptance of infinite words In the sixties, Acceptance of infinite words by finite automata was firstly considered by Büchi in order to study the decidability of the monadic second order theory S1S of one successor over the integers. Since then ω-regular languages accepted by Büchi automata and their extensions have been much studied and used for specification and verification of non terminating systems.

3 Büchi acceptance condition An automaton A reading infinite words over the alphabet Σ is equipped with a finite set of states K and a set of final states F K. A run of A reading an infinite word σ Σ ω is said to be accepting iff there is some state q f F appearing infinitely often during the reading of σ. An infinite word σ Σ ω is accepted by A if there is (at least ) one accepting run of A on σ.

4 Muller acceptance condition An automaton A reading infinite words over the alphabet Σ is equipped with a finite set of states K and a set of accepting sets of states F 2 K. A run of A reading an infinite word σ Σ ω is said to be accepting iff the set of states appearing infinitely often during this run is an accepting set F F. An infinite word σ Σ ω is accepted by A if there is (at least ) one accepting run of A on σ.

5 Context free ω-languages ( Cohen and Gold 1977; Linna 1976 ) Let L Σ ω. Then the following propositions are equivalent : L is accepted by a Büchi pushdown automaton. L is accepted by a Muller pushdown automaton. L = 1 i n U i.v ω i, for some context free finitary languages U i and V i. L is a context free ω-language. A similar theorem holds if we omit the pushdown stack and replace context free by regular.

6 Languages of infinite words An ω-language over the alphabet Σ is a subset of Σ ω. An ω-language is regular iff it is accepted by a Büchi automaton. An ω-language is context free iff it is accepted by a Büchi pushdown automaton. A 1-counter ω-language is an ω-language which is accepted by a 1-counter Büchi automaton.

7 Infinitary rational relations ( Gire 1981, Gire and Nivat 1984 ) A set R Σ ω Γ ω is an infinitary rational relation iff one the two following equivalent conditions holds : R is recognized by a Büchi transducer T : R is the set of pairs (u, v) Σ ω Γ ω such that u is the input word and v is the output word of a successful computation of T. R is accepted by a 2-tape Büchi automaton A with two asynchronous reading heads.

8 Infinitary rational relations A set R Σ ω Γ ω is an infinitary rational relation iff it is generated from : the empty set, and singletons {(a, λ)}, {(λ, b)}, a Σ, b Γ, where λ is the empty word. by operations of finite union, concatenation product : (u 1, v 1 ) (u 2, v 2 ) = (u 1 u 2, v 1 v 2 ) star operation, operation R R ω over finitary rational relations. Notice that an infinitary rational relation R Σ ω Γ ω may be seen as an ω-language R (Σ Γ) ω over the alphabet Σ Γ.

9 Topology on Σ ω The natural prefix metric on the set Σ ω of ω-words over Σ is defined as follows: For u, v Σ ω and u v let δ(u, v) = 2 n where n is the least integer such that: the (n + 1) st letter of u is different from the (n + 1) st letter of v. This metric induces on Σ ω the usual Cantor topology for which : open subsets of Σ ω are in the form W.Σ ω, where W Σ. closed subsets of Σ ω are complements of open subsets of Σ ω.

10 Borel Hierarchy Σ 0 1 is the class of open subsets of Σω, Π 0 1 is the class of closed subsets of Σω, for any integer n 1: Σ 0 n+1 is the class of countable unions of Π0 n-subsets of Σ ω. Π 0 n+1 is the class of countable intersections of Σ0 n-subsets of Σ ω. Π 0 n+1 is also the class of complements of Σ0 n+1 -subsets of Σω.

11 Borel Hierarchy The Borel hierarchy is also defined for levels indexed by countable ordinals. For any countable ordinal α 2: Σ 0 α is the class of countable unions of subsets of Σ ω in γ<α Π0 γ. Π 0 α is the class of complements of Σ 0 α-sets 0 α=π 0 α Σ 0 α.

12 Borel Hierarchy Below an arrow represents a strict inclusion between Borel classes. Π 0 1 Π 0 α Π 0 α α 0 α+1 Σ 0 1 Σ 0 α Σ 0 α+1 A set X Σ ω is a Borel set iff it is in α<ω 1 Σ 0 α = α<ω 1 Π 0 α where ω 1 is the first uncountable ordinal.

13 Beyond the Borel hierarchy There are some subsets of Σ ω which are not Borel. Beyond the Borel hierarchy is the projective hierarchy. The class of Borel subsets of Σ ω is strictly included in the class Σ 1 1 of analytic sets which are obtained by projection of Borel sets. A set E Σ ω is in the class Σ 1 1 iff : F (Σ {0, 1}) ω such that F is Π 0 2 and E is the projection of F onto Σ ω A set E Σ ω is in the class Π 1 1 iff Σω E is in Σ 1 1. Suslin s Theorem states that : Borel sets = 1 1 = Σ1 1 Π1 1

14 Complete sets A set E Σ ω is C-complete, where C is a Borel class Σ 0 α or Π 0 α or the class Σ 1 1, for reduction by continuous functions iff : F Γ ω F C iff : f continuous, f : Γ ω Σ ω such that F = f 1 (E) (x F f (x) E). Example : {σ {0, 1} ω i σ(i) = 1} is a Π 0 2 -complete-set and it is accepted by a deterministic Büchi automaton.

