AQA A Physics - Particle Physics
|
|
- Calvin Kelley
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 PHYA1 (Unit 1) Spec Particles, Antiparticles and Photons AQA A Physics - Particle Physics J.J. Thompson in 1896 identified that cathode rays were fundamental negatively charged particles rather than ionised molecules and the name electron, previously proposed by George Johnston Stoney for the elementary charge, was adopted for this particle. Experiments performed by Ernest Rutherford in 1917 led him to believe that the hydrogen nucleus was composed of a single particle which he named the proton. Then he proposed the existence of the neutron in 1920 which was discovered by James Chadwick in Paul Dirac predicted the existence of antimatter (1928). He predicted that each particle has a corresponding antiparticle. According to his theory: these antiparticles have exactly the same rest mass as the particle have exactly the opposite charge to the particle, if that is charged. annihilate themselves and a corresponding particle if they meet, converting their total mass in to photons. Carl Anderson discovered the antiparticle to the electron, called the positron, denoted by, in 1932 whilst photographing cosmic ray trails in a cloud chamber. Particles are either denoted by symbols with a bar above them or in the case of some charged particles, by the same symbol as for the particle but with an opposite charge superscript. The preferred symbols for the proton and antiproton are and respectively but and are sometimes seen. Photons, being electromagnetic radiation have zero rest mass, but carry energy according to the Planck formula. In particle physics we mainly encounter high energy (> 0.1 MeV) photons: gamma rays ( ), produced by unstable nuclei. Annihilation On annihilation, the total mass of the colliding particles is converted into radiation energy in the form a of a pair of -rays according to Einstein s mass-energy equivalence relation. PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scanners rely on electron-positron annihilation: a pair of -rays are produced travelling in opposite directions (momentum conservation) that are then detected and their origin computed. Pair Production The reverse process to annihilation can occur and for electrons and positrons is called pair production. Again, momentum (and charge) must be conserved. For conservation of energy, the - ray must have a minimum energy of 1.022MeV. Particle physics may be exotic, but particle interactions have to obey two of the most basic conservation laws of physics: charge and mass-energy. There was no problem with charge, all Bill Bavington Page 1 V1.1
2 observed particles and interactions involved no charge, single or multiple electron charges or their positive equivalent and these charge units were conserved in reactions. However, with β decay, it was found that some mass-energy was missing. Specifically, when carbon-14 undergoes β decay to nitrogen-14, the surplus energy is carried off in the form of kinetic energy of the emitted electron. The kinetic energy is found to be variable and always less than that calculated. In 1930 Wolfgang Pauli proposed that another particle, one of low mass and no charge and so hard-to-detect is emitted at the same time with variable partitioning of the kinetic energy between it and the electron. He called this particle the neutrino. This particle was discovered experimentally in 1956 by Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan Jr. In 1960, Ray Davis was able to show that the antineutrino (produced in β decay) is a distinct particle from the neutrino used in an inverse β - decay. In 1935, Hidekei Yukawa proposed the existence of exchange particles between nucleons and gave them the name mesons. Carl Anderson (1936) discovered a heavy electron (has electron charge but 106 MeV mass) which he thought to be this particle and called it the μ-meson. It is now known to be a lepton and was renamed the muon in consequence. Muons decay into electrons and antineutrinos. Yukawa s meson was discovered by Cecil Powell (1947) and he called it the π-meson, often contracted to pion. Pions also decay, but into muons and antineutrinos. Less than one year later Rochester and Butler discovered another kind of short-lived particle, now called a K meson or kaon. Kaons decay into pions, muons and antineutrinos and antimuons and neutrinos. There are three kinds of muon, three kinds of pion and three kinds of kaon. One kind of each particle type carries a positive charge, a second kind of each type carries a negative charge and the third kind of each type is neutral. Experiments performed at Brookhaven in 1962 showed that the neutrinos produced during pion decays into muons are different from those produced during β decays into electrons, so neutrinos can be divided into electron-neutrinos and muon-neutrinos as well as their corresponding antiparticles, and. Table 1: Some Example Particles and Their Antiparticles Particle/Symbol/Charge Corresponding Antiparticle/Symbol/Charge Rest Mass in MeV/c 2 / kg proton/ / +1 antiproton/ / / neutron/ / 0 antineutron/ / / electron/ / -1 positron/ / / muon/ μ - / -1 antimuon/μ + / / electron neutrino/ / 0 electron antineutrino/ / 0 ~1 ev / (equiv.) muon neutrino/ / 0 muon antineutrino/ / 0 ~1 ev / (equiv.) The proton is a stable particle with a half-life in excess of years. All other baryons are unstable and decay into protons. A free neutron has a half-life of 10.2 minutes and decays into a proton, an electron and an electron antineutrino (β decay) but in stable nuclei it is stabilised as decay would make the nucleus proton-rich so less stable and this is energetically unfavourable. Bill Bavington Page 2 V1.1
3 Particle Interactions There are four forces (or interactions) of nature which, in order of apparent increasing strength, are: gravitation; weak interaction; electromagnetic interaction and the strong interaction. In classical physics forces are usually conceived as fields, which spread over space. In quantum theory, forces are carried (or mediated) by exchange particles known as gauge bosons, with different types of gauge boson for each force. Richard Feynman developed a diagrammatic representation for particle interactions by exchange particles. An example is shown here for the repulsion between two protons. Table 2: The Forces of Nature Force Intensity Carrier (Gauge Bosons) Example Gravitation ~10-42 Graviton Galaxies, star systems Weak force ~10-5 Weak Bosons: W +, W -, Z 0 β-decay Electromagnetism ~10-2 Virtual photon Electron shells around atoms Strong force 1 Gluon Nuclear binding It is assumed that you already have some familiarity with the properties of gravitation and of the electromagnetic force. The strong force (or interaction) This has the following properties: Bill Bavington Page 3 V1.1
