Imaging through random media using low-coherence optical heterodyning
|
|
- Emily King
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Imaging through random media using low-coherence optical heterodyning A. Schmidt, R. Corey, and P. Saulnier Department of Physics, Gustavus Adolphus College Saint Peter, MN ABSTRACT Optical heterodyning is a detection scheme that allows the preferential detection of ballistic photons transmitted through a random media, enabling the imaging of absorbing structures within. We introduce a normalized cross-correlation function as a quantitative measure of image quality and employ it to investigate the effect of source coherence length on the ability of optical heterodyning to detect these absorbing structures. The ability to image, in transmission, is found to be greatly enhanced using a reduced coherence length source. The effect on image quality of the transport mean-freepath length is quantified and found to depend on source coherence length. The necessity of considering scatterer particle-particle correlations is also presented. PACS numbers: Wb, Bs, Be, Ay 1
2 Using non-ionizing optical wavelength radiation to image structures within human tissue possesses many benefits and challenges. Multiply scattered light quickly dominates the ballistic component of the transmitted intensity as the scattering coefficient, the number of extinction mean-free-path lengths per unit sample length increases. This rapid attenuation of the ballistic component of transmitted light is embodied in Beer's law [1],, where is the ballistically transmitted intensity, is the incident intensity, is the sample thickness, and is the extinction mean-freepath length. Temporal imaging techniques all rely on the fact that the ballistic light will be the first light to arrive at the detection apparatus while the multiply scattered component will be greatly delayed, providing the necessary rejection. Various time-of-flight detection schemes have been used including streak camera [2], electronic [3], nonlinear gating [4, 5], coherent temporal gating [6], as well as electronic [7] and photographic [8] pulsed holography. In contrast to time-resolved methods, spatially resolved techniques rely on directional selectivity to suppress the diffuse component of the transmitted light. Spatially resolved techniques include optical heterodyning [9] and confocal imaging [10]. While effective, these spatial techniques may have difficulty rejecting light that has been multiply scattered back into the ballistic direction. In this Letter we use a low coherence CW transmission optical heterodyning technique [11] to quantitatively examine the degradation of image quality with increasing scattering coefficient. Additionally, the effects of source coherence length and transport mean-free-path length on image quality are also quantified. Finally, we illustrate the necessity of using a Mie cross-section that has been corrected for scatterer particleparticle correlations when determining the merit of an imaging system. Figure 1 illustrates the modified Mach-Zehnder experimental arrangement. Two laser sources were used to determine the effect of source coherence length on image quality. The long coherence length source was a HeNe laser (633 nm) possessing a coherence length of 0.4 m, while the short coherence length source was a diode laser (780 nm) with a 300 m coherence length. In each case, the intensity incident upon the 2 sample cell was 0.75 mwcm. 2
3 AOM MHz AOM2 80 MHz BE1 CC BS1 SC.. BS2 PD1 BE2 PH2 PH1 Lock-in Reference Laser TS1 Lock-in Signal Figure 1: The modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer used to image absorbing structures within a random media, in transmission, via optical heterodyning. A diode laser (780 nm) and HeNe laser (633 nm) were used along with other major components; BS1, BS2, beam splitters; AOM1, AOM2, acousto-optic modulators; BE1, BE2, beam expanders; TS1, TS2, 1D and 2D translation stages; PH1, PH2, 800 m and 400 m pinholes; PD1, PD2, photo-diode detectors; and SC, CC, sample and compensating cells. PD2 TS2 The light in the reference arm of the interferometer was Doppler shifted by using two acousto-optic modulators (AOMs). The first modulator upshifted the frequency by 80.1 MHz while the second modulator downshifted it by 80 MHz. Beam expanders were used to enlarge the beam to a size slightly larger than the 1.0 cm wide sample cell so as to provide an unobstructed path for light to reach the lock-in reference detector. A compensating cell was used to match the optical path length of the ballistic light traversing the sample cell. The random media used as diffusely scattering samples were monodisperse suspensions of polystyrene spheres in water, m and m diameter spheres. The mean-free-path lengths were varied over more than a decade by successively diluting a stock solution to obtain a volume fraction range of % for the large spheres and % for the small spheres. These vastly different volume fraction ranges produced nearly identical scattering coefficients due to a large discrepancy in Mie scattering crosssections between the two sphere sizes. 3