15 More examples of complete sets Examples : {σ {0, 1} ω i σ(i) = 1} is a Σ 0 1 -complete-set. {σ {0, 1} ω i σ(i) = 1} = {1 ω } is a Π 0 1 -complete-set. {σ {0, 1} ω < i σ(i) = 1} is a Σ 0 2 -complete-set. All these ω-languages are ω-regular.

16 Complexity of ω-languages of deterministic machines deterministic finite automata (Landweber 1969) ω-regular languages accepted by deterministic Büchi automata are Π 0 2 -sets. ω-regular languages are boolean combinations of Π 0 2 -sets hence 0 3 -sets. deterministic Turing machines ω-languages accepted by deterministic Büchi Turing machines are Π 0 2 -sets. ω-languages accepted by deterministic Muller Turing machines are boolean combinations of Π 0 2-sets hence 0 3 -sets.

17 Complexity of ω-languages of deterministic machines deterministic finite automata (Landweber 1969) ω-regular languages accepted by deterministic Büchi automata are Π 0 2 -sets. ω-regular languages are boolean combinations of Π 0 2 -sets hence 0 3 -sets. deterministic Turing machines ω-languages accepted by deterministic Büchi Turing machines are Π 0 2 -sets. ω-languages accepted by deterministic Muller Turing machines are boolean combinations of Π 0 2-sets hence 0 3 -sets.

18 Complexity of ω-languages of non deterministic Turing machines Non deterministic Büchi or Muller Turing machines accept effective analytic sets. The class Effective-Σ 1 1 of effective analytic sets is obtained as the class of projections of arithmetical sets and Effective-Σ 1 1 Σ1 1. Let ω CK 1 be the first non recursive ordinal. Topological complexity of effective analytic sets There are some Σ 1 1 -complete sets in Effective-Σ1 1. For every non null ordinal α < ω1 CK, there exists some Σ 0 α-complete and some Π 0 α-complete ω-languages in the class Effective-Σ 1 1. ( Kechris, Marker and Sami 1989) The supremum of the set of Borel ranks of Effective-Σ 1 1 -sets is a countable ordinal γ1 2 > ωck 1.

19 Topological complexity of 1-counter or context free ω-languages Let 1 CL ω be the class of real-time 1-counter ω-languages. Let C be a class of ω-languages such that: 1 CL ω C Effective-Σ 1 1. (a) (Finkel and Ressayre 2003) There are some Σ 1 1 -complete sets in the class C. (b) (Finkel 2005) The Borel hierarchy of the class C is equal to the Borel hierarchy of the class Effective-Σ 1 1. (c) γ2 1 is the supremum of the set of Borel ranks of ω-languages in the class C. (d) For every non null ordinal α < ω1 CK, there exists some Σ 0 α-complete and some Π 0 α-complete ω-languages in the class C.

20 Topological complexity of 1-counter or context free ω-languages Let 1 CL ω be the class of real-time 1-counter ω-languages. Let C be a class of ω-languages such that: 1 CL ω C Effective-Σ 1 1. (a) (Finkel and Ressayre 2003) There are some Σ 1 1 -complete sets in the class C. (b) (Finkel 2005) The Borel hierarchy of the class C is equal to the Borel hierarchy of the class Effective-Σ 1 1. (c) γ2 1 is the supremum of the set of Borel ranks of ω-languages in the class C. (d) For every non null ordinal α < ω1 CK, there exists some Σ 0 α-complete and some Π 0 α-complete ω-languages in the class C.

21 Topological complexity of 1-counter or context free ω-languages Let 1 CL ω be the class of real-time 1-counter ω-languages. Let C be a class of ω-languages such that: 1 CL ω C Effective-Σ 1 1. (a) (Finkel and Ressayre 2003) There are some Σ 1 1 -complete sets in the class C. (b) (Finkel 2005) The Borel hierarchy of the class C is equal to the Borel hierarchy of the class Effective-Σ 1 1. (c) γ2 1 is the supremum of the set of Borel ranks of ω-languages in the class C. (d) For every non null ordinal α < ω1 CK, there exists some Σ 0 α-complete and some Π 0 α-complete ω-languages in the class C.

22 Topological complexity of 1-counter or context free ω-languages Let 1 CL ω be the class of real-time 1-counter ω-languages. Let C be a class of ω-languages such that: 1 CL ω C Effective-Σ 1 1. (a) (Finkel and Ressayre 2003) There are some Σ 1 1 -complete sets in the class C. (b) (Finkel 2005) The Borel hierarchy of the class C is equal to the Borel hierarchy of the class Effective-Σ 1 1. (c) γ2 1 is the supremum of the set of Borel ranks of ω-languages in the class C. (d) For every non null ordinal α < ω1 CK, there exists some Σ 0 α-complete and some Π 0 α-complete ω-languages in the class C.