4 It binds the nucleons found in atomic nuclei together against the electrostatic repulsion of the protons. This is known as the residual strong force. It has a range of 3 4 femtometres or Fermi (fm). It is attractive from 3 4 fm down to 0.5 fm. If nucleons are closer than this, the force is repulsive preventing them collapsing into each other. Although, like gravitons and virtual photons, gluons are massless, the strong force does not have normal inverse-square law behaviour with distance. It grows stronger as quark separation increases constraining the quarks to a limited femtouniverse of m. The residual strong force behaves the same way between two protons, two neutrons or between one of each. Within hadrons, the force between quarks and antiquarks is mediated by gluons, but between the baryons of an atomic nucleus, the residual strong force is mediated by π- mesons (more usually called pions). Weak Force Unlike the exchanges particles of other three forces which are mass less, the exchange particles of the weak force, W +, W -, Z 0 are massive (80GeV/c 2 for the W + and W -, 90GeV/c 2 for Z 0 ). Since they can only exist by virtue of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, this large mass energy means they can only exist for second, giving them a very limited range ( m), making the force appear weak on a scales of the size of a nucleon (10-15 m). If provided with sufficient energy, ~100GeV in a particle accelerator, the weak force is then found to be relatively as strong as the electromagnetic force. A major example of a weak interaction is β decay where a neutron changes into a proton. Feynman diagrams to illustrate beta-minus and beta-plus decays (figures 3 and 4) are as follows. Figure 3 Figure 4 Some more examples of Feynman diagrams are those for electron capture and for neutron-neutrino interaction. These are figures 5 and 6. Bill Bavington Page 4 V1.1
5 Figure 5 Figure 6 Classification of Particles with Definitions Hadron particle and antiparticles that interact through the strong interaction (force). They are composed of quarks. Baryon a hadron composed of three quarks. All baryons are either protons or decay either directly or indirectly into protons. Antibaryon a hadron composed of three antiquarks. Baryons are assigned a baryon number of +1 and antibaryons a baryon number of -1. Other particle types are assigned a baryon n umber of zero. Baryon number, like mass-energy and charge, is conserved in all interactions. Nucleon a proton or neutron as contained in an atomic nucleus Meson a hadron composed of a quark and an antiquark. Lepton one of a number of particles that are not hadrons and do not interact through the strong force, do interact through the weak force and may (electrons, positrons) interact through the electromagnetic force. Leptons change into other leptons through the weak interaction and can be produced or annihilated in particle-antiparticle interactions. Leptons do not break down into nonleptons and so appear to be elementary particles. Additionally to the conservation of charge and mass-energy, lepton interactions obey conservation of lepton number. A complication is that there are two branches of lepton number: an electron branch and a muon branch and these are separately conserved as well. Baryons and mesons have a lepton number of zero. Bill Bavington Page 5 V1.1
6 Table 3: Lepton Numbers Lepton Properties Electron Lepton Number Muon Lepton Number e -, +1 0 e +, -1 0 μ -, 0 +1 μ +, 0-1 Examples of interactions showing the conservation laws. Example 1: Proton-antiproton interaction charge and baryon number conservation Reaction: + + Charge: Baryon Number: Example 2: Antimuon decay charge, electron lepton and muon lepton number conservation Reaction: μ + e Charge: Electron Lepton Number: Muon Lepton Number Strangeness K-mesons or kaons have some unusual characteristics, a relatively long life and frequent decay into pion-antipion pairs. So kaons came to be known as strange particles. When other particles (e.g. lambda particle, 1950 Hopper and Biswas) were found with similar properties, the concept of a new particle property called strangeness was introduced in 1953 by Murray Gell-Mann and Nishijima to account for which reactions are observed and which are unobserved. Strangeness is always conserved in strong interactions but is not conserved in weak interactions. Table 4: Strangeness of some baryons and mesons (N.B. is for sigma and for lambda particles) Particle,,,,,, Strangeness Example 3: Pion-neutron interaction conservation of baryon number and strangeness Reaction: + + Baryon Number: Strangeness: Quarks and Antiquarks The discoveries of many subatomic particles in the mid-twentieth century created a problem in classification. Various diagrammatic schemes to arrange and organise them were devised, involving octets and decuplets. Bill Bavington Page 6 V1.1
7 Figure 7: Baryon Decuplet (the axes are charge and strangeness) Figure 8: Meson Octet (the axes are charge and strangeness) In 1964 Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig independently proposed the existence of quarks as the fundamental building blocks of hadrons. The model was a development of Gell-Mann s particle classification system which he called The Eight-fold Way. In this scheme, the quark arrangements are elements of special unity group SU(3). This is a mathematical group of unitary matrices and the octets and other diagrams may be seen as different representations of this group. Note that an introduction to group theory is beyond the scope of this document. In 1968 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre, deep inelastic scattering experiments demonstrated that the proton contains much smaller point-like objects so is not an elementary particle itself. It was some time before these objects, originally called partons were identified by further scattering experiments as quarks. According to current understanding, quarks are elementary particles. Quarks have mass, charge, colour charge, spin and flavour properties and can be either particles or antiparticles (given generic symbols and. Considering these attributes in turn: Quark masses are considerably less than the nucleons which contain them; the difference being made up of kinetic energy. Quarks have fractional amounts of the elementary charge, combining to give either electrically neutral particles or particles carrying an integer charge. Colour charge can take one of three values: red, blue or green in a quark and one of antired, antiblue or antigreen in an antiquark. It is the colour charge which is acted upon by the strong force. The exchange particles between quarks (gluons) carry a colour-anticolour charge combination, permitting strong interaction between quarks by exchanges of colour charge. Flavour is involved with the weak force and for normal nucleons (found in the atomic nucleus) can be either up or down. The colour charge is independent of the flavour of quark, but the electric charge is linked to the flavour. Antiquarks have the corresponding antiflavour: antiup and antidown. Unstable higher mass particles contain other flavours of quark. The only one of these required for AQA A Physics is the strange quark which is a heavier version of the down quark. It is this particle which gives kaons and other particles such sigma and lambda particles their non-zero strangeness. Bill Bavington Page 7 V1.1
