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1 Information and slides provided by RFD

2 OBJECTIVES Define: Velocity Discharge Nozzle pressure Nozzle reaction

3 OBJECTIVES Find Velocity when head is known Velocity when NP is known GPM using the discharge formula Nozzle reaction for smoothbores Nozzle reaction for fog nozzles

4

5 Velocity Defined The velocity flow of water is the speed which it passes a certain point in a certain direction. The velocity flow of a stream from a discharge opening is dependent on the NP or Head pressure causing the flow.

6 Velocity and NP Tests have revealed that the practical working limits for velocity for fire streams are within 60 to 120 feet per second. These limiting velocities are produced by nozzle pressures of 25 to 100psi. IFSTA Pumping Apparatus Driver Operator Handbook. First edition Page 136

7 Velocity Formulas The fire service uses two velocity formulas: When a nozzle or orifice is used. V = NP When head pressure is used. V = 8 H

8 Velocity (continued Find velocity in feet per second (fps) when head is known. V = 8 H V = 8 H Where H = 85 feet Then V = 8 85 = (8) (9.22) = fps

9 Velocity (continued Find Velocity in feet per second (fps) when NP is known. V = NP V = NP Where P = 45 psi Then V = = (12.14) (6.70) = fps

10 Velocity Drill #1 Find the velocity flow fps.

11 Velocity in FPS without NP Velocity in feet per second formula. V = 8 H V=8 Height = 125 V=8 125 V=(8)(11.18) V=89.44 fps

12 Velocity Drill #2 Find the velocity flow (feet per second). 2 tip at 80psi NP

13 Velocity in FPS with NP Velocity in feet per second formula with NP V = NP V=12.14 NP=80 V= (12.14)( 80) V=(12.14)(8.94) V=108.53fps

14 Velocity Activities Practical Activity Sheet 7-1 Figure the velocity for problems 4 and 5 (U.S.) that means not metric. Not the discharge- the velocity. Practical Activity Sheet 6-2 Figure the velocity for problems 1 and 2 (U.S.) that means not metric. Not the discharge- the velocity.

15 Velocity (Cont ) Why is Velocity important? For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Velocity will create force which leads to nozzle reaction.

16 Determining Flow From a Solid Stream Nozzle Solid stream Stream from a fixed orifice. Opening is no more than 1/2 the diameter of the hose on hand lines. The velocity of the stream (nozzle pressure) and the size of the discharge opening determine the flow (gallons per minute). Nozzle pressure is generally 45psi for handlines and 80psi for masterstreams.

17 The Discharge Formula GPM = 29.72D 2 NP Where: GPM = Discharge in gallons per minute = A constant D = diameter of orifice in inches NP = Nozzle pressure in pounds per square inch IFSTA Pumping Apparatus Driver Operator Handbook. First edition Page 127

18 Developing the GPM Formula The discharge formula is related to: Area of the opening Velocity of flow Cubic inches in a gallon Discharge = AV Where A = area of the opening A =.7854D 2 V= velocity of flow V= P

19 Developing the GPM Formula (continued) Discharge = AV = cubic inches in one gallon Where A =.7854D 2 V= P x 720 Then Discharge = (.7854D 2 )(12.14 P x720) 231 = 29.72D 2 P 720= inches per minute.

20 Using the GPM Formula Using the formula for an 1 1/8 45 psi NP GPM = D2 x NP GPM = (1.125 x 1.125) x 6.70 = x 1.26 x 6.70 = gpm On the fireground we use 250 gpm.

21

22 Nozzle Reaction

23 Nozzle Reaction Nozzle Reaction: Counter-force directed against the firefighter holding the nozzle, or a device holding the nozzle, by the velocity of water being discharged. Newton s Third Law of Motion: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction...

24 Nozzle Reaction (continued) Two formulas: NR = 1.57D 2 x NP (for smoothbores) NR =.0505 X GPM x NP (for fogs)

25 NR for a smooth bore Find for NR = NR = 1.57D 2 x NP NR = 1.57(1.25 x 1.25) x x 1.56 x 45 = pounds

26 Nozzle Reaction for a 75 psi Fog Nozzle Find for NR =.0505 X GPM x NP 75 psi fog Liveline 150 gpm NR =.0505 X 150 x NP NR =.0505 X 150 X 8.66 NR = pounds

27 Nozzle Reaction for a 100psi Fog Nozzle Find for NR =.0505 X GPM x NP 100 psi fog Liveline 150 gpm NR =.0505 X 150 x NP NR =.0505 X 150 X 10 NR = pounds Or...

28 Nozzle Reaction for a 100psi Fog Nozzle Find for NR = 1/2 GPM 100 psi fog Liveline 150 gpm NR = 1/2 x 150 (GPM) NR = 75 Pounds

29 Summary Name these formulas!! GPM = D 2 x NP NR = 1.57D 2 x NP V = 8 H NR = 1/2 GPM V = NP.0505 X GPM x NP

30 Question # 1 50 feet 50 feet Find the velocity flow fps.

31 Question # 2 1 1/8 45 psi NP Find the velocity flow fps.

32 Question # 3 1 3/4 80 psi NP Find the Discharge.

33 Question # 4 1 3/4 80 psi NP Find the Nozzle Reaction.

34 Question # psi NP Fog flowing 800 gpm Find the Nozzle Reaction.

35 Question # 1 V = 8 H 50 feet V = (8)(7.07) V = 56.56

36 Question # 2 1 1/8 45 psi NP V = NP V = NP Where P = 45 psi Then V = = (12.14) (6.7) = fps

37 Question # 3 1 3/4 80 psi NP GPM = 29.72D 2 NP =29.72 x 3.06 x 8.94 = gallons

38 Question # 4 1 3/4 80 psi NP NR = 1.57D 2 x NP =1.57 x 3.06 x 80 = pounds

39 Question # psi NP Fog flowing 800 gpm NR =.0505 x GPM x NP =.0505 x 800 x 10 = 404 pounds NR = 1/2 GPM

40 You Earned a Break

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