hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt XnIhnZy

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt XnIhnZy"

Sybil Green
6 years ago
Views:

$A[ym-]I klmbn hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt XnIhnZy Ãm$

1 A[ym-]I klmbn hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt XnIhnZy Ãm tu Uv IX ticf k m s]mxp-hn-zym-`ymk hip v 1

2 A[ym]Iklmbn (IcSv) Prepared by : IT@School Project Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-12, Kerala for State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala Website : contact@itschool.gov.in, scertkerala@asianetindia.com Phone : , , Fax: , Type setting : IT@School Project Layout : IT@School Project Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi Department of Education, Government of Kerala 2

3 {]nb A[ym-]-Itc, Ign A[y-b\h jw apx F mw- m-knse ]T-\-Øn-\mbn Xbm-dm- nb sf.-kn.-sn. A[n-jvTnX ]mt-]p-kvxiw hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpss ]T-\-t_m-[\w ck-i-chpw Ffp- hp-am- m \nßsf hf-sc-b-[niw klm-bn- n- p- m-ip-at m? Cu h jw H ]-Xmw- m-kn-te v sf.-kn.-sn. ]T-\-Øn-\mbn Xbm-dm- n-bn-cn- p ]mt-]p-kvx-ihpw hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpss ]T-\-Øn\pw ]T-\m-\p-_- -ambn sntø {]h Ø-\-ßƒ pw Iºyq-, C s\ v F nh ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øm-hp Xc-Øn-emWv Bkq-{XWw snbvxn-cn- p- -Xv. mkvap-dn-i-fnepw Iºyq- em_nepw sf.-kn.sn A[n-jvTn-X-ambn ]mt-`m- K-ßƒ hn\n-abw snøp- -Xn\v A[ym-]-I FSp-t aps m-cp- -ßƒ, A[nI hnh-cßƒ F n-h-sbms Dƒs m- n- p-sim- mwv Cu sf.-kn.-sn. A[ym-]I klmbn Xbmdm- n-bn-cn- p- -Xv. hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpss ]T-\-{]-h Ø-\-ßfpw ]T-\m-\p-_- -ambn sntø {]h Ø-\-ß-fp-amWv {][m-\-ambpw sf.-kn.-sn. ]T-\-Øn-eqsS \S-t - -Xv. simfm-jv, ] n-i-iƒ, Nm v, {Km^v F nh Xbm-dm-, ] n-i-iƒ t{imuo-i-cn-, A]- {K-Yn-, dnt m v Xbm-dm- F n-h-sbms hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpss ]T-\-{]-h Ø-\- Øns `mk-ambn snøp- -Xn-eqsS hnhn[ B]vfn-t -j tkm^v vshb ]cn-n-b-s -Sp- - Xn\pw AXv A\m-bmkw D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-\p-ap tijn-iƒ Ip n-iƒ t\sn-bn-cn- -Ww. Iºyq- klm-b-tømss Pyman-Xob cq]-ßƒ Xbm-dm n Ah-bpsS ]c- -f-hv, Np - f-hv XpS-ßn-bh Is -Øp- -Xn-\p {]h Ø-\-ßƒ, Ce-Ivt{Sm hn\ym-k-co-xn-iƒ, aqe- I-ßsf Xmc-Xayw snø XpSßn hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpss ]T-\sØ Dd- n- p hnj-bm- \p-_- -amb ]T-\-{]-h Ø-\-ßƒ F n-hbpw sf.-kn.-sn. mkp-i-fn Ip n-iƒ ]cn-ioen -Ww. A]vse p-iƒ Xbm-dm-, sh_vt]-pp-iƒ Xbm-dm-, sh_vt]-pn Nn{Xßƒ Dƒs -SpØn `wkn-s -Sp-Ø F n-hbpw Ip n-isf ]cn-io-en- n-t - -Xm-Wv. Hm -td- nwkv knãw, Ah-bpsS [ a-ßƒ Ch-sb- p-dn- p icn-bmb [mcw Ip n-iƒ v D m-i-ww. B\n-ta-j-\p-Iƒ Xbm-dm- p- -Xn\pw {]h Øn- n- p- -Xn\pw, Xnc- -Y-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn v Ne- n-{x-ßƒ Xbm-dm- p- -Xn\pw Ah {]h Øn- n- p- -Xn-\p-ap ]cn-io-e-\hpw Ip n-iƒ v \ I-Ww. PhET t]mep Hm sse hnzym-`ymk t]m -ep- Ifpw Ip n-isf ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Ø-Ww. IqSmsX Iºyq- t{]m{km-ans _me-]m-t-ßfpw ]cn-n-b-s - n-cn- -Ww. ]mt-]p-kvx-i-øn \n tz-in- n-cn- p {]h Ø-\-ßƒ F mw-xs kviqfnse Iºyq- em_v kuicyw ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-K-s -SpØn Ip n-isf ]cn-io-en- n- m A[ym-]-I {]txyiw Xmev]cyw ImWn- -Ww. Cu A[ym-]I klmbn \nßƒ v A[ym-]-\-Øn\v IqSp- X Bfl-hn-izmkw \ Ip-sa v Icp-Xp- p. CXv IqSp-X sa -s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-\p \n tz-i-ßfpw A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw kzmkxw snbvxp-sim- v, hnp-bm-iw-k-i-tfmss, s{]m^. Fw.F. JmZ UbdIvS Fkv.kn.C.B.Sn. 3

4 A[ym-]I klmbn cn\mkanxn hnhchn\nab kmt XnIhnZy IX snb am si. A h kmzøv FIvkn-Iyq- ohv Ub-d-IvS sf.sn.@kviqƒ t{]mpivsv AwKßƒ tpmk^v B Wn Pn m tim Hm Un-t\-, sf.sn.@kviqƒ t{]mpivsv, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw. aplωzv Akvemw Pn m tim Hm Un-t\- sf.sn.@kviqƒ t{]mpivsv, Be- p-g. cmtpjv si. H. amã s{sbn\ (tim Hm Un-t\-j ) sf.sn.@kviqƒ t{]mpivsv, Ip \msv. aplωzv A_vZpƒ \mk amã s{sbn-\ sf.sn.@kviqƒ t{]mpivsv, timgn-t msv. jm\hmkv si. amã s{sbn\ sf.sn.@kviqƒ t{]mpivsv, ]me msv IrjvW. Fw. ]n. amã s{sbn\ sf.sn.@kviqƒ t{]mpivsv, ae pdw. {]Zo]vIpam am c amã s{sbn-\ sf.sn.@kviqƒ t{]mpivsv, ae pdw lssk\m a S amã s{sbn-\ sf.sn.@kviqƒ t{]mpivsv, ae pdw {]tamzv. si. hn amã s{sbn-\ sf.sn.@kviqƒ t{]mpivsv, timgnt msv PbtZh. kn. Fkv amã s{sbn-\ sf.sn.@kviqƒ t{]mpivsv, FdWmIpfw i n[c. ]n. ]n amã s{sbn-\ sf.sn.@kviqƒ t{]mpivsv, IÆq lcnipam. si. Pn F v. Fkv. F. Fkv.Un.]n.ssh. si.]n.fw.f v.fkv. FSh\ msv tim Hm Unt\ chni Sn. F. A mzaniv Hm^ok (sf.kn.sn) sf.sn.@kviqƒ t{]mp-ivsv. 4

5 D -S w sf.kn.sn. F v? Fßs\? \nd In m temiw hnhctijcwhpw hniie\hpw KWnXIuXpIßƒ sh_vt]ppifpss clkyw Iºyq dpiƒ {]h Øn p Xv Btµmf\w tzme\w i_vztej\w \ΩpsS Iºyq dn Iºyq `mj Ãm v, B Ne\ßfpsS Pohimkv{X ]T\w `uxniimkv{x hnkvabw Bib{]Imi\Øn\v tªmkv

