Thermal Death Time Module- 16 Lec- 16 Dr. Shishir Sinha Dept. of Chemical Engineering IIT Roorkee
|
|
- Emil Davidson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Thermal Death Time Module- 16 Lec- 16 Dr. Shishir Sinha Dept. of Chemical Engineering IIT Roorkee
2 Thermal death time Thermal death time is a concept used to determine how long it takes to kill a specific bacteria at a specific temperature. It was developed for food canning and has found applications in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Survivorr curve When the microbial populations as a function of time are presented on semilogarithmic coordinates, a linear decrease in microbial population with time is observed. It is the survivor curve. It is emphasized that these relationships occur when the environment around the population is at a constantt temperaturee throughoutut the period of exposure. Survivorr Curves at Different Temp.
3 The image part with relationship ID rid6 was not found in the file. Definition of Thermal Death Time (F) This is by definition the time required for the complete kill of all organisms in a given suspension. The F value is simply the thermal death time, the time required to kill all organisms in a population, measured at 121 C. Thermal Death Time Curve o Definition of Decimal Reduction Time On survivor curve, the time required for a one log cycle reduction in microbial population is the decimal reduction time (D). Thermal death time Thermal death time can be determined one of two ways: 1) By using graphs or 2) By using mathematical formulas. Graphical method
4 This is usually expressed in minutes at the temperature of 250 F or 121 C. This is designated as F. Each 18 F or 10 C change results in a time change by a factor of This would be shown either as F English) = 10 minutes (SI) or F = 10 minutes (American A lethal ratio (L) is also a sterilizing effect at 1 minute at other temperatures with (T). L=10 ( T- T where T is the reference temperature, usually 250 F or 121 C; z is the z-value, and T Ref is the slowest heat point of the product temperature. Ref ) Formula method Prior to the advent of computers, this was plotted on semi logarithmic paper though it can also be done on spreadsheet programs. The time would be shown on the x-axis while the temperature would be shown on the y-axis. This simple heating curve can also determine the lag factor (j) and the slope (f ). It also measures the product temperature rather than the h can temperature. j=ji/i where I = RT (Retort Temperature) IT (Initial Temperature) and where j is constant for a given product. It is also determined in the equation shown below: BB log g log ji f h
5 Where g is the number of degrees below the retort temperature on a simple heating curve at the end of the heating period, B is the time in minutes from the beginning of the process to B the end of the heating period, and f is the time in minutes required for the straight-line h portion of the heating curve plotted semi logarithmically on paper or a computer spreadsheet to pass through a log cycle. A broken heating curve is also used in this method when dealing with different products in the same process such as chicken noodle soup in having to dealing with the meat and the noodles having different cooking times as an example. It is more complex than the simple heating curve for processing. Thermal Resistance Curve A plot of decimal reduction time as a function of temperature on semilog coordinates results in a linear relationship. This linear relationship is the thermal resistance curve for a given microbial population. Thermal Resistance Curve of microbial population
6 Applications Of Thermal Death Time In the food industry, it is important to reduce the amount of microbes in products to ensure proper food safety. This is usually done by thermal processing and finding ways to reduce the number of bacteria in the product. Time-temperature measurements of bacterial reduction is determined by a D-value, meaning how long it would take to reduce the bacterial population by 90% or one log (D R ) point is 250 F or 121 C. 10 at a given temperature. This D-value reference z is used to determine the time values with different D-valuess at different temperatures with its equation shown below: T Z log D 2 1 T1 log D 2 where T is temperature in F or C.
