CHAPTER 5 TNT EQUIVALENCE OF FIREWORKS

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "CHAPTER 5 TNT EQUIVALENCE OF FIREWORKS"

Transcription

1 109 CHAPTER 5 TNT EQUIVALENCE OF FIREWORKS 5.1 INTRODUCTION Explosives and Fireworks Explosives are reactive substances that can release high amount of energy when initiated (Meyer 1987). Explosive materials may be categorized by the speed at which they expand (Bahl et al 1981, Chou et al 1991, Khan and Abbasi 1999). Materials that detonate are said to be "high explosives" and materials that deflagrate are said to be "low explosives". Explosives may also be categorized by their sensitivity. Sensitive materials that can be initiated by a relatively small amount of heat or pressure are primary explosives and materials that are relatively insensitive are secondary or tertiary explosives. Detonation is an explosive phenomenon whereby a shock wave coupled to a flame front propagates through the reaction mixture at supersonic speeds relative to ambient gases. Blast waves resulting from the detonation of strong explosives like TNT exhibit close to ideal wave behaviour (Cook et al (1989 and 2001) Lees 1996, Balzer et al 2002). The pressure profile over time of an ideal blast wave can be characterized by its rise time, the peak overpressure, duration of positive phase and total duration (Sochet 2010). In deflagrations the decomposition of the explosive material is propagated by a flame front which moves slowly through the explosive

2 110 material. The volume of a gas-air mixture is generally high and the energy release rate is relatively slow. The blasts are characterized by more regular blast waves that propagate at a subsonic speed. Explosives depend on properties such as sensitivity, velocity and stability. Chemical explosives may consist of either a chemically pure compound or a mixture of an oxidizer and fuel. Due to the effects of the shock wave during detonation, the oxidizer and fuel interact to trigger chemical reactions. Some of the well-known explosives are TNT, nitro-glycerine, RDX, PETN, HMX and nitrocellulose. Fireworks are used for mainly fireworks display purposes and consist of various chemical compounds. The heat released by explosion is often used to calculate the TNT equivalency according to principle of energy similarity (Rui et al 2002) High frequency electromagnetic energy Total energy generated by explosive reaction Electromagnet ic energy Mechanical energy Visible light electromagnetic energy Infrared energy Low frequency electromagnetic energy Overpressure of shock wave Earthquake wave and crater formation Shattering of cartridge and fling of its fragments Figure 5.1 Distribution of energy in an explosion (Rui et al 2002) The total energy generated by an explosive reaction can be electromagnetic energy or mechanical energy. These energies in turn can be

3 111 subdivided as shown in Figure 5.1. The compositions of firework mixtures consist of a fuel, an oxidizer that oxidizes the fuel necessary for combustion, colour producing chemicals and a binder which holds the compounds together. In all explosive accidents involving fireworks mixture, the damage or consequences appear similar to that of a high energetic compound such as TNT. Since fireworks share similar characteristics of class A explosives like TNT, and may reach the explosive potential of an explosive chemical, It is a cause for concern due to associated hazards. An attempt has been made to employ the ARC thermal characterisation of fireworks mixtures to calculate its TNT equivalence of explosion. These chemicals often need to be handled in a very safe manner. In case of fireworks mixtures the oxidizer and fuel under right conditions may explode if ignited. Further, all the fireworks compositions are finely divided powder mixtures. Finely divided metals present a hazard to violent explosion when ignited, and are susceptible to ignition by static electricity more easily due to their conductive character. Hence firework mixtures need to be handled very carefully. A slight deviation from the strictly followed procedures for safe handling can turn the mixture into an explosive chemical. The expected form of an ideal shock wave from an unconfined high explosive is shown in Figure 5.2.(Held 1983, Formby and Wharton 1996, Sochet 2010) It is characterised by an abrupt pressure increase at the shock front, followed by a quasi-exponential decay back to ambient pressure. A negative phase follows, in which the pressure is less than ambient, and oscillations between positive and negative overpressure continue as the disturbance quickly dies away. Correspondingly, a typical design blast load is represented by a triangular loading with side on pressure, P so, and duration,

4 112 characterized by the Figure 5.3 (Ngo et al 2007). The area under the pressuretime curve is the impulse of the blast wave. Pso Ambient P - Pso Positive Negative Phase Phase Duration Duration Time, (min) Figure 5.2 Pressure distributions in a medium during passage of a blast wave P so Impulse Duration t 0 Time, (min) Figure 5.3 Typical design of blast load plot

5 113 Explosion s origin Highest isobars P P P P Distance I I I I Z Z Z Z Characteristic curve Z 1 Z 2 Distance Over pressure Figure 5.4 Characteristic curve of an explosion: obtained from overpressure and impulse profile (Alanso et al 2006). In the case of an explosion it is possible to obtain the overpressure impulse distance relationship, called here the characteristic curve.

6 114 Figure 5.4 (Alanso et al 2006) shows graphically the meaning of the so-called characteristic curve, traced from the shock wave s over-pressure distance and impulse distance pro les. Distance to explosion s centre (Z 1, Z 2..., Z n ) can also be included, to display all the information in the same diagram (Alanso et al 2006) An Overview of Explosion Models and its Applicability to Fireworks Mixtures An explosion is a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner, usually with the generation of high temperatures and the release of gases. Also, an explosion (meaning a sudden outburst ) is an exothermal process (i.e., liberation of energy) that gives rise to a sudden increase of pressure when occurring at constant volume. It is accompanied by noise and a sudden release of a blast wave. Thermal explosion theory is based on the fact that progressive heating raises the heat release of the reaction until it exceeds the rate of heat loss from the area. At a given composition of the mixture and pressure, explosion will occur at a specific ignition temperature that can be determined from the calculations of heat loss and heat gain. Depending on the shock wave produced, explosions can occur as detonation or deflagration, with or without a confinement in the surroundings (Sochet 2010). Corresponding to the magnitude of an explosion, the two most important and dangerous factors are over pressure, and scaled distance of damage. The above discussed parameters are necessary to predict the effects of thermal explosion and estimate the extent of these hazards. To assess the significance of damage, models are necessary to calculate dangerous magnitude as a function of distance from the explosion centre. Most data on explosion and their effects, and many of the methods of estimating these effects, relate to explosives.

7 115 Although there are many explosion models available, TNT equivalence model is widely accepted and in use. In recent years Multi Energy Model, TNO and Baker -Strehlow-Tang (BS/BST) model also being in use by many researchers (Beccantini et al 2007, Melani et al., 2009, Sochet 2010) TNT Equivalence The blast wave effects of explosions are estimated using TNT equivalence techniques (Formby and Wharton 1996, Lees 1996). It is cited as a standard equivalence model for calculating the effects of various explosives and compares the effects to that of TNT. Parameters such as peak overpressure, impulse, scaled distance and equivalent weight factor. (Held 1983, Frenando et al 2006, Lees 1996, Cooper 1994, Simoens and Michel 2011) are employed to calculate the TNT equivalence. 5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS TNT Equivalence Model The term TNT Equivalence is used throughout the explosives and related industries to compare the output of a given explosive to that of TNT (Frenando et al 2006, Lees 1996; Cooper 1994). This is done for prediction of blast waves, structural response, and used as a basis for handling and storage of explosives as well as design of explosive facilities. This method assumes that the gas mixture is involved in the explosion and that the explosion propagates in an idealized manner. It is an ideal thermal explosion model which considers explosion as a single entity; the explosive nature is measured in terms of TNT equivalence; Mass of TNT, (g) TNT Equivalence = Mass of explosive, (g) (5.1)