6 sf.-kn.-sn. ]T\w F v? F n\v? Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn- Ww? sf.-kn.-sn. hnhc hn\nab kmt XnIhnZy C v PohnXØns \n WmbI i nbmbn amdnbncn p p. Npcpßnb Imew sim v \ΩpsS PnhnXcoXnIsf AXns kt Xßfpw \bßfpw am nsbspøncn p p. Adnhns\ \n an p Xn\pw kw`cn p Xn\pw hn\nabw snøp Xn\pw sxcs Sp p Xn\pw {]Z in n p Xn\pw a psa map kt Xßƒ hnhc hn\nab kmt XnI hnzybpss ]cn[nbn hcp p. sf.-kn.-sn. ]T\w hnhc hn\nab kmt XnIhnZy \ Ip Ahkcßsf hnzym`ymk cwkhpw C v ^e{]zambn D]tbmKn p hcp p. hn m\ hnkvt^ms\øns bpkøn mkv dqw A[ym]\Ønepw hnhc hn\nab kmt XnIhnZybpsS A\ km[yxiƒ a v tajeisft mse kzm[o\w snepøpi kzm`mhniw Xs. sf kn SnbpsS km[yxiƒ ]camh[n hnzym`ymk{]{inbbn {]tbmp\s SpØptºmgmWv sf.kn.sn. ]T\w bmym YyamIp Xv. sf.-kn.-sn. ]T\w F n\v? imkv{x kmt XnI cwkøv FÆa KthjWßƒ ssz\wzn\w \S p sim ncn p p. CXv ]pxnb hnhcßfpss I p]nspøøntebv v \bn p sim ncn pibpw snøp p. AtXmsSm w Xs e`yambxns\bpw hnxcww sntø Xns\bpw kw_ n hnshv A\pkyqXambn XpScpIbpw snøp Xv \ap p ImWm Ignbpw. km{ºzmbniamb kw`cw- hn\nabcoxniƒ H pw Xs C v hnet min. AXpsIm pxs KpW\nehmcap hnhcßƒ `mjmt`zat\y e`yam p Xn\pw tijcn v ^e{]zambn D]tbmKs Sp Øp Xn\pap {]h Ø\ßƒ v hnhc hn\nab kmt XnIhnZym ]T\w {]m[m\yw \ Ip p. AtXmsSm w Xs B[p\nI t_m[\imkv{xw apt m p hbv p m\\n amw{]{inb G hpw Imcy aambn {]tbmkøn hcpøm Ignbp kt Xw IqSnbmWv sf.kn.sn. hnzymebßfpss `cww, ]T\{]h Ø\ßfpsS Bkq{XWw, hnhctijcww, AhXcWw, aqey\n Wbw XpSßnb tajeifnep {]h Ø\ßƒ KpW\nehmcap Xm p Xn\pw sf.kn.sn km[yxiƒ hfsc {]tbmp\s Sp p. CXn\memWv tziob ]mty] Xn N qsn sf kn SnbpsS {]m[m\yw FSpØp ]d ncn p Xv. Cu {]m[m\yw Xncn dn XpsIm mwv ticf]mty] Xn N qsn hnhn[ 7

7 hnjbßfpss ]T\{]{Inb XzcnXs SpØp Hcp kt Xsa \nebn sf kn Sn D]tbmKs SpØWsa pw sf kn Sn km[yx {]tbmkn p Xns\ pdn v A[ym]I \nc cw ]co Wßfpw ]T\ßfpw {InbmKthjWßfpw \SØpIbpw AhbpsS A\p`hßƒ ]ckv]cw ] psh v sa s SpØpIbpw thwsa pw \n tzin ncn p Xv. sk dn XeØn sfknsn ]T\w Fßs\bmbncn Ww? sk dn XeØnse sf.kn.sn ]T\w Xmsg ]dbp hkvxpxisf ASnÿm\am nbp Xmbncn Ww. AXpsIm pxs ]mt`mkßƒ ssiimcyw snøptºmƒ Cu hkvxpxiƒ Hm t Xp v. kzbw ]T\ØneqsS Bib{KlWhpw kmaqlyam ßƒ A t mƒ {Kln p Xn\p Ignhpw km[yam p XcØnembncn Ww. sf.kn.sn cwkøp mip am ßfpw hf bpw bymkabw Dƒs m m Ignbp XcØnep Xmbncn Ww. hnhc kmt XnI cwkøv ]men s ts aqeyßƒ, at\m`mhßƒ, BtcmKyIcamb D]tbmKw F nh cq]s Sp XcØnep Xmbncn Ww. a p hnjbßfpss ]T\Øn\p klmbn p Xpw ]ckv]c]qcißfmbn \nesim p Xpambncn Ww. Ip nifpss k KmflIX {]ISn n p Xn\v Ahkcw Hcp p Xm bncn Ww. klh ØnX ]T\Øn\p klmbn p km[yxiƒ D mbncn Ww. s{s]adn XeØn t\snb ASnÿm\ ss\]pwniƒ Dd n p Xn\pw IqSpX hn]peamb Hcp XeØntebv v Ip nbpss hnpvrm\tajesb hym]cn n p Xn\pw DXIp XcØnep Xmbncn Ww. HºXmw mknse ]mtßfpss sxcs Sp ns ASnÿm\w F mwv? apifn ]d ncn p hkvxpxiƒ km[qicn p XcØnep D S amwv HºXmw mknse ]mt]pkvxiøn Dƒs m n n p Xv. sf.kn.sn bnep ss\]pwn t\sp Xn\pw a p hnjbßfpss ]T\sØ klmbn p sf kn Sn km[yxiƒ ]cnnbs Sp Xn\pw ]mt]pkvxiw Hcpt]mse Du \ Ip p. 8

8 hnhn[ hnjbßfnse Aaq Øamb Bibßƒ efnxambpw kzm`mhniambpw t_m[ys SpØp \n anxniƒ kzbw ]co n v t_m[ys SpØp XcØnep {]h Ø\ßƒ ]pkvxiønepƒs Sp Ønbn p v. ASnÿm\ imkv{xhpambn _ s k o pifpssbpw B w amxriifpssbpw \n anxnbpw PntbmPn{_ D]tbmKn p PymanXob \n anxnifpw CØcØnep {]h Ø\ßƒ pzmlcwßfmwv. `mjm]t\øn\p klmbicamb D S hpw ]mt]pkvxiønepƒs m n n p v. Ip nifpss k KmflIamb IgnhpIƒ {]ISn n p Xn\p sf.kn.sn km[yxifmb hountbm FUn nwkv tkm^v v-shbdpisf Ipdn p ]T\w, tªmkpifpss \n amww F nh CØcØnep XmWv. Pohimkv{X]T\w Ffp am p B\ntaj tkm^v v-shbdpifpw ]pkvxiøn Dƒs SpØnbn p v. C s\ pw CXc sf kn Sn kt Xßfpw BtcmKyIcambpw KpWmflIambpw D]tbmKnt Xn\p am K\n tzihpw ]mt]pkvxiw \ Ip p v. ]T\{]h Ø\ßfpsS `mkambn Xbmdm p D ßƒ t{imuoicn p Xn\pw sa s SpØp Xn\pw BI jiam p Xn\pw AhXcn n p Xn\pw sf Sn km[yxiƒ {]tbmp\s SpØp Xn\v klmbn p `mkßƒ (Hm Hm^okv) Cu ]mt]pkvxiønep v. Iºyp A[njvTnX t]mã \n amww, t^mt m FUn nwkv XpSßnb tijniƒ t\sp Xn\p klmbn p tkm^v v-shbdpiƒ (Pnºv), F m tkm^v vshbdpifpssbpw \n amwøn\v ]n nep Iºyp `mjsb pdn p (ss]ø ) ]T\w F nhbpw HºXmw mknse ]mt]pkvxiøn Dƒs m n n p v. t_m[\w Fßs\bmbncn Ww? hnhchn\nab kmt XnIhnZy icnbmb coxnbn ssiimcyw snøp Xn\p tijniƒ Hmtcm hnzym Ynbpw ssihcnt Xp v. Cu tijn CXc hnjbßfpss ]T\Øn\v {]tbmp\s SpØpIbpw thww. AXpsIm p Xs sf kn Sn ]mt]pkvxi hn\nab kabøv Xmsg ]dbp Imcyßƒ {i nt Xp v. kzbw ]T\w t{]m mln n p Xn\pw t\snb AdnhpIƒ ] pshbv p Xn\pap {]h Ø\ßƒ v {]m[m\yw e`n p hn[ønembncn Ww hn\nabcoxn. k KmflIX hf Øp Xn\pw X\Xv kr niƒ a p hcpambn 9

