Color Mixing in Extrusion: Simulations and Experimental Validation

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Color Mixing in Extrusion: Simulations and Experimental Validation"

Transcription

1 NSF GRANT # DI NSF PROGRA NAE: aterials Processing and anufacturing Color ixing in Extrusion: Simulations and Experimental Validation Ica anas-zloczower Department of acromolecular Science Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH iron Kaufman Department of Physics Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH Kirill Alemaskin Department of acromolecular Science Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH arco Camesasca Department of acromolecular Science Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH Abstract: We evaluate the species mixing of two components characterized by color. The results of mixing experiments performed at Dow Chemical Company using resin pellets of two colors were analyzed via a color index based on entropy. We also use entropic measures to analyze both the quality and the rate of mixing of two species of particles advected by a polymer flow in an unwounded extruder channel. The focus here is the influence of the geometry of the channel walls on the mixing quality and the rate of mixing for the two species. 1. Introduction: The quality and the rate of mixing of components are important for producing efficiently materials with desired properties in polymeric processes. In this work we develop an entropic color index that simultaneously measures color homogeneity and closeness to the ideal color. The theoretical background for this is reviewed in Section 2 below. We validate this entropic color index by using experimental work on mixing of two different colored resin pellets in Section 3. In Section 4 we study numerically the advection of two types of particles in an unwounded single screw extruder. We simulate the flow in channels with different wall geometries (no ridges, one ridge and two ridges). In each case we evaluate the quality of mixing by using the entropic measure. We also determine how long it takes to achieve a desired quality of mixing by studying the time dependence of the entropy. This time dependence can be fitted by a logarithmic function, reminiscent of mixing in diffusion processes as described in Section 2. The conclusions of this work are reported in Section Background: Entropy is the rigorous measure of mixing. The information entropy for a particular experimental condition with a set of possible outcomes is: S - p ln p (1) i1 i where pi is the probability of occurrence of outcome i [1]. When assessing the particle distribution of a minor component throughout a polymer matrix by employing entropy, we divide our domain of interest (which can be two- or three-dimensional) into equal size regions (bins) and then calculate particle concentrations in each bin as estimators of the probabilities. For a certain number of bins, maximum entropy is reached if particle concentrations are equal in all bins (particles are evenly distributed throughout the system ideal distribution). This maximum has a value of ln. Thus, an index of system homogeneity can be obtained by dividing the information entropy by ln. Shannon called this index a relative entropy. i Grant # DI

2 S rel S (2) ln( ) S ps ( species) (6) 1 S( locations) In previous work done in our group [2-4] it has been shown that the number of bins chosen to describe the quality of distributive mixing is an important parameter as it defines the scale of observation (the magnifying glass ) at which one looks at the system. The smaller the number of bins is, the larger the scale of observation at which the observer evaluates the quality of particle distribution. At a very small scale ( >> N) some bins will be depleted of particles and the particle distribution will thus differ from the uniform distribution. Furthermore to estimate probabilities by using frequencies we need large numbers of particles. Thus, the number of particles in the system sets an upper limit for the number of bins to be used for system characterization. When more than one minor component species is present in the system, for instance particles of different colors, the system entropy can be calculated using oint probabilities p c, (probability for a particle to be of a color c and in bin ): C c, c, (3) c1 1 S p ln p with C being the total number of species present in the system. Using Bayes theorem, the oint probability for a particle to be located in bin and to be of a color c can be calculated from: p c, = p c/ p, where p c/ is the probability of finding a particle of a color c conditional on the bin and p is the probability for bin. With that we can write: It follows: C c1 1 c/ ln c/ S p p p p (4) C S - p p ln p - c/ c/ 1 c1 C p p ln p c c1 1 C and finally because pc / 1 for all values of c1 (5) where S ( species) - p ln p (7) c/ c/ c1 C S( locations) - p ln p (8) 1 S (species) is the entropy of species intermixing at the location of bin and S(locations) is the entropy associated with the overall spatial distribution of particles irrespective of colors. If the species are distinguished by color, Equation (6) can also be written as: where S S ( colors) S( locations) (9) locations S ( colors) p S ( colors) (10) locations 1 S locations (colors) is a spatial average of the entropies associated with color intermixing conditional on location. It is maximized for the particular homogeneous state characterized by: p c/ = 1/c in each bin ranging from 1 to. The maximum value of S locations (colors) is ln C; thus to obtain an index of color homogeneity with values between 0 (no color intermixing) and 1 (ideal intermixing), we normalize this spatial average entropy by ln C. In Section 3 we will illustrate the use of this index of color homogeneity to analyze extrudate samples obtained by mixing yellow and blue polymeric concentrates in a single screw extruder. An important technological issue in mixing is, not only the quality of mixing which is measured rigorously by the entropy, but also the rate of mixing, i.e. how fast a desired quality of mixing is achieved. Based on a model of mixing due to diffusion, we know that the entropy changes with time logarithmically. Though we do not have proof that this dependence is general, i. e. for problems other than diffusion, there is some numerical evidence [6] that supports the ubiquity of the logarithmic time dependence of entropy. We present below the derivation for the diffusion with drift problem. We consider a one-dimensional channel of length L. We divide the length L into bins of size Δz = L/. The probability p(z,t) to find a particle at time t Grant # DI

3 in a particular bin of size Δz located at z is approximately: p(z,t) z(z,t) (11) ρ(z,t) is the distribution function obtained by solving the 1D diffusion equation with the assumption that all particles start from origin: (,) zt 1 e 4 Dt ( zv d t) 4Dt 2 (12) where D is the diffusion constant, ν d is the drift velocity, and we have assumed L >> ν d t and L 2 >> 4Dt. We use Equation (12) to estimate the associated Shannon entropy: S L /2 L /2 p 1 p ln( ) (,)ln( zt (,)) zt dzln( z) (13) By substituting Equation (12) into Equation (13) and replacing the limits of the integral by infinity we obtain: S aln( t) b (14) where the coefficient of the logarithmic term is: a = 0.5 and b ln( 4 De ) L. The dimensionless rate of mixing is measured by the coefficient a. In Section 4 below we demonstrate numerically that the entropy associated with spatial distribution of advected particles in a rectangular channel with pressure and drag driven flow and different surface textures is in fact well represented by Equation (14) with a rate higher than for diffusion driven mixing: a > 0.5. We note parenthetically that if the diffusion is anomalous the rate a will differ from Entropic easure of Color Homogeneity: ixing experiments using pellets of an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resin of two colors (yellow and blue) were performed at Dow Chemical Company. Details of the experimental procedure are described in reference [4]. Figure 1 shows the images of 7 slices obtained from the extrudate in the metering section of the single screw extruder (each corresponding to one turn of the screw) Figure 1: Extrudate slices analyzed for color homogeneity We will analyze the color homogeneity of these 7 consecutive cuts of the extrudate sample in terms of an index of color homogeneity: Index color Slocations ( colors) (15) ln C To simplify the analysis, colored pictures can be converted into grayscale images, which in turn can be examined for their homogeneity. In this case the intensity of grey color in each pixel/bin can be considered as a combination of a certain number of white and black particles, the relative concentration of which can be used as estimators of the probabilities [4]. Alternatively, one can analyze the colored pictures by employing the standard red-green-blue (RGB) primary colors at each pixel of the image. Thus by using a digital camera and standard image processing software (e.g. Adobe Photoshop ), a matrix of primary colors intensities at each pixel of the image can be generated. At a 24 bit image color depth, the intensity for each primary color/channel ranges from 0 to 255. The channels can be analyzed separately (monochromatic images) with the color intensities interpreted as mixtures of white and black particles summing up to 255 at each pixel. Thus, the intensity of 0 corresponds to 0 white and 255 black particles, while intensity of 255 corresponds to 255 white and 0 black particles. The relative concentrations of white and black particles serve to calculate the respective probabilities. The overall color homogeneity will depend on how evenly black and white particles are distributed throughout the whole image. Equal number of black and white particles per each pixel means uniform intensity (level of gray) throughout the whole image, which brings the index of color homogeneity to 1. The maximum number of bins for the calculation will correspond to the number of pixels on the image. Thus at higher image resolutions we can estimate the index of color homogeneity at smaller scales of observation. Furthermore, we can analyze the images by comparison with an ideal color. In the case of grey scale images this entails choosing a particular combination of black and white particles to obtain the ideal grey, which is Grant # DI