8 116 TNT equivalence gives the impact of an explosive material to that of the effect of TNT. TNT equivalence depends on the nature of the explosive, distance, heat of detonation and the equivalent weight factor (Held 1983). The various parameters involved in TNT model are peak overpressure, impulse and the scaled distance. The equivalent mass of TNT is found by (Sochet 2010), Equation (4.2) W = ME E TNT (5.2) where, W is the TNT Equivalence, is the empirical explosion efficiency, M is the mass of explosive charge (g), E C is the heat of combustion of explosion material (J g -1 ), E TNT is the heat of combustion of TNT (4765 J g -1 ) Scaled Range Scaling of the blast wave properties is a common practice used to generalize blast data from high explosives. Scaling or model laws are used to predict the properties of blast waves from large scale explosions based on tests at a much smaller scale. The scaling law states that self similar blast waves are produced at the same scaled distance when two explosives of similar geometry and of the same explosive material, but of different size, are detonated in the same atmosphere. The scaled range is measured as, Z = R W / (5.3) Where, Z is the scaled range (m), R is the distance (m), W is the TNT Equivalence Weight (g)

9 Overpressure The pressure resulting from the blast wave of an explosion is known as the overpressure. It is referred to as positive overpressure when it exceeds atmospheric pressure and negative during the passage of the wave when resulting pressure or less than atmospheric pressure. As regards the magnitude of an explosion, one of the dangerous factor is overpressure, which is chiefly responsible for damage to humans, structures and environmental elements. The overpressure is measured as (Rui et al 2002), P = 1.02 (W) / R (W) / R (W) R (5.4) Where, R is the distance (m), W is the TNT Equivalence Weight (g), the above equation has been widely used by researchers in the past (Frenando et al 2006, 2008, Lees 1996, Held 1983, Rui et al 2002) Multi Energy Model In this model, combustion develops in a highly turbulent mixture in obstructed or partially confined areas (Beccantini 2007, Sochet 2010, Melani et al 2009). Unlike TNT model, it considers explosion not as a single entity but as a set of sub explosions TNO Model TNO model is based on the degree of confinement and is measured on a scale of 1 to 10 (Beccantini 2007, Sochet 2010). The number 10 corresponds to index volume of congested areas i.e. strong detonation and 1 corresponds to uncongested areas, i.e. weak deflagration. It is based on the assumption that blast is generated only when the explosive is partially

10 118 confined. The parameters that are measured are scaled distance, positive overpressure, duration time and impulse (Melani et al 2009) Scaled Distance Scaled distance is a relationship used to relate similar blast effects from various explosive weights at various distances. Scaled distance gives a blaster an idea of expected vibration levels based upon prior blasts detonated. The scaled distance is measured by, r = r ( P E ) (5.5) where, r is the distance from the charge (m), P a is the ambient pressure (bar), E is the heat of combustion (J g -1 ) Positive Overpressure The positive overpressure can be found by, P = (P P ) (5.6) where, P is the positive overpressure (bar), P s is the positive scaled overpressure (bar), P a is the atmospheric pressure (bar) Positive Duration Time The scaled duration time is given by, T = T E P / 1 a (5.7) where, T is the positive duration time (sec), T s is the scaled positive duration time, a 0 is the sound velocity (343.2 m s -1 ).

11 Impulse The impulse is given by, I = 1 2 P T (5.8) where, T is the positive duration time (s), P is positive overpressure (bar) BS/ BST Model Baker-Strehlow-Tang model(baker et al 1994, 1996, 1998) is based on the Mach number. It presents a correlation between the reactivity of fuel, density of obstacles, and confinement. Flame speed is an important parameter in measuring the blast wave propagation in this model. The relation is given by, P P P = 2.4 M 1 + M (5.9) where, P max is the maximum overpressure (bar), P 0 is the ambient overpressure (bar), M f is the Mach number. Flame velocity Mach number = Sound velocity (5.10) The scaled distance is measured by, r = r P E (5.11) where, r is the scaled distance from the charge (m), r is the distance from the charge (m), P a is the ambient pressure (bar), E is combustion energy (charge), (J g -1 ).

12 120 The positive overpressure can be found by, P = (P P ) (5.12) where, P is the positive overpressure (bar), P s overpressure (bar), P a is the atmospheric pressure (bar). is the positive scaled The positive scaled impulse is given by, I = I a E p (5.13) Where, I is the positive impulse (bar.s), a is the speed of sound, (m s -1 ), E is the combustion energy (fuel air mixture), (J g -1 ), p is the atmospheric pressure, (bar). The combustion energy of fuel-air mixture is given by, (E) = 2 E V (5.14) where, E is the heat of combustion (sample firework mixture), (J g -1 ), V is the volume of the vessel (m 3 ) Micro Calorimetric Test Data for Estimating TNT Equivalence The experimental methods to assess the thermal instability/runaway potential are primarily based on micro Calorimetry. It is designed to model the course of a large-scale reaction on a small scale. Adiabatic Calorimetry is one of the main experimental tools available to study the self-propagating and thermally-sensitive reactions. One of the versatile micro calorimeter techniques known as Accelerating Rate Calorimetry has the potential to provide time-temperature-pressure data during the confined explosion of

13 121 fireworks mixture. The principle behind Accelerating Rate Calorimeter and its usefulness in estimating the explosive potential of fireworks mixture have been dealt with in the previous chapter. The ARC experimentation is designed to study the explosive characteristics of energetic materials. The sample quantities in ARC experiments are restricted to a maximum of 1gm to avoid physical explosion of the sample vessel, unlike the field explosion. When explosion occurs within confinement, time temperature data can be measured, which is not viable in actual explosion due to the involvement of large quantity of samples. The time, temperature, pressure data and the vigour of explosion can be scaled up to field conditions (Bodman and Chervin 2004, Badeen et al 2005, Whitmore and Wilberforce 1993). Esparza 1986, Ohashi et al 2002, Kleine et al 2003 described a procedure to calculate the TNT equivalent by a pressure based concept. This approach is based on knowledge of the shock radius- time of arrival diagram of the shock wave for the explosive under consideration. These data are used to calculate the Mach number of the shock and the peak overpressure as a function of distance (Dewey 2005). ARC characterisation data generated for atom bomb cracker, Chinese cracker, palm leaf cracker, flowerpot tip and ground spinner tip mixtures have been dealt. Here an attempt has been made to employ them to calculate their TNT equivalence of explosion. 5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION TNT Equivalence Model for Constant Distance The results have been analyzed using this model for various firework mixtures. Three cracker samples and two tip samples have been selected. The distance from the centre of the explosion to the extent at which the explosion took place has been kept as 3m (for all mixtures). The weight of

14 122 the samples taken has been varied from 5-25 grams. The results are presented in Table 5.1 and Figures Table 5.1 Calculation of scaled range and overpressure for fireworks Sample name Atom bomb cracker Chinese cracker Palm leaf cracker Flower pot tip Ground spinner tip Heat of reaction, E c, ( J g -1 ) Sample weight, (g) TNT Equivalence, W (g) Scaled range,z, (m) Overpressure, P (bar)