4 Both two-dimensional and one-dimensional absorbing masks were imaged. The two-dimensional mask used had a donut-like absorption profile while the onedimensional mask produced a square-wave absorption profile with a 4 mm period. The four edged one-dimensional mask was used primarily to speed accumulation of data. The detector aperture, used in all scans, was 400 m while the sample-to-detector distance was 10 cm. The one-dimensional mask was used for the quantitative study with data being collected every 200 m. One of the primary goals of this Letter is to quantify the effect that various experimental parameters have on the ability of optical heterodyning to image absorbing structures within a random media. Image cross-correlation was employed. The discrete cross-correlation is defined as (1) where are pixel indices and are image intensity at specific pixel locations. A reference intensity profile,, is obtained by imaging the absorbing maskobject through clear water. This profile is correlated with all other sample images obtained through suspensions with increased scattering coefficients. The maximum correlation value, which occurs when the two images are perfectly overlapped, is a measure of the image quality. We define a normalized correlation function where max is the maximum value of the correlation between the sample and reference image and max is the maximum value of the correlation between the reference image and itself. Thus, an image of comparable quality to that obtained when no scatterers are present will possess a normalized correlation value of one. As stated above, the extinction mean-free-path length is the light scattering parameter that indicates the spatial rate of attenuation of ballistic photons while the transport mean-free-path length is the average distance needed to randomize the photon direction. In a random media with max max many low angle snake-like photon trajectories may exist, possibly impacting the ability to image absorbing structures within [12]. The influence of transport mean-free-path length on image quality within an optical heterodyning experiment was investigated by viewing absorbing structures through random media with 10 (0.997 m spheres) and 1 (0.107 m spheres). Judicious choice of volume fraction range for the two sphere sizes was made so that identical, and hence optical thicknesses L, were probed. The influence of on image quality was found to depend on the source coherence length. Figure 2 summarizes 4
5 the results for the short coherence length source. No dependence on was observed as both sphere sizes exhibited identical rate of image degradation with the image finally being lost at L 22, corresponding to a ballistic attenuation of 22. The necessity of properly accounting for scatterer particle-particle correlations is also illustrated by Fig. 2. If the number of spherical scatterers per cubic wavelength becomes large the scattering path lengths, calculated within the independent scatterer approximation are significantly underestimated. This underestimation leads to the curve represented by the diamond markers in Fig. 2 (the m spheres being virtually unaffected owing to their small volume fraction). The independent scatterer approximation yields the scattering path lengths as 1 and 1 where is the scatterer number density and are the extinction and transport cross-sections calculated from Mie theory [13]. If this method of calculating the scattering path lengths were used an erroneous conclusion would be drawn from Fig. 2. The incorporation of scatterer particle-particle correlations requires that the Mie cross-sections be modified by the inclusion of a structure factor. The Percus-Yevick [14] structure factor for a hard sphere potential [15] works well [16] and yields the curve given by the circular markers. L / l for 0997µ. m L / l for 0107µ. m Normalized Correlation µm µm µm w / uncorrelated l L / l Figure 2: Image quality expressed as a normalized correlation function versus optical thickness L, where L 1 cm is the sample thickness and is the extinction mean-free- 5
6 path length. Also shown are scales that indicate the number of transport mean-free-path lengths across the sample, L/, for the two scatterer diameters m and m. Except for the diamond markers all mean-free-path lengths, account for particle-particle correlations by inclusion of the hard sphere Percus-Yevick structure factor into the Mie cross-sections. Data obtained using a 300 m coherence length source. The above experiment was repeated, under identical conditions, with the long coherence length source. The results are presented in Fig. 3. The first observation is that there is a dramatic difference in the optical thickness through which images can be successfully obtained. An imaging limit of L 8 is obtained for the m spheres and L 11 for the m spheres compared with the L 22 previously obtained for each. The rate of image degradation is also significantly different than that obtained with the short coherence length source. 1.2 L / l for 0997µ. m L / l for 0107µ. m Normalized Correlation µm µm See Optics Letters 20, 404 (1995) for this inset L / l Figure 3: Image quality expressed as a normalized correlation function versus optical thickness L, where L 1 cm is the sample thickness and is the extinction mean-freepath length. Also shown are scales that indicate the number of transport mean-free-path lengths across the sample, L/, for the two scatterer diameters m and m. Data obtained using a 0.4 m coherence length source. Inset shows the 6