8 Spin is not required for AQA A Physics, but for completeness, all elementary particles, that is quarks, leptons and the bosons are considered to have an intrinsic quantized angular momentum, called spin. Although it bears some resemblance to classical spinning objects, there are significant differences and it is best thought of as another quantum mechanical property. It is defined by a spin quantum number that takes positive half-integer values. Spin has a magnitude and direction, similar to a normal vector and is of half integer multiples of the reduced Planck s constant, which is equal to. Particles having half-integer spin, the leptons, quarks, neutrons and protons are classed as fermions and obey Fermi-Dirac statistics and so obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle, whereby identical fermions cannot simultaneously occupy the same quantum state. Particles having integer spin (including zero) are bosons and obey Bose-Einstein statistics, where an unlimited number of such particles can condense into the same quantum state. This difference between bosons and fermions is a product of the spin-statistics theorem which concerns how the wave functions which define a system of identical spin particles behaves when two particles are swapped. Bosons have symmetric wave functions and fermions antisymmetric wave functions under such particle pair swaps. The first three rows of the following table contain the quarks required for AQA A Physics, but for completeness, the other possible quarks are given in the remaining three rows. Note that the corresponding antiquarks have the same mass but the other properties are all sign reversed. The symbols are given a bar to denote the antiparticle, just as for composite particles. Note that, due an accident of history, the strange particle has ended up with a negative value for strangeness. Table 5: Properties of Quarks Type Type Mass/ Charge/ e Baryon Strangeness name symbol MeV/c 2 number up u ~4 0 Spin/ down d ~5 0 strange s ~150-1 charm c ~ bottom b ~ top t ~180GeV 0 The proton is composed of two up and one down quark ( and a baryon number of ) giving a charge of. The neutron is likewise composed of one up and two down quarks ( ) giving a charge of and a baryon number of. The antiproton has quark structure (so charge -1 and baryon number -1) and the antineutron (so charge 0 and baryon number -1). The various particle decuplets and octets can now be reinterpreted as different quark combinations. For example, the baryon and meson octets: Bill Bavington Page 8 V1.1
9 Figure 9: A Baryon Octet Showing Quark Combinations Figure 10: A Meson Octet Showing Quark Combinations The weak interaction changes the flavour of quark, so for example, a beta-minus decay can be thought of as a change of a down quark to an up quark instead of the change of a neutron to a proton. So, the corresponding Feynman diagram for a beta-minus decay showing the quark flavour changes is shown here in below. Figure 11: Beta-minus Decay showing change of quark flavour The following topics are not required for A-level but are included as more background. Standard Model Developed by a number of particle physicists during the latter part of the half of the twentieth century, the standard model envisions three generations of particles. Shelden Glashow discovered how to combine the electromagnetic and weak interactions into the electroweak theory in Stephen Weinberg and Abdus Salam incorporated the Higgs mechanism into this theory, giving the standard model its modern form. The standard model does not include a full theory of gravitation, does not account for particle masses or coupling constants (strengths of forces interactions) or the asymmetry between the presence of matter and antimatter in the universe. Bill Bavington Page 9 V1.1
10 The standard model gives three generations of fermions, both quarks and leptons but one (or in the case of the weak force, a single set of) gauge bosons for each force interaction. Experimental data on precision electroweak measurements suggests that there are no further generations of such particles. The standard model cannot account for why there are exactly three generations of matter. Figure 12: Standard Model of Elementary Particles Higgs Force and Particle In 1964, Peter Higgs proposed, along with Robert Brout, Francois Englert, Gerald Guralnik, C.R. Hagen and Tom Kibble, the existence of the Higgs field permeating all space which is able to give rise to the masses of those elementary particles which have mass. The theory was able to account for both the high mass of the weak bosons and the lack of mass of photons and gluons. This field is mediated by a particle, known as the Higgs particle which was predicted to be a massive scalar (spin-zero) boson, although it is not classed as a gauge boson. In July 2012, at the Large Hadron Collider, two experiments identified a 125GeV/c 2 particle, consistent with the Higgs predictions. After further work, in March 2013, this was tentatively identified to be the Higgs boson. Supersymmetry The theories of supersymmetry (SUSY) arise partly out of the theories of mathematical symmetries which underpin all of the particle models at a deeper level and partly to stabilize the quantum theories of behaviour at high energies of the existing standard model particles and the Higgs boson. In SUSY, each fermion is partnered by a high mass boson (superpartner) with a spin differing from it by a half-integer and similarly, each boson has a superpartner that is a fermion. The superpartner bosons are denoted by the name of their fermion partner, but prefixed by s. Thus, for example the superpartner of the electron is the selectron. The fermion superpartners of the bosons are denoted by the boson name (truncated for euphony, if required) suffixed by ino. Thus the superpartner of the gluon is the gluino. Due to these gauginos sharing the same quantum numbers, they can combine in different ways to form neutralinos which are candidates for Dark Matter. So far, no experimental evidence for supersymmetry exists, all evidence is indirect. References and Sources for Diagrams Breithaupt, J. (2008) AQA Physics A AS. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Bill Bavington Page 10 V1.1