15 Scaled range vs. TNT equivalence for crackers From the Figures 5.5 and 5.6 it is evident that the scaled range decreases as the TNT equivalence increases for crackers and tip mixtures TNT Equivalence, (g) Figure 5.5 Scaled range vs. TNT equivalence for crackers (Atom bomb cracker ( ), Chinese cracker ( ), Palm leaf cracker ( )) TNT Equivalence, (g) Figure 5.6 Scaled range vs. TNT equivalence for tip mixtures (Flowerpot tip ( ), Ground spinner tip ( ))

16 124 This is because TNT equivalence depends on the mass of the sample taken. As the mass increases, TNT equivalence also increases. Hence it can be inferred that the mass also has an effect over the scaled range. Thus for tip samples, it can be observed that the effect of TNT equivalence over scaled range resembles to the cracker samples due to similar mixture composition Overpressure vs. TNT equivalence for firework mixtures From the Figures 5.7 and 5.8, it can be observed that for the crackers and tip mixtures the overpressure increases as the TNT equivalence increases. This is because of the relationship between weight and TNT equivalence. As the weight increases, TNT equivalence increases and since overpressure and TNT equivalence have a direct correlation, the overpressure increases. Thus, the weight is an important factor in determining the increase or decrease of the overpressure TNT Equivalence, (g) Figure 5.7 Overpressure vs. TNT equivalence for crackers (Atom bomb cracker ( ), Chinese cracker ( ), Palm leaf cracker ( ))

17 TNT Equivalent, (g) Figure 5.8 Overpressure vs. TNT equivalence for tip mixtures (Flowerpot tip ( ), Ground spinner tip ( )) TNT Equivalence Model for Varied Distance The results have been analyzed using this model for various firework mixtures. Three cracker samples and two tip samples have been taken. The distance from the centre of explosion to the point where the explosion takes place has been varied as 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 m for each mixture sample. The weight of the samples taken was 1g (constant for all mixture samples). The results are presented in Table 5.2 and Figures

18 126 Table 5.2 Calculation of scaled range and overpressure for fireworks Sample name Atom bomb cracker Chinese cracker Palm leaf cracker Flower pot tip Ground spinner tip Heat of reaction, E c, ( J g -1 ) TNT Equivalence, W, (g) Distance, (m) Scaled range, Z, (m) Overpressure, P, (bar)

19 Scaled range vs. Distance for firework mixtures From the Figures 5.9 and 5.10, it can be observed that for crackers and tip mixture the scaled range increases as the distance increases Distance, (m) Figure 5.9 Scaled range vs. Distance for crackers (Atom bomb cracker ( ), Chinese cracker ( ), Palm leaf cracker ( )) Distance, (m) Figure 5.10 Scaled distance vs. Distance for tip mixtures (Flowerpot tip ( ), Ground spinner tip ( ))

20 128 This is because the weight of the sample is kept constant and thus the TNT equivalence remains the same. Hence, the scaled range increases as it holds a direct relation with distance Overpressure vs. Distance for firework mixtures From the Figures 5.11 and 5.12, it can be observed that the overpressure decreases as the distance increases for cracker samples and tip compositions. This is because of the inverse relation between the distance and the overpressure. Thus the overpressure value decreases for an increase in the value of distance Distance, (m) Figure 5.11 Overpressure vs. Distance for crackers (Atom bomb cracker ( ), Chinese cracker ( ), Palm leaf cracker ( ))

21 Distance, (m) Figure 5.12 Overpressure vs. Distance for tip mixtures (Flowerpot tip ( ), Ground spinner tip ( )) TNO Multi Energy Model The results have been analyzed for this model using various firework mixtures. The distance from the centre of the explosion to the point where the explosion takes place is kept as 5-25 m (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 m respectively). The ambient pressure is bar.

22 130 Table 5.3 Calculation of impulse for fireworks Sample name Atom bomb cracker Chinese cracker Palm leaf cracker Flower pot tip Ground spinner tip Heat of reaction E C ( J g -1 ) Positive scaled over pressure P s, (bar) Scaled positive duration time T s, (s) Positive Over pressure P, (bar) Scaled distance Positive duration Time, T (s) Impulse I, (bar.s)

23 Scaled distance vs. Distance for fireworks From the Figures 5.13 and 5.14, it can be observed that the scaled distance increases as the distance increases for cracker samples and tip compositions Distance, (m) Figure 5.13 Scaled distance vs. Distance for crackers (Atom bomb cracker ( ), Chinese cracker ( ), Palm leaf cracker ( )) Distance, (m) Figure 5.14 Scaled distance vs. Distance for tip mixtures (Flowerpot tip ( ), Ground spinner tip ( ))

24 132 This is because of the direct relation between the distance and the scaled distance. It can also be inferred from this model that the value of impulse largely depends on the positive overpressure and the positive duration time. Larger the value of these parameters, higher is the impulse which is nothing but the maximum peak overpressure. The value of impulse also varies for different firework mixtures BS/BST Multi Energy Model The results of this model have been analysed for various firework mixtures. Three cracker samples and two tip samples have been used. The ambient pressure is bar. The velocity of sound is m s -1. Table 5.4 Calculation of flame velocity Sample name Atom bomb cracker Peak overpressure, P max, (bar) Mach number, M f Flame velocity, (m s -1 ) Chinese cracker Palm leaf cracker Flower pot tip Ground spinner tip The Mach number ranges within If the value falls within this range, Scaled impulse can be deduced directly from the characteristic curves depending upon the range of Mach number. The distance from the centre of the explosion to the point where the explosion takes place is taken as 5-25 m. The impulse and the positive pressure values are obtained from Table 4.4. Volume of the obstructed area = 1 X 10-5 m 3.

25 133 Table 5.5 Calculation of positive scaled impulse for firework mixtures Sample name Atom bomb cracker Chinese cracker Palm leaf cracker Flower pot tip Ground spinner tip Heat of reaction E C, ( J g -1 ) Volume of the obstructed area V, (m 3 ) 1 10 Combustion energy E, (J g -1 m 3 ) Distance, (m) Scaled distance, (m) Positive scaled impulse, I, (bar.s)

26 134 From the Figures 5.15 and 5.16, it can be observed that the scaled distance increases as the distance increases. This effect of tip mixture samples is similar to that of the cracker samples. However, the curves of the two tip samples are quite close. Since scaled impulse depends on the impulse, indirectly the positive overpressure and the positive duration time has an effect over the scaled impulse Distance, (m) Figure 5.15 Scaled distance vs. Distance for cracker samples (Atom bomb cracker ( ), Chinese cracker ( ), Palm leaf cracker ( )) Distance, (m) Figure 5.16 Scaled distance vs. Distance for tip samples (Flowerpot tip ( ), Ground spinner tip ( ))

27 SUMMARY The TNT equivalence technique is used as a standard tool to evaluate thermal explosion parameters. The Multi Energy Models are alternative methods to TNT equivalence and a study of these models has been conducted using the Thermal explosion data obtained from the Accelerating Rate Calorimeter. TNT equivalence model compares the output of a given explosive to that of TNT explosive. The TNO Multi energy model and BS/BST model consider the obstacles or obstructions present within the explosion region and have been applied as dust explosion models with the available data. However, it is difficult to compare all the three models directly, as they are based on different assumptions and the parameters vary respectively. The overpressure and scaled distance are important parameters in estimating the explosive potential of various firework mixtures. From this study it has been observed that the firework mixtures, under certain conditions can be equivalent to an explosive and hence have to be handled carefully. It has also been observed that TNT equivalence model and TNO Multi energy model do not consider the sound velocity, whereas the BS/BST model depends on the sound velocity. All the three models can be applied to determine the explosion limits. In summary, Pressure rises due to thermal decomposition of fireworks. Overpressure decreases with increase in distance. TNT equivalence of fireworks mixture varies with different weights. The damage causing ability of the fireworks depends on the initial mass and it decreases with distances. The studies confirm that the damage causing ability of the blast on structures due to explosive decomposition of fireworks increases with increase in over pressure.

