A force is could described by its magnitude and by the direction in which it acts.

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1 8.2.a Forces Students know a force has both direction and magnitude. P13 A force is could described by its magnitude and by the direction in which it acts. 1. Which of the following could describe the force acting on the girl? A. 10 N B. 10 m C. 10 N to the left D. 10 m to the left 2. What do the length and direction of a force arrow represent? 1. C 2. The force s magnitude and direction

2 8.2.a Forces Students know a force has both direction and magnitude. P14 5 N 7 N 2 N = The direction and magnitude of a force may be indicated graphically by using an arrow. 1. In which direction is the 7-N force acting? A. up B. down C. left D. right 2. How do you know that the 7-N force has a greater magnitude than the 5-N force? 1. C 2. The arrow for the 7-N force is longer.

3 8.2.b Forces Students know when an object is subject to two or more forces at once, the result is the cumulative effect of all the forces. P15 Box X Box Y 25N 25N 20N 30N The combination of all forces acting on an object is the net force. The net force determines whether an object moves and in which direction it moves. 1. What is the net force acting on Box X? A. 25 N to the right B. 50 N to the right C. 25 N to the left D. 50 N to the left 2. Will the net force on Box Y cause it to move? Explain how you know. 1. B 2. Yes, because the net force is 5 N to the right

4 8.2.b Forces Students know when an object is subject to two or more forces at once, the result is the cumulative effect of all the forces. P16 When two or more forces act in the same direction, the net force is found by adding the magnitudes of the individual forces. 1. You exert a force of 7 newtons on a sack of sand as you pull it across a level floor. A helper pushes on the other side of the sack with a force of 6 newtons. Ignoring friction, what is the magnitude of the net force on the sack in newtons? A. 1 N B. 6 N C. 7 N D. 13 N 2. How can you describe the net force acting on the acorn in the diagram? 1. D 2. Subtract the force of air resistance from the force of gravity.

5 8.2.c Forces Students know when the forces on an object are balanced, the motion of the object does not change. P17 When equal forces are exerted in opposite directions, there is no net force and no change in the object s velocity. 1. The book sitting on the table above is an example of A. balanced forces. B. acceleration. C. air resistance. D. fluid friction. 2. What is the magnitude of the net force caused by balanced forces? 1. A 2. 0 N

6 8.2.c Forces Students know when the forces on an object are balanced, the motion of the object does not change. P18 Balanced forces acting on an object do not change the object s velocity. 1. A rail car moves to the right at a constant speed. Which pair of forces are acting on the rail car? A. 10 N to the left; 5 N to the right B. 5 N to the left; 10 N to the right C. 10 N to the left; 10 N to the right D. 20 N to the left; 10 N to the right 2. A toy car rolls along a table at constant velocity. What can you conclude about the forces acting on the car? 1. C 2. The forces are balanced.

7 8.2.d Forces Students know how to identify separately the two or more forces that are acting on a single static object, including gravity, elastic forces due to tension or compression in matter, and friction. P19 Compression is an elastic force that squeezes or pushes matter together. An elastic force that stretches or pulls matter is called tension. Matter is considered elastic if it returns to its original shape after it is squeezed or stretched. 1. What forces are acting on the shoe? A. gravity and friction B. friction and compression C. gravity and tension D. only gravity 2. What is tension? 1. C 2. An elastic force that stretches or pulls matter

8 8.2.d Forces Students know how to identify separately the two or more forces that are acting on a single static object, including gravity, elastic forces due to tension or compression in matter, and friction. P20 The gravitational force exerted on a person or object is known as weight. The magnitude of the force of friction depends on the types of surfaces involved and on how hard the surfaces push together. 1. The book s weight pulls it down. What kind of force pushes the book up and prevents it from falling to the ground? A. gravity B. static friction C. rolling friction D. elastic force 2. If you push the book to the right, what force resists your push? 1. D 2. Sliding friction

9 8.2.e Forces Students know that when the forces on an object are unbalanced, the object will change its velocity (that is, it will speed up, slow down, or change direction). P21 Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion. 1. If the car with the washers on top of it is moving at a constant velocity and then hits the book, what will happen to the car and the washers? A. The car and the washers will keep moving forward. B. The car will keep moving forward but the washers will stop. C. The car will stop but the washers will keep moving forward. D. The car and the washers will both stop. 2. Which is harder to push an empty shopping cart or a shopping cart full of food? Why? 1. C 2. The shopping cart full of food, because it has more mass and more inertia

10 8.2.e Forces Students know that when the forces on an object are unbalanced, the object will change its velocity (that is, it will speed up, slow down, or change direction). P22 Individual forces 200 N -100 N Net force 100 N Newton s first law of motion states that an object will remain at rest or moving at a constant velocity unless it is acted upon by an unbalanced force. 1. How will the unbalanced forces affect the box shown above? A. The box will start moving to the right. B. The box will stop moving. C. The box will start moving to the left. D. The box will change in mass and volume. 2. A box is moving to the left. If a force pushes on the box to the right, how will the box s motion be affected? 1. A 2. The box will slow down.

11 8.2.f Forces Students know the greater the mass of an object, the more force is needed to achieve the same rate of motion. P23 Newton s second law of motion states that acceleration depends on the net force acting on the object and on the object s mass. Acceleration = Net force Mass 1. The mass of the wagon with the girl and the boy in it is 150 kg. The boy pulls on the wagon. The net force on the wagon is 50 N. What is the acceleration of the wagon? A m/s 2 B. 3 m/s 2 C. 100 m/s 2 D. 200 m/s 2 2. Suppose the girl gets out of the wagon. Does the boy need to exert more or less force to achieve the same acceleration as the previous pull? Explain. 1. A 2. Less force, because the mass is less

12 8.2.f Forces Students know the greater the mass of an object, the more force is needed to achieve the same rate of motion. P s 1. 0s 2. 0s 3. 0s 0 m/ s 8 m/s 16 m/s 24 m/ s Net force = Mass Acceleration 1. The airplane shown is accelerating at 8 m/s 2. If the mass of the airplane is 10,000 kg, what is the net force acting on the airplane? 2. More luggage is loaded onto the plane, but the net force remains the same. How would the acceleration change? A. It decreases. B. It increases. C. It stays the same. D. The acceleration might either increase or decrease ,000 N 2. A

13 8.2.g Forces Students know the role of gravity in forming and maintaining the shapes of planets, stars, and the solar system. P25 Force of gravity Earth Moon Actual orbit Moon s motion without gravity Inertia and gravity combine to keep Earth in orbit around the sun and the moon in orbit around Earth. 1. Why does the moon stay in orbit around Earth? Why doesn t the moon fall to Earth? 2. What would happen to the moon if there were no gravity? A. It would stop moving. B. It would fall toward Earth. C. It would leave orbit and move in a straight line. D. It would continue to orbit Earth. 1. Inertia keeps the moon moving ahead, and gravity pulls the moon toward Earth. The combination of these two factors keeps the moon in orbit around Earth. 2. C

14 8.2.g Forces Students know the role of gravity in forming and maintaining the shapes of planets, stars, and the solar system. P26 Gravity is the force that attracts all objects toward each other. It is responsible for forming the sun into its spherical shape. 1. What opposing force balances the sun s gravity, keeping the sun stable over time? A. inertia B. outward pressure C. momentum D. convection Pressure out 2. What would happen to the sun if gravity were suddenly turned off? Gravity in 1. B 2. The outward pressure from the sun s core would no longer be balanced by gravity, causing the sun to explode.

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