7 This D-value is affected by ph of the product where low ph has faster D values on various foods. The target of reduction in canning is the 12-D reduction of C. botulinum, which means that processing time will reduce the amount of this bacteria by 10 bacteria per gram or milliliter. The D for C. botulinum is 0.21 minute (12.6 seconds). A 12-D reduction will R take 2.52 minutes (151 seconds). 12 Thermal Death-point Test It is sometimes necessary to determine the death-point of a bacterium by exposure to moist heat. This is most accurately performed by the aid of Stern berg's glass bulbs. A twenty-four-hour-old broth culture of the given bacterium, prepared beforehand, is to be poured out into a sterile Petri dish, then having taken a bulb and sterilised the point and broken it off with sterile forceps, The bulbous end is to be rapidly passed through the flame of a Bunsen burner four or five times to expel some of the air, and the sterile point of the shank is to be dipped into the fluid in the dish, and as the bulb cools the fluid runs slowly up the shank and falls into the bulb below. It is well not to fill the bulb more than one-quarter, thermal death-point test. As a great bulk of fluid is to be avoided, interfering as it does with the delicacy of the test. Removing the bulb from the fluid, its point is carefully sealed in the flame and it is then deposited in a small galvanised sheet-iron box perforated with many small holes, or into a stout, finely meshed wire box; both bulb and box are then to be placed in a water bath with enough water in it to submerge the box to the depth of at least one inch, and kept for the required time at a constant temperature. In testing vegetative forms of bacteria, it is recommended to begin with an exposure of five minutes at 50 C., then ten minutes at 50 C., and so on, for every five succeeding degrees up to 65. Spores are tested in boiling water with exposures varying from one minute up to twenty, or more. After conditions of time and temperature have been fulfilled, the bulb is removed, the shank wiped dry, the point broken off by forceps under sterile precautions, and the shank
8 grasped by the forceps near the bulb, which is now held uppermost so as to permit of the ready dish charge of the contents. This step is accomplished by introducing the shank of the bulb into a tube of previously melted agar, whose temperature is 42 C., and, bringing the upper empty end of the bulb near to the lowermost portion of Bunsen flame, expansion of the air at once drives the contents into the agar, When they are to be welll mixed and poured into a sterile Petri dish, and incubated for 72 hours, and examined for evidences of growth. Caution must be observed in expelling the contents of the bulb, lest the flame come into direct contact and vitiate the experiment.
9 Thermal death time curve Purple dots indicate the values plotted in above fig.
10 References &ved=0cdsqfjac&url=http%3a%2f%2ffshn.ifas.ufl.edu%2fseafood%2fsst% 2FAnnPdf%2F8th_109.pdf&ei=PB3zUvLnEYjLkwWf1IHwDw&usg=AFQjCNGw Yv_ksM1TLYIvNsnweMYkpdcz8Q&sig2=JBff0Md7QH7x34obClzhmw &ved=0cewqfjae&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.gmaonline.org%2fuploadfiles %2F19203B000001D9.filename.Carrie_Ferstl_Technology_April_4.pdf&ei=PB3zUv LnEYjLkwWf1IHwDw&usg=AFQjCNGRFPc9qKp8g3JtaWBOVL1hD9ADmg&si g2=bj4ploch5ymieixipjwecq &ved=0cgeqfjag&url=http%3a%2f%2fseward.co.uk%2fwpcontent%2fuploads%2fsites%2f3%2f2013%2f03%2ffood-microbiology-heatresistance-salmonella-chicken-broth-stomacher- 400.pdf&ei=PB3zUvLnEYjLkwWf1IHwDw&usg=AFQjCNHtO5ItZBR_1ZeMelBT skd_pozjoa&sig2=1upb9r3vffflftmo55luxq
MICROBIOLOGY LAB #1 SAFETY RULES & GRAM STAIN METHOD
MICROBIOLOGY LAB #1 SAFETY RULES & GRAM STAIN METHOD Precaution processes are extremely important when working with cultures in the lab for the safety of the microbiologist from getting diseases from bacteria
More informationChapter 14 Pasteurization and Sterilization
Chapter 14 Pasteurization and Sterilization Review Questions Which of the following statements are true and which are false? 1. The decimal reduction time D is the heating time in min at a certain temperature
More informationLab Exercise 5: Pure culture techniques
Lab Exercise 5: Pure culture techniques OBJECTIVES 1. Perform a streak-plate to separate the cells of a mixed culture so that discrete colonies can be isolated. 2. Perform a pour-plate (loop) dilution
More informationBASIC CULTURE TECHNIQUE: ASEPTIC TRANSFER
Microbiology Laboratory (BIOL 3702L) Page 1 of 11 Principle and Purpose BASIC CULTURE TECHNIQUE: ASEPTIC TRANSFER The use of pure cultures of microorganisms is essential to properly performing any microbiological