4 not necessarily obtained at equal concentration of black and white particles. In the case of color images, we need to choose an ideal color translated into different ideal intensities for the three RGB channels. In turn, each of these ideal intensities is viewed as a combination of black and white particles summing up to 255. To account for the different black/white ratios in the ideal case scenario, we take the p c/ in Equation 7 (with c standing for black or white) to be: p p * black / * white / nblack / / nideal black n / n n / n and nwhite/ / nideal white n / n n / n black / ideal black white / ideal white black / ideal black white / ideal white (16) where n black/ and n white/ are the number of black and white particles in bin and n ideal black and n ideal white are the number of black and white particles corresponding to the ideal combination. One can think of n ideal black groups of black particles and of n ideal white groups of white particles and then Equation (16) provides the probabilities that such a group in bin # is black or white, respectively. Note that the index color is one, i.e. maximum, when in each bin the ratio of black to white particles is the same and is equal to the preferred gray shade: n black/ /n white/ = n ideal black / n ideal white (17) Thus the color index defined in Equation (15) constitutes a simultaneous measure of color homogeneity and of closeness to the ideal gray shade. Finally, in analyzing the images for color homogeneity and deviation from an ideal color, one can exclude surface defects or image corners from the analysis by attributing such regions exclusion intensity. Figure 2 shows four sets of pictures, representing the converted grayscale and the three split RGB channels (RGB monochromatic intensity maps) of the original color images. (c) Green (d) Blue Figure 2: Grayscale representation and RGB monochromatic intensity maps of analyzed cuts In order to calculate an index of color homogeneity, one can define an ideal color or one can choose as the ideal the average value for the region of interest. oreover, the definition of ideal can be with respect to the grayscale image or with respect to the color image. In the last case, the definition of ideal entails identifying the relative intensities of the split channels which make up for the ideal color. In our analysis we have chosen n ideal white /n ideal black combinations to be 70/185 for the converted grayscale image. In the RGB analysis we choose the relative intensities translated as n ideal white /n ideal black to be 15/240 for the red split channel, 95/160 for the green split channel and 25/230 for the blue split channel. It is important to mention that as these combinations were not chosen based on the average values for the entire region of study, the index of color homogeneity does not necessarily reach 1.0 at the largest scale of observation ( = 1). Figure 3a shows the results obtained using the grayscale image. (a) (a) Grayscale (b) Red Grant # DI

5 (b) (c) (d) Figure 3: Evolution of color homogeneity index based on the grayscale and RGB entropic analysis The index of color homogeneity shows a general trend of improvement from the first to the last slice reflecting color intermixing progression along the extruder line. At small scales of observation ( bins), we observe relative declines in the index of color homogeneity at the 5 th and 7 th slices. Examination of the grayscale image (Figure 2a) reveals a slightly brighter large region on the right hand side of the slice #5, as well as visible non-uniformities for the slice #7. These features of the images do not play a significant role when the analysis is carried out at larger scales of observation ( bins). At the large scales, the overall distribution of bright/dark regions appears to be quite uniform for slices 4-7. Another interesting observation is the slight decline of the index at the 2 nd slice depicted at large scales of observation. This in fact reflects that the large bright portions are more evenly distributed throughout the first image than they are for the second one. In general, although the evolution of the index of color homogeneity along the extruder line reflects the correct trend of color upgrading, the analysis shows an overall low sensitivity in depicting slight changes in the quality of the images, as the overall deviations of intensity at the grayscale level are not so pronounced. The color homogeneity measurements based on the intensities of the split RGB channels provide more opportunity in the selection of a higher sensitivity analysis. In the example taken here, with a color scheme based on mostly yellow and green, the red channel provides better sensitivity (higher contrast). The intensity deviations of the red channel are more pronounced when moving between yellow (high intensity of red) and green (low intensity of red) colors. Indeed, the intensity maps for the red channel depicted in Figure 2b support this notion. As the contrast between bright and dark regions is more pronounced on the red channel, the sensitivity of the color homogeneity index increases as shown in Figure 3b. The overall evolution of the index along the extruder length shows similar trends with the analysis based on the grayscale images. To complete the analysis, we computed the indices of color homogeneity for the green and blue channels and the results are shown in Figures 3c and 3d. In the experiment presented here, the green channel map is apparently not much different from the grayscale representation of the pictures. Overall, the green channel is slightly brighter than the grayscale one, and shows some less marked intensity deviations, which translates into a slightly less sensitivity for the index of color homogeneity with an analogous evolution trend. In contrast to all the previous observations, the evolution for the blue channel based index appears to be quite flat from the 1 st to the last cut. The blue channel does not contribute significantly to the color images in the green/yellow palette. In fact, all 7 cuts show quite low, evenly distributed intensity of blue (Figure 2d). The plunge of the index at the 5 th cut can be explained by a slightly higher overall intensity of this slice compared to the other ones. This may very well be an artifact in the analysis. At this point it is important to stress that in order to minimize artifact, one should consider using a photo cell with standardized light conditions and a polarizing filter when taking the pictures for analysis. It is also possible to exclude the undesirable dependence on external light conditions in the analysis by using HIS (hue-intensitysaturation) maps rather than RGB maps. Grant # DI