CHAPTER 4 THERMAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF FIREWORKS MIXTURE USING ACCELERATING RATE CALORIMETER (ARC)

CHAPTER 4 THERMAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF FIREWORKS MIXTURE USING ACCELERATING RATE CALORIMETER (ARC) 68 CHAPTER 4 THERMAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF FIREWORKS MIXTURE USING ACCELERATING RATE CALORIMETER (ARC) 4.1 INTRODUCTION Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC) is one of the versatile experimental tools available

More information

Blast effects of external explosions

Blast effects of external explosions Author manuscript, published in "Eighth International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions, Yokohama : Japan (010)" Blast effects of external explosions I. Sochet Ecole

More information

Presentation Start. Zero Carbon Energy Solutions 4/06/06 10/3/2013:; 1

Presentation Start. Zero Carbon Energy Solutions 4/06/06 10/3/2013:; 1 Presentation Start 10/3/2013:; 1 4/06/06 What is an Explosion? Keller, J.O. President and CEO,, ISO TC 197, Technical Program Director for the Built Environment and Safety; Gresho, M. President, FP2FIRE,

More information

Detonations and explosions

Detonations and explosions 7. Detonations and explosions 7.. Introduction From an operative point of view, we can define an explosion as a release of energy into the atmosphere in a small enough volume and in a short enough time

More information

TRANSITION TO DETONATION IN NON-UNIFORM H2-AIR: CHEMICAL KINETICS OF SHOCK-INDUCED STRONG IGNITION

TRANSITION TO DETONATION IN NON-UNIFORM H2-AIR: CHEMICAL KINETICS OF SHOCK-INDUCED STRONG IGNITION TRANSITION TO DETONATION IN NON-UNIFORM H2-AIR: CHEMICAL KINETICS OF SHOCK-INDUCED STRONG IGNITION L.R. BOECK*, J. HASSLBERGER AND T. SATTELMAYER INSTITUTE OF THERMODYNAMICS, TU MUNICH *BOECK@TD.MW.TUM.DE

More information

Severe, unconfined petrol vapour explosions

Severe, unconfined petrol vapour explosions Severe, unconfined petrol vapour explosions Graham Atkinson Health and Safety Laboratory Fire and Process Safety Unit Buncefield - Lessons for whom? Plant managers Safety managers Risk assessors Explosion

More information

The risk of storage plant of pyrotechnics

The risk of storage plant of pyrotechnics The risk of storage plant of pyrotechnics Basco A. 1, Cammarota F. 1, Salzano E. 1, Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione - C.N.R., Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli (I) Recent updating of Seveso Directive

More information

GHS: Physical Hazards

GHS: Physical Hazards A liquid having a flash point of not more than 93 C (199.4 F). 3 4 Extremely Liquid and Vapor Highly Liquid and Vapor Liquid and Vapor Combustible Liquid Liquids Flash point < 23 C (73.4 F) and initial

More information

SHOCK WAVE PRESSURE IN FREE WATER AS A FUNCTION OF EXPLOSIVE COMPOSITION

SHOCK WAVE PRESSURE IN FREE WATER AS A FUNCTION OF EXPLOSIVE COMPOSITION SHOCK WAVE PRESSURE IN FREE WATER AS A FUNCTION OF EXPLOSIVE COMPOSITION G. W. Lawrence Indian Head Division Naval Surface Warfare Center Research and Technology Department Indian Head, MD 20640 Free field

More information

An Introduction to Chemical Reactions, Gases, and Chemical Explosives

An Introduction to Chemical Reactions, Gases, and Chemical Explosives An Introduction to Chemical Reactions, Gases, and Chemical Explosives http://preparatorychemistry.com/bishop_book_atoms_7.pdf http://preparatorychemistry.com/bishop_book_atoms_11.pdf Chemical Explosives

More information

Shock Wave Propagation due to Methane-Air Mixture Explosion and Effect on a Concrete Enclosure

Shock Wave Propagation due to Methane-Air Mixture Explosion and Effect on a Concrete Enclosure Shock Wave Propagation due to Methane-Air Mixture Explosion and Effect on a Concrete Enclosure Sharad Tripathi, T.C.Arun Murthy, Alain Hodin, K.Suresh, Anup Ghosh International Contents 1. Introduction

More information

Numerical simulation of air blast waves

Numerical simulation of air blast waves Numerical simulation of air blast waves M. Arrigoni, S. Kerampran, ENSTA Bretagne, France J.-B. Mouillet, Altair Engineering France B. Simoens, M. Lefebvre, S. Tuilard, Ecole Royal Militaire de Bruxelles,

More information

EXPLOSIVES LECTURE 11 EXPLOSIVES AND PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES 2/6/13

EXPLOSIVES LECTURE 11 EXPLOSIVES AND PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES 2/6/13 EXPLSIVES LECTURE 11 EXPLSIVES AND PRPELLANTS - is a material that undergoes a rapid and spontaneous decomposition releasing large volumes of gases and heat when subjected to a thermal or mechanical shock.

More information

Fragmentation and Safety Distances

Fragmentation and Safety Distances Fragmentation and Safety Distances Examples MNGN 444 Spring 2016 Recommended Literature 1. Explosives Engineering - Paul W. Cooper. 2. Manual for the Prediction of Blast and Fragment Loadings in Structures

More information

DYNAMIC LOAD ANALYSIS OF EXPLOSION IN INHOMOGENEOUS HYDROGEN-AIR

DYNAMIC LOAD ANALYSIS OF EXPLOSION IN INHOMOGENEOUS HYDROGEN-AIR DYNAMIC LOAD ANALYSIS OF EXPLOSION IN INHOMOGENEOUS HYDROGEN-AIR Bjerketvedt, D. 1, Vaagsaether, K. 1, and Rai, K. 1 1 Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University College

More information

Numerical Analysis of Steel Building Under blast Loading

Numerical Analysis of Steel Building Under blast Loading Numerical Analysis of Steel Building Under blast Loading Mohammad M. Abdallah 1, 1 College of Civil and Transportation Engineering,Hohai Univ., No. 1 Xikang Rd., Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province210098, China.

