Conversion Factors COMMONLY USED CONVERSION FACTORS. Multiply By To Obtain

Transcription

1 Conversion Factors COMMONLY USED CONVERSION FACTORS Multiply By To Obtain Acres ,560 Square feet Acres x 10-3 Square miles Acre-Feet ,560 Cubic feet Amperes per sq. cm Amperes per sq. in. Amperes per sq. in Amperes per sq. cm. Ampere-Turns Gilberts Ampere-Turns per cm Ampere-turns per in. Ampere-Turns per in Ampere-turns per cm. Atmospheres Cm. of mercury Atmospheres Inches of mercury Atmospheres Feet of water Atmospheres Pounds per sq. in. British thermal units Calories British thermal units Foot-pounds British thermal units x 10-4 Horsepower-hours British thermal units Kilogram-calories British thermal units Kilogram-meters British thermal units x 10-4 Kilowatt-hours British thermal units ,055 Watt-seconds B.t.u. per hour x 10-4 Kilowatts B.t.u. per minute x 10 - Horsepower B.t.u. per minute x 10 - Kilowatts Bushels Cubic feet Centimeters Inches Circular mils x 10-6 Square centimeters Circular mils x 10-6 Square inches Circular mils Square mils Cords Cubic feet Cubic centimeters x 10-6 Cubic inches

2 COMMONLY USED CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.) Multiply By To Obtain Cubic feet Cubic meters Cubic feet Gallons Cubic feet Liters Cubic inches Cubic centimeters Cubic meters Cubic feet Cubic meters Cubic yards Cubic yards Cubic meters Degrees (angle) Radians Dynes x 10-6 Pounds Ergs Dyne-centimeters Ergs x 10-6 Foot-pounds Ergs Joules Farads Microfarads Fathoms Feet Feet Centimeters Feet of water Inches of mercury Feet of water Kg. per square meter Feet of water Pounds per square ft. Feet of water Pounds per square in. Foot-pounds x 10 - British thermal units Foot-pounds x 10-7 Horsepower-hours Foot-pounds Joules Foot-pounds Kilogram-meters Foot-pounds x 10-7 Kilowatt-hours Gallons Cubic feet Gallons Cubic inches Gallons x 10-3 Cubic meters Gallons Liters Gallons per minute x 10-3 Cubic feet per sec. Gausses Lines per square in. Gilberts Ampere-turns Henries Millihenries Horsepower B.t.u. per min. Horsepower ,544 B.t.u. per hour

3 COMMONLY USED CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.) Multiply By To Obtain Horsepower Foot-pounds per sec. Horsepower ,000 Foot-pounds per min. Horsepower Horsepower (metric) Horsepower Kg. calories per min. Horsepower Kilowatts Horsepower (boiler) ,50 B.t.u. per hour Horsepower-hours......,544 British thermal units Horsepower-hours x 10 6 Foot-pounds Horsepower-hours x 10 5 Kilogram-meters Horsepower-hours Kilowatt-hours Inches Centimeters Inches of mercury Feet of water Inches of mercury Pounds per square ft. Inches of mercury Pounds per square in. Inches of water Kg. per square meter Inches of water Ounces per square in. Inches of water Pounds per square ft Joules x 10-4 British thermal units Joules Calories Joules Ergs Joules Foot-pounds Joules x 10-7 Kilowatt-hours Joules Kilogram-meters Joules Watt-seconds Kilograms Pounds Kilogram-calories British thermal units Kilogram meters Foot-pounds Kg per square meter x 10-3 Feet of water Kg per square meter Pounds per square ft. Kg per square meter x 10-3 Pounds per square in. Kilolines Maxwells Kilometers Feet Kilometers Miles Kilowatts B.t.u. per min.

4 COMMONLY USED CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.) Multiply By To Obtain Kilowatts Foot-pounds per sec. Kilowatts Horsepower Kilowatts-hours British thermal units Kilowatts-hours x 10 6 Foot-pounds Knots Miles Liters Cubic feet Liters Cubic inches Liters Gallons Log N e or in N Log 10 N Log N Log e N or in N Lumens per square ft Footcandles Maxwells Kilolines Megalines Maxwells Megaohms Ohms Meters Feet Meters Inches Meter-kilograms Pound-feet Microfarads Farads Microhms Ohms Microhms per cm. cube Microhms per in. cube Microhms per cm. cube Ohms per mil. foot Miles ,80 Feet Miles Kilometers Miner s inches Cubic feet per min. Ohms Megohms Ohms Microhms Ohms per mil foot Microhms per cm. cube Ohms per mil foot Microhms per in. cube Poundals Pounds Pounds Poundals Pound-feet Meter-Kilograms Pounds of water Cubic feet Pounds of water Gallons Pounds per cubic foot Kg. per cubic meter Pounds per cubic foot x 10-4 Pounds per cubic in.