More information2.8-1 SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS ON FILE Revised Edition. Dew Formation
2.8-1 SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS ON FILE Revised Edition Dew Formation Topic Dew Time 30 minutes! Safety Please click on the safety icon to view safety precautions. Be careful using the thermometer. Be careful
More informationPART I: MEASURING MASS
Chemistry I Name Dr. Saulmon 2014-15 School Year Laboratory 1 Measuring Mass, Volume, and Temperature Monday, August 25, 2014 This laboratory is broken into three parts, each with its own introduction,
More informationLaboratory Exercise # 7: Aseptic Technique
Laboratory Exercise # 7: Aseptic Technique Purpose: The purpose of this laboratory exercise is to acquaint the student with the procedures of aseptic transfer of microbiological cultures. ntroduction:
More informationEXPERIMENT 14 SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER. q = m s T
EXPERIMENT 14 SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER INTRODUCTION: Heat is a form of energy which can pass from an object of relatively high temperature to an object of relatively low temperature. One physical property
More informationo Test tube In this experiment, you ll be observing the signs of chemical reactions. These include the following:
Experiment: Chemical Reactions & Chemical s Objective In this experiment, students perform a variety of chemical reactions. For each reaction, student identify the signs that a reaction has occurred, write
More informationpglo/amp R Bacterial Transformation Lab
pglo/amp R Bacterial Transformation Lab Name: Date: Purpose: To gain an understanding of the techniques of culturing E. coli bacteria and transforming E. coli bacteria using genetic engineering. Introduction:
More informationChemical Reactions of Copper and Percent Recovery
and Percent Recovery EXPERIMENT 9 Prepared by Edward L. Brown, Lee University To take copper metal through series of chemical reactions that regenerates elemental copper. Students will classify the various
More informationThe Prokaryotes & Viruses
The Prokaryotes & Viruses Lab Exercise Contents Objectives 1 Introduction 1 Activity.1 Prokaryotic Cell Structure 2 Activity.2 Blue-Green Algae 2 Activity.3 Viruses 3 Activity.4 Gram Staining of Bacteria
More informationBacterial Gram Staining
PR021 G-Biosciences 1-800-628-7730 1-314-991-6034 technical@gbiosciences.com A Geno Technology, Inc. (USA) brand name Bacterial Gram Staining Teacher s Guidebook (Cat. # BE 202) think proteins! think G-Biosciences
More informationKinetics of Escherchia coli Destruction by Microwave Irradiation
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1992, p. 92-924 99-224/92/392-5$2./ Copyright X) 1992, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 58, No. 3 Kinetics of Escherchia coli Destruction by Microwave
More informationPHYS320 ilab (O) Experiment 2 Instructions Conservation of Energy: The Electrical Equivalent of Heat
PHYS320 ilab (O) Experiment 2 Instructions Conservation of Energy: The Electrical Equivalent of Heat Objective: The purpose of this activity is to determine whether the energy dissipated by a heating resistor
More informationCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF COPPER AND PERCENT YIELD
CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF COPPER AND PERCENT YIELD Objective To gain familiarity with basic laboratory procedures, some chemistry of a typical transition element, and the concept of percent yield. Apparatus
More informationSPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY Apparatus: Thermometer, balance, two large double Styrofoam cups, lid, hooked metal cube, lifting tool, hot plate, boiling pot. Any material is capable of storing some heat or thermal
More informationRequired Materials: immersion oil microscopes Kim-wipes prepared microscope slides
Microbiology CA/IA Lab Microscopic Examination of Microbes September 10 Objectives: 1. learn how to use a microscope to examine microbes 2. learn to recognize the characteristics of different microbes
More informationHHPS WHMIS. Rules MSDS Hazard Codes Systems. Biology based. Chemistry based. Safety Symbols. Safety in the Lab. Lab Equipment
Safety Symbols HHPS WHMIS Safety in the Lab Rules MSDS Hazard Codes Systems Lab Equipment Chemistry based Biology based Safety Symbols We will be discussing two types of Information Systems Hazardous Household
More informationA) neutron C) Magnesium reacts with an acid. C) gamma radiation D) a proton