More information

Title: Bulk Thermal Stability Characterization via the SBAT Apparatus

Title: Bulk Thermal Stability Characterization via the SBAT Apparatus Title: Bulk Thermal Stability Characterization via the SBAT Apparatus Author: Clint Guymon, PhD PE, Chemical Engineer, Safety Management Services, Inc. Robert (Bob) Ford, President, Safety Management Services,

More information

THERMOBARIC EXPLOSIVES TBX (a thermobaric explosive) is defined as a partially detonating energetic material with excess fuel (gas, solid or liquid)

THERMOBARIC EXPLOSIVES TBX (a thermobaric explosive) is defined as a partially detonating energetic material with excess fuel (gas, solid or liquid) THERMOBARIC EXPLOSIVES TBX (a thermobaric explosive) is defined as a partially detonating energetic material with excess fuel (gas, solid or liquid) dispersed and mixed into air with subsequent ignition

More information

VENTED HYDROGEN-AIR DEFLAGRATION IN A SMALL ENCLOSED VOLUME

VENTED HYDROGEN-AIR DEFLAGRATION IN A SMALL ENCLOSED VOLUME VENTED HYDROGEN-AIR DEFLAGRATION IN A SMALL ENCLOSED VOLUME Rocourt, X. 1, Awamat, S. 1, Sochet, I. 1, Jallais, S. 2 1 Laboratoire PRISME, ENSI de Bourges, Univ. Orleans, UPRES EA 4229, 88 bd Lahitolle,

More information

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HYDROGEN EXPLOSION TESTS WITH A BARRIER WALL FOR BLAST MITIGATION

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HYDROGEN EXPLOSION TESTS WITH A BARRIER WALL FOR BLAST MITIGATION NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HYDROGEN EXPLOSION TESTS WITH A BARRIER WALL FOR BLAST MITIGATION NOZU, T. 1, TANAKA, R., OGAWA, T. 3, HIBI, K. 1 and SAKAI, Y. 4 1 Institute of Technology, Shimizu Corporation,

More information

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO HIGH ENERGY MATERIALS. Among exothermic reactions, some are extensively used in dayto-day

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO HIGH ENERGY MATERIALS. Among exothermic reactions, some are extensively used in dayto-day CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO HIGH ENERGY MATERIALS Among exothermic reactions, some are extensively used in dayto-day life and in the scientific field. Mainy reactions involve release of large ajnounts of

More information

Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) Classification criteria for substances and mixtures Physical hazards

Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) Classification criteria for substances and mixtures Physical hazards Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) Classification criteria for substances and mixtures Physical hazards Physical hazards 1. Explosives (Chap.2.1) 2. Flammable

More information

Carbon Science and Technology

Carbon Science and Technology ASI RESEARCH ARTICLE Carbon Science and Technology Received:10/03/2016, Accepted:15/04/2016 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

More information

Air Blast and the Science of Dynamic High Amplitude Acoustic Pressure Measurements. 1

Air Blast and the Science of Dynamic High Amplitude Acoustic Pressure Measurements.   1 Air Blast and the Science of Dynamic High Amplitude Acoustic Pressure Measurements 1 Agenda Blast Pressure Summary Pencil Probe Design Pencil Probe Positioning Other Blast Pressure Sensors Microphones

More information

Rocket Propulsion. Combustion chamber Throat Nozzle

Rocket Propulsion. Combustion chamber Throat Nozzle Rocket Propulsion In the section about the rocket equation we explored some of the issues surrounding the performance of a whole rocket. What we didn t explore was the heart of the rocket, the motor. In

More information

Determination of the maximum explosion pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise during explosion of polycarbonate

Determination of the maximum explosion pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise during explosion of polycarbonate Determination of the maximum explosion pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise during explosion of polycarbonate Richard Kuracina, Zuzana Szabova, Karol Balog, Matej Mencik Slovak University of Technology

More information

Cellular structure of detonation wave in hydrogen-methane-air mixtures

Cellular structure of detonation wave in hydrogen-methane-air mixtures Open Access Journal Journal of Power Technologies 91 (3) (2011) 130 135 journal homepage:papers.itc.pw.edu.pl Cellular structure of detonation wave in hydrogen-methane-air mixtures Rafał Porowski, Andrzej

More information

DETONATION WAVE PROPAGATION IN SEMI-CONFINED LAYERS OF HYDROGEN-AIR AND HYDROGEN-OXYGEN MIXTURES

DETONATION WAVE PROPAGATION IN SEMI-CONFINED LAYERS OF HYDROGEN-AIR AND HYDROGEN-OXYGEN MIXTURES DETONATION WAVE PROPAGATION IN SEMI-CONFINED LAYERS OF HYDROGEN-AIR AND HYDROGEN-OXYGEN MIXTURES Grune, J. 1 *, Sempert, K. 1, Friedrich, A. 1, Kuznetsov, M. 2, Jordan, T. 2 1 Pro-Science GmbH, Parkstr.9,

More information

INDEX. (The index refers to the continuous pagination)

INDEX. (The index refers to the continuous pagination) (The index refers to the continuous pagination) Accuracy in physical models methods for assessing overall assessment acquisition of information acrylonitrile hazards polymerisation toxic effects toxic

More information

Influence of Different Parameters on the TNT-Equivalent of an Explosion

Influence of Different Parameters on the TNT-Equivalent of an Explosion Influence of Different Parameters on the TNT-Equivalent of an Explosion 53 Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, 2011, 8(1), 53-67 ISSN 1733-7178 Influence of Different Parameters on the TNT-Equivalent

More information

Available online at Procedia Engineering 45 (2012 ) YAO Miao*, CHEN Liping, YU Jinyang, PENG Jinhua

Available online at   Procedia Engineering 45 (2012 ) YAO Miao*, CHEN Liping, YU Jinyang, PENG Jinhua Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 45 (212 ) 567 573 212 International Symposium on Safety Science and Technology Thermoanalytical investigation on pyrotechnic mixtures containing

More information

Incorporation of Reaction Chemicals Testing Data in Reactivity Hazard Evaluation. Ken First Dow Chemical Company Midland, MI

Incorporation of Reaction Chemicals Testing Data in Reactivity Hazard Evaluation. Ken First Dow Chemical Company Midland, MI Incorporation of Reaction Chemicals Testing Data in Reactivity Hazard Evaluation Ken First Dow Chemical Company Midland, MI Reactivity Hazard Screening Evaluation Evaluation of reactivity hazards involves

More information

NUMERICAL STUDY OF LARGE SCALE HYDROGEN EXPLOSIONS AND DETONATION

NUMERICAL STUDY OF LARGE SCALE HYDROGEN EXPLOSIONS AND DETONATION NUMERICAL STUDY OF LARGE SCALE HYDROGEN EXPLOSIONS AND DETONATION VC Madhav Rao, A Heidari, JX Wen and VHY Tam Centre for Fire and Explosion Studies, Faculty of Engineering, Kingston University Friars

More information

Blast wave attenuation by lightly destructable granular materials

Blast wave attenuation by lightly destructable granular materials Blast wave attenuation by lightly destructable granular materials V.V. Golub 1, F.K. Lu 2, S.A. Medin 1, O.A. Mirova 1, A.N. Parshikov 1, V.A. Petukhov 1, and V.V. Volodin 1 1 Institute for High Energy

More information

Introduction to the Combustion of Energetic Materials

Introduction to the Combustion of Energetic Materials Introduction to the Combustion of Energetic Materials Steve Son There is not a law under which any part of this universe is governed which does not come into play, and is not touched upon, in [the phenomena

More information

FLAME ACCELERATION AND TRANSITION FROM DEFLAGRATION TO DETONATION IN HYDROGEN EXPLOSIONS

FLAME ACCELERATION AND TRANSITION FROM DEFLAGRATION TO DETONATION IN HYDROGEN EXPLOSIONS FLAME ACCELERATION AND TRANSITION FROM DEFLAGRATION TO DETONATION IN HYDROGEN EXPLOSIONS A. Heidari and J.X. Wen* Centre for Fire and Explosion Studies, Faculty of Engineering, Kingston University Friars

More information

DETONATION HAZARD CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE CRITICAL ORIFICE PLATE DIAMETER FOR DETONATION PROPAGATION