6 4. Entropic easures of Quality and Rate of ixing In Channels With Various Surface Geometries: In this section we focus our attention on the influence of the geometry of the system on the mixing quality of two different fluids (species) by using the Shannon entropy. For a single screw extruder system three different geometries of the channel are compared and analyzed following the unwound channel approach. For these systems we have also studied the rate of mixing (i.e. the changing in time of the level of mixing). Specifically we take the example of mixing two fluids in the unwounded channel of a single screw extruder in three different geometrical configurations (see Figure 4). A) Figure 4: Different geometries for the unwound channel of the single screw extruder: a) simple channel, b) channel with one ridge, c) channel with two ridges. The approach consists in a simulation of each of the three systems in order to obtain the velocity profile. Then massless and non interacting particles are placed at the inlet of the cannels and tracked to study their spatial distribution. The particles are labeled in two different colors (red and blue) so that they can represent two identical fluids and initially are completely segregated. Two different procedures were used: in the first one, called 2D-continuous feeding we studied the quality of mixing according to Equation (10) by analyzing different cross sections of the systems taken along the down channel direction. In the second one, called 3Dsingle pulse we studied the distribution in space of those particles to get the rate of mixing. 3D isothermal field simulations were performed and a particle tracking algorithm was employed to observe the dynamics of the mixing process. The dimensions of the channels used in this work are: width = 16 x10-2 m, height = 4 x10-2 m and length = 2 m; the ridges have a width of 2 x10-2 m and height of 1 x10-2 m. The upper wall moves at an angle of 17 with the down channel direction at a velocity V b =0.25m/s. The bottom wall is stationary. The channel is open at both ends and we assume no slip boundary conditions at the solid surfaces. D) Figure 5: Species distribution at different crosssections: A) Initial, B) 20 cm, C) 60 cm, and D) 100 cm. For the 2D mixing analysis in the channel crosssections we assume continuous feeding of 20,000 particles (10,000 of each species) at the channel entrance and thus steady-state conditions. Figure 5 illustrates particle distributions at different crosssections along the channel length for the simple geometry. The presence of striations is clearly visible. B) C) Grant # DI

7 time only for the initial 2,000 particles without introducing other particles as soon as the old ones are out of the channel. We divided the system in 600 bins of equal volume and aspect ratio. Figure 6. S locations (species)/ln(2) versus distance from the inlet, calculated for different numbers of bins. We assess mixing quality by following the dynamics of S locations (species) (normalized on ln2) along the channel length in Figure 6. By increasing the number of bins used in the analysis, we view the results at progressively smaller scales of segregation and consequently the system appears less uniformly mixed. A comparative study of the dynamics of mixing quality in channels of different geometries using 2,000 particles (1,000 of each species) and 200 bins is presented in Figure 7. In spite of the rather poor level of resolution, one can clearly observe an enhancement in the level of mixing achieved when using one or two ridges in the channel. The Shannon entropy (defined in equation 1) was used to monitor the dynamics of distributive mixing in the entire channel. Figure 8a shows the time evolution of the Shannon entropy for the three different channel geometries. We note that the entropy increases in time and reaches a maximum at approximately 11 seconds. The decrease in entropy after 11 seconds is due to particle depletion as they exit the channel (Fig. 8b). Although the differences are small (in part due to the small number of particles used), one can still observe an enhancement of mixing in the channels with one and two ridges by comparison with the simple channel. A) Figure 7. S locations (species)/ln(2) versus distance from the inlet for the three different geometries. The influence of channel geometry on the rate of distributive mixing has been studied using the 3Dsingle pulse procedure. In this case we performed a three dimensional analysis using 2,000 particles of the same species in a pulse feeding at the channel entrance; i.e. we studied the evolution in space and in B) Figure 8. a) Evolution of Shannon entropy versus time for the three different geometries. b) Relation between Shannon entropy and number of particles: the decrease in entropy is due to the decrease in the number of particles. An interesting observation can be done looking at Figure 8a: The plots of the entropy vs. time suggest that the time evolution of the 3D entropy before particles Grant # DI

8 start leaving the channel can be well fitted to a logarithmic curve. Wang and coauthors [6] reported also a logarithmic fit for the 3D Renyi entropy curves evolution in time in a twin flight single screw extruder. We show the logarithmic fit for the three different geometries in Figure 9. The logarithmic coefficient, which is related to the rate of mixing, increases in the case of the two ridge geometry by comparison with the simple channel or the one with a single ridge. 5. Conclusions: Color mixing in extrusion was characterized by employing Shannon entropies. We first illustrated the concept by assessing color homogeneity in experiments involving different color concentrates mixed in a single screw extruder. We proposed an entropic measure to assess color homogeneity as well as deviations from a standard/ideal color. We also used entropic measures to analyze both the quality and the rate of mixing of two species of particles advected by a polymer flow in an unwounded extruder channel. The focus here was the influence of the geometry of the channel walls on the mixing quality and the rate of mixing for the two species. We found that the presence of ridges enhances the mixing of species in the channel. 8. Acknowledgements: We acknowledge the National Science Foundation for its financial support of our research through grant DI , Dow Chemical Co. for providing technical assistance in the color mixing experiments, and Ohio Supercomputer Center for providing the computational facilities. 10. References: [1]. Shannon, C. E. "A athematical Theory of Communication." The Bell System Technical J. 27, and , July and Oct [2]. Wang, W., anas-zloczower, I., Kaufman,.: Int. Polym. Process., 16, p. 315 (2001) [3]. Wang, W., anas-zloczower, I., Kaufman,.: AICHE J., 49, p (2003) [4]. Alemaskin, K., Camesasca,., anas-zloczower, I., Kaufman,., at al.: SPE-ANTEC Tech. Pap., p. 167 (2004) [5]. Tadmor, Z., Gogos, C.G., Principles of Polymer Processing, John Wiley & Sons (1979). [6]. Wang, W., anas-zloczower, I. and Kaufman,. Chem. Eng. Comm., in press, (2004). Figure 9. Logarithmic fit of the Shannon entropy for the three different geometries. Grant # DI

Entropy Time Evolution in a Twin Flight Single Screw Extruder and its Relationship to Chaos

Entropy Time Evolution in a Twin Flight Single Screw Extruder and its Relationship to Chaos Entropy Time Evolution in a Twin Flight Single Screw Extruder and its Relationship to Chaos Winston Wang (wxw6@po.cwru.edu) and Ica Manas-Zloczower (ixm@po.cwru.edu) Department of Macromolecular Science

More information

SIMULATION OF POLYMERIC FLOW IN A TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER: AN ANALYSIS OF ELONGATIONAL VISCOSITY EFFECTS

SIMULATION OF POLYMERIC FLOW IN A TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER: AN ANALYSIS OF ELONGATIONAL VISCOSITY EFFECTS SIMULATION OF POLYMERIC FLOW IN A TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER: AN ANALYSIS OF ELONGATIONAL VISCOSITY EFFECTS A. Shah and M. Gupta Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics Department Michigan Technological

More information

MODELING THREE-DIMENSIONAL NON-NEWTONIAN FLOWS IN SINGLE- SCREW EXTRUDERS

MODELING THREE-DIMENSIONAL NON-NEWTONIAN FLOWS IN SINGLE- SCREW EXTRUDERS MODELING THREE-DIMENSIONAL NON-NEWTONIAN FLOWS IN SINGLE- SCREW EXTRUDERS Christian Marschik Wolfgang Roland Bernhard Löw-Baselli Jürgen Miethlinger Johannes Kepler University Institute of Polymer Extrusion

More information

Application of Analytical Technique to Resolving the Flow Dynamics in Self-wiping Co-rotating Twin Screw Extruders

Application of Analytical Technique to Resolving the Flow Dynamics in Self-wiping Co-rotating Twin Screw Extruders Proceedings of the International Conference on New Trends in Transport Phenomena Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, May 1-2 2014 Paper No. 57 Application of Analytical Technique to Resolving the Flow Dynamics in

More information

DISPERSIVE AND DISTRIBUTIVE MIXING CHARACTERIZATION IN EXTRUSION EQUIPMENT

DISPERSIVE AND DISTRIBUTIVE MIXING CHARACTERIZATION IN EXTRUSION EQUIPMENT DISPERSIVE AND DISTRIBUTIVE MIXING CHARACTERIZATION IN EXTRUSION EQUIPMENT Winston Wang and Ica Manas-Zloczower Department of Macromolecular Science Case Western Reserve University Abstract Mixing is a