9 ] phbv p Xn\pw D]Icn p {]h Ø\ßƒ Dƒs SpØnbmbn cn Ww sf kn Sn ]mt`mkßƒ hn\nabw sntø Xv. m\ \n anxnbneq nbp {Kq v {]h Ø\ßfneqsS sf kn Sn tijniƒ t\sp XcØnemhWw hn\nabcoxn. hnjbßfpss GtIm]\hpw hnhc tijcwhpw sf kn Sn tijnifpss ]cnioe\ønepss km[yamiww. AXpsIm pxs F m A[ym]Icpw sf kn Sn ]mt]pkvxiw ssiimcyw snøm ]cym]vxcmbncn Ww. apifn ]d Imcyßƒ {]mh ØnIam Wsa n Ip niƒ v Iºyq {]h Øn n p Xn\p Ahkcw [mcmfw e`nt Xp v. Xnbdn mkpiƒ s{]mpœdpifpss klmbtømssbp Demonstration mkpifmiww. Xnbdn p A{X Xs ]ncoupiƒ {]mœn snøp Xn\pw Hmtcm Ip n pw e`nt Xp v. t\snb sf kn Sn ss\]pwniƒ ]cnioen p Xn\v DXIp hn[øn A Y]q Wamb {]h Ø\ßfpƒs m n psim v Hmtcm {]h Ø\Øn\pw ]cnioe\`mkhpap mbncn Ww. 10

10 1. \nd- -In- m temiw BapJw CtaPv FUn- nwkn\v D]-tbm-Kn- p \nc-h[n tkm^v vshb-dp-iƒ C v e`yam-wv. ]T-\-{]-h Ø-\-Øns `mk-ambn \S-tØ t_m[-h -cw {]h Ø- \-Øn-\p t]mã \n am-ww, UnPn- amk-kn \n amww apx-emb {]h Ø- \-ßƒ v CtaPv FUn- nwkv tkm^v vshb {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Ømw. IqSmsX UnPn- Iyma-d, samss_ t^m apx-em-bh D]-tbm-Kn v FSp- p Nn{X-ß-fn Bh-iy-amb am w hcp-øp- -Xn\pw CtaPv FUn- nwkv tkm^v vshb D]-tbm-Ks -Sp-Øm Ign-bpw. CØ-c-Øn D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øm-hp kzx{ CtaPv FUn- nwkv tkm^v vshb BWv Pnºv. t^mt m-tjm v t]mep DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-ap CtaPv FUn- nwkv tkm^v vshbdpw C v e`y-am-wv. Pnºv tkm^v vshb D]-tbm-Kn- p Nn{X-c-N\ F mw- m-kn Ip n ]cn-nb-s - n- p- v. F mw mkn ]Tn Pnºv tkm^v vshbdns XpS -bmwv Cu A[ym-b-Øn Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- Xv. Hcp CtaPv FUn- nwkv tkm^v vshb Bb Pnºn Nn{Xw hc-bv p- -Xpw temtkm \n an- p- Xpw Fß-s\-sb- mwv ap m-kn ]cn-n-bs ncn- p Xv. Pnºv Fßs\ Hcp CtaPv FUn- nwkv tkm^v vshb-dmbn {]h Øn- p p F [mcw D m- p-i-bmwv Cu A[ym-b- Øn-eqsS e y-an-sp- -Xv. IqSmsX a v hnj-b-ß-fnse hnhn[ {]h Ø-\-ß-fpsS {]kn- o-i-c-w-øn\v Pnºv tkm^v vshb GsXms coxn-bn {]tbm-p-\-s - SpØmw F [mcw ]Tn-Xm- -fn FØn mw F Xpw Cu A[ymbw e y-an- Sp- p- v. ssph-ssh-hn[y kwc- -W-hp-ambn _ -s Hcp simfmjv \n an- p {]h Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Pnºns km[y-x-iƒ Cu A[ym-b-Øn Ah- X-cn- n- n-cn- p- -Xv. ]T-\-e- y-ßƒ Hcp CtaPv FUn- nwkv tkm^v vshb F \ne-bn Pnºv tkm^v vshbdns {]txy-i-x-iƒ Fs [mcw ssih-cn- p- -Xn-\v. Pnºv tkm^v vshb-dn \n nx hen- -Øn Hcp Iym hmkv \n an- p hn[w a\- n-em- p- -Xn-\v. Hcp Nn{Xw Pnºn-eqsS Xpd- p coxn-iƒ a\- n-em- p- -Xn-\v. Pnºv tkm^v vshb-dnse hnhn[ ske- Sqfp-IfpsS D]-tbmKsØ pdn v [mcw t\sp- -Xn-\v. 11

11 CtaPv FUn- nw-kn\v klm-bn- p hnhn[ FUn- nwkv Sqfp-Iƒ ]cn-n-bs -Sp- -Xn\pw {]tbm-kn- p- -Xn-\p-ap tijn t\s. Pnºv tkm^v vshb-dn seb-dns {]m[m\yw Xncn- -dn-bp- -Xn\pw CtaPv FUn- nw-kn seb sim p {]tbm-p-\-ßƒ a\- n-em- p- -Xn-\p-ap tijn t\s. hyxykvx Nn{X ^b t^m am- n-s\- p-dn pw Hcp Nn{Xw hyxykvx ^b t^m am- n tkhv snøp- -Xns hyxymkw kw_- n- p [mcw t\sp- -Xn\v. hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _ -s v t]mã-dp-iƒ, simfm-jp-iƒ F nh I-ºyq- -dn Xbm-dm- p- Xn-\p tijn t\sp- -Xn\v. ]T-\-{]-h Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS Nn{X-hn-i-I-e\w ]mt-]p-kvx-i-øn \evinb simfmjv (Nn{Xw 1.1) hni-i-e\w snbvxv ssphssh-hn[y kwc- -W-Øns {]m[m\yw a\- n-em- p- -Xn\pw, F mwv Hcp simfmjv F [mc-w-bp- m- p- -Xn\pw th n-bmwv Cu {]h Ø-\w- e yan-sp- -Xv. Nn{Xw hni-i-e\w snbvxp-sim v ssph-ssh-hn[y kwc- -W-Øns {]m[m\yw a\- n-em- p {]h Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ]mtm-h-x-cww \S-Ømw. kviqfn \S-Ønb ssph-ssh-hn[y kwc- W h jm-n-c-w-hpambn _ -s {]h Ø- \-ßƒ Ds - n AXp kw_- n s]mxp-n -bmhmw Chn-sS. Cu ]T-\- {]-h Ø\w Ip n-i-fn ssph-ssh-hn[y kwc- W Ah-t_m[w hf Øp Xe-Øn-te v Db-cp coxn-bn N -bn Bh-iy-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Ø-Ww. t_m[-h -cw {]h Ø-\-Øn-\p \s mcp D]m-[n-bm-Wv simfmjv F [mcw ssih-cn- p Xc-Øn N t{imuo-i-cn- -s -S-Ww. `qap-j-øp hyxy-kvx-amb Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS km n[yw {]Xn-]m-Zn- p- -Xn- \p-th n D]-tbm-Kn- p ]Z-amWv Biological Diversity or Biodiversity F - Xv. Hcp {]tz-isø hyxy-kvx-amb Bhmk hyh-ÿ, kv]ojn-kp-iƒ, Po\ piƒ F nh Dƒs - -XmWv B {]tz-isø ssph-ssh-hn[yw F p- ]-d-bmw. `qan-bnse Pohs \ne-\n ]ns ASn-ÿm\w ssph-ssh-hn-[y-am- Wv. `qan-bnse at -sxmcp {]txy-i-x-i-sf- mƒ {][m-\-s - Xpw k o W-hpamWv `qan-bnse ssph-ssh-hn-[yw. AtXt]mse-Xs {][m-\-amwv a\p-jys\bpw a p Poh-Pm-e-ß-sfbpw ssph-ssh-hn[y timjww Fßs\ tzmj-ic-ambn _m[n- p p F Xpw dntbm Un P\o-tdm-bn \S `ua D - 12