7 temporal distribution of transmitted photons for the two scatterer sizes, each with L 10. Finally, a dependence of image quality on using the long coherence length source is noted in Fig. 3. Two scattering solutions each possessing identical extinction mean-free-path lengths L 10, but differing transport mean-free-path lengths L 1 and L 10, yield a normalized correlation value of 0.2 and 0.6 respectively. It is perhaps somewhat surprising that the sample with the longest transport mean-free-path length proved to be the most difficult one to image through. A qualitative explanation for this fact can be illustrated with the aid of the inset in Fig. 3, which shows the temporal distribution of light diffusely transmitted through slabs with L 1, 10 respectively [17]. Phase randomization, due to multiple scattering, will lead to fewer of these photons contributing to the heterodyne signal, nevertheless, only diffuse light that is within the coherence time of the laser may contribute a heterodyne signal. Furthermore, the visibility of these interference fringes will be determined by the photon arrival time expressed as a fraction of the coherence time of the laser source. It is clear from the inset that the sample with L 1 has more photons of higher visibility available to degrade the image, as observed. The short coherence length laser has a coherence time of 1 psec, virtually eliminating any contribution to the image from diffusely scattered light and thus any dependence on. We are pleased to acknowledge support from a William and Flora Hewlett Foundation Award of Research Corporation and the donors of The Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, for support of this work. [1] H. C. van de Hulst, Light Scattering by Small Particles (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, NY, 1981), p [2] K. M. Yoo, B. B. Das, and R. R. Alfano, Opt. Lett. 17, 958 (1992). [3] S. Andersson-Engels, R. Berg, S. Svanberg, and O. Jarlman, Opt. Lett. 15, 1179 (1990). [4] K. M. Yoo, Q. Xing, and R. R. Alfano, Opt. Lett. 16, 1019 (1991). [5] M. D. Duncan, R. Mahon, L. L. Tankersley, and J. Reintjes, Opt. Lett. 16, 1868 (1991). [6] M. R. Hee, J. A. Izatt, J. M. Jacobson, J. G. Fujimoto, and E. A. Swanson, Opt. Lett. 18, 950 (1993). 7
8 [7] E. Leith, C. Chen, H. Chen, D. Dilworth, J. Lopez, J. Rudd, P.-C. Sun, J. Valdmanis, and G. Vossler, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 9, 1148 (1992). [8] K. G. Spears, J. Serafin, N. H. Abramson, X. Zhu, and H. Bjelkhagen, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 36, 1210 (1989). [9] M. Toida, M. Kondo, T. Ichimura, and H. Inaba, Appl. Phys. B 52, 391 (1991). [10] D. S. Dilworth, E. N. Leith, and J. L. Lopez, Appl. Opt. 29, 691 (1990). [11] Accomplished in reflection, D. Huang, et. al., Science 254, 1178 (1991). [12] K. M. Yoo and R. R. Alfano, Opt. Lett. 15, 320 (1990). [13] C. Bohren and D. Huffman, Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles (John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1983), p [14] J. K. Percus and G. J. Yevick, Phys. Rev. 110, 583 (1958). [15] M. S. Wertheim, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10, 321 (1963). [16] P. Saulnier, M. Zinkin, and G. Watson, Phys. Rev. B 42, 2621 (1990). [17] M. Lax, V. Nayaramamurti, and R. C. Fulton, Laser Optics of Condensed Matter (Plenum, New York, NY, 1987), p
Low-coherence heterodyne photon correlation spectroscopy
Low-coherence heterodyne photon correlation spectroscopy J.H. Johnson, S.L. Siefken, A. Schmidt, R. Corey, and P. Saulnier Department of Physics, Gustavus Adolphus College Saint Peter, MN 56082 ABSTRACT
More informationSpatial coherence of forward-scattered light in a turbid medium
866 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A/Vol. 16, No. 4/April 1999 Yang et al. Spatial coherence of forward-scattered light in a turbid medium Changhuei Yang, Kyungwon An,* Lev T. Perelman, Ramachandra R. Dasari, and Michael
More informationLecture 26. Wind Lidar (4) Direct Detection Doppler Lidar
Lecture 26. Wind Lidar (4) Direct Detection Doppler Lidar Considerations (Accuracy and Precision) for DDL Na-DEMOF DDL -- Multi-frequency edge-filter DDL New development of DDL -- DDL based on Fizeau etalon
More informationAbsorption length for photon propagation in highly dense colloidal dispersions
Journal of MATERIALS RESEARCH Welcome Comments Help Absorption length for photon propagation in highly dense colloidal dispersions Rajeev Garg, Robert K. Prud homme, and Ilhan A. Aksay Department of Chemical
More informationUltrafast Laser Physics!
Ultrafast Laser Physics! Ursula Keller / Lukas Gallmann ETH Zurich, Physics Department, Switzerland www.ulp.ethz.ch Chapter 10: Ultrafast Measurements Ultrafast Laser Physics ETH Zurich Ultrafast laser
More informationLet us consider a typical Michelson interferometer, where a broadband source is used for illumination (Fig. 1a).
7.1. Low-Coherence Interferometry (LCI) Let us consider a typical Michelson interferometer, where a broadband source is used for illumination (Fig. 1a). The light is split by the beam splitter (BS) and
More informationPolarized light propagation and scattering in random media
Polarized light propagation and scattering in random media Arnold D. Kim a, Sermsak Jaruwatanadilok b, Akira Ishimaru b, and Yasuo Kuga b a Department of Mathematics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
More informationDigital Holographic Measurement of Nanometric Optical Excitation on Soft Matter by Optical Pressure and Photothermal Interactions
Ph.D. Dissertation Defense September 5, 2012 Digital Holographic Measurement of Nanometric Optical Excitation on Soft Matter by Optical Pressure and Photothermal Interactions David C. Clark Digital Holography
More informationSupplementary Figures
Supplementary Figures Supplementary Figure. X-ray diffraction pattern of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 film. Strong reflections of the () family of planes is characteristics of the preferred orientation of the perovskite
More informationgives rise to multitude of four-wave-mixing phenomena which are of great
Module 4 : Third order nonlinear optical processes Lecture 26 : Third-order nonlinearity measurement techniques: Z-Scan Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following Theory of Z-scan technique
More informationUsing dispersion-induced group delay to solve the integer ambiguity problem: a theoretical analysis