More information

Entropic Evaluation of Dean Flow Micromixers

Entropic Evaluation of Dean Flow Micromixers COMSOL Conference, Boston, 2013 Brian Vyhnalek, Petru S. Fodor and Miron Kaufman Physics Department Cleveland State University Entropic Evaluation of Dean Flow Micromixers ABSTRACT We study the use of

More information

A NEW DISPERSIVE MIXER FOR SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDERS

A NEW DISPERSIVE MIXER FOR SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDERS A NEW DISPERSIVE MIXER FOR SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDERS Chris Rauwendaal, Rauwendaal Extrusion Engineering, Inc. Tim Osswald, University of Wisconsin, Madison Paul Gramann and Bruce Davis, The Madison Group

More information

AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF ELONGATIONAL VISCOSITY ONTHEFLOWINAFLATDIE

AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF ELONGATIONAL VISCOSITY ONTHEFLOWINAFLATDIE AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF ELONGATIONAL VISCOSITY ONTHEFLOWINAFLATDIE Y. Sun and M. Gupta Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics Department Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI 49931

More information

Entropic Evaluation of Dean Flow Micromixers

Entropic Evaluation of Dean Flow Micromixers Entropic Evaluation of Dean Flow Micromixers Petru S. Fodor *1, Brian Vyhnalek 2, and Miron Kaufman 1 1 Cleveland State University, 2 Kent State University *Corresponding author: Department of Physics,

More information

ENTROPIC MEASURES OF MIXING IN APPLICATION TO POLYMER PROCESSING

ENTROPIC MEASURES OF MIXING IN APPLICATION TO POLYMER PROCESSING ENTROPIC MEASURES OF MIXING IN APPLICATION TO POLYMER PROCESSING by KIRILL ALEMASKIN Submitter in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Advisor: Dr.

More information

NEW DISPERSIVE MIXERS FOR SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDERS

NEW DISPERSIVE MIXERS FOR SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDERS NEW DISPERSIVE MIXERS FOR SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDERS Chris Rauwendaal, Rauwendaal Extrusion Engineering, Inc. Tim Osswald, University of Wisconsin, Madison Paul Gramann and Bruce Davis, The Madison Group ABSTRACT

More information

2009 Best Paper Understanding and Quantification of Die Drool Phenomenon During Polypropylene Extrusion Process

2009 Best Paper Understanding and Quantification of Die Drool Phenomenon During Polypropylene Extrusion Process 2009 Best Paper Understanding and Quantification of Die Drool Phenomenon During Polypropylene Extrusion Process Print (10)» 2010 Best Paper An Engineering Approach to the Correction of Rotational Flow

More information

Morphology Evolution in PS/LDPE Blends in a Twin Screw Extruder: Effects of Compatibilizer

Morphology Evolution in PS/LDPE Blends in a Twin Screw Extruder: Effects of Compatibilizer Korean J. Chem. Eng., 18(1), 33-39 (2001) Morphology Evolution in PS/LDPE Blends in a Twin Screw Extruder: Effects of Compatibilizer Do Young Moon*, Moo Hyun Kwon and O Ok Park *Chemical Division R&D Center,

More information

What is Image Deblurring?

What is Image Deblurring? What is Image Deblurring? When we use a camera, we want the recorded image to be a faithful representation of the scene that we see but every image is more or less blurry, depending on the circumstances.

More information

Développement d un système d imagerie spectrale pour contrôle de la qualité en-ligne des procédés d extrusions de composites plastiques

Développement d un système d imagerie spectrale pour contrôle de la qualité en-ligne des procédés d extrusions de composites plastiques Développement d un système d imagerie spectrale pour contrôle de la qualité en-ligne des procédés d extrusions de composites plastiques R. Gosselin, C. Duchesne, et D. Rodrigue Département de génie chimique

More information

Digital Image Processing ERRATA. Wilhelm Burger Mark J. Burge. An algorithmic introduction using Java. Second Edition. Springer

Digital Image Processing ERRATA. Wilhelm Burger Mark J. Burge. An algorithmic introduction using Java. Second Edition. Springer Wilhelm Burger Mark J. Burge Digital Image Processing An algorithmic introduction using Java Second Edition ERRATA Springer Berlin Heidelberg NewYork Hong Kong London Milano Paris Tokyo 5 Filters K K No

More information

THE 3D VISCOELASTIC SIMULATION OF MULTI-LAYER FLOW INSIDE FILM AND SHEET EXTRUSION DIES

THE 3D VISCOELASTIC SIMULATION OF MULTI-LAYER FLOW INSIDE FILM AND SHEET EXTRUSION DIES THE 3D VISCOELASTIC SIMULATION OF MULTI-LAYER FLOW INSIDE FILM AND SHEET EXTRUSION DIES Kazuya Yokomizo 1, Makoto Iwamura 2 and Hideki Tomiyama 1 1 The Japan Steel Works, LTD., Hiroshima Research Laboratory,

More information

Nanocomposites: A Single Screw Mixing Study of Nanoclay-filled Polypropylene

Nanocomposites: A Single Screw Mixing Study of Nanoclay-filled Polypropylene Nanocomposites: A Single Screw Mixing Study of Nanoclay-filled Polypropylene By Jae Whan Cho, Jason Logsdon, Scott Omachinski, Guoqiang Qian, Tie Lan - Nanocor, Inc. Timothy W. Womer and Walter S. Smith

More information

CONTRIBUTION TO EXTRUDATE SWELL FROM THE VELOCITY FACTOR IN NON- ISOTHERMAL EXTRUSION

CONTRIBUTION TO EXTRUDATE SWELL FROM THE VELOCITY FACTOR IN NON- ISOTHERMAL EXTRUSION Second International Conference on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia 6-8 December 1999 CONTRIBUTION TO EXTRUDATE SWELL FROM THE VELOCITY FACTOR IN NON- ISOTHERMAL EXTRUSION

More information

Injection Molding. Figure 1: Principles of injection molding. Injection molding cycle: part solidifies. Open Mold Eject Part Close Mold

Injection Molding. Figure 1: Principles of injection molding. Injection molding cycle: part solidifies. Open Mold Eject Part Close Mold Injection Molding Figure 1: Principles of injection molding. Injection molding cycle: Extruder Pressure Extrude Mold Inject Pack Solidify Open Mold Eject Part Close Mold gate solidifies part solidifies

More information

Table 17 1 Some general field equation terms. Heat Power. Current Source. 0 0 Boundary Current Porous Media Flow. Flow Source

Table 17 1 Some general field equation terms. Heat Power. Current Source. 0 0 Boundary Current Porous Media Flow. Flow Source 17 Related Analogies 17.1 Basic Concepts The differential equation used in a finite element study in one discipline often appears in a different discipline, but with a different physical meaning for the

More information

A NEW DISPERSIVE AND DISTRIBUTIVE STATIC MIXER FOR THE COMPOUNDING OF HIGHLY VISCOUS MATERIALS

A NEW DISPERSIVE AND DISTRIBUTIVE STATIC MIXER FOR THE COMPOUNDING OF HIGHLY VISCOUS MATERIALS A NEW DISPERSIVE AND DISTRIBUTIVE STATIC MIXER FOR THE COMPOUNDING OF HIGHLY VISCOUS MATERIALS Paul Gramann and Bruce Davis, The Madison Group: PPRC. Tim Osswald, University of Wisconsin-Madison Chris