1. Which statement describes a chemical property of the element magnesium? A) Magnesium is malleable. B) Magnesium conducts electricity. C) Magnesium reacts with an acid. D) Magnesium has a high boiling
More informationGame plan Lecture Lab Prelabs
Game plan Lecture Binary fission Growth curves Physical requirements for growth Chemical requirements for growth Lab Lab Exam Prelabs Growth Curve Bring books and APO-3 for next class Microbial growth
More informationLab Activity on Igneous Processes
Lab Activity on Igneous Processes 2002 Ann Bykerk-Kauffman, Dept. of Geological and Environmental Sciences, California State University, Chico * Objectives When you have completed this lab you should be
More informationRegents Exam Questions A2.S.7: Exponential Regression
A2.S.7: Exponential Regression: Determine the function for the regression model, using appropriate technology, and use the regression function to interpolate/extrapolate from data 1 A cup of soup is left
More informationLondon Examinations IGCSE
Centre No. Paper Reference (complete below) Surname Initial(s) Candidate No. Signature Paper Reference(s) 4325/03 4437/07 London Examinations IGCSE Biology 4325 Paper 3 Science (Double Award) 4437 Paper
More informationBasic Aggregates Study Guide
Basic Aggregates Study Guide General Conversions 1) There are pounds in one ton. 2) There are grams in one pound. 3) One kilogram consists of grams. 4) The linear distance that one station covers is feet.
More informationExperiment 7 Can You Slow It Down?
Experiment 7 Can You Slow It Down? OUTCOMES After completing this experiment, the student should be able to: tell which factors influence the reaction rate and how they influence the rate. change the temperature
More information6. Common Laboratory Techniques
6. Common Laboratory Techniques This chapter explains the proper manner in which to carry out rudimentary chemistry laboratory techniques. More specialized techniques associated with particular analyses
More informationWorking in the Chemistry Laboratory
Working in the Chemistry Laboratory Accelerated Chemistry I Introduction: One of the most important components of your chemistry course is the laboratory experience. Perhaps you have done experiments in
More informationExperiment: Synthesis of Aspirin
Experiment: Synthesis of Aspirin Background Aspirin, which ranks as the most widely used drug in the United States, is one of a series of salicylic acid esters that has been known since antiquity to have
More informationLABORATORY 7 ENDOSPORE STAIN AND BACTERIAL MOTILITY
LABORATORY 7 ENDOSPORE STAIN AND BACTERIAL MOTILITY A. Endospore Stain B. Bacterial Motility A. ENDOSPORE STAIN DISCUSSION A few genera of bacteria, such as Bacillus and Clostridium have the ability to
More informationINTRODUCTION. Gram Stain
INTRODUCTION In microbiology, organisms are so small that additional techniques are often required for proper viewing under the microscope. Cytological stains, or dyes that stain cells or cellular features,
More informationRashid School for Boys. Year 7 Science. Particles. Name: Form:
Rashid School for Boys Year Science Particles Name: Form: 1 By the end of this topic.. Unit Particles Level 3 I know that ice melts when it gets too warm and that liquid water turns into solid water (ice)
More informationEXPERIMENT 6 Empirical Formula of a Compound
EXPERIMENT 6 Empirical Formula of a Compound INTRODUCTION Chemical formulas indicate the composition of compounds. A formula that gives only the simplest ratio of the relative number of atoms in a compound
More informationExercise 6-B STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS GRAM STAIN
Exercise 6-B STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS GRAM STAIN Introduction The Gram stain, developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884, is a staining technique allowing different types of microorganisms (usually bacteria)
More informationHigh School Name: Individual Exam 1 Solutions: Chemical Structure and Properties
Name (Last, First): ID Number: High School Name: Washington University Chemistry Tournament April 2, 2016 Individual Exam 1 Solutions: Chemical Structure and Properties Please write your full name, ID
More informationAP Chemistry Laboratory #1
Catalog No. AP8813 Publication No. 10528A Determination of the Empirical Formula of Silver Oxide AP Chemistry Laboratory #1 Introduction There is an official database that keeps track of the known chemical
More informationMS20 Laboratory Seawater Salinity and Density
MS20 Laboratory Seawater Salinity and Density Introduction As you perform these experiments, pay particular attention to the results different methods produce different levels of precision and accuracy.