11 Close, F. (2004) Particle Physics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press Energy Without Carbon Radioactive Decay. [Online] Available from: [Accessed: 11th October 2014] Pierce, R., 1.1a Particles & Radiation Matter & Radiation Breithaupt pages 4 to 15 April 8 th, [Online] Available from: [Accessed: 2nd October 2014] Roberts, W., Department of Physics, Florida State University (2006) The Quark Model [Online] Available from: [Accessed: 11th October 2014] The Particle Data Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (2014) The Particle Adventure The Fundamentals of Matter and Force. [Online] Available from: [Accessed: 30th September 2014] The T2K Collaboration 2013 A Brief History of Neutrinos [Online] Available from: [Accessed: 30th September 2014] Wikimedia Commons, Beta Negative Decay [Online] Available from: Wikipedia, Gauge Boson [Online] Available from: Wikipedia, Generation (particle physics) [Online] Available from: Wikipedia, Quark [Online] Available from: Wikipedia, Spin [Online] Available from: Wikipedia, Spin Statistics Theorem [Online] Available from: statistics_theorem Wikipedia, Standard Model [Online] Available from: Wikipedia, Supersymmetry [Online] Available from: Bill Bavington Page 11 V1.1
FXA Candidates should be able to :
1 Candidates should be able to : MATTER AND ANTIMATTER Explain that since protons and neutrons contain charged constituents called quarks, they are therefore, not fundamental particles. Every particle
More informationOption 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles
Department of Physics and Astronomy Option 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles SCHEDULE 26-Jan-15 13.pm LRB Intro lecture 28-Jan-15 12.pm LRB Problem solving (2-Feb-15 1.am E Problem Workshop) 4-Feb-15 12.pm
More informationParticles. Constituents of the atom
Particles Constituents of the atom For Z X = mass number (protons + neutrons), Z = number of protons Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons number but different number of neutrons. charge Specific
More informationChapter 46. Particle Physics and Cosmology
Chapter 46 Particle Physics and Cosmology Atoms as Elementary Particles Atoms From the Greek for indivisible Were once thought to be the elementary particles Atom constituents Proton, neutron, and electron
More informationParticle Physics. All science is either physics or stamp collecting and this from a 1908 Nobel laureate in Chemistry
Particle Physics JJ Thompson discovered electrons in 1897 Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus in 1911 and the proton in 1919 (idea of gold foil expt) All science is either physics or stamp collecting
More informationTHE STANDARD MODEL OF MATTER
VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE THE STANDARD MODEL OF MATTER The "Standard Model" of subatomic and sub nuclear physics is an intricate, complex and often subtle thing and a complete study of it is beyond the scope
More informationParticle Physics Outline the concepts of particle production and annihilation and apply the conservation laws to these processes.
Particle Physics 12.3.1 Outline the concept of antiparticles and give examples 12.3.2 Outline the concepts of particle production and annihilation and apply the conservation laws to these processes. Every
More informationOverview. The quest of Particle Physics research is to understand the fundamental particles of nature and their interactions.
Overview The quest of Particle Physics research is to understand the fundamental particles of nature and their interactions. Our understanding is about to take a giant leap.. the Large Hadron Collider
More informationElementary Particle Physics Glossary. Course organiser: Dr Marcella Bona February 9, 2016
Elementary Particle Physics Glossary Course organiser: Dr Marcella Bona February 9, 2016 1 Contents 1 Terms A-C 5 1.1 Accelerator.............................. 5 1.2 Annihilation..............................
More informationLecture PowerPoint. Chapter 32 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli
Lecture PowerPoint Chapter 32 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the
More informationEssential Physics II. Lecture 14:
Essential Physics II E II Lecture 14: 18-01-16 Last lecture of EP2! Congratulations! This was a hard course. Be proud! Next week s exam Next Monday! All lecture slides on course website: http://astro3.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/~tasker/teaching/ep2
More informationBosons in the Zoo of Elementary Particles
Bosons in the Zoo of Elementary Particles Daniele Sasso * Abstract In this paper we want to raise the question concerning the physical identity of bosons and the function that they perform in the Non-Standard
More informationMost of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter:
Most of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter: Very low temperatures, very large numbers of particles, complex systems Æ Condensed Matter Physics Very high temperatures, very large
More informationNuclear and Particle Physics 3: Particle Physics. Lecture 1: Introduction to Particle Physics February 5th 2007
Nuclear and Particle Physics 3: Particle Physics Lecture 1: Introduction to Particle Physics February 5th 2007 Particle Physics (PP) a.k.a. High-Energy Physics (HEP) 1 Dr Victoria Martin JCMB room 4405
More informationModern Physics: Standard Model of Particle Physics (Invited Lecture)
261352 Modern Physics: Standard Model of Particle Physics (Invited Lecture) Pichet Vanichchapongjaroen The Institute for Fundamental Study, Naresuan University 1 Informations Lecturer Pichet Vanichchapongjaroen
More informationHigh Energy Physics. QuarkNet summer workshop June 24-28, 2013
High Energy Physics QuarkNet summer workshop June 24-28, 2013 1 The Birth of Particle Physics In 1896, Thompson showed that electrons were particles, not a fluid. In 1905, Einstein argued that photons
More informationChapter 32 Lecture Notes
Chapter 32 Lecture Notes Physics 2424 - Strauss Formulas: mc 2 hc/2πd 1. INTRODUCTION What are the most fundamental particles and what are the most fundamental forces that make up the universe? For a brick
More informationMost of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter:
Most of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter: Very low temperatures, very large numbers of particles, complex systems Æ Condensed Matter Physics Very high temperatures, very large
More information1. What does this poster contain?