More information

Chemical Reaction Engineering Prof. Jayant Modak Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

Chemical Reaction Engineering Prof. Jayant Modak Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Chemical Reaction Engineering Prof. Jayant Modak Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Lecture No. # 26 Problem solving : Heterogeneous reactions Friends, in last few

More information

An Adjustable Gap In-Line Rheometer

An Adjustable Gap In-Line Rheometer An Adjustable Gap In-Line Rheometer By D. M. Kalyon, H. Gokturk and I. Boz Highly Filled Materials Institute Hoboken, NJ 07030 Introduction The rheological behavior of polymer melts, and structured fluids

More information

Digital Trimulus Color Image Enhancing and Quantitative Information Measuring

Digital Trimulus Color Image Enhancing and Quantitative Information Measuring th WSEAS Int. Conference on Computational Intelligence, Man-Machine Systems and Cybernetics, Tenerife, Spain, December -, 007 33 Digital Trimulus Color Enhancing and Quantitative Information Measuring

More information

Multilayer Rheology Effects in Coextruded Structure Design

Multilayer Rheology Effects in Coextruded Structure Design 2008 Best Paper Multilayer Rheology Effects in Coextruded Structure Design Print (10)» Best Papers» 2009 Best Paper Understanding and Quantification of Die Drool Phenomenon During Polypropylene Extrusion

More information

Review for Exam 1. Erik G. Learned-Miller Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts, Amherst Amherst, MA

Review for Exam 1. Erik G. Learned-Miller Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts, Amherst Amherst, MA Review for Exam Erik G. Learned-Miller Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts, Amherst Amherst, MA 0003 March 26, 204 Abstract Here are some things you need to know for the in-class

More information

EFFECT OF TYPICAL MELT TEMPERATURE NON-UNIFORMITY ON FLOW DISTRIBUTION IN FLAT DIES

EFFECT OF TYPICAL MELT TEMPERATURE NON-UNIFORMITY ON FLOW DISTRIBUTION IN FLAT DIES EFFEC OF YPICAL MEL EMPERAURE NON-UNIFORMIY ON FLOW DISRIBUION IN FLA DIES Olivier Catherine, Cloeren Incorporated, Orange, X Abstract In this study, the influence of non-uniform incoming melt temperature

More information

Ray M. Stringfield Robert J. Kares J. R. Thomas, Jr.

Ray M. Stringfield Robert J. Kares J. R. Thomas, Jr. U4JR-96-1107 * v TITLE: AU THOR(S): SUBMITTED TO: TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN A FLOWING FLUID HEATED IN A MICROWAVE RESONANT CAVI'W Eric M. Nelson Ray M. Stringfield Robert J. Kares J. R. Thomas, Jr. AOT-9

More information

Determining the Processability of Multilayer Coextruded Structures

Determining the Processability of Multilayer Coextruded Structures Determining the Processability of Multilayer Coextruded Structures Joseph Dooley The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI ABSTRACT Multilayer coextrusion is a process in which two or more polymers are extruded

More information

Experiment P05: Position, Velocity, & Acceleration (Motion Sensor)

Experiment P05: Position, Velocity, & Acceleration (Motion Sensor) PASCO scientific Physics Lab Manual: P05-1 Experiment P05: Position, Velocity, & Acceleration (Motion Sensor) Concept Time SW Interface Macintosh file Windows file linear motion 30 m 500 or 700 P05 Position,

More information

Rheological Properties of ABS at Low Shear Rates: Effects of Phase Heterogeneity

Rheological Properties of ABS at Low Shear Rates: Effects of Phase Heterogeneity Malaysian Polymer Journal, Vol 4, No, p9-36, 9 Available online at wwwfkkksautmmy/mpj Rheological Properties of ABS at Low Shear Rates: Effects of Phase Heterogeneity Asif Ali Qaiser *, Yasir Qayyum and

More information

Zeeman Effect Physics 481

Zeeman Effect Physics 481 Zeeman Effect Introduction You are familiar with Atomic Spectra, especially the H- atom energy spectrum. Atoms emit or absorb energies in packets, or quanta which are photons. The orbital motion of electrons

More information

Modeling of Anisotropic Polymers during Extrusion

Modeling of Anisotropic Polymers during Extrusion Modeling of Anisotropic Polymers during Extrusion Modified on Friday, 01 May 2015 10:38 PM by mpieler Categorized as: Paper of the Month Modeling of Anisotropic Polymers during Extrusion Arash Ahmadzadegan,

More information

Final Polymer Processing

Final Polymer Processing 030319 Final Polymer Processing I) Blow molding is used to produce plastic bottles and a blow molding machine was seen during the Equistar tour. In blow molding a tubular parison is produced by extrusion

More information

ON THE CONDITIONS OF CLOGGING IN A HYDROCYCLONE. Dueck, Johann 1,2

ON THE CONDITIONS OF CLOGGING IN A HYDROCYCLONE. Dueck, Johann 1,2 ISBN 978-83-9784-8-3 ISSN 867-7964 ON THE CONDITIONS OF CLOGGING IN A HYDROCYCLONE Dueck, Johann 1, 1) L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Republic of Kazakhstan, ) Friedrich-Alexander, Universität

More information

DESIGN OF DISPERSIVE MIXING DEVICES

DESIGN OF DISPERSIVE MIXING DEVICES DESIGN OF DISPERSIVE MIXING DEVICES Chris Rauwendaal, Rauwendaal Extrusion Engineering, Inc. Tim Osswald, University of Wisconsin, Madison Paul Gramann and Bruce Davis, The Madison Group ABSTRACT Mixing

More information

When taking a picture, what color is a (Lambertian) surface?

When taking a picture, what color is a (Lambertian) surface? Shadow removal When taking a picture, what color is a (Lambertian) surface? What if it s not a cloudy day? Region lit by skylight only Region lit by sunlight and skylight What great things could we do

More information

Turbulence Laboratory

Turbulence Laboratory Objective: CE 319F Elementary Mechanics of Fluids Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Turbulence Laboratory The objective of this laboratory

More information

We Prediction of Geological Characteristic Using Gaussian Mixture Model

We Prediction of Geological Characteristic Using Gaussian Mixture Model We-07-06 Prediction of Geological Characteristic Using Gaussian Mixture Model L. Li* (BGP,CNPC), Z.H. Wan (BGP,CNPC), S.F. Zhan (BGP,CNPC), C.F. Tao (BGP,CNPC) & X.H. Ran (BGP,CNPC) SUMMARY The multi-attribute

More information

SCALING LAWS AND FRACTAL SCREW DESIGNS TOWARDS SINGLE PELLET EXTRUSION

SCALING LAWS AND FRACTAL SCREW DESIGNS TOWARDS SINGLE PELLET EXTRUSION SCALING LAWS AND FRACTAL SCREW DESIGNS TOWARDS SINGLE PELLET EXTRUSION D.O. Kazmer Department of Plastics Engineering, Univ. Mass. Lowell Abstract Analyses and screw design concepts are presented to control