23 Topological complexity of infinitary rational relations Question : What is the topological complexity of infinitary rational relations? ( Thomas 1989, Simonnet 1992, Lescow and Thomas 1994 ) Infinitary rational relations have same topological complexity as ω-languages accepted by real-time 1-counter Büchi automata or by Büchi Turing machines (i.e. effective analytic sets).

24 Coding infinite words over Σ Let Σ be a finite alphabet such that 0 Σ and Γ = Σ {A}. An ω-word x Σ ω is coded by the ω-word h(x) Γ ω : h(x) = A.0.x(1).A.0 2.x(2).A... A.0 n.x(n).a.0 n+1.x(n + 1).A... The mapping h : Σ ω (Σ {A}) ω is continuous and injective. Let α be the ω-word over Σ {A} which is defined by: α = A.0.A.0 2.A.0 3.A.0 4.A... A.0 n.a.0 n+1.a... We consider the reading of a pair (h(x), α) by a 2-tape Büchi automaton B which can simulate the reading of x Σ ω by a real-time 1-counter Büchi automaton A.

25 Simulating a 1-counter automaton Lemma Let L Σ ω be accepted by a real-time 1-counter automaton A. Then there exists an infinitary rational relation R 1 (Σ {A}) ω (Σ {A}) ω such that: x Σ ω (x L) iff ((h(x), α) R 1 ) Lemma The set R 2 = (Σ {A}) ω (Σ {A}) ω (h(σ ω ) {α}) is an infinitary rational relation.

26 Simulating a 1-counter automaton Lemma Let L Σ ω be accepted by a real-time 1-counter automaton A. Then there exists an infinitary rational relation R 1 (Σ {A}) ω (Σ {A}) ω such that: x Σ ω (x L) iff ((h(x), α) R 1 ) Lemma The set R 2 = (Σ {A}) ω (Σ {A}) ω (h(σ ω ) {α}) is an infinitary rational relation.

27 Construction of R = R 1 R 2 The infinitary relation R = R 1 R 2 is rational and may be written as the union: R = L {α} Γ ω (Γ ω {α}) where L = h(l) (Γ ω h(σ ω )) and Γ = Σ {A}. Γ ω (Γ ω {α}) is an open subset of Γ ω Γ ω. L {α} has same complexity as h(l) so also as L. Thus R Γ ω Γ ω has same topological complexity as the 1-counter ω-language L Σ ω.

28 Topological complexity of infinitary rational relations Let RAT ω be the class of infinitary rational relations (a) There are some Σ 1 1 -complete sets in the class RAT ω. (b) The Borel hierarchy of the class RAT ω is equal to the Borel hierarchy of the class Effective-Σ 1 1. (c) γ2 1 is the supremum of the set of Borel ranks of ω-languages in the class RAT ω. (d) For every non null ordinal α < ω1 CK, there exists some Σ 0 α-complete and some Π 0 α-complete ω-languages in the class RAT ω.

29 Topological complexity of infinitary rational relations Let RAT ω be the class of infinitary rational relations (a) There are some Σ 1 1 -complete sets in the class RAT ω. (b) The Borel hierarchy of the class RAT ω is equal to the Borel hierarchy of the class Effective-Σ 1 1. (c) γ2 1 is the supremum of the set of Borel ranks of ω-languages in the class RAT ω. (d) For every non null ordinal α < ω1 CK, there exists some Σ 0 α-complete and some Π 0 α-complete ω-languages in the class RAT ω.

30 Topological complexity of infinitary rational relations Let RAT ω be the class of infinitary rational relations (a) There are some Σ 1 1 -complete sets in the class RAT ω. (b) The Borel hierarchy of the class RAT ω is equal to the Borel hierarchy of the class Effective-Σ 1 1. (c) γ2 1 is the supremum of the set of Borel ranks of ω-languages in the class RAT ω. (d) For every non null ordinal α < ω1 CK, there exists some Σ 0 α-complete and some Π 0 α-complete ω-languages in the class RAT ω.

31 Topological complexity of infinitary rational relations Let RAT ω be the class of infinitary rational relations (a) There are some Σ 1 1 -complete sets in the class RAT ω. (b) The Borel hierarchy of the class RAT ω is equal to the Borel hierarchy of the class Effective-Σ 1 1. (c) γ2 1 is the supremum of the set of Borel ranks of ω-languages in the class RAT ω. (d) For every non null ordinal α < ω1 CK, there exists some Σ 0 α-complete and some Π 0 α-complete ω-languages in the class RAT ω.

32 A refinement of the Borel hierarchy: the Wadge hierarchy The Wadge hierarchy of the class RAT ω and the Wadge hierarchy of the class 1 CL ω are equal. Thus the Wadge hierarchy of the class RAT ω is also the Wadge hierarchy of the class Effective-Σ 1 1 of ω-languages accepted by Turing machines with a Büchi acceptance condition.

On Recognizable Languages of Infinite Pictures

On Recognizable Languages of Infinite Pictures Equipe de Logique Mathématique CNRS and Université Paris 7 JAF 28, Fontainebleau, Juin 2009 Pictures Pictures are two-dimensional words. Let Σ be a finite