12 tim-sn-bn ssph-ssh-hn-[ysø Xmsg- -d-bp coxn-bn \n h-nn- n- p- v. Biodiversity as the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part : this includes diversity within species between species and of ecosystems. simfmjv Iºyq- -dn Iºyq- -dn simfmjv \n an- p- -Xns sa -ßƒ a\- n-em-, simfmjv \n an- p-tºmƒ Fs mw Imcy-ßƒ {i n- Ww F [mcw ssih-cn-, simfmjv \n am-w-øn-\m-bp Nn{Xw tij-cn-, simfm-jn Nn{X-`m-K-ßƒ tn p- Xv Fß-s\-sb v a\- n-em- XpS-ßn-b-h-sb- p-dn v [mcw B Pn- -emwv Cu {]h Ø\w sim v e y-an-sp- -Xv. mknepw em_nepw h v \S- Øp \mev {]{In-b-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu {]h Ø\w Ip n-i-fn-se-tø- -Xv. Iºyq- -dn simfmjv \n an- p- -Xns sa -ßƒ hnzym Yn-Isf {Kq p-i-fmbn Xncn- p-i. Iºyq- -dn simfmjv \n an- p- - Xns sa -ßƒ a\- n-em- p- -Xn\v mkn, NphsS \ In-bn-cn- p kqn-iß-fpss ASn-ÿm-\-Øn Hcp s]mxp-n -bmwv \ -Xv. IqSp-X kqn-i-ßƒ Dƒs -Sp-Øm-hp- -Xm-Wv. N m kqn-i-ßƒ \mw km[m-c-w-bmbn Hcp simfmjv \n an- p- Xv Fßs\? simfmjv \n am-w-øn-\m-h-iy-amb kma-{kn-i-fpss e`yx. \n an simfm-jn am w hcp-øm-\p km[yx. Iºyq- -dn simfmjv \n an- p- -Xns sa -ßƒ. simfmjv Nn{X-ßƒ, Nn{X-`m-K-ßƒ, ]{X- - n-wkp-iƒ, s]bn nw-kp-iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Iem- `w-kn-tbmss Hcp Nn{X-Øntem, Iym hm-kntem H n- p-tn Øv ]pxn-sbmcp Zriyw Bhn-jvI-cn- p Iem-hn-Zy-bmWv simfm-jv. t] -dns I p-]n-sn-øtømss ssn\-bn-emwv simfmjv F kt Xw BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn p XpS-ßn-bXv F p-]-d-b-s -Sp- p. ]i (Glu) F Yw hcp Coller F {^ v ]Z-Øn \n- mwv simfmjv (Collage) F ]Z-ap- m-b-xv. Ombm-Nn- {X-ßƒ, Ombm-Nn{X `mk-ßƒ F nh D]-tbm-Kn v \n an- p simfmjv BWv t^mt m-sam- m-jv. CØcw simfmjv \n am-w-øn CtaPv FUn- nwkv tkm^v vshb-dns km[y-x-iƒ {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øm km[n- pw

13 ]mtªm ]n mtkm BWv simfmjv F Iem-krjvSn Hmbn s]bn nw- Kn BZy-ambn krjvsn- Xv F mwv ]WvUn-X-a-Xw. F m {^ v Nn{X- Im-c-\mb tpm v ªm v CtX-b-h-k-c-Øn Øs BZysØ simfmjv \n an p F pw ]d-b-s -Sp- p. Pnºv tkm^v vshb ]mt-]p-kvx-i-øn \evin-bn-cn- p ]T-\- p-dn v D]-tbm-Kn v Hcp CtaPv FUn- nwkv tkm^v vshb F \ne-bn Pnºv tkm^v vshb-dns {]txy-i-x- Iƒ a\- n-em- p- -Xn-\p {]h Ø\w ChnsS \ Imw. Pnºns Ncn-{XsØ kw_- n ]mt-]p-kvx-i-øn \ Inb Ipdn v {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Ømw. General Image Manipulation Programme F -Xns Npcp-s -gp-ømwv BZy- Im-eØv GIMP F -dnb-s - -Xv. F m C v GIMP F Xv GNU Image Manipulation Programme F Xns Npcp-s -gp-øm-wv Iment^m Wnb bqwn-th-gvkn- n-bnse Bekerly Iymº-knse hnzym Yn-I-fmb Peter Mattis, Spencer Kimbell F -nh tn mwv Pnºns BZy ]Xn- n\v cq]w \evin-b-xv ÿm]n-x-amb experimental Computing Fecility (XCF) F - kwl-s-\ v Iogn-em-bn-cp p Ch {]h Øn- n-cp- -Xv. th j 0.54 F BZy ]Xn v 1996 P\p-h-cn-bn BWv ]pd-øn-d-ßn-b-xv. temi-ønse BZysØ kup\y CtaPv am\n- p-te-j t{]m{kmw Bbn-cp p CXv. ]n osv Henrik Brix Andersen, YoshinoriYama kava XpSßn [mcm-fw-t] tn mwv Pnºns\ ]cn-jvi-cn v ]pxnb ]Xn- n-d- n-b-xv. Nn{X-ß-fn A\p-tbm-Py-amb am w hcp-øp- -Xn-\p \nc-h[n kwhn-[m-\- ßƒ D Hcp tkm^v vshb BWnXv. Nn{Xw hc-bv m\pw s]bn nw-kn\pw klm-bn- p {_jp-iƒ, s] kn-ep-iƒ, Fb {_jp-iƒ, t m XpS-ßnb Sqfp-Iƒ, Htc ka-bw-xs H n IqSp-X Nn{X-ßƒ Pnºn-eqsS Xpd- p-hbv m-\p km[y-x, ]mfn-i-fp-ssbpw Nm\-ep-I-fp-sSbpw km n-[yw, hnhn[ {Sm kvt^mw Sqfp-Iƒ, ske- Sqfp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Pnºns Nne khnti-j-x-iƒ am{x-am-wv..bmp,.gif,.jpeg,.mng,.pcf,.pdf,.png,.ps,.psd,.svg,.tiff,.tga,.xpm XpSßn \nc-h[n ^b t^m am- p-i-fn-ep Nn{X-ßƒ Pnºv D]-tbm-Kn v Xpd- m km[n- pw. Ubuntu se Pnºv th js\ ASn-ÿm-\-am- n-bmwv ]mt- ]p-kvxiw Xbm-dm- n-bn-cn- p- -Xv. Sqƒt_m-Ivkn-ep sa\p-_m Nn{X-Pm-e- I-Øn-te v am n-b-xv, Pnºv Xpd- p-h-cp ka-bøv {]h Ø-\-k- -amb sa\p- _m-tdmsp IqSnb iq\y-amb Nn{X-Pm-eIw BZysØ Nn{Xw Xpd- p-tºmƒxs km[m-cw coxn-bn-ep Nn{X Pme-I-ambn amdp- -Xv, Dialogs sa\p 14

14 Windows F t]cp-am w apx-em-bh IT@School GNU/Linux 3.2 th j- \n \ In-bn-cn- p GIMP th j-\n \n pw hyxy-kvx-amb Nne {]txy-i-x-iƒ am{x-am-wv. Nn{X tij-cww simfm-jn-\m-h-iy-amb Nn{X-ßƒ C s\- n \n pw Uu temuv snbvtxm, \ Ip hnj-b-hp-ambn _ -s Nn{X-ßƒ mkn e`y-am- ntbm Cu {]h Ø\w snøm-hp- -Xm-Wv. tij-cn Nn{X-ßƒ {Kq p-i-fn ]cn-tim-[n v tbmpn- h Xnc-s -Sp- m-\p Ah-kcw Cu L -Øn ]Tn-Xm- ƒ v \ I-Ww. Nn{X-`m-K-ßƒ s]mxp-n ]mt-]p-kvx-i-øn \ In-bn-cn- p kqn-i-ß-fp-ssbpw Nn{X-ti-J-c-W-L- -Øn \S-Ønb \nco- -W-Øn-s bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn simfm-jn-\mbn tijcn Nn{X-Øns GsX mw `mk-ßƒ Dƒs -Sp-ØWw F -Xns\ kw_- n N \S -Ww. s]mxp-n -bpss t{imuo-i-cww NphsS \ Inb coxn-bnem-hmw. t{imuo-i-cww tij-cn Nn{X-Ønse D -S- -Øns {]m[m-\y-a-\p-k-cn v Nn{Xw hyxykvx hen- -Øn simfm-jn {Iao-I-cn- p- -XmWv \ -Xv. AtX-t]mse Nn{X-Øns F m `mk-ßfpw simfm-jn Dƒs -Sp-tØ n hcn-. simfm-jns hnj-b-øns A\p-tbm-Py-Xbv v A\p-k-cn v Iym hm-kn Dƒs -Sp-tØ Nn{X-`mKw Xocpam-\n- m Ign-b-Ww. IqSmsX ap m-kn ]cn-n-b-s temtkm \n an v simfm-jn Dƒs -Sp-Ømw. CtaPv FUn- nwkv Nn{Xw Pnºn IqSn Xpd- p am Kw ]cn-n-b-s -S, Hcp Nn{X-Øns Uyqπnt v FSp- p- -Xns am Khpw sa hpw a\- n-em-, ]pxnb Iym hmkv Bhiy-amb hen- -Øn \n an- F o {]h Ø-\-ßƒ a\- n-em- -emwv Cu {]h Ø-\-Øn-eqsS \mw e y-an-sp- -Xv. aq v {]{In-b-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu {]h Ø\w mknepw em_n-ep-ambn hn\n-abw snø-s -ts- -Xv. Nn{Xw Pnºn-eqsS Xpd- Pnºv CtaPv Pme-I-Ønse File Open F {Ia-Øn n p-sn-bvxmwv km[m-cwbmbn Hcp Nn{Xw Pnºn-eqsS Xpd- p- -Xv. F m Xpd-t Nn{X- Øn n p-snbvxv Pnºv CtaPv hn tum-bn-te v {UmKv snbvtxm, Xpd-t 15