More information

Experimental Investigation of the Development of Interfacial Instabilities in Two Layer Coextrusion Dies

Experimental Investigation of the Development of Interfacial Instabilities in Two Layer Coextrusion Dies SCREW EXTRUSION R. Valette 1 *, P. Laure 2, Y. Demay 1, J.-F. Agassant 1 1 Centre de Mise Forme des MatØriaux, Ecole Nationale des Mines de Paris, Sophia Antipolis, France 2 Institut Non-LinØaire de Nice,

More information

Consideration of Expression Method of the Entropy Concept

Consideration of Expression Method of the Entropy Concept KEER2014, LINKÖPING JUNE 11-13 2014 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON KANSEI ENGINEERING AND EMOTION RESEARCH Consideration of Expression Method of the Entropy Concept Correlation between the entropy for a given

More information

CFD STUDY OF MASS TRANSFER IN SPACER FILLED MEMBRANE MODULE

CFD STUDY OF MASS TRANSFER IN SPACER FILLED MEMBRANE MODULE GANIT J. Bangladesh Math. Soc. (ISSN 1606-3694) 31 (2011) 33-41 CFD STUDY OF MASS TRANSFER IN SPACER FILLED MEMBRANE MODULE Sharmina Hussain Department of Mathematics and Natural Science BRAC University,

More information

Maximum Heat Transfer Density From Finned Tubes Cooled By Natural Convection

Maximum Heat Transfer Density From Finned Tubes Cooled By Natural Convection Maximum Heat Transfer Density From Finned Tubes Cooled By Natural Convection Ahmed Waheed Mustafa 1 Mays Munir Ismael 2 AL-Nahrain University College of Engineering Mechanical Engineering Department ahmedwah@eng.nahrainuniv.edu.iq

More information

ANALYSIS OF EXTRUSION PROBLEMS WITH FLOW SIMULATION

ANALYSIS OF EXTRUSION PROBLEMS WITH FLOW SIMULATION Compuplast International Inc. 2010 ANALYSIS OF EXTRUSION PROBLEMS WITH FLOW SIMULATION Vijay Kudchadkar Compuplast International Inc. Objectives Demonstrate the application of CAE/CFD/Simulation towards

More information

A microfluidic-based hydrodynamic trap: Design and implementation

A microfluidic-based hydrodynamic trap: Design and implementation SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL A microfluidic-based hydrodynamic trap: Design and implementation Melikhan Tanyeri, a Mikhil Ranka, a Natawan Sittipolkul a and Charles M. Schroeder* a,b a Department of Chemical

More information

Classifying Galaxy Morphology using Machine Learning

Classifying Galaxy Morphology using Machine Learning Julian Kates-Harbeck, Introduction: Classifying Galaxy Morphology using Machine Learning The goal of this project is to classify galaxy morphologies. Generally, galaxy morphologies fall into one of two

More information

Continuous Manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals: Scale-up of a Hot Melt Extrusion Process

Continuous Manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals: Scale-up of a Hot Melt Extrusion Process An Executive Summary Continuous Manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals: Scale-up of a Hot Melt Extrusion Process By: Dirk Leister, Leader Technical Marketing, Material Characterization Products, Thermo Fisher

More information

Performance evaluation of different model mixers by numerical simulation

Performance evaluation of different model mixers by numerical simulation Journal of Food Engineering 71 (2005) 295 303 www.elsevier.com/locate/jfoodeng Performance evaluation of different model mixers by numerical simulation Chenxu Yu, Sundaram Gunasekaran * Food and Bioprocess

More information

Experimental mixing characterization of Newtonian fluids mixing in asymmetric T-micromixers

Experimental mixing characterization of Newtonian fluids mixing in asymmetric T-micromixers Experimental mixing characterization of Newtonian fluids mixing in asymmetric T-micromixers Bernardo Calado a a Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal bernardo.calado@tecnico.ulisboa.pt Abstract

More information

Principles of Convection

Principles of Convection Principles of Convection Point Conduction & convection are similar both require the presence of a material medium. But convection requires the presence of fluid motion. Heat transfer through the: Solid

More information

Design Of An Anisokinetic Probe For Sampling RadioactiveParticles From Ducts Of Nuclear Facilities

Design Of An Anisokinetic Probe For Sampling RadioactiveParticles From Ducts Of Nuclear Facilities Design Of An Anisokinetic Probe For Sampling RadioactiveParticles From Ducts Of Nuclear Facilities Author P. Geraldini 1 1 Sogin Spa Via Marsala 51C, 00185 Rome Italy, geraldini@sogin.it Abstract: The

More information

IN-LINE ULTRASONIC MONITORING OF POLYMER BLENDING IN A TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER

IN-LINE ULTRASONIC MONITORING OF POLYMER BLENDING IN A TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER IN-LINE ULTRASONIC MONITORING OF OLYMER BLENDING IN A TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER Z. Sun 1, J. Tatibouët 1, C.-K. Jen 1, H. L. Liang 2, and C.-Y. Su 2 1 Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council

More information

Fluid Mechanics Prof. S.K. Som Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Fluid Mechanics Prof. S.K. Som Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Fluid Mechanics Prof. S.K. Som Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 42 Flows with a Free Surface Part II Good morning. I welcome you to this session

More information

3D Compression Molding

3D Compression Molding Autodesk Simulation Moldflow Insight 2014 3D Compression Molding Executive summary In this work, the simulation results from a program developed for the three-dimensional analysis of compression molding

More information

Computation of Unsteady Flows With Moving Grids

Computation of Unsteady Flows With Moving Grids Computation of Unsteady Flows With Moving Grids Milovan Perić CoMeT Continuum Mechanics Technologies GmbH milovan@continuummechanicstechnologies.de Unsteady Flows With Moving Boundaries, I Unsteady flows

More information

Application of Batch Poisson Process to Random-sized Batch Arrival of Sediment Particles

Application of Batch Poisson Process to Random-sized Batch Arrival of Sediment Particles Application of Batch Poisson Process to Random-sized Batch Arrival of Sediment Particles Serena Y. Hung, Christina W. Tsai Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University

More information

Narrowband Imaging, or How to Image in Downtown Portland. Duncan Kitchin OMSI Astro Imaging Conference 2010

Narrowband Imaging, or How to Image in Downtown Portland. Duncan Kitchin OMSI Astro Imaging Conference 2010 Narrowband Imaging, or How to Image in Downtown Portland Duncan Kitchin OMSI Astro Imaging Conference 2010 Agenda Sources of noise in astro images Selectively removing light pollution Narrowband filters

More information

Laplace Technique on Magnetohydrodynamic Radiating and Chemically Reacting Fluid over an Infinite Vertical Surface

Laplace Technique on Magnetohydrodynamic Radiating and Chemically Reacting Fluid over an Infinite Vertical Surface International Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume 2 No. 4, April, 2012 Laplace Technique on Magnetohydrodynamic Radiating and Chemically Reacting Fluid over an Infinite Vertical Surface 1 Sahin

More information

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDERS HAVING SCREWS OF COMPLEX GEOMETRY WITH MIXING ELEMENTS

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDERS HAVING SCREWS OF COMPLEX GEOMETRY WITH MIXING ELEMENTS COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDERS HAVING SCREWS OF COMPLEX GEOMETRY WITH MIXING ELEMENTS John Vlachopoulos McMaster University Nick Polychronopoulos * Polydynamics, Inc. Shinichiro