J. Eur. Opt. Soc.-Rapid 10, 15035 (2015) www.jeos.org Using dispersion-induced group delay to solve the integer ambiguity problem: a theoretical analysis D. Wei weidong@mech.nagaokaut.ac.jp Department
More informationLASER APPLICATIONS XII. QPR No Academic Research Staff. Ezekiel. Prof. S. Graduate Students
XII. LASER APPLICATIONS Academic Research Staff Prof. S. Ezekiel Graduate Students L. A. Hackel J. A. Monjes J. P. Sullivan P. D. Henshaw T. J. Ryan D. G. Youmans J. W. Stafurik RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Our
More informationNOTICE. The above identified patent application is available for licensing. Requests for information should be addressed to:
Serial Number 09/480.535 Filing Date 10 January 2000 Inventor Nancy L, Swanson Barton D. Billard NOTICE The above identified patent application is available for licensing. Requests for information should
More informationVisualization of Xe and Sn Atoms Generated from Laser-Produced Plasma for EUV Light Source
3rd International EUVL Symposium NOVEMBER 1-4, 2004 Miyazaki, Japan Visualization of Xe and Sn Atoms Generated from Laser-Produced Plasma for EUV Light Source H. Tanaka, A. Matsumoto, K. Akinaga, A. Takahashi
More informationQuantification of optical Doppler broadening and optical path lengths of multiply scattered light by phase modulated low coherence interferometry
Quantification of optical Doppler broadening and optical path lengths of multiply scattered light by phase modulated low coherence interferometry B.Varghese, V. Rajan, T. G. van Leeuwen * and W. Steenbergen
More informationConfocal Microscopy Imaging of Single Emitter Fluorescence and Hanbury Brown and Twiss Photon Antibunching Setup
1 Confocal Microscopy Imaging of Single Emitter Fluorescence and Hanbury Brown and Twiss Photon Antibunching Setup Abstract Jacob Begis The purpose of this lab was to prove that a source of light can be
More information10. OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
1. OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a label-free (intrinsic contrast) technique that enables 3D imaging of tissues. The principle of its operation relies on low-coherence
More informationPRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL OPTICS
PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL OPTICS C. A. Bennett University of North Carolina At Asheville WILEY- INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION CONTENTS Preface 1 The Physics of Waves 1 1.1 Introduction
More informationUniversity of Cyprus. Reflectance and Diffuse Spectroscopy
University of Cyprus Biomedical Imaging and Applied Optics Reflectance and Diffuse Spectroscopy Spectroscopy What is it? from the Greek: spectro = color + scope = look at or observe = measuring/recording
More informationTime resolved optical spectroscopy methods for organic photovoltaics. Enrico Da Como. Department of Physics, University of Bath
Time resolved optical spectroscopy methods for organic photovoltaics Enrico Da Como Department of Physics, University of Bath Outline Introduction Why do we need time resolved spectroscopy in OPV? Short
More informationImaging in scattering media by use of laser speckle
Thompson et al. Vol. 14, No. 9/September 1997/J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2269 Imaging in scattering media by use of laser speckle C. A. Thompson,* K. J. Webb, and A. M. Weiner School of Electrical and Computer
More informationUvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Measurement of particle flux in a static matrix with suppressed influence of optical properties, using low coherence interferometry Varghese, B.; Rajan, V.; van Leeuwen,
More informationLab 2: Single Photon Interference
Lab 2: Single Photon Interference Joshua S. Geller Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 Abstract In this lab we exhibit the wave-particle duality of light in the
More informationLaboratory 3&4: Confocal Microscopy Imaging of Single-Emitter Fluorescence and Hanbury Brown and Twiss setup for Photon Antibunching
Laboratory 3&4: Confocal Microscopy Imaging of Single-Emitter Fluorescence and Hanbury Brown and Twiss setup for Photon Antibunching Jose Alejandro Graniel Institute of Optics University of Rochester,
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Supplementary Information Speckle-free laser imaging using random laser illumination Brandon Redding 1*, Michael A. Choma 2,3*, Hui Cao 1,4* 1 Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven,
More informationGratings in Electrooptic Polymer Devices
Gratings in Electrooptic Polymer Devices Venkata N.P.Sivashankar 1, Edward M. McKenna 2 and Alan R.Mickelson 3 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder,
More informationThe Scattering of Light by Small Particles. Advanced Laboratory, Physics 407 University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706
(4/6/10) The Scattering of Light by Small Particles Advanced Laboratory, Physics 407 University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Abstract In this experiment we study the scattering of light from various
More informationDegree of polarization in laser speckles from turbid media: Implications in tissue optics
Journal of Biomedical Optics 7(3), 307 312 (July 2002) Degree of polarization in laser speckles from turbid media: Implications in tissue optics Jun Li Gang Yao Lihong V. Wang Texas A&M University Optical
More informationTitle: Ultrafast photocurrent measurement of the escape time of electrons and holes from
Title: Ultrafast photocurrent measurement of the escape time of electrons and holes from carbon nanotube PN junction photodiodes Authors: Nathaniel. M. Gabor 1,*, Zhaohui Zhong 2, Ken Bosnick 3, Paul L.