15 Nn{X-Øn ssd v n p-snbvxv Open with Gimp image editor F -Xn n psnbvtxm Nn{Xw Pnºn-eqsS Xpd- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. Nn{X-Øns Uyqπn-t v FSp- D]tbmKn p Nn{XØns kzm`mhni cq]øn\v bmsxmcp am hpw hcmsx Xs simfmjn\mhiyamb Nn{Xßƒ Uyqπnt v FSpØv Xbmdm p {]h Ø\w. CXn\mhiyamb {]h Ø\{Iaw ]mt-]p-kvx-iøn \ Inbncn p Xv {i n pi. Cßs\ Uyqπnt v FSp ptºmƒ Xncn dnbp Xn\v Nn{X ^bens t]cv {i n m axn. Uyqπnt v ^bens t]cv Untitled F mbncn pw. Uyqπnt v ^b \ne\n Øn HdnPn\ ASbv pi. Bhiyamb hen Øn Iym hmkv Xpd ]mt]pkvxiønse Ipdn v hniie\w snbvxpsim v Bhiyamb hen Øn Hcp Iym hmkv Xpd p Xv Fßs\sb v a\- n-em p XcØn {]h Ø\w Bkq{XWw snømw. F n\v th nbmtwm \mw Hcp Nn{Xw Pnºn Xbmdm p Xv AXn\mhiyamb hen Øn Iym hmkv {IaoIcn p XmWv \ Xv. DZmlcWambn A4 hen Øn D (Width 2480, Height 3508 Pixels) Hcp UnPn amkkns ]pdwn bmwv mkn Xbmdm p sx n Iym hmkns hen w A4 hen Øn {IaoIcn Ww. ske SqfpIƒ hnhn[ ske SqfpIƒ D]tbmKn v Bhiyamb Nn{Xßtfm ]{XI nwkpitfm apdns Sp p Xv Fßs\sb v a\ nem pibmwv Cu {]h Ø\ØneqsS e yansp Xv. hnhn[ ske SqfpIfpsS D]tbmKsØ kw_ n Hcp N ]mt]pkvxiønse Ipdn v ]cntim[n v mkn \St Xp v. ap {]h Ø\Øn t{imuoicn hnhcßfpw ChnsS {]tbmp\s Sp tø XmWv. (Nn{XØns GsX mw `mkßƒ Dƒs SpØWw F `mkøv) Nn{Xw PnºneqsS Xpd Xn\ptijw GsX nepw ske Sqfn n p snøpi. XpS v Nn{XØn apdns Spt `mkw skeivsv snøpi. Edit sa\phn Copy F Xn n p snøpi. H nt Nn{XPmeIØnse Edit sa\phn Paste F Xn n p snøpi. Nn{XPmeIØn\p n GsX nepw `mkøv aukv n psnøp txmss Cu Nn{X `mkw Paste snøs Sp p. Nn{XPmeIØnse (image window) \nehnep ]mfnbnembncn pw (Layer) Cu Nn{X`mKw Paste snøs Xv. CXv ]pxnb ]mfnbnemsb n am{xsa \ap v Bhiym\pkcWw \o m Ignbp. CXn\mbn Nn{XPmeIØnse Layer New Layer F Xn n psnbvxm axn. 16

$Iym hmkn\v \ndw ]Icmw Iym hmkn\v \ndw \ Ip Xv Fßs\sb a\ nem pibmwv Cu {]h Ø\ØneqsS e y-ansp Xv. A[nI {]h Ø\ambn t{kunb v Sqƒ Cu L Øn ]cnnbs SpØmw.$

16 Iym hmkn\v \ndw ]Icmw Iym hmkn\v \ndw \ Ip Xv Fßs\sb a\ nem pibmwv Cu {]h Ø\ØneqsS e y-ansp Xv. A[nI {]h Ø\ambn t{kunb v Sqƒ Cu L Øn ]cnnbs SpØmw. Blend Tool (Gradient) (Gradient Tool) sf Wn n psnbvx tijw Iym hmkn aukv n v snbxv {UmKv snøptºmƒ Forground Colour BZyhpw Background Colour ]n ospw hcp coxnbn t{kunb v If Iym hmkn Zriyamhpw. Pnºv Sqƒ t_mivknse sf {i n n nt. CXn Idp v \ndøn ImWs Sp `mkw Forground Colour Dw sh \ndøn ImWs Sp `mkw Background Colour Dw BWv. Cu sf Wn apifnep IdpØ {]XeØn (Forground Colour ) n psnbvxv \ap mhiyamb \ndw sxcs Sp mw. AtXt]mse Xmsgbp sh {]XeØn (Background Colour ) n psnbvxv \ndw am n t\m q. XpS v (Gradient Tool) sf Wn n psnbvx tijw Iym hmkn aukv n psnbxv {UmKv snøptºmƒ Forground Colour BZyhpw Background Colour ]n ospw hcp coxnbn t{kunb v If Iym hmkn Zriyamhpw. Transparent Background km[mcwbmbn Hcp Iym hmkv \n an ptºmƒ ] møe \ndtømsp IqSnbmWv ZriyamhpI. CXn apdns SpØ GsX nepw Hcp Nn{X`mKw H n ptºmƒ skeivsv snbvx A{Xbpw Nn{X`mKØn\v ]pdsa Iym hmkv IqSn Dƒs ssbmwv Nn{Xw tkhv snøs SpI. Cu Nn{Xw Hcp tumiypsa n Dƒs SpØptºmƒ Iym hmkns ] møe \ndw Dƒs ss Zriyamhpw. CXn\p Hcp ]cnlmcamwv Background\v Transparency \ I. CsXßs\sb v t\m mw. ]pxnb Iym hmkv Xpd ptºmƒ Zriyamhp Create a New Image PmeIØnse Advanced Options n p snbvxv Fill with F `mkøp timtºm t_mivkn Transparency F `mkw sxcs Sp pi. OK _ Wn n p snøpi. Xpd phcp Iym hmkv Transparency Mode Xpd p hcpw. (Nn{Xw 1.1,1.2) Nn{Xw

$CØcØn Transparency Mode Xpd phcp Iym hmkn apdns SpØ Nn{Xßƒ H n m apdns SpØ Nn{X`mKw am{xta tkhv snøs SpIbp q. Nn{Xw tkhv snøptºmƒ.png t^m am n tkhv snøww.$

17 CØcØn Transparency Mode Xpd phcp Iym hmkn apdns SpØ Nn{Xßƒ H n m apdns SpØ Nn{X`mKw am{xta tkhv snøs SpIbp q. Nn{Xw tkhv snøptºmƒ.png t^m am n tkhv snøww..jpg t^m am n tkhv snbvxm Nn{XØns Transparency Background Dƒs ss am{xsa tkhv snøm km[n pibp q. ]mfniƒ Nn{Xw 1.2 hnhn[ ske SqfpIƒ D]tbmKn v tijcn Nn{Xßƒ Hcp Iym hmkn H n p sxßs\sb pw, ]mfnisf kw_ n pap [mcw t\spibmwv CXneqsS e yansp Xv. Iym hmkn Nn{Xßƒ tn tijcn Nn{XßfpsS Bhiyamb `mkßƒ hnhn[ ske SqfpIƒ D]tbmKn v apdns SpØv ]pxnb Iym hmkn H n pi. ]mt]pkvxiøn t]pv 10 \ Inbncn p hnhn[ ske SqfpIƒ kw_ n Ipdn v hniie\w \SØm Bhiyamb \n tzißƒ Cu L Øn \ Imw. ]mfniƒ NphsS \ Inb c v {]h Ø\ßfneqsS Cu {]h Ø\w snømhp XmWv. {]h Ø\w 1 Hcp Nn{XØns skeivsv snbvx `mkw Edit Paste F {IaØn Hcp ]pxnb Iym hmkn Paste snøm Bhiyamb {]h Ø\w ChnsS \ IWw. Paste snbvx Nn{Xßƒ Move Sqƒ D]tbmKn v \o m Bhiys SWw. Cu L Øn Nn{Xw Move Sqƒ D]tbmKn v \o m Ignbpw. {]h Ø\w 2 Hcp Nn{XØns skeivsv snbvx `mkw Edit Paste F {IaØn Hcp ]pxnb Iym hmkn Paste snøm Bhiyamb Hcp {]h Ø\w ChnsS \ IWw. Paste snbvx Nn{X `mkw Iym hmkn\p n FhnsSsb nepw aukv n psnøptºmƒ Paste snøs Sp p. Paste snbvx Nn{Xßƒ Move Sqƒ D]tbmKn v \o m Bhiys SWw. c masø {]h Ø\Øn Paste snbvx Nn{Xßƒ Bhiym\pkcWw 18