More informationChapter 6 Microbial Growth With a focus on Bacteria
Chapter 6 Microbial Growth With a focus on Bacteria Temperature Minimum growth temperature Optimum growth temperature Maximum growth temperature Usually within a 30-40 degree range Microbial growth = increase
More informationPhotosynthesis in Leaf Disks Teacher Preparation and Background Information
AP Biology Name: Date: Photosynthesis in Leaf Disks Teacher Preparation and Background Information General Information: Solutions may be handled without gloves and may be disposed of in sink drains. In
More informationCell Shape coccus bacillus spirillum vibrio
wrong 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 right 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 score 100 98.2 96.4 94.6 92.9 91.1 89.3 87.5 85.7 83.9 82.1 80.4 78.6 76.8 75 73.2 71.4
More informationMeasurement and Lab Equipment Basics Guided Notes
Any object has its own shape, size and dimension. In biology, it is very important to know the overall physical and chemical status of any living organism. There are specific units to describe various
More informationInterpretation Guide. Aerobic Count Plate
Interpretation Guide The 3M Petrifilm is a ready-made culture medium system that contains modified Standard Methods nutrients, a cold-water-soluble gelling agent and an indicator that facilitates colony
More informationLAB TEST Physical and Chemical Changes
NAME: DATE: STATION: LAB TEST Physical and Chemical Changes PURPOSE: To observe physical and chemical changes in matter MATERIALS: 3 medium test tubes 1 small test tube test tube rack test tube holder
More informationPhase Change Diagram. Rank Solids, liquids and gases from weakest attractive forces to strongest:
Unit 11 Kinetic molecular theory packet Page 1 of 13 Chemistry Unit 11 Kinetic Theory Unit Quiz: Test Objectives Be able to define pressure and memorize the basic pressure units. Be able to convert to/from:
More informationTSC AGAR (base) INTENDED USE / HISTORY
TSC AGAR (base) INTENDED USE / HISTORY Tryptone Sulfite Cycloserine Agar was described by Harmon for the selective isolation and enumeration of Clostridium perfringens in water and food samples. The medium
More informationGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF A CHLORIDE SALT. REFERENCES: Nelson, J., Chemistry: The Central Science, 3 rd edition, Prentice-Hall, 1985
1 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF A CHLORIDE SALT REFERENCES: Nelson, J., Chemistry: The Central Science, 3 rd edition, Prentice-Hall, 1985 Typical techniques used in gravimetric analyses by quantitatively determining
More informationSeparation of the Components of a Mixture
Separation of the Components of a Mixture Prepared by Edward L. Brown, Lee University EXPERIMENT 3 To become familiar with the laboratory techniques used to separate different substances from one another.
More informationFORM 3 PHYSICS TIME: 1 hr 30 min
DIRECTORATE FOR QUALITY AND STANDARDS IN EDUCATION Department for Curriculum Management Educational Assessment Unit Annual Examinations for Secondary Schools 2015 Track 2 FORM 3 PHYSICS TIME: 1 hr 30 min
More informationExperiment 2 - Using Physical Properties to Identify an Unknown Liquid
Experiment 2 - Using Physical Properties to Identify an Unknown Liquid We usually think of chemists as scientists who do things with chemicals. We can picture a chemist's laboratory with rows of bottles
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education *2162704759* CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/51 Paper 5 Practical Test May/June 2012 2 hours Candidates
More informationSilver Nanoparticles Microbial Assessment by Adam Yang
Silver Nanoparticles Microbial Assessment by Adam Yang Research Silver is considered to be a very toxic and lethal element to many microbes and bacteria. In the last decade, scientist believed that the
More informationExperiment 8 Synthesis of Aspirin
Experiment 8 Synthesis of Aspirin Aspirin is an effective analgesic (pain reliever), antipyretic (fever reducer) and anti-inflammatory agent and is one of the most widely used non-prescription drugs. The
More informationName Quarterly Practice # 1 Period
Name Quarterly Practice # 1 Period 1. Based on data collected during a laboratory investigation, a student determined an experimental value of 322 joules per gram for the heat of fusion of H2O. Calculate
More informationOrganizing and Analyzing Experimental Data