More informationAtomic and Molecular Spectroscopy
Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Molecular Applied Laser Spectroscopy GASMAS LIDAR Reading instructions: Section 10.2: Laser Remote Sensing and Applications (page 406 425) Section 10.5.4: Scattering Spectroscopy
More informationQuantum Optics and Quantum Information Laboratory
Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Laboratory OPT 253, Fall 2011 Institute of Optics University of Rochester Instructor: Dr. Lukishova Jonathan Papa Contents Lab 1: Entanglement and Bell s Inequalities
More informationQuantum and Nano Optics Laboratory. Jacob Begis Lab partners: Josh Rose, Edward Pei
Quantum and Nano Optics Laboratory Jacob Begis Lab partners: Josh Rose, Edward Pei Experiments to be Discussed Lab 1: Entanglement and Bell s Inequalities Lab 2: Single Photon Interference Labs 3 and 4:
More informationInformation on the Particle Dynamics Analysis (PDA) measurements
Information on the Particle Dynamics Analysis (PDA) measurements Contents Contents... Introduction... Properties of the PDA System... Measurement principles []... Information on the variables in each column
More informationWhat is the value of multi-angle DLS?
What is the value of multi-angle DLS? A common question from users of dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrumentation is "what is the resolution of the technique". The rule of thumb response to this question
More informationLecture 20. Wind Lidar (2) Vector Wind Determination
Lecture 20. Wind Lidar (2) Vector Wind Determination Vector wind determination Ideal vector wind measurement VAD and DBS technique for vector wind Coherent versus incoherent Detection Doppler wind lidar
More informationMat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 406, (1996).
IMAGING OF SILICON CARRIER DYNAMICS WITH NEAR-FIELD SCANNING OPTICAL MICROSCOPY A.H. LA ROSA, B.I. YAKOBSON, and H.D. HALLEN Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695. ABSTRACT
More informationEquivalent isotropic scattering formulation for transient
Equivalent isotropic scattering formulation for transient short-pulse radiative transfer in anisotropic scattering planar media Zhixiong Guo and Sunil Kumar An isotropic scaling formulation is evaluated
More informationDetection of Single Photon Emission by Hanbury-Brown Twiss Interferometry
Detection of Single Photon Emission by Hanbury-Brown Twiss Interferometry Greg Howland and Steven Bloch May 11, 009 Abstract We prepare a solution of nano-diamond particles on a glass microscope slide
More informationINTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING. Dr. A. Bhattacharya
1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Dr. A. Bhattacharya Why Microwaves? More difficult than with optical imaging because the technology is more complicated and the image data recorded is more varied.
More informationHYDROBETA: A NEW INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING IN-SITU PROFILES OF THE VOLUME SCATTERING FUNCTION FROM 10 TO 170 DEGREES
HYDROBETA: A NEW INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING IN-SITU PROFILES OF THE VOLUME SCATTERING FUNCTION FROM 10 TO 170 DEGREES David R. Dana, Robert A. Maffione Hydro-Optics, Biology and Instrumentation Laboratories,
More informationNear field radiative heat transfer between a sphere and a substrate
Near field radiative heat transfer between a sphere and a substrate Arvind Narayanaswamy Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027. Sheng Shen and Gang Chen Department
More informationDIODE LASER SPECTROSCOPY
DIODE LASER SPECTROSCOPY Spectroscopy, and Much More, Using Modern Optics Observe Doppler-Free Spectroscopy of Rubidium Gas Michelson Interferometer Used to Calibrate Laser Sweep Observe Resonant Faraday
More informationReview Article Nanoparticle Imaging with Polarization Interferometric Nonlinear Confocal Microscope
Advances in Condensed Matter Physics, Article ID 176862, 6 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/176862 Review Article Nanoparticle Imaging with Polarization Interferometric Nonlinear Confocal Microscope
More informationLecture 11: Doppler wind lidar
Lecture 11: Doppler wind lidar Why do we study winds? v Winds are the most important variable studying dynamics and transport in the atmosphere. v Wind measurements are critical to improvement of numerical
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 15. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 15 IR Instruments Types of Instrumentation Dispersive Spectrophotometers (gratings) Fourier transform spectrometers (interferometer) Single beam Double beam
More informationAnalysis of the signal fall-off in spectral domain optical coherence tomography systems
Analysis of the signal fall-off in spectral domain optical coherence tomography systems M. Hagen-Eggert 1,2,P.Koch 3, G.Hüttmann 2 1 Medical Laser Center Lübeck, Germany 2 Institute of Biomedical Optics
More informationWolfgang Demtroder. Laser Spectroscopy. Basic Concepts and Instrumentation. Second Enlarged Edition With 644 Figures and 91 Problems.
