FE Review 2/2/2011. Electric Charge. Electric Energy ELECTRONICS # 1 FUNDAMENTALS

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1 FE eview ELECONICS # FUNDAMENALS Electric Charge 2 In an electric circuit there is a conservation of charge. he net electric charge is constant. here are positive and negative charges. Like charges repel while unlike charges attract. he SI unit for electric charge (q) is the Coulomb (C) Electric Energy 3 Energy is the ability to perform work and has the same units as work: Work = force x dist. he SI unit for energy (w) is the Joule (J).

2 Basic ariables 4 Quantity Symbol Unit Mass m,m kg Length l,l meter,m ime t sec, s Energy w,w joule, J charge q,q coulomb, C Lower case usually indicates a time variant unit. Electric Current 5 Charge is moved through a circuit as current, which is simply a measure of the charge transferred/sec. he SI unit is the Ampere with the symbol (A). i dq Q Coulombs I dt t s oltage 6 he work performed/unit charge while moving a charge from one point to another in a circuit is voltage. oltage is analogous to pressure. he SI unit for voltage is the volt (v) dw joules volts dq coulomb I 2

3 Power Power P, watt,w P dw joules dt sec or watt P I Power is defined as the rate of energy transfer 7 esistance 8 esistance () unit is the Ohm ( ) A resistance is an element which dissapates energy and can not store energy i Ohm 's Law I I I Capacitance 9 A capacitor is an element which stores energy in an electric field. his energy is returned to the circuit later. he SI unit for capacitance (C) is the farad, ad F. I C Alternate Symbol i C dv dt t i C dv an d i(t)dt (0) dt C o 3

4 Inductance 0 An inductor (Coil) is an element which stores energy in a magnetic field. he energy is the returned to the circuit later. he SI unit for Inductance (L) is the Henry, H. v di L= or v=l di dt dt I an L L t d i= v tdt i 0 0 Electrical variables Quantity Symbol Unit Current i(i) Ampere, A oltage v() olt, Power p(p) Watt, W esistance Ohm, Capacitance C Farad, F Inductance L Henry, H Some definitions 2 C C L 2 nodes 4 loops 3 E meshs 2 also known as panes 4

5 Kirchhoff s oltage Law (KL) 3 KL : 0 closed loop Kirchhoff s Current Law(KCL) 4 KCL i 0 node currents entering a node are defined as currents leaving a node are define d as i i2 i3 i4 0 otal esistance of Series Elements 5 When resistors are in series, the total resistance is simply the sum of the resistors. 0k 5k 2k 7k 5

6 KL/KCL Example 6 Determine the unknown voltages, currents, and in the circuit to the right. 2v I 6k 3k I2 I3 KL loop 9v Step : Perform a KL to find the voltage across the 2 parallel resistors, : 0 2v 9v he 2 resistors share the same voltage. Example continued on the next slide. I4 2v 9v 2v KL/KCL Example (cont) 7 Now that is known, the currents thru the 2 parallel resistors can be found via Ohm s Law. I2 2v 2v 2mA I3 4mA 6k 3k Example continued on the next slide. KL/KCL Example (cont) 8 Next, use KCL to determine the value of I. Perform a KCL at the node to the left of the parallel combination: 0 I 2mA 4mA I 6mA Finally, with the value of I, use Ohm s law to determine the value of : 9v.5k I 6mA 6

7 oltage Divider example 30 5k 5k0k5k 50 5v k 2 30k 300 0v v (5k) 2 (0k) 3 (5k) k5k 30 5k k 30k v 25v Current Divider example I 0A 6k 3k 2k 6k 3k 0A 2k 2k 2k 20A 5A 4 k 6k 3k 2k 20 I 3 I 0A I 3 (6k) I 2 2 (3k) (2k) 2 2k 3k.2k 2 2 2k 3k Example 2 Find all voltages and currents. erify with KL. st, reduce the circuit. it eq eq e q i i 24 i i eq Example continued on the next slide. 7

8 I mA Example (continued) 22 i 24 2 I 2 Ieq mA mA v 2.304v eq Example continued on the next slide. Example (continued) 23 i 24 i 3 i eq I v mA Example continued on the next slide. Example (continued) i i 3 i I3 eq I 2 2 e q 0 I I2 I mA 8 I3 I I2 or mA mA mA mA Difference is due to round of f. 8

9 Sources 25 Ideal AC voltage Ideal DC voltage Nonideal DC voltage e(t) E E s i(t) I I s Ideal AC current Ideal DC current Nonideal DC current Waveform shape. it I 4 dc current AC voltage 2. v(t) 2e 3t vt 25cost aperiodic associated with transients AC voltage periodic associated with steady state analysis he Sine Wave 27 v A cycles f hz 2 sec 2 t ft Asin t phase if shifts left phase if shifts right sin t cos t 2 cos t sin t 2 9

10 Average alue 28 avg 0 v t dt Effective value 29 2 Peff P tdt Essentially, effective heating value How much power will it use. 0 Instantaneous Power 30 P I 0

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