This poster presents the elementary constituents of matter (the particles) and their interactions, the latter having other particles as intermediaries. These elementary particles are point-like and have
More informationNUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS (PH242) PARTICLE PHYSICS
NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS (PH242) PARTICLE PHYSICS History of Elementary Particles THE CLASSICAL ERA (1897-1932) Elementary particle physics was born in 1897 with J.J. Thomson s discovery of the ELECTRONS
More informationWesley Smith, U. Wisconsin, January 21, Physics 301: Introduction - 1
Wesley Smith, U. Wisconsin, January 21, 2014 Physics 301: Introduction - 1 Physics 301: Physics Today Prof. Wesley Smith, wsmith@hep.wisc.edu Undergraduate Physics Colloquium! Discussions of current research
More informationThe God particle at last? Astronomy Ireland, Oct 8 th, 2012
The God particle at last? Astronomy Ireland, Oct 8 th, 2012 Cormac O Raifeartaigh Waterford Institute of Technology CERN July 4 th 2012 (ATLAS and CMS ) A new particle of mass 125 GeV I The Higgs boson
More informationThe God particle at last? Science Week, Nov 15 th, 2012
The God particle at last? Science Week, Nov 15 th, 2012 Cormac O Raifeartaigh Waterford Institute of Technology CERN July 4 th 2012 (ATLAS and CMS ) A new particle of mass 125 GeV Why is the Higgs particle
More informationIntroduction. Read: Ch 1 of M&S
Introduction What questions does this field address? Want to know the basic law of nature. Can we unify all the forces with one equation or one theory? Read: Ch 1 of M&S K.K. Gan L1: Introduction 1 Particle
More informationPhysics 4213/5213 Lecture 1
August 28, 2002 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction Physics 4213/5213 Lecture 1 There are four known forces: gravity, electricity and magnetism (E&M), the weak force, and the strong force. Each is responsible
More informationAn Introduction to Particle Physics
An Introduction to Particle Physics The Universe started with a Big Bang The Universe started with a Big Bang What is our Universe made of? Particle physics aims to understand Elementary (fundamental)
More information1. Introduction. Particle and Nuclear Physics. Dr. Tina Potter. Dr. Tina Potter 1. Introduction 1
1. Introduction Particle and Nuclear Physics Dr. Tina Potter Dr. Tina Potter 1. Introduction 1 In this section... Course content Practical information Matter Forces Dr. Tina Potter 1. Introduction 2 Course
More informationFundamental Particles and Forces
Fundamental Particles and Forces A Look at the Standard Model and Interesting Theories André Gras PHYS 3305 SMU 1 Overview Introduction to Fundamental Particles and Forces Brief History of Discovery The
More informationMatter: it s what you have learned that makes up the world Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
Name The Standard Model of Particle Physics Matter: it s what you have learned that makes up the world Protons, Neutrons and Electrons Just like there is good and evil, matter must have something like
More informationPhysics 424: Dr. Justin Albert (call me Justin!)
Physics 424: Dr. Justin Albert (call me Justin!) A Brief History of Particle Physics Discoveries (Or: Figuring out What the Universe is Made Of ) Looking Inside the Atom: e -, p, and n! 1897: J.J. Thomson
More information1 Introduction. 1.1 The Standard Model of particle physics The fundamental particles
1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief introduction to the Standard Model of particle physics. In particular, it gives an overview of the fundamental particles and the relationship
More informationPhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1
Q1. (a) The K meson has strangeness 1. State the quark composition of a meson... State the baryon number of the K meson... (iii) What is the quark composition of the K meson?.... The figure below shows
More informationLecture 01. Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics
Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics Particle Astrophysics Particle physics Fundamental constituents of nature Most basic building blocks Describe all particles and interactions Shortest length
More informationParticle Physics. Tommy Ohlsson. Theoretical Particle Physics, Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Particle Physics Tommy Ohlsson Theoretical Particle Physics, Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden International Baccalaureate T. Ohlsson (KTH) Particle Physics 1/
More informationCHAPTER 14 Particle Physics
CHAPTER 14 Particle Physics 14.1 Early Discoveries 14.2 The Fundamental Interactions 14.3 Classification of Particles 14.4 Conservation Laws and Symmetries 14.5 Quarks 14.6 The Families of Matter 14.7
More informationThe Standard Model of Particle Physics
The Standard Model of Particle Physics Jesse Chvojka University of Rochester PARTICLE Program Let s s look at what it is Description of fundamental particles quarks and leptons Three out of Four (Forces)
More information9.2.E - Particle Physics. Year 12 Physics 9.8 Quanta to Quarks
+ 9.2.E - Particle Physics Year 12 Physics 9.8 Quanta to Quarks + Atomic Size n While an atom is tiny, the nucleus is ten thousand times smaller than the atom and the quarks and electrons are at least
More informationFUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES CLASSIFICATION! BOSONS! QUARKS! FERMIONS! Gauge Bosons! Fermions! Strange and Charm! Top and Bottom! Up and Down!
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES CLASSIFICATION! BOSONS! --Bosons are generally associated with radiation and are sometimes! characterized as force carrier particles.! Quarks! Fermions! Leptons! (protons, neutrons)!
More informationQuantum Numbers. Elementary Particles Properties. F. Di Lodovico c 1 EPP, SPA6306. Queen Mary University of London. Quantum Numbers. F.