DETONATION HAZARD CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE CRITICAL ORIFICE PLATE DIAMETER FOR DETONATION PROPAGATION DETONATION HAZARD CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE CRITICAL ORIFICE PLATE DIAMETER FOR DETONATION PROPAGATION by Mitchell Cross A thesis submitted to the Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering In

More information

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS 41 A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 48, 16 Guest Editors: Eddy de Rademaeker, Peter Schmelzer Copyright 16, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l., ISBN 978-88-968-39-6; ISSN 83-916 The Italian Association

More information

Worked Examples Intentional Chemistry Example

Worked Examples Intentional Chemistry Example Worked Examples 5 Several worked examples of identifying chemical reactivity hazards are presented in this chapter. The objective of this chapter is to illustrate the use of the Preliminary Screening Method

More information

PART 2 PHYSICAL HAZARDS

PART 2 PHYSICAL HAZARDS PART 2 PHYSICAL HAZARDS - 41 - CHAPTER 2.1 EXPLOSIVES 2.1.1 Definitions and general considerations 2.1.1.1 An explosive substance (or mixture) is a solid or liquid substance (or mixture of substances)

More information

Impulsive loading on reinforced concrete slabs - blast loading function N. Duranovic & A.J. Watson Department of Civil and Structural Engineering,

Impulsive loading on reinforced concrete slabs - blast loading function N. Duranovic & A.J. Watson Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Impulsive loading on reinforced concrete slabs - blast loading function N. Duranovic & A.J. Watson Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK ABSTRACT This paper describes

More information

Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)

Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) Classification criteria for substances and mixtures Physical hazards (The contents of this presentation have been updated according

More information

Building Blast Integrity (BBI) Assessment Suggested Process

Building Blast Integrity (BBI) Assessment Suggested Process Building Blast Integrity (BBI) Assessment Suggested Process Manuel (Manny) Marta, P. Eng. Process Safety Engineer Sarnia, Ontario CSChE Sherbrooke October 2006 1 Acknowledgements Dr. Jan Windhorst Corporate

More information

Laboratory scale tests for the assessment of solid explosive blast effects

Laboratory scale tests for the assessment of solid explosive blast effects Structures Under Shock and Impact X 63 Laboratory scale tests for the assessment of solid explosive blast effects K. Cheval 1, O. Loiseau 1 & V. Vala 2 1 Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire,

More information

Fundamentals of explosive chemistry. Synopsis:

Fundamentals of explosive chemistry. Synopsis: Fundamentals of explosive chemistry Synopsis: This book is used as a textbook for Ammunition Technical Officers Course and Artillery Course in Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi

More information

Explosion Properties of Highly Concentrated Ozone Gas. 1 Iwatani International Corporation, Katsube, Moriyama, Shiga , Japan

Explosion Properties of Highly Concentrated Ozone Gas. 1 Iwatani International Corporation, Katsube, Moriyama, Shiga , Japan Explosion Properties of Highly Concentrated Ozone Gas Kunihiko Koike 1*, Masaharu Nifuku 2, Koichi Izumi 1, Sadaki Nakamura 1, Shuzo Fujiwara 2 and Sadashige Horiguchi 2 1 Iwatani International Corporation,

More information

COMBUSTION OF FUEL 12:57:42

COMBUSTION OF FUEL 12:57:42 COMBUSTION OF FUEL The burning of fuel in presence of air is known as combustion. It is a chemical reaction taking place between fuel and oxygen at temperature above ignition temperature. Heat is released

More information

Influence of a Dispersed Ignition in the Explosion of Two-Phase Mixtures

Influence of a Dispersed Ignition in the Explosion of Two-Phase Mixtures 25 th ICDERS August 2 7, 2015 Leeds, UK in the Explosion of Two-Phase Mixtures J.M. Pascaud Université d Orléans Laboratoire Prisme 63, avenue de Lattre de Tassigny 18020 BOURGES Cedex, France 1 Introduction

More information

RESIDUAL STRENGTH OF BLAST DAMAGED REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

RESIDUAL STRENGTH OF BLAST DAMAGED REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS RESIDUAL STRENGTH OF BLAST DAMAGED REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS ANAND NAIR SCHOOL OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2010 RESIDUAL STRENGTH OF BLAST DAMAGED REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS ANAND NAIR School

More information

Classification and Labelling

Classification and Labelling Classification and Labelling Physical Hazards Eugen Anwander, Institute for Environment & Food Safety State of Vorarlberg / Austria Tour through the Topic physico-chemical hazards today (DSD 67/548/EEC)

More information

The application of nano aluminum powder on solid propellant

The application of nano aluminum powder on solid propellant The application of nano aluminum powder on solid propellant Metal incendiary agent is one of the important components of modern solid propellant, which can improve the explosion heat and density of propellant.

More information

ICSE QUESTION PAPER Class X Physics (2016) Solution

ICSE QUESTION PAPER Class X Physics (2016) Solution ICSE QUESTION PAPER Class X Physics (016) Solution 1. SECTION I (i) The gravitational force is always attractive in nature. (ii) The magnitude of non-contact forces acting on two bodies depends on the

More information

Chapter 5 Test. Directions: Write the correct letter on the blank before each question.

Chapter 5 Test. Directions: Write the correct letter on the blank before each question. Chapter 5 Test Name: Date: Directions: Write the correct letter on the blank before each question. Objective 1: Explain the science of fire as it relates to energy, forms of ignition, and modes of combustion.

More information

Energetics. Topic

Energetics. Topic Energetics Topic 5.1 5.2 Topic 5.1 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions?? total energy of the universe is a constant if a system loses energy, it must be gained by the surroundings, and vice versa Enthalpy

More information

Explosives: categorization

Explosives: categorization Explosives Bell, S. Forensic Chemistry, Prentice Hill: Upper Saddle River, J, 2006 1 Explosives: categorization Sugars + chlorates Sugars + nitrates Bell, S. Forensic Chemistry, Prentice Hill: Upper Saddle

More information

Mixing and Combustion of Rich Fireballs

Mixing and Combustion of Rich Fireballs Mixing and Combustion of Rich Fireballs F. Pintgen and J. E. Shepherd Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91125 U.S.A. GALCIT Report FM23-4 October 14, 23

More information

11B, 11E Temperature and heat are related but not identical.

11B, 11E Temperature and heat are related but not identical. Thermochemistry Key Terms thermochemistry heat thermochemical equation calorimeter specific heat molar enthalpy of formation temperature enthalpy change enthalpy of combustion joule enthalpy of reaction

More information

Questions. 1. To what altitude raises the typical mushroom cloud? 2. What overpressure generates hurricane like winds?

Questions. 1. To what altitude raises the typical mushroom cloud? 2. What overpressure generates hurricane like winds? Questions 1. To what altitude raises the typical mushroom cloud?. What overpressure generates hurricane like winds? 3. Why is a nuclear burst at a certain altitude more damaging than the ground burst?

More information

Well Stirred Reactor Stabilization of flames

Well Stirred Reactor Stabilization of flames Well Stirred Reactor Stabilization of flames Well Stirred Reactor (see books on Combustion ) Stabilization of flames in high speed flows (see books on Combustion ) Stabilization of flames Although the

More information

PROPULSION LAB MANUAL

PROPULSION LAB MANUAL PROPULSION LAB MANUAL Measurement of Calorific Value of a Solid Fuel Sample using a Bomb Calorimeter DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur CONTENTS 1. Introduction

More information

Chemical Energetics. First Law of thermodynamics: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but It can be converted from one form to another.