Wolfgang Demtroder Laser Spectroscopy Basic Concepts and Instrumentation Second Enlarged Edition With 644 Figures and 91 Problems Springer Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Absorption and Emission of Light
More informationUltrasonic Measurement of Minute Displacement of Object Cyclically Actuated by Acoustic Radiation Force
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 42 (2003) pp. 4608 4612 Part 1, No. 7A, July 2003 #2003 The Japan Society of Applied Physics Ultrasonic Measurement of Minute Displacement of Object Cyclically Actuated by Acoustic
More informationLichtausbreitung in streuenden Medien: Prinzip und Anwendungsbeispiele
Lichtausbreitung in streuenden Medien: Prinzip und Anwendungsbeispiele Alwin Kienle 06.12.2013 Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Meßtechnik an der Universität Ulm Overview 1) Theory of
More informationParticle-Wave Duality and Which-Way Information
Particle-Wave Duality and Which-Way Information Graham Jensen and Samantha To University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, U.S. September 25, 2013 Abstract Samantha To This experiment aimed to support
More informationNew Plasma Diagnosis by Coherence Length Spectroscopy
New Plasma Diagnosis by Coherence Length Spectroscopy Nopporn Poolyarat a and Young W. Kim b a The Development and Promotion of Science and Technology (DPST), Thailand b Department of Physics, Lehigh University
More informationPlasma Formation and Self-focusing in Continuum Generation
Plasma Formation and Self-focusing in Continuum Generation Paper by Andrew Parkes Advisors: Jennifer Tate, Douglass Schumacher The Ohio State University REU 2003 Supported by NSF I. Abstract This summer
More informationSupplementary information for. plasmonic nanorods interacting with J-aggregates.
Supplementary information for Approaching the strong coupling limit in single plasmonic nanorods interacting with J-aggregates. by Gülis Zengin, Göran Johansson, Peter Johansson, Tomasz J. Antosiewicz,
More informationHYPER-RAYLEIGH SCATTERING AND SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING STUDIES OF PLATINUM NANOPARTICLE SUSPENSIONS
www.arpapress.com/volumes/vol19issue1/ijrras_19_1_06.pdf HYPER-RAYLEIGH SCATTERING AND SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING STUDIES OF PLATINUM NANOPARTICLE SUSPENSIONS M. Eslamifar Physics Department, BehbahanKhatamAl-Anbia
More informationNo. 9 Experimental study on the chirped structure of the construct the early time spectra. [14;15] The prevailing account of the chirped struct
Vol 12 No 9, September 2003 cfl 2003 Chin. Phys. Soc. 1009-1963/2003/12(09)/0986-06 Chinese Physics and IOP Publishing Ltd Experimental study on the chirped structure of the white-light continuum generation
More informationAmerican Institute of Physics 319
FEMTOSECOND RAMSEY FRINGES IN STRONGLY-DRIVEN RYDBERG SYSTEMS* R.R. Jones Physics Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 C.S. Raman, D.W. Schumacher, and P.H. Bucksbaum Physics Department,
More informationInterference Between Distinguishable States. Thomas Alexander Meyer
Interference Between Distinguishable States Thomas Alexander Meyer Interference effects are known to have a dependence upon indistinguishability of path. For this reason, it is accepted that different
More informationLecture 20 Optical Characterization 2
Lecture 20 Optical Characterization 2 Schroder: Chapters 2, 7, 10 1/68 Announcements Homework 5/6: Is online now. Due Wednesday May 30th at 10:00am. I will return it the following Wednesday (6 th June).
More informationMetrology and Sensing
Metrology and Sensing Lecture 5: Interferometry I 06--09 Herbert Gross Winter term 06 www.iap.uni-jena.de Preliminary Schedule No Date Subject Detailed Content 8.0. Introduction Introduction, optical measurements,
More informationLaboratory 3: Confocal Microscopy Imaging of Single Emitter Fluorescence and Hanbury Brown, and Twiss Setup for Photon Antibunching
Laboratory 3: Confocal Microscopy Imaging of Single Emitter Fluorescence and Hanbury Brown, and Twiss Setup for Photon Antibunching Jonathan Papa 1, * 1 Institute of Optics University of Rochester, Rochester,
More informationPerformance Limits of Delay Lines Based on "Slow" Light. Robert W. Boyd
Performance Limits of Delay Lines Based on "Slow" Light Robert W. Boyd Institute of Optics and Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Rochester Representing the DARPA Slow-Light-in-Fibers Team:
More informationDiffusive-to-ballistic transition in dynamic light transmission through thin scattering slabs: a radiative transfer approach
1430 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A/ Vol. 21, No. 8/ August 2004 Elaloufi et al. Diffusive-to-ballistic transition in dynamic light transmission through thin scattering slabs: a radiative transfer approach Rachid
More informationDevelopment of Polarization Interferometer Based on Fourier Transform Spectroscopy for Thomson Scattering Diagnostics
16th International Toki Conference Advanced Imaging and Plasma Diagnostics Ceratopia Toki, Gifu, JAPAN December 5-8, 2006 Development of Polarization Interferometer Based on Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
More informationLaser Excitation Dynamics of Argon Metastables Generated in Atmospheric Pressure Flows by Microwave Frequency Microplasma Arrays
Physical Sciences Inc. Laser Excitation Dynamics of Argon Metastables Generated in Atmospheric Pressure Flows by Microwave Frequency Microplasma Arrays W.T. Rawlins, K.L. Galbally-Kinney, S.J. Davis Physical