More information

Screen-space processing Further Graphics

Screen-space processing Further Graphics Screen-space processing Rafał Mantiuk Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge Cornell Box and tone-mapping Rendering Photograph 2 Real-world scenes are more challenging } The match could not be achieved

More information

Heat Transfer Lesson Plan

Heat Transfer Lesson Plan Heat Transfer Lesson Plan I. Benchmarks: P.EN.M.4 Energy Transfer- Energy is transferred from a source to a receiver by radiation, conduction, and convection. When energy is transferred from one system

More information

Evaluations of Flow and Mixing Efficiency in the Kneading Disks of a Novel Tri-Screw Extruder

Evaluations of Flow and Mixing Efficiency in the Kneading Disks of a Novel Tri-Screw Extruder Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 51-6, 216. Available online at www.jafmonline.net, ISSN 1735-3572, EISSN 1735-3645. Evaluations of Flow and Mixing Efficiency in the Kneading Disks

More information

Image Contrast Enhancement and Quantitative Measuring of Information Flow

Image Contrast Enhancement and Quantitative Measuring of Information Flow 6th WSEAS International Conference on Information Security and Privacy, Tenerife, Spain, December 14-16, 007 17 Contrast Enhancement and Quantitative Measuring of Information Flow ZHENGMAO YE 1, HABIB

More information

Design and simulation of Open Circuit Blowdown type Wind Tunnel

Design and simulation of Open Circuit Blowdown type Wind Tunnel Design and simulation of Open Circuit Blowdown type Wind Tunnel Sanjeev Kumar Gupta a, V.K.Dwivedi b, Jitendra Kumar Chauhan c, and Rahul Goswami c a Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

More information

Laboratory 3&4: Confocal Microscopy Imaging of Single-Emitter Fluorescence and Hanbury Brown and Twiss setup for Photon Antibunching

Laboratory 3&4: Confocal Microscopy Imaging of Single-Emitter Fluorescence and Hanbury Brown and Twiss setup for Photon Antibunching Laboratory 3&4: Confocal Microscopy Imaging of Single-Emitter Fluorescence and Hanbury Brown and Twiss setup for Photon Antibunching Jose Alejandro Graniel Institute of Optics University of Rochester,

More information

Journal of Solid and Fluid Mechanics. An approximate model for slug flow heat transfer in channels of arbitrary cross section

Journal of Solid and Fluid Mechanics. An approximate model for slug flow heat transfer in channels of arbitrary cross section Vol. 2, No. 3, 2012, 1 7 Journal of Solid and Fluid Mechanics Shahrood University of Technology An approximate model for slug flow heat transfer in channels of arbitrary cross section M. Kalteh 1,*, A.

More information

Spreading of a Herschel-Bulkley Fluid Using Lubrication Approximation

Spreading of a Herschel-Bulkley Fluid Using Lubrication Approximation Journal of Undergraduate Research 7, 1-14 (214) Spreading of a Herschel-Bulkley Fluid Using Lubrication Approximation Nadiya Klep 1Department of Material Science and Engineering Clemson University, Clemson,

More information

Experiments on the perturbation of a channel flow by a triangular ripple

Experiments on the perturbation of a channel flow by a triangular ripple Experiments on the perturbation of a channel flow by a triangular ripple F. Cúñez *, E. Franklin Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, Brazil * Correspondent author: fernandodcb@fem.unicamp.br

More information

Studies on flow through and around a porous permeable sphere: II. Heat Transfer

Studies on flow through and around a porous permeable sphere: II. Heat Transfer Studies on flow through and around a porous permeable sphere: II. Heat Transfer A. K. Jain and S. Basu 1 Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi 110016, India

More information

Applied Gas Dynamics Flow With Friction and Heat Transfer

Applied Gas Dynamics Flow With Friction and Heat Transfer Applied Gas Dynamics Flow With Friction and Heat Transfer Ethirajan Rathakrishnan Applied Gas Dynamics, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd c 2010 Ethirajan Rathakrishnan 1 / 121 Introduction So far, we have

More information

6.2 Governing Equations for Natural Convection

6.2 Governing Equations for Natural Convection 6. Governing Equations for Natural Convection 6..1 Generalized Governing Equations The governing equations for natural convection are special cases of the generalized governing equations that were discussed

More information

Shell Balances in Fluid Mechanics

Shell Balances in Fluid Mechanics Shell Balances in Fluid Mechanics R. Shankar Subramanian Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Clarkson University When fluid flow occurs in a single direction everywhere in a system, shell

More information

Capturing and Processing Deep Space Images. Petros Pissias Eumetsat Astronomy Club 15/03/2018

Capturing and Processing Deep Space Images. Petros Pissias Eumetsat Astronomy Club 15/03/2018 Capturing and Processing Deep Space Images Petros Pissias Eumetsat Astronomy Club 15/03/2018 Agenda Introduction Basic Equipment Preparation Acquisition Processing Quick demo Petros Pissias Eumetsat Astronomy

More information

Lecture 11: Information theory THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 2019

Lecture 11: Information theory THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 2019 Lecture 11: Information theory DANIEL WELLER THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 2019 Agenda Information and probability Entropy and coding Mutual information and capacity Both images contain the same fraction of black

More information

Polymer Reaction Engineering

Polymer Reaction Engineering Polymer Reaction Engineering Polymerization Techniques Bulk Solution Suspension Emulsion Interfacial Polymerization Solid-State Gas-Phase Plasma Polymerization in Supercritical Fluids Bulk Polymerization

More information

Towards a Numerical Benchmark for 3D Low Mach Number Mixed Flows in a Rectangular Channel Heated from Below

Towards a Numerical Benchmark for 3D Low Mach Number Mixed Flows in a Rectangular Channel Heated from Below Copyright 2008 Tech Science Press FDMP, vol.4, no.4, pp.263-269, 2008 Towards a Numerical Benchmark for 3D Low Mach Number Mixed Flows in a Rectangular Channel Heated from Below G. Accary 1, S. Meradji

More information

Effect of Shape and Flow Control Devices on the Fluid Flow Characteristics in Three Different Industrial Six Strand Billet Caster Tundish

Effect of Shape and Flow Control Devices on the Fluid Flow Characteristics in Three Different Industrial Six Strand Billet Caster Tundish , pp. 1647 1656 Effect of Shape and Flow Control Devices on the Fluid Flow Characteristics in Three Different Industrial Six Strand Billet Caster Tundish Anurag TRIPATHI and Satish Kumar AJMANI Research

More information

Experiment 10. Zeeman Effect. Introduction. Zeeman Effect Physics 244

Experiment 10. Zeeman Effect. Introduction. Zeeman Effect Physics 244 Experiment 10 Zeeman Effect Introduction You are familiar with Atomic Spectra, especially the H-atom energy spectrum. Atoms emit or absorb energies in packets, or quanta which are photons. The orbital

More information

Slow viscous flow in a microchannel with similar and different superhydrophobic walls

Slow viscous flow in a microchannel with similar and different superhydrophobic walls Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS Slow viscous flow in a microchannel with similar and different superhydrophobic walls To cite this article: A I Ageev and A N Osiptsov 2018 J. Phys.:

More information

Color Science Light & Spectra

Color Science Light & Spectra COLOR Visible Light Color Science Light & Spectra Light is an electromagnetic wave It s color is characterized by it s wavelength Most light sources produce contributions over many wavelengths, contributions

More information

Analysis of Mixing Chambers for the Processing of Two-Component Adhesives for Transport Applications

Analysis of Mixing Chambers for the Processing of Two-Component Adhesives for Transport Applications Analysis of Mixing Chambers for the Processing of Two-Component Adhesives for Transport Applications P. Steinert* 1, I. Schaarschmidt 1, R. Paul 1, M. Zinecker 1, M. Hackert-Oschätzchen 1, Th. Muschalek

More information

Modeling a Catalytic Converter in Comsol Multiphysics

Modeling a Catalytic Converter in Comsol Multiphysics Modeling a Catalytic Converter in Comsol Multiphysics By Jacob Harding December 10 th, 2007 Chem E 499 Problem The goal of this project was to develop a model of a catalytic converter in Comsol Multiphysics.