Chemical Energetics. First Law of thermodynamics: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but It can be converted from one form to another. Chemical Energetics First Law of thermodynamics: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but It can be converted from one form to another. All chemical reactions are accompanied by some form of energy

More information

Combustion. Indian Institute of Science Bangalore

Combustion. Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Combustion Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Combustion Applies to a large variety of natural and artificial processes Source of energy for most of the applications today Involves exothermic chemical

More information

Hazard Communication & Chemical Safety. Based on OSHA Standard

Hazard Communication & Chemical Safety. Based on OSHA Standard Hazard Communication & Chemical Safety Based on OSHA Standard 1910.1200 We use many chemicals We want you to know how to use them safely You will learn about The Hazards of Chemicals Our Written Program

More information

Facing the unknown with confidence:

Facing the unknown with confidence: HAZARDOUS REACTIONS ALINE DEVOILLE 1, JAN HALLER 2 1. Groupe Novasep, Site Eiffel BP 50, 82, Boulevard de la Moselle, 54340 Pompey, France 2. Novasep Leverkusen site (Dynamit Nobel GmbH Explosivstoff und

More information

Geneva College Hazard Communication Program Presentation

Geneva College Hazard Communication Program Presentation Geneva College Hazard Communication Program Presentation Design 2005, 2012 Zywave, Inc. All rights reserved. Hazard Communication: Agenda In today s session, we will discuss the following: - Our Hazard

More information

Chemical Changes. Lavoisier and the Conservation of Mass

Chemical Changes. Lavoisier and the Conservation of Mass 1 Chemical Changes Lavoisier and the Conservation of Mass Chemical reactions are taking place all around you and even within you. A chemical reaction is a change in which one or more substances are converted

More information

CHAPTER - 12 THERMODYNAMICS

CHAPTER - 12 THERMODYNAMICS CHAPER - HERMODYNAMICS ONE MARK QUESIONS. What is hermodynamics?. Mention the Macroscopic variables to specify the thermodynamics. 3. How does thermodynamics differ from Mechanics? 4. What is thermodynamic

More information

Seismic Sources. Seismic sources. Requirements; Principles; Onshore, offshore. Reading: Telford et al., Section 4.5 Sheriff and Geldart, Chapter 7

Seismic Sources. Seismic sources. Requirements; Principles; Onshore, offshore. Reading: Telford et al., Section 4.5 Sheriff and Geldart, Chapter 7 Seismic Sources Seismic sources Requirements; Principles; Onshore, offshore. Reading: Telford et al., Section 4.5 Sheriff and Geldart, Chapter 7 Seismic Source Localized region within which a sudden increase

More information

Chemical Inventory. Each area must maintain a complete, accurate and up to date chemical inventory. The inventory should include: All Chemicals

Chemical Inventory. Each area must maintain a complete, accurate and up to date chemical inventory. The inventory should include: All Chemicals Hazardous Materials Chemical Inventory Each area must maintain a complete, accurate and up to date chemical inventory. The inventory should include: All Chemicals Hazardous Non-hazardous Compressed Gasses

More information

I. CHEM. E. SYMPOSIUM SERIES NO. 68

I. CHEM. E. SYMPOSIUM SERIES NO. 68 ADIABATIC CALORIMETRY AND SIKAREX TECHNIQUE L. Hub* The suitability of adiabatic calorimetry for safety investigations, the specific requirements on the experimental set-up and the problems of correct

More information

inter.noise 2000 The 29th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering August 2000, Nice, FRANCE

inter.noise 2000 The 29th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering August 2000, Nice, FRANCE Copyright SFA - InterNoise 2000 1 inter.noise 2000 The 29th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering 27-30 August 2000, Nice, FRANCE I-INCE Classification: 1.0 ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT

More information

An Analysis of the Mixing and Diffuse Burning Processes in the Afterburning Chamber of a Scramjet

An Analysis of the Mixing and Diffuse Burning Processes in the Afterburning Chamber of a Scramjet Proceedings of the 4th WSEAS International Conference on Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics Elounda Greece August -3 6 (pp9-4) An Analysis of the Mixing and Diffuse Burning Processes in the Afterburning

More information

MITIGATION OF VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSIONS BY CHEMICAL INHIBITION

MITIGATION OF VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSIONS BY CHEMICAL INHIBITION MITIGATION OF VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSIONS BY CHEMICAL INHIBITION Dirk Roosendans a, Pol Hoorelbeke b, Kees van Wingerden c a PhD Fellow, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium b Total,

More information

Use of the graphical analytic methods of studying the combustion processes in the internal combustion

Use of the graphical analytic methods of studying the combustion processes in the internal combustion Use of the graphical analytic methods of studying the combustion processes in the internal combustion engine combustion chamber on the basis of similarity criterion S. V. Krasheninnikov Samara State Aerospace

More information

Technology of Rocket

Technology of Rocket Technology of Rocket Parts of Rocket There are four major parts of rocket Structural system Propulsion system Guidance system Payload system Structural system The structural system of a rocket includes

More information

CHEM Thermodynamics. Work. There are two ways to change the internal energy of a system:

CHEM Thermodynamics. Work. There are two ways to change the internal energy of a system: There are two ways to change the internal energy of a system: Thermodynamics Work 1. By flow of heat, q Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between and the surroundings 2. By doing work, w Work can

More information

Chapter 15. Supernovae Classification of Supernovae

Chapter 15. Supernovae Classification of Supernovae Chapter 15 Supernovae Supernovae represent the catastrophic death of certain stars. They are among the most violent events in the Universe, typically producing about 10 53 erg, with a large fraction of

More information

ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENT SUPERSONIC HYDROGEN RELEASE, DISPERSION AND COMBUSTION

ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENT SUPERSONIC HYDROGEN RELEASE, DISPERSION AND COMBUSTION ANALYI OF TRANIENT UPERONIC HYDROGEN RELEAE, DIPERION AND COMBUTION Breitung, W., Halmer, G., Kuznetsov, M. and Xiao, J. * Institute of Nuclear and Energy Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

More information

UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST FACULTY OF CHEMISTRY DOCTORAL SCHOOL IN CHEMISTRY. PhD THESIS SUMMARY

UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST FACULTY OF CHEMISTRY DOCTORAL SCHOOL IN CHEMISTRY. PhD THESIS SUMMARY UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST FACULTY OF CHEMISTRY DOCTORAL SCHOOL IN CHEMISTRY PhD THESIS SUMMARY CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS OF FUEL AIR EXPLOSIONS INITIATIONS PhD Student: Maria Prodan PhD Supervisor: Prof.

