Thermodynamics Fundamental for TKE

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1 L/O/G/O EKNIK KONVERSI & KONSERVASI ENERGI F / 4 SKS / Smt. 6 Dosen : Syamsul Arifin syamsul@ep.its.ac.id K5 hermodynamics Fundamental for KE

2 eknik Konversi Energi Fasilitator Syamsul Arifin ( syamp3ai@its.ac.id )

3 Syamsul Arifin Energy Conversion

4 Syamsul Arifin Energy Source and Conversion Processes

5 Syamsul Arifin Energy Conversion echnologies

6 Syamsul Arifin Laws of hermodynamics

7 Syamsul Arifin Entropy

8 Syamsul Arifin Carnot Heat Engine

9 Syamsul Arifin he Carnot Cycle

10 Q1 Q2

11

12 Syamsul Arifin he Carnot Cycle.1.2.3

13 Syamsul Arifin he Carnot Cycle

14 Syamsul Arifin Stirling Engine

15 Stirling Engine

16 Stirling Engine

17 Syamsul Arifin hermodynamic Processes in β Configuration

18 Syamsul Arifin hermodynamic Processes in β Configuration

19 Syamsul Arifin hermodynamic Processes in a Ideal Stirling Cycle Q H W out V min H V max L

20 Syamsul Arifin Efficiency of an Ideal Stirling Cycle

21 Motor Bakar Dalam

22 Phase 1: Virtually all the gas is in the compression space at ambient temperature and the displacer is in the tip of the cold finger. In this phase the pistons are driven inwards, compressing the gas. his proces is nearly isothermal, the heat output Qc being dissipated via heat sinks around the compressor and the base of the cold finger. Phase 2: he pistons have reached the end of the compression stroke, the gas in the compression space is at ambient temperature and the displacer has not yet moved. his is the situation at the start of Phase II. hroughout this phase the pistons remain stationary and hence the total volume of gas remains constant. he displacer moves downwards as its spring compresses and gas flows through the regenerator, giving up heat Qr in the proces. his heat is stored in the renegerator until later in the cycle. Phase 3: he pistons are driven outwards and the gas expands. his expansion process, too, is nearly isothermal, the heat input Qe being drawn from the surroundings of the expansion space. As a result refrigeration occurs at the tip of the cold finger. Phase 4: hroughout this phase the pistons remain stationary. he displacer, however, moves upwards because of the lower gas pressure in the expansion space. Gas from the expansion space therefor flows back through the regenerator, taking up the stored heat Qr in the process and re-entering the compression space at ambient temperature.

23 Figure 1 - he Sunpower EG-1000 free-piston Stirling engine/generator he linear electrical generator is comprised of powerful rare-earth magnets in the piston cutting a magnetic circuit and coils in the cylinder. his produces 240 Volts at 50 Herz - designed for operation in Europe, and is capable of producing more than one kilowatt of electrical power output at around 90% efficiency. he hot water is provided by operating the cooling water at a temperature of 50 C.

24 In this photograph we see the Sunpower EG-1000 being demonstrated using sawdust pellets as the fuel, and generating more than 1000W of electricity to a light panel. his was done at the Sustainability Fair in the Fairgrounds of Athens Ohio, A closeup photograph of the basic system is shown. Notice the closed cycle radiator and vibration pump used in the water cooling system.

25 Syamsul Arifin Stirling Engine Analysis

26 Syamsul Arifin Stirling Engine Analysis..1

27 Syamsul Arifin Stirling Engine Analysis

28 Syamsul Arifin Stirling Engine Analysis

29 Syamsul Arifin Stirling Engine Analysis

30 Syamsul Arifin Stirling Engine Analysis

31 Syamsul Arifin Stirling Engine Analysis

32 Stirling Engine Analysis Syamsul Arifin

33 Syamsul Arifin Stirling Engine Analysis

34 Syamsul Arifin Solar Dish Stirling System

35 Syamsul Arifin Solar Dish Stirling System Efficiency

36 Rankin Cycle Engine Syamsul Arifin

37 Syamsul Arifin Rankine Cycle Efficiency

38 Syamsul Arifin Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle

39 Syamsul Arifin Organic Rankine Cycle

40 Syamsul Arifin emperature Dependence of Rankine Cycle Devices

41 Syamsul Arifin Cycle Efficiencies with Heat Engines

42 Syamsul Arifin Organic Rankine Cycle

43 Syamsul Arifin Externally Heated Systems

44 Syamsul Arifin Cogeneration

45 Spark ignition Internal Combustion Engines Air Standard Cycles

46 Number of Strokes Four stroke wo stroke

47 Cylinder Design Small engines usually have one or two cylinders, but may have as many as four. hree Common Cylinder Orientations For Single Cylinder Engines Vertical Horizontal Slanted