More informationRadionuclide Imaging MII Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Radionuclide Imaging MII 3073 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron (β + ) emission Positron is an electron with positive charge. Positron-emitting radionuclides are most commonly produced in cyclotron
More informationMODERN INTERFEROMETRY
MODERN INTERFEROMETRY * No actual laser photons were harmed during the filming of this cover. Build Michelson, Sagnac, and Mach-Zehnder Interferometers Generate and Count Interference Fringes Manually
More informationOptical Simulation Analysis of a Geometrical-phase-based. Nulling Interferometer
Optical Simulation Analysis of a Geometrical-phase-based Nulling Interferometer Kuo-Hui Chang and Jyh-Long Chern Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan Abstract The
More informationMANY-PHOTON IONIZATION OF THE XENON ATOM BY RUBY LASER RADIATION
SOVIET PHYSICS JETP VOLUME 23, NUMBER 1 JULY, 1966 MANY-PHOTON IONIZATION OF THE XENON ATOM BY RUBY LASER RADIATION G. S. VORONOV and N. B. DELONE P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences,
More informationConcentration measurement of gas embedded in scattering media by employing absorption and time-resolved laser spectroscopy
Concentration measurement of gas embedded in scattering media by employing absorption and time-resolved laser spectroscopy Somesfalean, Gabriel; Sjöholm, Mikael; Alnis, J; af Klinteberg, C; Andersson-Engels,
More informationComparing quantum and classical correlations in a quantum eraser
Comparing quantum and classical correlations in a quantum eraser A. Gogo, W. D. Snyder, and M. Beck* Department of Physics, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington 99362, USA Received 14 February 2005;
More informationnm are produced. When the condition for degenerate
VOLUME 61, NUMBER 1 PHYSCAL REVEW LETTERS 4 JULY 1988 Violation of Bells nequality and Classical Probability in a Two-Photon Correlation Experiment Z. Y. Ou and L. Mandel Department of Physics and Astronomy,
More informationChapter 1 X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS)
1 Chapter 1 X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) 1.1 What is EXAFS? X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS, XAFS) is an oscillatory modulation in the X-ray absorption coefficient on the high-energy
More informationBackscattering enhancement of light by nanoparticles positioned in localized optical intensity peaks
Backscattering enhancement of light by nanoparticles positioned in localized optical intensity peaks Zhigang Chen, Xu Li, Allen Taflove, and Vadim Backman We report what we believe to be a novel backscattering
More informationMichelson Interferometer. crucial role in Einstein s development of the Special Theory of Relativity.
Michelson Interferometer The interferometer Michelson experiment Interferometer of Michelson and Morley played 0 a crucial role in Einstein s development of the Special Theory of Relativity. Michelson
More informationMichelson Interferometer
Michelson Interferometer Objective Determination of the wave length of the light of the helium-neon laser by means of Michelson interferometer subsectionprinciple and Task Light is made to produce interference
More informationComplex refractive-index measurement based on Fresnel s equations and the uses of heterodyne interferometry
Complex refractive-index measurement based on Fresnel s equations and the uses of heterodyne interferometry Ming-Horng Chiu, Ju-Yi Lee, and Der-Chin Su The phase difference between s and p polarization
More informationBB84 Quantum Key Distribution System based on Silica-Based Planar Lightwave Circuits
BB84 Quantum Key Distribution System based on Silica-Based Planar Lightwave Circuits (*) Yoshihiro NAMBU*, Takaaki HATANAKA, and Kazuo NAKAMURA (*) Corresponding author: E-mail address: y-nambu@ah.jp.nec.com
More informationLarge Momentum Beamsplitter using Bloch Oscillations
Large Momentum Beamsplitter using Bloch Oscillations Pierre Cladé, Saïda Guellati-Khélifa, François Nez, and François Biraben Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, 4 place
More informationINTRODUCTION. Definition:-
INTRODUCTION Definition:- Light scatteringis a form ofscatteringin whichlightis the form of propagating energy which is scattered. Light scattering can be thought of as the deflection of arayfrom a straight
More informationNew schemes for manipulating quantum states using a Kerr cell. Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale Galileo Ferraris, Str. delle Cacce 91, I Torino
New schemes for manipulating quantum states using a Kerr cell Marco Genovese and C.Novero Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale Galileo Ferraris, Str. delle Cacce 91, I-10135 Torino Recently, Quantum Non Demolition
More informationAbsorption-Amplification Response with or Without Spontaneously Generated Coherence in a Coherent Four-Level Atomic Medium
Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 42 (2004) pp. 425 430 c International Academic Publishers Vol. 42, No. 3, September 15, 2004 Absorption-Amplification Response with or Without Spontaneously Generated
More informationChapter 5. Past and Proposed Experiments Detecting Absolute Motion
Chapter 5 Past and Proposed Experiments Detecting Absolute Motion In this Chapter I gave different interpretations for the results of some famous past experiments. My interpretations are based on the following
More informationChapter 24 Photonics Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5
Chapter 24 Photonics Data throughout this chapter: e = 1.6 10 19 C; h = 6.63 10 34 Js (or 4.14 10 15 ev s); m e = 9.1 10 31 kg; c = 3.0 10 8 m s 1 Question 1 Visible light has a range of photons with wavelengths
More informationIs Faster-Than-Light Communication Possible?