Elementary Properties 1 1 School of Physics and Astrophysics Queen Mary University of London EPP, SPA6306 Outline Most stable sub-atomic particles are the proton, neutron (nucleons) and electron. Study
More informationDEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS
DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS LSN 7-3: THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER Questions From Reading Activity? Essential Idea: It is believed that all the matter around us is made up of fundamental
More informationAt this time the quark model consisted of three particles, the properties of which are given in the table.
*1 In 1961 Murray Gell-Mann predicted the existence of a new particle called an omega (Ω) minus. It was subsequently discovered in 1964. At this time the quark model consisted of three particles, the properties
More informationNeutrino Physics. Kam-Biu Luk. Tsinghua University and University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Neutrino Physics Kam-Biu Luk Tsinghua University and University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 4-15 June, 2007 Outline Brief overview of particle physics Properties of
More informationParticle physics: what is the world made of?
Particle physics: what is the world made of? From our experience from chemistry has told us about: Name Mass (kg) Mass (atomic mass units) Decreasing mass Neutron Proton Electron Previous lecture on stellar
More informationModern physics 1 Chapter 13
Modern physics 1 Chapter 13 13. Particle physics Particle studied within the ATLAS-project CERN In the beginning of 1930, it seemed that all the physics fundaments was placed within the new areas of elementary
More informationWeak interactions and vector bosons
Weak interactions and vector bosons What do we know now about weak interactions? Theory of weak interactions Fermi's theory of weak interactions V-A theory Current - current theory, current algebra W and
More informationFundamental Forces. Range Carrier Observed? Strength. Gravity Infinite Graviton No. Weak 10-6 Nuclear W+ W- Z Yes (1983)
Fundamental Forces Force Relative Strength Range Carrier Observed? Gravity 10-39 Infinite Graviton No Weak 10-6 Nuclear W+ W- Z Yes (1983) Electromagnetic 10-2 Infinite Photon Yes (1923) Strong 1 Nuclear
More informationParticles and Forces
Particles and Forces Particles Spin Before I get into the different types of particle there's a bit more back story you need. All particles can spin, like the earth on its axis, however it would be possible
More informationINTRODUCTION TO THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS
INTRODUCTION TO THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS Class Mechanics My office (for now): Dantziger B Room 121 My Phone: x85200 Office hours: Call ahead, or better yet, email... Even better than office
More informationParticle Physics A short History
Introduction to Experimental Particle Physics Heavily indebted to 1. Steve Lloyd Queen Mary s College, London 2004 2. Robert S. Orr University of Toronto 2007 3. Z. Vilakazi University of Cape Town -2006
More informationParticles and Interactions. Prof. Marina Cobal Corso Particelle ed interazioni fondamentali 2013/2014
Particles and Interactions Prof. Marina Cobal Corso Particelle ed interazioni fondamentali 2013/2014 What is the world made of? In the ancient time: 4 elements 19 century atoms Beginning 20 th century
More informationWhat is matter and how is it formed?
What is matter and how is it formed? Lesson 6: Subatomic Particles Subatomic particles refers to particles that are more "fundamental" than... Are these fundamental particles or are they made up of smaller,
More informationBooks: - Martin, B.R. & Shaw, G Particle Physics (Wiley) (recommended) - Perkins, D.H. Introduction to High Energy Physics (CUP) (advanced)
PC 3 Foundations of Particle Physics Lecturer: Dr F. Loebinger Books: - Martin, B.R. & Shaw, G Particle Physics (Wiley) (recommended) - Perkins, D.H. Introduction to High Energy Physics (CUP) (advanced)
More informationChapter 30. Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles
Chapter 30 Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles Processes of Nuclear Energy Fission A nucleus of large mass number splits into two smaller nuclei Fusion Two light nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus
More informationSaturday Morning Physics -- Texas A&M University. What is Matter and what holds it together? Dr. Rainer J. Fries. January 27, 2007
Saturday Morning Physics -- Texas A&M University Particles and Forces What is Matter and what holds it together? Dr. Rainer J. Fries January 27, 2007 Zooming in on the World around us Particles and Forces
More informationSaturday Morning Physics -- Texas A&M University Dr. Rainer J. Fries
Saturday Morning Physics -- Texas A&M University Particles and Forces What is Matter and what holds it together? Dr. Rainer J. Fries January 27, 2007 Zooming in on the World around us Particles and Forces
More informationChapter 29 Lecture. Particle Physics. Prepared by Dedra Demaree, Georgetown University Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 29 Lecture Particle Physics Prepared by Dedra Demaree, Georgetown University Particle Physics What is antimatter? What are the fundamental particles and interactions in nature? What was the Big
More informationM. Cobal, PIF 2006/7. Quarks
M. Cobal, PIF 2006/7 Quarks Quarks Quarks are s = ½ fermions, subject to all kind of interactions. They have fractional electric charges Quarks and their bound states are the only particles which interact
More informationLeptons and Weak interactions
PHY771, 8/28/2014 Tomasz Skwarnicki 1 Historical introduction to Elementary Particles: Leptons and Weak interactions Tomasz Skwarnicki Syracuse University Griffiths, 2 nd ed., 1.3-1.5,1.10 PHY771, 8/28/2014
More informationThe Standard Model (part I)
The Standard Model (part I) Speaker Jens Kunstmann Student of Physics in 5 th year at Greifswald University, Germany Location Sommerakademie der Studienstiftung, Kreisau 2002 Topics Introduction The fundamental
More informationElectron-positron pairs can be produced from a photon of energy > twice the rest energy of the electron.