18 \o m Ignbp n F Xncn dnhn \n v ]mt]pkvxiøn \ Inbncn p N mkqnißsf ASnÿm\am n ]mfniƒ \o m IgnbmØXv F psim msw tnmzyw mkn D bn Ww. NphsS \ Inb coxnbn Cu N t{imuoicn mhp XmWv. ]mt]pkvxiønse seb, seb ]me v F o Ipdn piƒ Cu N bn {]tbmp\s SptØ XmWv. t{imuoicww apdns SpØ Nn{Xßƒ Iym hmkn H n tijw Iym hmkn GsX nepw `mkøv n psnbvxtijw Move Sqƒ D]tbmKn v \o nbm Iym hmkv ] møew Dƒs ss apgph\mbmwv \oßpi. \mw ]pxpxmbn H n Nn{Xw ] møe \ndw D AtX ]mfnbn Xs H n s XmWv CXn\v ImcWw. {Sm kvt^mw SqfpIƒ hnhn[ {Sm kvt^mw SqfpIfpsS D]tbmKsØ kw_ n [mcw t\spibmwv Cu {]h Ø\Øns e yw. simfmjv `wknbm mw. hnhn[ {Sm kvt^mw SqfpIƒ D]tbmKn v ]T\{]h Ø\Øns `mkambn \n an simfmjv `wknbm p {]h Ø\amWv ChnsS \StØ Xv. CXn\mbn ]mt]pkvxiønse t]pv 12 \ Inbncn p Ipdn v {]tbmp\ s SptØ XmWv. kvauvpv (Smudge) Sqƒ {]tbmp\s SpØn, \n an simfmjns AcnIpIƒ ebn n v tn Øv simfmjv IqSpX `wknbm p {]h Ø\hpw Cu L Øn sntø XmWv. Nn{X^b t^m am piƒ hnhn[ Nn{X^b t^m am piƒ ]cnnbs SpIbmWv Cu {]h Ø\Øns e yw. hnhn[ ^b t^m am n tkhv snø Pnºv CtaPv km[mcwbmbn.xcf ^b t^m am n BWv tkhv snøs SpI. ^b t^m am v Fs pw AXns {]txyixiƒ Fs pw A[ymbw 7 i Ne n{x ^b t^m am pisf ]cnnbs SpØp `mkøv hy am nbn p Xv {i n pat m..jpg,.png,.gif,.tif,.bmp apxembh hyxykvx Nn{X^b t^m am pifmwv. \n an simfmjv hyxykvx t^m am n tkhv snbvxv AhbpsS ^b hen Ønep (Size) hyxymkw Ipdns Spt XmWv. hyxykvx ^b t^m am n tkhv snbvxv Ahbn ssddv n psnbvxv ^bens Properties n psnbvxv ^bens Size 19

19 a\ nem m km[n pw. IqSmsX tkhv snbvx ^bepiƒ Pnºn Xpd v.xcf extenstion tkhv snbvxhbpw.jpg,. Png,.gif,.tif apxemb t^m am n tkhv snbvxhbpw XΩnep hyxymkw a\ nem n sf.sn t\m p_p n Ipdn m Bhiys SWw. 20

20 2. hnh-c-ti-j-c-whpw hni-i-e-\hpw BapJw ]T-\-{]-h Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mk-ambn ]e-t mgpw tumiyp-sa p-ifpw ] n-i-ifpw Ah-X-c-W-ßfpw Xbm-dm-t kml-ncyw D m-ip- p- v. Cu Bh-iy-Øn\v klm-bn- p tkm^v vshb-dp-iƒ Hm^okv ]mt -Pp-I-fn e`y-am-wv. hnhn-[- Xcw Hm^okv ]mt -Pp-Iƒ C v \ne-hn-ep- v. AXn {]ap-j-amwv Hm Hm^okv Hm Kv, en_ Hm^o-kv, Fw.-F-kv.-Hm-^okv XpS-ßn-b-h. Hm Hm^okn e`y-am-ip F m kui-cy-ßfpw a v Hm^okv ]mt -Pp-I-fnepw e`y-am-wv. Hm^okv ]mt -Pn-epƒs -Sp ssd, Im Iv, Cw{] v F o tkm^v v shbdpiƒ Ip niƒ ap mkpifn ]Tn n p v. ssd dn Hcp IØp Xbmdm m\pw Im In am v enãv Xbmdm m\pw Cw{] n at\mlcamb Hcp {]kt j Xbmdm phm\pw Ip n dnbmw. F nepw \nxypohnxønse ]e Bhiyßƒ pw Ch D]tbmKn p Xn\v Cu Adnhv A]cym]vXamWv. ssd D]tbmKn v Hcp t{]mpœv dnt m v Xbmdm p Xn\pw Im Iv D]tbmKn v ZØßƒ hniie\w snøp Xn\pw Ah\v IqSpX ]cnioe\w Bhiyap v. Hm Hm^oknse CØcw Imcyßƒ v Ip nisf k cm p Xn\mWv Cu bqwn v e yansp Xv. ]T\e yßƒ hnhn[ {]h Ø\ßfpsS `mkambn e`n p hnhcßƒ Hm Hm^okv Im Iv D]tbmKn v ] nis SpØp Xn\v Im Iv D]tbmKn v ] nis SpØnb hnhcßƒ ]cntim[n p Xn\mbn hcn, \nc Ch {^okv snøp Xn\v Im Iv D]tbKn v ] nis SpØnb hnhcßƒ hniie\w snøp Xn\mbn Bhiyap coxnbn ^n snøp Xn\v. Im Iv D]tbKn v ] nis SpØnb hnhcßƒ A]{KYn p Xn\mbn hnhn[ ^Mvj\pIƒ D]tbmKn phm\p tijn t\sp Xn\v. ssd dnse kvss kt Xw D]tbmKn v ]T\ t{]mpœns dnt m v `wknbm p Xn\v Hm Hm^okv ssd dn lnµn, aebmfw F o `mjifn sss v snøphm\p tijn t\sp Xn\v Hm Hm^okv ^bens\ ]n. Un. F^v t^m am nte v am p Xn\p tijn t\sp Xn\v. Ip niƒ km[mcwbmbn ssiimcyw sntø nhcp hnhn[ ^b 21

21 FIvÃ j\piƒ Xncn dnbp Xn\v. ]T\ {]h Ø\ßfpsS `mkambn Xbmdm p hnhn[ ^bepiƒ {]n v FSp p Xn\p tijn t\sp Xn\v ]T\ {]h Ø\ßfpsS `mkambn Xbmdm nb hountbmiƒ Cw{] n Dƒs SpØphm\p tijn t\sp Xn\v. D S w Ip nifpss BtcmKyk t bpambn _ s hnhctijcww, ZØßfpsS A]{KY\w, t{]mpœv dnt m v Xbmdm, t{]mpivsv AhXcWw F o {]h Ø\ßfn qsnbmwv apifn ]d e yßƒ t\ts Xv. hnhctijcwøn\pw dnt m v Xbmdm p Xn\pw Bhiyap kabw e`n Ø hn[ønemwv ]mt`mkw hn\nabw sntø Xv. Hm Hm^okv Hm Kv ]excw Hm^okmhiyßƒ p]tbmkn mhp Xpw hnhn[ Hm td nwkv knãßfn {]h Øn p Xpamb Hcp Hm tkmgvkv Hm^okv ]mt PmWv Hm Hm^okv Hm Kv. CXv \qdne[niw `mjifn e`yamwv. F ]XpIfn the StarOffice suite F t]cn Star Division Bcw`n Cu Hm^okv t]t Pv 1999 Sun Micro systems s ssiifn FØn. StarOffice CXn\ptijw Open Source BhpIbpw 2000 Open Office.org Bbn {]Jym]n s SpIbpw snbvxp. CXns hnik\øn\v t\xrxzw \evip t{]mpœpw CtX t]cn Xs bmwv Adnbs Sp Xv. 10 h jtømfw CXns hnik\øn\v Np m ]nsn Sun Micros ystems s\ 2010 Oracle kz am nbt mƒ CXns hnik\hpw Oracle s ssiifnembn. Ct mƒ CXns hnik\w apjyambpw Oracle s klmbtømssbmwv. Hm Hm^okv ]mt Pn [mcmfw Bπnt j\piƒ D v. \Ωƒ km[mcw D]tbmKn p ssd, Im Iv, {]kt j, t{um F nh v ]pdta t_kv, amøv apxembh CXn NneXmWv. Hm Hm^oknt X mø ^b t^m am n ^bepiƒ tkhv snømsa Xv CXns ta bmwv. Hm Hm^okv ssd dn ] ni Xbmdm pi BtcmKy k t bpss hnhctijcwøn\mhiyamb ] ni Hm Hm^okv ssd dn Xbmdm p Xn\p kqn\ Xmsg \evip p. ] ni tumiypsa n Xmtgm v \o p Xn\v Fs nepw _p nap v A\p`hs Sps n aukv t]mbn ] nibpss CSXp`mKØv ]pdøv sim ph v apifnesø hcn apgph skeœv snbvxxn\p (t]mbn BIrXnbnembm n psnøpi.) tijw F Io Aa Ønbm axn. 22