5 COMMONLY USED CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.) Multiply By To Obtain Pounds per cubic inch Grams per cubic cm. Pounds per cubic inch x 10-4 Kg. per cubic meter Pounds per cubic inch Pounds per cubic ft. Pounds per square foot Feet of water Pounds per square foot Kg. per square meter Pounds per square foot x 10-3 Pounds per sq. in. Pounds per square inch Feet of water Pounds per square inch Inches of mercury Pounds per square inch Kg. per square meter Radians Degrees Square centimeters x 10 5 Circular mils Square Feet x 10-5 Acres Square Feet Square meters Square inches x 10 6 Circular mils Square inches Square centimeters Square Kilometers Square miles Square meters Square feet Square miles Acres Square miles Square kilometers Square Millimeters x 10 3 Circular mils Square mils Circular mils Tons (long) ,40 Pounds Tons (metric) ,05 Pounds Tons (short) ,000 Pounds Watts B.t.u. per minute Watts Ergs per sec. Watts Foot-pounds per min. Watts x 10-3 Horsepower Watts Calories per min. Watts-hours British thermal units Watts-hours ,655 Footpounds Watts-hours x 10-3 Horsepower-hours Watts-hours Kilogram-calories Watts-hours Kilogram-meters Webers Maxwells

6 CONVERSION TABLE FOR TEMPERATURE F / C F C F C F C F C F C

7 degree F is 1/180 of the difference between the temperature of melting ice and boiling water. 1 degree C is 1/100 of the difference between the temperature of melting ice and boiling water. Absolute Zero = O C = O F

8 DECIBEL LEVELS OF SOUNDS The definition of sound intensity is energy (erg) transmitted per 1 second over a square centimeter surface. Sounds are measured in decibels. A decibel (db) change of 1 is the smallest change detected by humans. Hearing Intensity Decibel Level Examples of Sounds Barely 0 Dead silence Audible Audible hearing threshold 10 Room (sound proof) (Very 0 Empty auditorium Light) Ticking of a stopwatch Soft whispering Audible 30 People talking quietly Light 40 Quiet street noise without autos Medium 45 Telephone operator Loud 50 Fax machine in office 60 Close conversation Loud 70 Stereo system Computer printer 80 Fire truck/ambulance siren Cat/dog fight Extremely 90 Industrial machinery Loud High school marching band Damage 100 Heavy duty grinder in a Possible machine/welding shop Damaging 100+ Begins ear damage 110 Diesel engine of a train 10 Lightning strike (thunderstorm) 60 ton metal forming factory press " fan in a bus vacuum system 140 Commercial/military jet engine Ear Drum 194 Space shuttle engines Shattering 5 16" guns on a battleship

9 SOUND AWARENESS AND SAFETY Sound Awareness Changes The typical range of human hearing is 30 hertz - 15,000 hertz. Human hearing recognizes an increase of 0 decibels, such as a stereo sound level increase, as being four times as loud at the higher level than it was at the lower level. Awareness in Human Hearing Noticeably Louder Easily Audible Faintly Audible Decibel Change HEARING PROTECTION LEVELS Because of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, hearing protection is mandatory if the following time exposures to decibel levels are exceeded because of possible damage to human hearing. Decibel Level Time Exposure Per Day minutes minutes hour hours 100 hours 97 3 hours 95 4 hours 9 6 hours 90 8 hours

10 TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS RIGHT TRIANGLE Y z x Z y X Angles = X, Y, Z Distances = x, y, z Area = x y sin X = x cos X = z y z tan X = x cot X = y y x Pythagorean Theorem states That x + y = z Thus x = z - y Thus y = z - x Thus z = x + y Given X and z, find Y, x and y Y = 90 O - X, x = z sin X, y = z cos X Given X and z, find Y, x and z Y = 90 O - X, x = y tan X, z = y cos X Given x and z, find X, Y and y Sin X = x = cos Y, y = ( z - x ) = z 1 - x z Given x and y, find X, Y and z Tan X = x = cot Y, z = x + y = x 1 + y z y x Given X and x, find Y, y and z Y = 90 O - X, y = x cot X, z = x sin X

11 TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS OBLIQUE TRIANGLES Y Y X z y Z x x z X y Z sin 1 Y = Given x, y and z, Find X, Y and Z x + y + z s =, sin 1 X = (s-x) (s-z) xz Area = yz sin X, Area = (s-y) (s-z) yz, C = 180 O - ( X + Y ) x + y + z s =, Area = S ( s - x ) ( s - y ) ( s - z ) Given x, y and z, find the Area x sin Y sin Z sin X Given x, y, and Z, find X, Y and z x sin Z X + Y = 180 O - Z, z =, tan X = sin X Given X, x and y, Find Y, Z and z y sin X sin Y =, Z= 180 O - (X+Y), z = x x sin Z y - (xcos Z) x sin Z sin X Given X, Y and x, Find y, Z and z x sin Y y =, Z = 180 O - ( X + Y ), z = sin X x sin Z sin X