CHAPTER 1 Organizing and Analyzing Experimental Data The Role of Models in Science Some of the physical, chemical, and biological systems we would like to investigate are too large, too small, too expensive,
More informationEffect of Several Environmental Conditions on the "Thermal Death Rate" of Endospores of Aerobic, Thermophilic Bacteria
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Nov., 1965 Copyright 1965 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 13, No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Several Environmental Conditions on the "Thermal Death Rate" of Endospores of
More informationPractice Examination #1
Practice Examination #1 Name: Date: 1. Which diagram shown represents a pipette? A. B. 3. Which diagram shown represents an Erlenmeyer flask? A. B. C. D. C. D. 2. The process of filtration is performed
More informationPlant Indicators for Acids and Bases
SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS ON FILE Revised Edition 5.28-1 Plant Indicators for Acids and Bases Carole R. Goshorn Topic Acid/base indicators Time Preparation by teacher 50 minutes; Part B, 45 minutes! Safety Adult
More informationThe Synthesis and Analysis of Aspirin
The Synthesis and Analysis of Aspirin Computer 22 Aspirin, the ubiquitous pain reliever, goes by the chemical name acetylsalicylic acid. One of the compounds used in the synthesis of aspirin is salicylic
More informationNewton s Second Law of Motion
Newton s Second Law of Motion Topic Newton s second law of motion describes how acceleration is related to force and mass. Introduction Newton s second law of motion states that the acceleration of an
More information(a) Write a balanced chemical symbol equation for photosynthesis. (2)
1 Photosynthesis is the process by which plants obtain nutrition. (a) Write a balanced chemical symbol equation for photosynthesis. (b) Leaves can be tested for starch to show that photosynthesis has taken
More informationCore practical 5: Investigate the oxidation of ethanol
Core Practical 5 Teacher sheet Core practical 5: Objective To oxidise ethanol and use heating under reflux and distillation as practical techniques Safety Wear goggles. Ethanol is flammable. Acidified
More informationExperimental Procedure. Lab 406
Experimental Procedure Lab 406 Overview This experiment is to be complete in cooperation with other chemists/chemist groups in the laboratory. In PART A, a standardized solution of hydrochloric acid is
More informationExperiment 2: THE DENSITY OF A SOLID UNKNOWN AND CALIBRATION WITH DATASTUDIO SOFTWARE
Experiment 2: THE DENSITY OF A SOLID UNKNOWN AND CALIBRATION WITH DATASTUDIO SOFTWARE Concepts: Density Equipment Calibration Approximate time required: 90 minutes for density 90 minutes for two thermometers
More informationHonors Chemistry Summer Assignments
Honors Chemistry 2015-2016 Summer Assignments Student Information Please go to the following website. Fill out the form and submit it. http://goo.gl/forms/ntqyzj4eru Pages 2 and 3 Read and summarize chapter
More informationEffect of Microwaves on Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1967, p. 1371-1375 Copyright 1967 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 15, No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Microaves on Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis SAMUEL A. GOLDBLITH
More informationhttp://edu.joshuatly.com/ http://edu.joshuatly.com/ http://edu.joshuatly.com/ http://edu.joshuatly.com/ http://edu.joshuatly.com/ http://edu.joshuatly.com/ http://edu.joshuatly.com/ http://edu.joshuatly.com/
More informationA Combined Model for Growth and Subsequent Thermal Inactivation of Brochothrix thermosphacta
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1996, p. 1029 1035 Vol. 62, No. 3 0099-2240/96/$04.00 0 Copyright 1996, American Society for Microbiology A Combined Model for Growth and Subsequent Thermal
More informationCHM 130LL: Chemical and Physical Changes
CHM 130LL: Chemical and Physical Changes In this experiment you will observe and record observations of properties of substances and you will cause changes to occur and classify these changes as physical
More informationEXPERIMENT 7: THE LIMITING REACTANT
EXPERIMENT 7: THE LIMITING REACTANT PURPOSE To find the ratio of moles of a reactant to moles of a product of a chemical reaction. To relate this ratio to the coefficients of these substances in the balanced
More informationBy the end of this experiment the student should have learned:
Experiment 3 SUBSTANCES, REACTIONS MIXTURES, AND Learning Objectives By the end of this experiment the student should have learned: 1. To distinguish elements from compounds. 2. To distinguish heterogeneous
More informationMicrobiology Laboratory (BIOL 3702L) Page 1 of 10
Microbiology Laboratory (BIOL 3702L) Page 1 of 10 Principle and Purpose THE GRAM STAIN The Gram stain is perhaps the most useful test conducted in the clinical microbiology laboratory. It was first developed
More informationChemistry 212 MOLAR MASS OF A VOLATILE LIQUID USING THE IDEAL GAS LAW
Chemistry 212 MOLAR MASS OF A VOLATILE LIQUID USING THE IDEAL GAS LAW To study the Ideal Gas Law. LEARNING OBJECTIVES To determine the molar mass of a volatile liquid. BACKGROUND The most common instrument
More informationExperiment C-15 Distillation - part 1
1 Experiment C-15 Distillation - part 1 Objectives To learn about the three classical phases of matter, phase changes, and heating and cooling curves. To investigate the technique of distillation and to
More informationINTRODUCTION TO ACIDS, BASES AND TITRATION
Experiment INTRODUCTION TO ACIDS, BASES AND TITRATION The CCLI Initiative Computers in chemistry Laboratory Instruction LEARNING OBJECTIVES The objectives of this experiment are to... introduce the nature
More informationScience Safety Booklet
Name: Period: Science Safety Booklet Grade 8 1 2 BC SCIENCE CONNECTIONS 8 GETTING TO KNOW YOUR TEXTBOOK Objective: To become familiar with your textbook 1. List the authors of your textbook (last names
More informationDay 2 - Viewing a prepared slide of mixed bacteria on high power.
Purpose Bacteria Lab To compare the quantity and the different types of bacteria from four different locations within the school. To identify 3 different bacterial colonies on a prepared slide. Materials
More informationUNIT 01 LAB SAFETY & EQUIPMENT
UNIT 01 LAB SAFETY & EQUIPMENT Hook: What s wrong with this picture? Mrs. Medina Slide 2 Lab Safety 1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner No horseplay or pranks No wandering or distracting students
More informationSEC. Interpretation Guide. Select E. coli Count Plate
Interpretation Guide The 3M Petrifilm Select E. coli Count Plate is a sample-ready-culture medium system which contains selective agents, nutrients, a cold-water-soluble gelling agent, and an indicator
More informationConcentrated Milk. Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin data generated by this study would enable the
APPLIED MIcRosaoLOGY, Feb. 1972, p. 415-420 Vol. 23, No. 2 Copyright @ 1972 American Society for Microbiology Printed in USA. Heat Resistance of Salmonellae in Concentrated Milk C. A. DEGA, J. M. GOEPFERT,
More informationComponent Product # Product # Cell Lysis Reagent 100 ml 500 ml Product Insert 1 1
3430 Schmon Parkway Thorold, ON, Canada L2V 4Y6 Phone: 866-667-4362 (905) 227-8848 Fax: (905) 227-1061 Email: techsupport@norgenbiotek.com Cell Lysis Reagent Product # 18800 (100 ml) Product # 18801 (500
More informationComparative Bacteriology Analysis: Source, cultivation, and preparation of bacterial samples:
Silver Hydrosol Info Home Articles Comparative Bacteriology Analysis: Particulate vs. Ionic Silver December 22, 2004 Andrew Martin, B.S. John W. Roberts, Ph.D. Natural-Immunogenics Corp Purpose Claims
More informationPractice Science ACT Test 2
Notes on the Practice Exam This practice exam has three major sections to it: test, answer key with hints, and scoring guide. You ll get the most out of this practice if you make the experience as authentic
More informationPhysical and ChemJcaJ Change
2 Textreference: Sections 1,3, 1.9 Physical and ChemJcaJ Change Background Have you ever thought of your eyes as powerful tools for studying chemistry? Many of the properties of matter and the changes
More informationDiffusion and Cell Membranes - I
Diffusion and Cell Membranes - I Objectives 1. Define the following terms: solute, solvent, concentration gradient, osmotic pressure, and selectively permeable. 2. Define the following processes and identify
More informationInvestigation #2 TEMPERATURE VS. HEAT. Part I
Name: Investigation #2 Partner(s): TEMPERATURE VS. HEAT These investigations are designed to help you distinguish between two commonly confused concepts in introductory physics. These two concepts, temperature
More informationLesson Plan: Diffusion