$] ni Dƒs -Sp-Øp- -Xn\v sa\p-_m-dn Table Insert table F {Ia-Øntem Insert table F {Ia-Øntem n p-sn-øp-i. CXn Bh-iy-ap hcn, \nc Ch \evin OK n p-sn-øp-i.$

22 ] ni Dƒs -Sp-Øp- -Xn\v sa\p-_m-dn Table Insert table F {Ia-Øntem Insert table F {Ia-Øntem n p-sn-øp-i. CXn Bh-iy-ap hcn, \nc Ch \evin OK n p-sn-øp-i. IqSp-X hcn-iƒ Dƒs -Sp-Øp- -Xn\v Bh-iy-ap hcnbn n psnbvxxn\ptijw Table Insert Rows F {IaØn n psnøpi. XpS v hcp hn tumbn number, position Ch \evin OK _ n psnøpi. IqSpX \nciƒ Dƒs SpØp Xn\v Bhiyap \ncbn n p snbvxxn\ptijw Table Insert Columns F {IaØn n psnøpi. XpS p-h-cp hn tum-bn number, position Ch \evin OK _ n psnøpi. sk v hn`-pn- p- -Xn\v Bh-iy-ap sk n n p-sn-bvx-xn-\p-tijw Table Split Cells F {IaØn n psnøpi. XpS p-h-cp hn tum-bn Split cell into, Direction Ch \evin OK _ n psnøpi. ] nibnse (]mt-]p-kvx-i-ønse Nn{Xw 2.2) ASnÿm\hnhcw Fs gpxnbncn p sk v {i n nt? CXv c v hcnbpw Bdp \ncbpw IqSn tn -Xm-Wv. sk piƒ Cßs\ sa Pv snøp Xn\v Cu sk piƒ skeiv v snbvxxn\ptijw Table Merge Cells F {IaØn n psnbvxm axn. ] nibnse (]mt-]p-kvx-iønse Nn{Xw 2.2) mkv, hbkv, Dbcw F nh ew_ambmwv FgpXnbncn p Xv. Cßs\ FgpXp Xn\v ssivãv skeœv snbvxxn\ptijw Format Character F {IaØn n psnøpi. Nn{Xw

$XpS v Position Sm_n n psnbvxv Rotation 90 o B n OK _ n psnøpi. ssivãnse Nn{Xw 2.2 amxribn Hcp hnhctijcw ni Xbmdm n Ip niƒ hnhctijcww \SØs. CXn\v Bhiyamb kabw e`n p F v A[ym]I Dd phcpøww.$

23 XpS v Position Sm_n n psnbvxv Rotation 90 o B n OK _ n psnøpi. ssivãnse Nn{Xw 2.2 amxribn Hcp hnhctijcw ni Xbmdm n Ip niƒ hnhctijcww \SØs. CXn\v Bhiyamb kabw e`n p F v A[ym]I Dd phcpøww. Im n ] nis SpØpI hnhctijcww \SØnbXn\p tijw Ip niƒ AXv Im In ] nis SpØs (ssivãnse Nn{Xw 2.3). Im In sk piƒ sa Pv snøp Xn\v sk piƒ skeiv v snbvxxn\ptijw Format Merge Cells Merge And Center Cells/Merge Cells F {IaØn n psnøpi. sk n FgpØpIƒ ew_ambn {IaoIcn p Xn\v sk piƒ skeiv v snbvxxn\ptijw Format Cells n psnbvxv (Nn{Xw 2.2) Alignment Sm_n Text orientation 90 o B nbm axn (Nn{Xw 2.2). Nn{Xw 2.2 hcn-ifpw \nc-ifpw {^okp-snømw hnhctijcwøn\p tijw Im In ] nis SpØp hnhcßƒ Hcp kv{io\n IqSpXep Xn\m BZysØbpw Ahkm\sØbpw hcnifpw \ncifpw Htc kabw ImWphm km[n msx hcnibpw ZØßƒ hniie\w snøp Xn\v _p nap p m pibpw snøpat m. CXv ]cnlcn phm\p am Kßƒ Ip niƒ N bneqss Is Øs. a p am Kßƒ Ip niƒ \n tzin pibmsw n (DZm Font size Ipdbv pi) AXns ]cnanxn 24

24 Nq n m n H masø hcnbpw \ncbpw ÿncam n hbvt BhiyIX t_m[ys SptØ XmWv. {^okpsnøm\pt±in p hcnbnepw \ncbnepw Dƒs SmØ BZysØ sk n n psnbvxv Xmsg simspø {IaØn n psnøpi. Window Freeze A[nIhnhcw {^okv Hgnhm p Xn\v Window Freeze F {IaØn icn Nn w Hgnhm nbm axn. {^okn\p]icw CtXcoXnbn Split snbvxm jo v c p hn tumifmbn hn`pn s Sp p. Hmtcm hn tumhn\pw {]txyiw scroll bar D mbncn p XmWv. {]h Ø\w 4 th Xn-cn-s -Sp mw hnh-c-ßsf (Filter) [mcmfw hnh-c-ßƒ Dƒs m p Hcp ] nibn \n pw Bhiyap hnhcßƒ am{xw Zriyam p Xn\p kuicyamwv CXv. ^n snbvxxn\ptijw apgph hnhcßfpw ZriyamIp Xn\v AtX AºSbmfØn n psnbvxv All skeœv snbvxm axn. {]h Ø\w 5 ^n snbvx hnhcßƒ tim n snbvxv {]txyiw ^bembn tkhv snø. {]h Ø\coXn ^n snbvxv ZriyamIp hnhcßƒ skeœv snbvxxn\ptijw tim n snøpi. AtX ^bens ]pxnsbmcp jot m ]pxnsbmcp ^b Xs tbm Xpd v AXnte v t]ãv snøpi. ^b tkhv snøpi. ssivãnse XpS {]h Ø\ßƒ p kqn\iƒ 1. H ]Xmw mkn ]Tn p apgph Ip nifpssbpw hnhcßƒ as mcp ^benem n kq n pi. ] nibnse XehmNIw Dƒ Sp hcn skeiv v snbvxxn\ptijw sa\p_mdn Data Filter Auto Filter F {IaØn n psnøpi. H ]Xmw mkn ]Tn p apgph Ip nisfbpw kw_ n p hnhcw sxcs Sp p Xn\v Cu hnhcw Dƒs m p \ncbpss XehmNItØmSv tn p\nev p AºSbmfØn n psnøpi. Xpd v hcp enãn \n v 9 F Xv sxcs Sp pi. 25