Is Faster-Than-Light Communication Possible? Raymond W. Jensen Department of Mathematics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556 rwjst4@alumni.nd.edu Abstract. It is shown here using elementary
More informationArbitrary and reconfigurable optics - new opportunities for integrated photonics
Arbitrary and reconfigurable optics - new opportunities for integrated photonics David Miller, Stanford University For a copy of these slides, please e-mail dabm@ee.stanford.edu How to design any linear
More informationUltrafast nanophotonics - optical control of coherent electron -
ICTP 18.2.8 Ultrafast nanophotonics - optical control of coherent electron - Hirofumi Yanagisawa LMU, MPQ Hirofumi Yanagisawa Japan (Tokyo) Switzerland (Zurich) Germany (Munich) http://roundtripticket.me/world-map-labled.html/best-image-of-diagram-world-map-and-labeled-for-labled
More informationDetermining how uncertainties in optical properties affect light dose calculations
Determining how uncertainties in optical properties affect light dose calculations Julia Sandell 1, Jarod Finlay, Timothy Zhu 1 Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania Radiation Oncology, Hospital
More informationDesign and Development of a Smartphone Based Visible Spectrophotometer for Analytical Applications
Design and Development of a Smartphone Based Visible Spectrophotometer for Analytical Applications Bedanta Kr. Deka, D. Thakuria, H. Bora and S. Banerjee # Department of Physicis, B. Borooah College, Ulubari,
More informationDetermination of absorption coefficient by digital holographic measurement of optical excitation
Determination of absorption coefficient by digital holographic measurement of optical excitation David C. Clark* and Myung K. Kim Digital Holography and Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
More informationDevelopment of measurement technique to evaluate thermal conductivity of thermoelectric Bi 2 Te 3 submicron thin films by photothermal radiometry
Development of measurement technique to evaluate thermal conductivity of thermoelectric Bi Te 3 submicron thin films by photothermal radiometry H Jitsukawa 1 and Y Nagasaka 1 School of Integrated Design
More informationIllustrating the Superposition Principle with Single Photon Interference. Frank Rioux. Department of Chemistry. St.
Illustrating the Superposition Principle with Single Photon Interference Frank Rioux Department of Chemistry St. John s University College of St. Benedict St. Joseph, MN 56374 Abstract Single-photon interference
More informationAcademic and Research Staff. Prof. R. Weiss. Graduate Students. G. D. Blum T. R. Brown S. Ezekiel
VII. GRAVITATION RESEARCH Academic and Research Staff Prof. R. Weiss Graduate Students G. D. Blum T. R. Brown S. Ezekiel RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Research in this group is concerned with an experimental investigation
More informationLong Path Industrial OCT High-precision Measurement and Refractive Index Estimation
Long Path Industrial OCT High-precision Measurement and Refractive Index Estimation Tatsuo Shiina Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
More informationRichard Miles and Arthur Dogariu. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Richard Miles and Arthur Dogariu Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA Workshop on Oxygen Plasma Kinetics Sept 20, 2016 Financial support: ONR and MetroLaser
More informationLow Coherence Vibration Insensitive Fizeau Interferometer
Low Coherence Vibration Insensitive Fizeau Interferometer Brad Kimbrough, James Millerd, James Wyant, John Hayes 4D Technology Corporation, 3280 E. Hemisphere Loop, Suite 146, Tucson, AZ 85706 (520) 294-5600,
More informationExperiment 3 1. The Michelson Interferometer and the He- Ne Laser Physics 2150 Experiment No. 3 University of Colorado
Experiment 3 1 Introduction The Michelson Interferometer and the He- Ne Laser Physics 2150 Experiment No. 3 University of Colorado The Michelson interferometer is one example of an optical interferometer.
More informationOPTIMAL WAVELENGTH SELECTION ALGORITHM OF NON-SPHERICAL PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION BASED ON THE LIGHT EXTINCTION DATA
THERMAL SCIENCE, Year 2012, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 1353-1357 1353 OPTIMAL WAVELENGTH SELECTION ALGORITHM OF NON-SPHERICAL PARTICLE SIZE ISTRIBUTION BASE ON THE LIGHT EXTINCTION ATA by Hong TANG * College
More informationImprovement of Spatial Resolution for Nonlinear Raman Microscopy by Spatial Light Modulation
ANALYTICAL SCIENCES JANUARY 2017, VOL. 33 69 2017 The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry Improvement of Spatial Resolution for Nonlinear Raman Microscopy by Spatial Light Modulation Motohiro BANNO,
More informationINTERFEROMETRIC METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF SPATIAL PHASE MODULATION INDUCED BY LIGHT IN DYE-DOPED DNA COMPLEXES
Romanian Reports in Physics, Vol. 67, No. 4, P. 1373 1382, 2015 Dedicated to International Year of Light 2015 INTERFEROMETRIC METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF SPATIAL PHASE MODULATION INDUCED BY LIGHT IN DYE-DOPED
More informationThe near-infrared spectra and distribution of excited states of electrodeless discharge rubidium vapour lamps
The near-infrared spectra and distribution of excited states of electrodeless discharge rubidium vapour lamps Sun Qin-Qing( ) a)b), Miao Xin-Yu( ) a), Sheng Rong-Wu( ) c), and Chen Jing-Biao( ) a)b) a)
More information