12 Equilateral Triangle TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS SHAPES Annulus Trapezium X = Sides (Equal Lengths) C 1 and R 1 = Inside Circle C and R = Outside Circle Perimeter is the Sum of L, M, N and O X H X C C 1 R 1 M S N T O X Area = 3 =.433 X X 4 Perimeter = 3 X H = X 3 =.866 X R C = Circumference R = Radius Area = π (R 1 + R ) (R - R 1 ) Area = ( ( C ) ( C 1 ) ).7854 R Q P (S + T) Q + RS + PT Area = L

13 Trapezoid Perimeter = The Sum of the lengths of all four sides Area = (X + Y) H X Y Quadrilateral Area = L 1 L Sin θ Where θ = Degrees of Angle L 1 θ L Rectangle Area = XY Diagonal Line (D) = X + Y Perimeter = (X + Y) If a square then X = Y D Y X Parallelogram Where θ = Degrees of Angle Area = XH = XY sin θ Perimeter = (X + Y) Y X H θ

14 COMMON ENGINEERING UNITS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP Quantity SI Metric Units/Symbols Customary Units Relationship of Units Acceleration meters per second feet per second m/s = ft/s x 3.81 squared (m/s ) squared (ft/s ) Area square meter (m ) square foot (ft ) m = ft x square millimeter (mm ) square inch (in ) mm = in x Density kilograms per cubic pounds per cubic kg/m 3 = lb/ft x 16.0 meter (kg/m 3 ) foot (lb/ft 3 ) grams per cubic pounds per cubic g/cm 3 = lb/in x centimeter (g/cm 3 ) inch (lb/in 3 ) Work Joule (J) foot pound force J = ft lbf x (ft lbf or ft lb) Heat Joule (J) British thermal unit J = Btu x (Btu) Calorie (Cal) J = cal x Energy kilowatt (kw) Horsepower (HP) kw = HP x

15 Force Newton (N) Pound-force N = lbf x (lbf, lb. f, or lb) Newton (N) kilogram-force N = kgf (kgf, kg. f, or kp) Length meter (m) foot (ft) m = ft x 3.81 millimeter (mm) inch (in) mm = in 5.4 Mass kilogram (kg) pound (lb) kg = lb x. gram (g) ounce (oz) g = oz 8.35 Stress Pascal = Newton per pounds per square Pa = lb/in x 6,895 second (Pa = N/s) inch (lb/in or psi) Temperature degree Celsius ( C) degree Fahrenheit ( F) C = F Torque Newton meter (N. m) foot-pound (ft lb) N. m = ft lbf x inch-pound (in lb) N. m = in lbf x Volume cubic meter (m 3 ) cubic foot (ft 3 ) m 3 = ft 3 x cubic centimeter (cm 3 ) cubic inch (in 3 ) cm 3 = in

16 DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS OF FRACTIONS 8ths 3nds 64ths 64ths 1 8 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ths 15 3 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

17 COMMONLY USED GEOMETRICAL RELATIONSHIPS Diameter of a circle = Circumference. Radius of a circle = Circumference. Square of the radius of a circle = Area. Square of the diameter of a circle = Area. Square of the circumference of a circle = Area. Half the circumference of a circle half its diameter = Area. Circumference of a circle = Radius. Square root of the area of a circle = Radius. Circumference of a circle = Diameter. Square root of the area of a circle = Diameter. Diameter of a circle = Side of an inscribed equilateral triangle. Diameter of a circle = Side of an inscribed square. Circumference of a circle 0.5 = Side of an inscribed square. Circumference of a circle 0.8 = Side of an equal square. Diameter of a circle = Side of an equal square. Base of a triangle one-half the altitude = Area. Multiplying both diameters and.7854 together = Area of an ellipse. Surface of a sphere one-sixth of its diameter = Volume. Circumference of a sphere its diameter = Surface. Square of the diameter of a sphere = Surface. Square of the circumference of a sphere = Surface. Cube of the diameter of a sphere = Volume. Cube of the circumference of a sphere = Volume. Radius of a sphere = Side of an inscribed cube. Diameter of a sphere divided by 3 = Side of an inscribed cube. Area of its base one-third of its altitude = Volume of a cone or pyramid whether round, square or triangular. Area of one of its sides 6 = Surface of the cube. Altitude of trapezoid one-half the sum of its parallel sides = Area.