Lesson Plan: Diffusion Background Particles in cells show rapid back and forth movement, or Brownian motion, which is also known as diffusion. The back and forth motion consists of random steps from a
More informationScientific Notation and Scaled Models
Scientific Notation and Scaled Models Topic Scientific notation is a practical way to compare the sizes of bodies in the solar system. Introduction Scientific notation was developed to aid scientists in
More informationPRACTICAL NUMBER 1 AN EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE THE RATE CONSTANT AND THE REACTION ORDER FOR THE OXIDATION OF IODIDE BY PEROXODISULFATE
PRACTICAL NUMBER 1 AN EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE THE RATE CONSTANT AND THE REACTION ORDER FOR THE OXIDATION OF IODIDE BY PEROXODISULFATE INTRODUCTION In this experiment you will determine the initial rate
More informationST. STEPHEN S GIRLS COLLEGE Mid Year Examination PHYSICS Time Allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes NAME: F.3 ( ) MARKS:
F.3 Physics Mid Year Examination 2005-2006 page 1 Form 3 193 students ST. STEPHEN S GIRLS COLLEGE Mid Year Examination 2005-2006 PHYSICS Time Allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes YRKwong, WYYau NAME: F.3 ( ) MARKS:
More informationName Class Date. How do mixtures differ from elements and compounds? How can mixtures be separated? What are solutions?
CHAPTER 3 3 Mixtures SECTION Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How do mixtures differ from elements and compounds?
More informationCHEM 334 Quantitative Analysis Laboratory
Calibration of Volumetric Glassware Introduction Volumetric glassware is a class of glass vessels that are calibrated to contain or deliver certain volumes of substances. Graduated cylinders, pipettes
More informationPhysics Attitudes, Skills, & Knowledge Survey (PASKS) Form 2 - Short
Physics Attitudes, Skills, & Knowledge Survey (PASKS) Form 2 - Short Directions to Students: Do not open this booklet until you are told to do so. Please respond to the following items by marking the best
More informationThermal Energy and Temperature Lab. Experiment Question: How can the difference between thermal energy and temperature be experimentally observed?
Thermal Energy and Temperature Lab Name 7 th Grade PSI Grade / 20 Experiment Question: How can the difference between thermal energy and temperature be experimentally observed? Hypothesis Starters: 1.
More informationLaboratory 12: Three Thermodynamics Experiments
Laboratory 12: Three Thermodynamics Experiments Experiment 1: Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Metals The fact that most objects expand when heated is common knowledge. The change in the linear dimensions
More information1. This question is about modelling the thermal processes involved when a person is running.
1. This question is about modelling the thermal processes involved when a person is running. When running, a person generates thermal energy but maintains approximately constant temperature. (a) Explain
More informationObjective: Determine the general properties of ionic compounds and compare those properties to the properties of a covalent compound.
LAB: PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS Name Introduction The goal of this lab is for you to discover some of the properties of ionic compounds. The physical properties of a substance such as flame color, crystal
More informationMultiple Choice Answers. MA 110 Precalculus Spring 2015 Exam 3 14 April Question
MA 110 Precalculus Spring 2015 Exam 3 14 April 2015 Name: Section: Last 4 digits of student ID #: This exam has ten multiple choice questions (four points each) and five free response questions (seven
More informationA Selective Medium for Bacillus anthracis
56 R~ORRIS, E. J. (955). J. gen. Microbiol. 3, 566 A Selective Medium for Bacillus anthracis BY E. J. MORRIS Microbiological Research Department, Ministry of Supply, Porton, Wiltshire SUMMARY: A medium
More informationWorking with Hazardous Chemicals
A Publication of Reliable Methods for the Preparation of Organic Compounds Working with Hazardous Chemicals The procedures in Organic Syntheses are intended for use only by persons with proper training
More informationConditions necessary for photosynthesis
Conditions necessary for photosynthesis This practical can be used to easily assess Scientific enquiry standards 1, 3 and 4. Relevant biology standards: 11A 7.1 & 8.4 and 12F 7.1 & 8.4 Materials: For setting
More information