Particle Physics Positron - discovered in 1932, same mass as electron, same charge but opposite sign, same spin but magnetic moment is parallel to angular momentum. Electron-positron pairs can be produced
More informationIntroduction to particle physics Lecture 4
Introduction to particle physics Lecture 4 Frank Krauss IPPP Durham U Durham, Epiphany term 2009 Outline 1 Mesons and Isospin 2 Strange particles 3 Resonances 4 The quark model Nuclei, nucleons, and mesons
More informationLecture 3. lecture slides are at:
Lecture 3 lecture slides are at: http://www.physics.smu.edu/ryszard/5380fa16/ Proton mass m p = 938.28 MeV/c 2 Electron mass m e = 0.511 MeV/c 2 Neutron mass m n = 939.56 MeV/c 2 Helium nucleus α: 2 protons+2
More informationSECTION A: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHENOMENOLOGY
SECTION A: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHENOMENOLOGY This introductory section covers some standard notation and definitions, and includes a brief survey of nuclear and particle properties along with the major
More informationLecture 3. lecture slides are at:
Lecture 3 lecture slides are at: http://www.physics.smu.edu/ryszard/5380fa17/ Proton mass m p = 938.28 MeV/c 2 Electron mass m e = 0.511 MeV/c 2 Neutron mass m n = 939.56 MeV/c 2 Helium nucleus α: 2 protons+2
More informationLECTURE 7 The Standard Model. Instructor: Shih-Chieh Hsu
LECTURE 7 The Standard Model Instructor: Shih-Chieh Hsu Announcement 2 ATLAS Virtual Visit (PAB A110) Sep 7 Vidyo connection will start from 9:20am At least one question for CERN host from each group http://atlas-
More informationcgrahamphysics.com Particles that mediate force Book pg Exchange particles
Particles that mediate force Book pg 299-300 Exchange particles Review Baryon number B Total # of baryons must remain constant All baryons have the same number B = 1 (p, n, Λ, Σ, Ξ) All non baryons (leptons
More informationEvery atom has a nucleus which contains protons and neutrons (both these particles are known nucleons). Orbiting the nucleus, are electrons.
Atomic Structure Every atom has a nucleus which contains protons and neutrons (both these particles are known nucleons). Orbiting the nucleus, are electrons. Proton Number (Atomic Number): Amount of protons
More informationGeneral and Inorganic Chemistry I.
General and Inorganic Chemistry I. Lecture 2 István Szalai Eötvös University István Szalai (Eötvös University) Lecture 2 1 / 44 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Standard Model 3 Nucleus 4 Electron István Szalai
More informationPhysics 7730: Particle Physics
Physics 7730: Particle Physics! Instructor: Kevin Stenson (particle physics experimentalist)! Office: Duane F317 (Gamow tower)! Email: kevin.stenson@colorado.edu! Phone: 303-492-1106! Web page: http://www-hep.colorado.edu/~stenson/!
More information1. (a) An ion of plutonium Pu has an overall charge of C. (iii) electrons... (3) (2) (Total 5 marks)
AQA Questions from 2004 to 2006 Particle Physics 239 94 1. (a) An ion of plutonium Pu has an overall charge of +1.6 10 19 C. For this ion state the number of (i) protons... neutrons... (iii) electrons...
More informationCHAPTER 7 TEST REVIEW
IB PHYSICS Name: Period: Date: # Marks: 94 Raw Score: IB Curve: DEVIL PHYSICS BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS CHAPTER 7 TEST REVIEW 1. An alpha particle is accelerated through a potential difference of 10 kv.
More informationAtomic emission & absorption spectra
Name: Date: Modern Physics Models of the Atom The word atom comes from the Greek word atomos meaning indivisible We now know that this model of the atom is not accurate JJ Thompson Experiment and atomic
More informationThe Quantum Chromodynamics Theory Of Quadruply Strange Pentaquarks
The Quantum Chromodynamics Theory Of Quadruply Strange Pentaquarks Based on a generalized particle diagram of baryons and antibaryons which, in turn, is based on symmetry principles, this theory predicts
More informationLecture 9. Isospin The quark model
Lecture 9 Isospin The quark model There is one more symmetry that applies to strong interactions. isospin or isotopic spin It was useful in formulation of the quark picture of known particles. We can consider
More informationHistory of Particle Physics
History of Particle Physics From atomic to particle physics: Nuclei, Nucleons, and Electrons The first carrier of a force: The Photon The first Mesons and Antimatter Neutrinos Strange Particles and the
More informationBaryons, mesons and leptons are affected by particle interactions. Write an account of these interactions. Your account should:
Baryons, mesons and leptons are affected by particle interactions. Write an account of these interactions. Your account should: include the names of the interactions identify the groups of particles that
More informationQuanta to Quarks. Science Teachers Workshop 2014 Workshop Session. Adrian Manning
Quanta to Quarks Science Teachers Workshop 2014 Workshop Session Adrian Manning The Quanta to Quarks module! The Quanta to Quarks module ultimately deals with some of the most fundamental questions about
More informationPreview. Subatomic Physics Section 1. Section 1 The Nucleus. Section 2 Nuclear Decay. Section 3 Nuclear Reactions. Section 4 Particle Physics
Subatomic Physics Section 1 Preview Section 1 The Nucleus Section 2 Nuclear Decay Section 3 Nuclear Reactions Section 4 Particle Physics Subatomic Physics Section 1 TEKS The student is expected to: 5A
More informationParticle Physics Lectures Outline
Subatomic Physics: Particle Physics Lectures Physics of the Large Hadron Collider (plus something about neutrino physics) 1 Particle Physics Lectures Outline 1 - Introduction The Standard Model of particle
More informationEvidence for the Strong Interaction
Evidence for the Strong Interaction Scott Wilbur Scott Wilbur Evidence for the Strong Interaction 1 Overview Continuing search inside fundamental particles Scott Wilbur Evidence for the Strong Interaction
More informationLecture 8. CPT theorem and CP violation
Lecture 8 CPT theorem and CP violation We have seen that although both charge conjugation and parity are violated in weak interactions, the combination of the two CP turns left-handed antimuon onto right-handed
More informationIntroduction to Elementary Particle Physics. Note 01 Page 1 of 8. Natural Units
Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics. Note 01 Page 1 of 8 Natural Units There are 4 primary SI units: three kinematical (meter, second, kilogram) and one electrical (Ampere 1 ) It is common in the
More informationEarlier in time, all the matter must have been squeezed more tightly together and a lot hotter AT R=0 have the Big Bang
Re-cap from last lecture Discovery of the CMB- logic From Hubble s observations, we know the Universe is expanding This can be understood theoretically in terms of solutions of GR equations Earlier in
More informationA Brief History of Particle Physics
A Brief History of Particle Physics 1930s The known 'Elementary Particles' were : electron proton neutron (inside the nucleus) 'neutrino' (now anti-neutrino) in beta decay photon the quantum of the electromagnetic
More informationM. Cobal, PIF 2006/7. Quarks
Quarks Quarks Quarks are s = ½ fermions, subject to all kind of interactions. They have fractional electric charges Quarks and their bound states are the only particles which interact strongly Like leptons,
More informationPHY-105: Introduction to Particle and Nuclear Physics
M. Kruse, Spring 2011, Phy-105 PHY-105: Introduction to Particle and Nuclear Physics Up to 1900 indivisable atoms Early 20th century electrons, protons, neutrons Around 1945, other particles discovered.