48 Cylinder Design-cont. hree common cylinder configuration in multiple cylinder engines: V Horizontally opposed In-line

49 Cylinder Design-cont. Small gas engines use three crankshaft orientations: Hor izontal Multi-position Vertical

50 Otto Cycle P-V & -s Diagrams Pressure-Volume emperature-entropy

51 Otto Cycle Derivation hermal Efficiency: η th = Q H Q - Q H L = 1- Q Q L H For a constant volume heat addition (and rejection) process; Q in = m C Assuming constant specific heat: v Q Rej = m C v η th = 1 - m C m C v v ( ( ) = 1- )

52 For an isentropic compression (and expansion) process: where: γ = C p /C v hen, by transposing, = V V = V V = γ γ = Otto Cycle Derivation = η th Leading to

53 Otto Cycle Derivation he compression ratio (r v ) is a volume ratio and is equal to the expansion ratio in an otto cycle engine. Compression Ratio r v = V V 1 2 = V V 4 3 where Compression ratio is defined as r v = otal volume Clearance volume = v s + v v cc cc r v = v v s cc +1

54 hen by substitution, 1 1-γ 2 =( rv 1 ) γ 2 1 Otto Cycle Derivation V = V he air standard thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle then becomes: η th 1-γ 1 = 1-( rv ) = 1- γ -1 ( rv )

55 Otto Cycle Derivation Summarizing ηth = Q H Q - Q H L = 1- Q Q L H where Q= m C v η th = and 3 2 = 4 1 then η th = Isentropic behavior 1 1-γ 2 =( rv 1 ) γ 2 1 V = V 1-γ 1 ηth= 1 - ( rv ) = 1 - γ -1 ( rv )

56 Otto Cycle Derivation Heat addition (Q) is accomplished through fuel combustion Q = Lower Heat Value (LHV) BU/lb, kj/kg also Q in cycle = m a F A Q fuel Q in = m C v

57 Otto Cycle Analysis

58 Otto Cycle P & Prediction Determine the temperatures and pressures at each point in the Otto Cycle. Compression Ratio = 9.5:1 1 temperature = 25 o C = 298 o K P 1 pressure = 100 kpa

59 Diesel Cycle Derivation

60 Diesel Cycle P-V & -s Diagrams

61 hermal Efficiency (Diesel): Diesel Cycle Derivation η th = Q H Q - Q H L = 1- Q Q L H For a constant pressure heat addition process; For a constant volume heat rejection process; Q= m C p Q= m C v Assuming constant specific heat: η = 1- th m C m C v p ( ( ) 1 = 1 - ) γ where: γ = C p /C v

62 For an isentropic compression (and expansion) process: However, in a Diesel he compression ratio (r v ) is a volume ratio and, in a diesel, is equal to the product of the constant pressure expansion and the expansion from cut-off. = V V V V = γ γ V V V V =V V Diesel Cycle Derivation

63 Compression Ratio Diesel Cycle Derivation V 1 V 4 rv c = hen by substitution, V 2 V 3 r v c = r cp re= V V 2 3 V 3 v4 1 1-γ 2 =( rv 1 ) γ 2 1 V = V η th = 1- ( r v 1 γ -1 ) ( ) rcp γ ( r γ cp - 1-1)

64 Diesel Cycle Analysis

65 Diesel Cycle P & Prediction Determine the temperatures and pressures at each point in the Diesel Cycle. Compression Ratio = 20:1 1 temperature = 25 o C = 298 o K P 1 pressure = 100 kpa

66 Otto-Diesel Cycle Comparison

67 Dual Cycle P-V Diagrams:

68 Dual Cycle Efficiency Dual Cycle hermal Efficiency = m C ( - )+ m C ( - Qin v p ( ) Q = m Cv Rej 4 1 ) η = 1-1 CR ( γ -1) γ α β - 1 ( α -1)+ γα( β -1) α = P P 3 2 β = V V where: γ = C p /C v

69 Diesel Cycle Derivation Critical Relationships in the process include 1 1-γ 2 =( rv 1 ) γ 2 1 V = V P P 2 1 γ γ = ( rv) 1 2 V = V Q F Q= m C p = ma Q fuel Q= m Cv cycle A 1 η = 1 - th ( rv ) γ -1 ( ) rcp γ ( r γ cp - 1-1)

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