More information

Physics E-1ax, Fall 2014 Experiment 3. Experiment 3: Force. 2. Find your center of mass by balancing yourself on two force plates.

Physics E-1ax, Fall 2014 Experiment 3. Experiment 3: Force. 2. Find your center of mass by balancing yourself on two force plates. Learning Goals Experiment 3: Force After you finish this lab, you will be able to: 1. Use Logger Pro to analyze video and calculate position, velocity, and acceleration. 2. Find your center of mass by

More information

9 th International Conference on Quantitative InfraRed Thermography July 2-5, 2008, Krakow - Poland Application of infrared thermography for validation of numerical analyses results of a finned cross-flow

More information

SIMULATION OF FLOW IN A RADIAL FLOW FIXED BED REACTOR (RFBR)

SIMULATION OF FLOW IN A RADIAL FLOW FIXED BED REACTOR (RFBR) SIMULATION OF FLOW IN A RADIAL FLOW FIXED BED REACTOR (RFBR) Aqeel A. KAREERI, Habib H. ZUGHBI, *, and Habib H. AL-ALI * Ras Tanura Refinery, SAUDI ARAMCO, Saudi Arabia * Department of Chemical Engineering,

More information

4. Quantization and Data Compression. ECE 302 Spring 2012 Purdue University, School of ECE Prof. Ilya Pollak

4. Quantization and Data Compression. ECE 302 Spring 2012 Purdue University, School of ECE Prof. Ilya Pollak 4. Quantization and Data Compression ECE 32 Spring 22 Purdue University, School of ECE Prof. What is data compression? Reducing the file size without compromising the quality of the data stored in the

More information

Total Thermal Diffusivity in a Porous Structure Measured By Full Field Liquid Crystal Thermography

Total Thermal Diffusivity in a Porous Structure Measured By Full Field Liquid Crystal Thermography Proceedings of the International Conference on Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Prague, Czech Republic, August 11-12, 2014 Paper No. 89 Total Thermal Diffusivity in a Porous Structure Measured By Full Field

More information

CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER

CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER Mohammad Goharkhah Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sahand Unversity of Technology, Tabriz, Iran CHAPTER 4 HEAT TRANSFER IN CHANNEL FLOW BASIC CONCEPTS BASIC CONCEPTS Laminar

More information

Knot Physics: Entanglement and Locality. Abstract

Knot Physics: Entanglement and Locality. Abstract Knot Physics: Entanglement and Locality C. Ellgen (Dated: July 18, 2016) Abstract We describe entanglement and locality in knot physics. In knot physics, spacetime is a branched manifold. The quantum information

More information

MEASUREMENT OF CAPILLARY PRESSURE BY DIRECT VISUALIZATION OF A CENTRIFUGE EXPERIMENT

MEASUREMENT OF CAPILLARY PRESSURE BY DIRECT VISUALIZATION OF A CENTRIFUGE EXPERIMENT MEASUREMENT OF CAPILLARY PRESSURE BY DIRECT VISUALIZATION OF A CENTRIFUGE EXPERIMENT Osamah A. Al-Omair and Richard L. Christiansen Petroleum Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines ABSTRACT A

More information

The Effect of Material Selection in Feed-Block Coextrusion of a Three Layer Film

The Effect of Material Selection in Feed-Block Coextrusion of a Three Layer Film The Effect of Material Selection in Feed-Block Coextrusion of a Three Layer Film Jiri Vlcek 1, Walter Kopytko 2, Martin Zatloukal 2 and Jiri Svabik 1 1. Compuplast International Inc., Zlin, Czech Republic

More information

Physics 562: Statistical Mechanics Spring 2002, James P. Sethna Prelim, due Wednesday, March 13 Latest revision: March 22, 2002, 10:9

Physics 562: Statistical Mechanics Spring 2002, James P. Sethna Prelim, due Wednesday, March 13 Latest revision: March 22, 2002, 10:9 Physics 562: Statistical Mechanics Spring 2002, James P. Sethna Prelim, due Wednesday, March 13 Latest revision: March 22, 2002, 10:9 Open Book Exam Work on your own for this exam. You may consult your

More information

SYMMETRY BREAKING PHENOMENA OF PURELY VISCOUS SHEAR-THINNING FLUID FLOW IN A LOCALLY CONSTRICTED CHANNEL

SYMMETRY BREAKING PHENOMENA OF PURELY VISCOUS SHEAR-THINNING FLUID FLOW IN A LOCALLY CONSTRICTED CHANNEL ISSN 1726-4529 Int j simul model 7 (2008) 4, 186-197 Original scientific paper SYMMETRY BREAKING PHENOMENA OF PURELY VISCOUS SHEAR-THINNING FLUID FLOW IN A LOCALLY CONSTRICTED CHANNEL Ternik, P. University

More information

The Poisson Channel with Side Information

The Poisson Channel with Side Information The Poisson Channel with Side Information Shraga Bross School of Enginerring Bar-Ilan University, Israel brosss@macs.biu.ac.il Amos Lapidoth Ligong Wang Signal and Information Processing Laboratory ETH

More information

Chemical Reaction Engineering Prof. Jayant Modak Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

Chemical Reaction Engineering Prof. Jayant Modak Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Chemical Reaction Engineering Prof. Jayant Modak Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Lecture No. #40 Problem solving: Reactor Design Friends, this is our last session

More information

Due Tuesday, November 23 nd, 12:00 midnight

Due Tuesday, November 23 nd, 12:00 midnight Due Tuesday, November 23 nd, 12:00 midnight This challenging but very rewarding homework is considering the finite element analysis of advection-diffusion and incompressible fluid flow problems. Problem

More information

Two-Phase Refrigerant Distribution in a Micro- Channel Manifold

Two-Phase Refrigerant Distribution in a Micro- Channel Manifold Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 6 Two-Phase Refrigerant Distribution in a Micro- Channel Manifold Chad D. Bowers

More information

Study on the Pressure and Temperature Distribution of Solid-Plug Conveying Element on Centrifugal Extruder

Study on the Pressure and Temperature Distribution of Solid-Plug Conveying Element on Centrifugal Extruder Send Orders for Reprints toreprints@benthamscience.net 76 The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal, 2013, 7, 76-82 Open Access Study on the Pressure and Temperature Distribution of Solid-Plug Conveying

More information