More information

Understanding Equations

Understanding Equations Chemical Reactions Chemical reaction: a process of chemically changing both the physical and chemical properties of a substance to a new substance with different physical and chemical properties. Video

More information

Numerical Simulation for the Thermal Response of the PBX-2 Explosive with Confinement on Fire *

Numerical Simulation for the Thermal Response of the PBX-2 Explosive with Confinement on Fire * 25 th ICDERS August 2 7, 2015 Leeds, UK Numerical Simulation for the Thermal Response of the PBX-2 Explosive with Confinement on Fire * Zhang Xiao-Li 1, Hong Tao 1, Dong He-Fei 1, Lou Jian-Feng 1, Li Jian-ling

More information

Describe in full the colour change at the end-point of this titration. ... (1)

Describe in full the colour change at the end-point of this titration. ... (1) Q1. (a) A solution of barium hydroxide is often used for the titration of organic acids. A suitable indicator for the titration is thymol blue. Thymol blue is yellow in acid and blue in alkali. In a titration

More information

A comparison on predictive models of gas explosions

A comparison on predictive models of gas explosions Korean J. Chem. Eng., 26(2), 313-323 (2009) SHORT COMMUNICATION A comparison on predictive models of gas explosions Dal Jae Park and Young Soon Lee *Department of Safety Engineering, Seoul National University

More information

ST/SG/AC.10/C.3/2014/2 ST/SG/AC.10/C.4/2014/2

ST/SG/AC.10/C.3/2014/2 ST/SG/AC.10/C.4/2014/2 United Nations Secretariat Distr.: General 27 March 2014 Original: English Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling

More information

Modified Porosity Distributed Resistance Combined to Flamelet Combustion Model for Numerical Explosion Modelling

Modified Porosity Distributed Resistance Combined to Flamelet Combustion Model for Numerical Explosion Modelling Modified Porosity Distributed Resistance Combined to Flamelet Combustion Model for Numerical Explosion Modelling Dr. Sávio Vianna School of Chemical Engineering University of Campinas - UNICAMP University

More information

SPONTANEOUS EXPLOSION OF AMMONIUM NITRATE IN A CONTACT WITH AN ACTIVE CLORINE-CONTAINING ORGANIC SUBSTANCE

SPONTANEOUS EXPLOSION OF AMMONIUM NITRATE IN A CONTACT WITH AN ACTIVE CLORINE-CONTAINING ORGANIC SUBSTANCE Research paper SPONTANEOUS EXPLOSION OF AMMONIUM NITRATE IN A CONTACT WITH AN ACTIVE CLORINE-CONTAINING ORGANIC SUBSTANCE B. S. Ermolaev*, A. A. Sulimov*, B. L. Korsunskii*, H.-N. Presles**, B. A. Khasainov**,

More information

ADVANCES in NATURAL and APPLIED SCIENCES

ADVANCES in NATURAL and APPLIED SCIENCES ADVANCES in NATURAL and APPLIED SCIENCES ISSN: 1995-0772 Published BY AENSI Publication EISSN: 1998-1090 http://www.aensiweb.com/anas 2016 Special 10(6): pages 79-88 Open Access Journal Effect of Variable

More information

Monitoring Flammable Vapors and Gases in Industrial Processes

Monitoring Flammable Vapors and Gases in Industrial Processes Flammability Hazards Industrial fires and explosions happen more frequently than most people think. They cause downtime, property damage, injury and sometimes death. These fires and explosions result from

More information

SMALL EXPLOSION CHAMBER DESIGN AND OPTIMIZED CONSTRUCTION BASED IN BLAST PARAMETERS for production of new metal-oxide materials

SMALL EXPLOSION CHAMBER DESIGN AND OPTIMIZED CONSTRUCTION BASED IN BLAST PARAMETERS for production of new metal-oxide materials XIII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON EXPLOSIVE PRODUCYION OF NEW MATERIALS: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, BUSINESS, AND INNOVATIONS JUNE 20th-24th, 2016 COIMBRA PORTUGAL Explosive Production of New Materials SMALL EXPLOSION

More information

Introductory Chemistry Fourth Edition Nivaldo J. Tro

Introductory Chemistry Fourth Edition Nivaldo J. Tro Introductory Chemistry Fourth Edition Nivaldo J. Tro Chapter 3 Matter and Energy Dr. Sylvia Esjornson Southwestern Oklahoma State University Weatherford, OK 3.1 In Your Room Everything that you can see

More information

Models of Type Ia supernova explosions

Models of Type Ia supernova explosions Fifty-one erg workshop Raleigh, May 14, 2013 Models of Type Ia supernova explosions Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany I. Seitenzahl, M. Fink, R. Pakmor, S. Sim, M. Kromer, A. Summa, F. CiaraldiSchoolmann,

More information

What Are Type Ia Supernovae?

What Are Type Ia Supernovae? What Are Type Ia Supernovae? Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik Based on collaborations with: W. Hillebrandt (MPA Garching) S.E. Woosley (UC Santa Cruz) M. Reinecke (MPA Garching) B. Leibundgut (ESO Garching)

More information

Experimental study on the explosion characteristics of methane-hydrogen/air mixtures

Experimental study on the explosion characteristics of methane-hydrogen/air mixtures 26 th ICDERS July 3 th August 4 th, 217 Boston, MA, USA Experimental study on the explosion characteristics of methane-hydrogen/air mixtures Xiaobo Shen, Guangli Xiu * East China University of Science

More information

Topic 05 Energetics : Heat Change. IB Chemistry T05D01

Topic 05 Energetics : Heat Change. IB Chemistry T05D01 Topic 05 Energetics 5.1-5.2: Heat Change IB Chemistry T05D01 5.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions - 1 hour 5.1.1 Define the terms exothermic reaction, endothermic reaction and standard enthalpy change

More information

Experimental Study of 2D-Instabilities of Hydrogen Flames in Flat Layers

Experimental Study of 2D-Instabilities of Hydrogen Flames in Flat Layers 25 th ICDERS August 2 7, 2015 Leeds, UK Experimental Study of 2D-Instabilities of Hydrogen Flames in Flat Layers M. Kuznetsov 1 *, J. Grune 2, S. Tengah 1, J. Yanez 1 1 Intitute for Energy and Nuclear

More information

INFLUENCE OF INITIAL DENSITY ON THE REACTION ZONE FOR STEADY-STATE DETONATION OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES

INFLUENCE OF INITIAL DENSITY ON THE REACTION ZONE FOR STEADY-STATE DETONATION OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES INFLUENCE OF INITIAL DENSITY ON THE REACTION ZONE FOR STEADY-STATE DETONATION OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES Alexander V. Utkin, Sergey A. Kolesnikov, Sergey V. Pershin, and Vladimir E. Fortov Institute of Problems

More information

WP5 Combustion. Paris, October 16-18, Pre-normative REsearch for Safe use of Liquid HYdrogen

WP5 Combustion. Paris, October 16-18, Pre-normative REsearch for Safe use of Liquid HYdrogen WP5 Combustion Paris, October 16-18, 2018 Pre-normative REsearch for Safe use of Liquid HYdrogen 1 Work package 5: Combustion Work package number 5 Start Date or Starting Event Month 10 Work package title

More information

Estimating Flame Speeds for Use with the BST Blast Curves. Timothy A. Melton and Jeffrey D. Marx

Estimating Flame Speeds for Use with the BST Blast Curves. Timothy A. Melton and Jeffrey D. Marx Estimating Flame Speeds or Use with the BST Blast Curves Timothy A. elton and Jerey D. arx Presented At American Institute o Chemical Engineers 008 Spring National eeting New Orleans, Louisiana April 6-10,

More information

INFLUENCE OF INITIAL PRESSURE ON HYDROGEN/AIR FLAME ACCELERATION DURING SEVERE ACCIDENT IN NPP

INFLUENCE OF INITIAL PRESSURE ON HYDROGEN/AIR FLAME ACCELERATION DURING SEVERE ACCIDENT IN NPP INFLUENCE OF INITIAL PRESSURE ON HYDROGEN/AIR FLAME ACCELERATION DURING SEVERE ACCIDENT IN NPP Scarpa, R. 1, Studer, E. 2, Kudriakov, S. 3, Cariteau, B. 4 and Chaumeix, N. 5 1 DEN-STMF, CEA, Université

More information