More informationEssentials of Particle Physics
Essentials of Particle Physics Kajari Mazumdar Department of High Energy Physics Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai http://www.tifr.res.in/~mazumdar Kajari.Mazumdar@gmail.com KSTA Lecture Series
More informationQuantum ChromoDynamics (Nobel Prize 2004) Chris McLauchlin
Quantum ChromoDynamics (Nobel Prize 2004) Chris McLauchlin Outline The Four Fundamental Forces The Strong Force History of the Strong Force What These People Did Experimental Support 1 Fundamental Forces
More informationarxiv:hep-ph/ v2 15 Oct 2001
THE EIGHTFOLD WAY 1 Jonathan L. Rosner arxiv:hep-ph/0109241v2 15 Oct 2001 The Eightfold Way is the name coined by Murray Gell-Mann (1961) to describe a classification scheme of the elementary particles
More informationChapter 44. Nuclear Structure
Chapter 44 Nuclear Structure Milestones in the Development of Nuclear Physics 1896: the birth of nuclear physics Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium compounds Rutherford showed the radiation
More informationUnit 8.1 Nuclear Chemistry - Nuclear Reactions. Review. Radioactivity. State College Area School District Teacher: Van Der Sluys
Unit 8. Nuclear Chemistry - Nuclear Reactions State College Area School District Teacher: Van Der Sluys Review Atoms consist of electrons, protons and neutrons Atoms of elements are distinguished by the
More informationFACULTY OF SCIENCE. High Energy Physics. WINTHROP PROFESSOR IAN MCARTHUR and ADJUNCT/PROFESSOR JACKIE DAVIDSON
FACULTY OF SCIENCE High Energy Physics WINTHROP PROFESSOR IAN MCARTHUR and ADJUNCT/PROFESSOR JACKIE DAVIDSON AIM: To explore nature on the smallest length scales we can achieve Current status (10-20 m)
More informationThe Physics of Particles and Forces David Wilson
The Physics of Particles and Forces David Wilson Particle Physics Masterclass 21st March 2018 Overview David Wilson (TCD) Particles & Forces 2/30 Overview of Hadron Spectrum Collaboration (HadSpec) scattering
More informationNATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS CURRICULUM SUPPORT. Physics. The Standard Model. Teacher s Notes [HIGHER]
NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS CURRICULUM SUPPORT Physics The Standard Model Teacher s Notes [HIGHER] The Scottish Qualifications Authority regularly reviews the arrangements for National Qualifications. Users
More informationCosmology and particle physics
Cosmology and particle physics Lecture notes Timm Wrase Lecture 5 The thermal universe - part I In the last lecture we have shown that our very early universe was in a very hot and dense state. During
More informationReview Chap. 18: Particle Physics
Final Exam: Sat. Dec. 18, 2:45-4:45 pm, 1300 Sterling Exam is cumulative, covering all material Review Chap. 18: Particle Physics Particles and fields: a new picture Quarks and leptons: the particle zoo
More informationOption 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles
Department of Physics and Astronomy Option 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles SCHEDULE 26-Jan-15 13.00pm LRB Intro lecture 28-Jan-15 12.00pm LRB Problem solving (2-Feb-15 10.00am E Problem Workshop) 4-Feb-15
More informationBeyond the Quark Model: Tetraquarks and. Pentaquarks
Beyond the Quark Model: Tetraquarks and Pentaquarks in completion of Drexel University s Physics 502 Final Tyler Rehak March 15, 2016 The Standard Model of particle physics is continually being tested
More informationThe Four Fundamental Forces. The Four Fundamental Forces. Gravitational Force. The Electrical Force. The Photon (γ) Unification. Mass.
The Four Fundamental Forces What are the four fundamental forces? The Four Fundamental Forces What are the four fundamental forces? Weaker Stronger Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Strong and Weak Nuclear
More informationChem 481 Lecture Material 1/30/09
Chem 481 Lecture Material 1/30/09 Nature of Radioactive Decay The Standard Model in physics postulates that all particles in nature are composed of quarks and leptons and that they interact by exchange
More information