25 ^n snbvxv ZriyamIp hnhcßƒ skeœv snbvxxn\ptijw tim n snøpi. AtX ^bens ]pxnsbmcp jot m ]pxnsbmcp ^b Xs tbm Xpd v AXnte v t]ãv snøpi. ^b tkhv snøpi. 2. kkym-lmcw am{xw Ign- p Ip n-i-fpss ] ni Xbm-dm- pi. api-fn ]d coxn-bn CXpw snøm-hp- -Xm-Wv. {]h Ø\w 6 tpmen Ffp- -am- p ^Mvj-\p-Iƒ Hcp {]txyi {]h Ø\w snøp Xn\v ap Iq n Xbmdm nb sndnb t{]m{kmamwv ^Mvj. kq{xhmiyw AdnbmsX Hcp {]hrøn snømw F XmWv CXns sa w. Function Wizard D]tbmKn p snøp GsXmcp {]h Ø\hpw t^m ape t\cn v sss psnbvxpw snømhp XmWv. XpS Øn Function Wizard D]tbmKn p XmWv Ffp w. CXn\mbn ^ew {]Xy s ts sk n n psnbvxxn\p tijw Insert Function F {IaØn n psnøpi. XpS v hcp hn tumbn Next _ n psnbvxv Bhiyap hnhcßƒ \ InbXn\ptijw OK _ n psnbvxm ^ew {]Xy s Sp p. Function Wizard Formula Fs gpxnbncn p Xn\p Xmsg t^m ape {]Xy s Sp XmWv. CXv t\cn v sk nte v sss psnbvxmepw CtX ^ew e`n p XmWv. ssivãnse Ipdn ns ASnÿm\Øn BMI Ip niƒ kzbw Is Øs. CXn\p kq{xhmiyw ] nibn Dƒs SpØn a p Ip nifpss BMI bpw IW m p Xn\v Ahsc klmbn m axnbmipw. klmbw: BMI {]Xy s ts sk n kq{xhmiyw sss v snbvxv enter key Aa Ønbm axn. kq{xhmiyøn\p apºv = Nn w CSm ad cpxv. sk nse hneiƒ p ]Icw sk A{U v BWv \evti Xv. DZm: =G4/(F4*F4) BMI bpss ASnÿm\Øn hyxykvx Xc mcpss FÆw Is Øn AhcpsS ioeßƒ, ` W{Iaw, F nhbpw BtcmKyhpambn XmcXayw snøptºmƒ hymbmaioeßƒ v {]m[m\yw simsp phm {i n Ww. Sn hn, Iºyq F nhbpss ap n A[nIkabw snehgn p Xv AhcpsS BtcmKysØ Fßs\bmIpw _m[n pisb v t_m[ys SpØm A[ym]I\v IgnbWw. CØcw Is ØepIƒ v {]mapjyw e`n p coxnbnembncn Ww dnt m v Xbmdm m. 26

26 {]h Ø\w 7 ae-bmfw sss nwkv C kv{in]v v `mcxob `mjifpss en]nbnse kmayx Ahew_n p m nb Hcp C ]p v coxnbmwv C UnIv kv{in]v v AYhm C kv{in]v v. Cu coxnbn F m `mcxob `mjiƒ pw Htc Io ÿm\ßfmwp Xv. AXpsIm v Hcp `mj Adnbmsa n F m `mjifpw Ffp Øn sss psnømhp XmWv. IqSmsX, A cßfpss hn\ymkw Ffp w Hm Øncn m\pw thkøn D]tbmKn m\pw Ignbp coxnbmwnxv. s^mw niv, sss v ssd F o C ]p v coxnifpw \nehnep v. t\cn v lnµn, aebmfw apxemb `mjifn sss p snøm Ffp w C kv{in]v v coxnbmwv. Iºyq- -dn ae-bmfw/lnµn kpk-a-ambn sss p-sn-øp- -Xn\v Nne {Iao-I-c- W-ßƒ hcp-tø- -Xp- v. 1. Iot_m Uv tehu n `mj Dƒs SpØpI. Steps in School GNU/Linux 3.2 Desktop Preferences Keyboard Layouts Add Available layouts : India Malayalam (aebmfw Dƒ SpØp Xn\v) Available layouts : India (lnµn Dƒ SpØp Xn\v) OK 2. ]m\en Iot_m Uv C Unt tn pi. Steps in School GNU/Linux 3.2 ]m\ense Hgn ÿeøv Right Click snøpi. Add to panel skeiv vsnøpi. Xpd phcp hn tumbnep keyboard indicator n psnbvxv Add _ n psnøpi. (D_p p en\ivkn CXv {]txyiw sntø Xn ). 3. Hm Hm^okn CTL(Complex Text Layout) Enable snøpi. Tools Option F {IaØn n psnøpi. XpS v hcp hn tumbn 27

27 Language Settings Language {IaØn Enabled for complex text layout F Xv tick snbvxv OK _ n psnøpi. 4. Tools Option F {IaØn n psnøpi. XpS v hcp hn tumbn OpenOffice.org Writer Basic Fonts (CTL) {IaØn n psnbvxv F m t^m pifpw, Rachana B nbxn\ptijw OK _ Aa ØpI. Note: ]pxnb D_p p en\ivkn \n pw Rachana font tim n snbvxv (hgn /sur/share/fontst/ruteype/ttf-indic-fonts-core/ or FhnsSbmtWm Rachana font D Xv AhnsS\n v) 3.2 hns home.fonts Fs mcp t^mƒudp m n AXn t]ãv snbvxm Nne Iq cßƒ sss psnøptºmƒ hcp _p nap v Hgnhm mw. ssãem mw dnt m v Ip nifpss ]T\Ønse Is ØepIƒ sss psnbvxv Xbmdm nbxn\v tijw am{xamwv Cu `mkw XpStc Xv. Ip niƒ FgpXnØbmdm nb dnt m pw TB bn X ncn p Nn{Xtam IqSpX `wknbp at sx nepw t]tpm XmcXayw snbvxv TB bnse {]h Ø\w ]q ØoIcn mhp XmWv. Bhiysa n Xmsg simspøncn p kqn\ifpw D]tbmKn mw. io jißƒ v s]mxphmb hen hpw ÿm\hpw BIrXnbpw thww. D]io jißƒ v s]mxphmb hen hpw ÿm\hpw BIrXnbpw thww. hcniƒ nsbn A\ptbmPyamb AIew thww. JfinIIƒ XpSßp Xv Htc AIeØnembncn Ww. A\ptbmPyamb am Pn thww. kvss kv B v t^m am nwkv : Hcp tumiypsa ns LS\ `wknbm phm klmbn p SqfpIfmWv ChnsSbp Xv. kvss \evti `mkøv Igvk shbv pitbm kvss \evti `mkw skeiv v snøpitbm snbvxxn\ptijw Bhiyamb kvss en U_nƒ n p snbvxmwv CXv {]tbmkn p Xv. CXn e`yamb A pxcw kvss epiƒ ChbmWv. 1. ]mc{km^v kvss : Hcp JfinIbv v apgph \evimhp kvss epifmwv ]mc{km^v kvss en D Xv. Hcp JfinIbv v apgph Hcp {]txyi A c`wkntbm \ndtam Ffp Øn \evip Xn\v CXv klmbicamwv. skeiv v snbvx JfinIIƒt m Igvk Ccn p JfinIbvt m BWv CXv {]tbmkn s Sp Xv. 28

28 2. IymcIv kvss : Hcp A cønt\m hm nt\m \evimhp kvss epifmwv IymcIv kvss en D Xv. io jißƒ D]io jißƒ F nhbv v Hcp {]txyi A c `wkntbm \ndtam Ffp Øn \evip Xn\v CXv klmbicamwv. skeiv vsnbvx A cßƒt m Igvk Ccn p A cønt\m BWv CXv {]tbmkn s Sp Xv. 3. s{^bnw kvss : Hcp s{^bnapiƒ `wknbm p Xn\v klmbn p kvss epifmwv s{^bnw kvss en D Xv. s{^bnapiƒ v {]txyi ÿm\w, hep w, BIrXn F nh Ffp Øn \evip Xn\v CXv klmbicamwv. s{^bnw skeiv v snbvxtijw kvss en U_nƒ n p snbvxmwv CXv {]tbmkn p Xv. 4. t]pv kvss : t]pn\v \evimhp hnhn[ kvss epifmwv t]pv kvss en D Xv. t]ppiƒ v {]txyi hep w, BIrXn F nh Ffp Øn \evip Xn\v CXv klmbicamwv. t]pn n p snbvxtijw kvss en U_nƒ n p snbvxmwv CXv {]tbmkn p Xv. 5. enãv kvss : hnhn[ XcØnep enãnwkv kvss epifmwv CXnep Xv. JfinIIƒ v Ffp Øn \ΩpsS C {]Imcap enãnwkv kvss epiƒ \evip Xn\v CXv klmbicamwv. skeiv vsnbvx JfinIIƒt m Igvk Ccn p JfinIbvt m BWv CXv {]tbmkn s Sp Xv. A\p-tbm-Py-amb IymcIv kvss, ]mc{km^v kvss F nh Is Øn hbv pitbm ap Iq n \n an phbv pitbm snbvxxn\ptijw Ip niƒ sss p snbvxv Xbmdm nb dnt m n Ch Assπ snøpibmwv CXns coxn. hnhn[xcønep kvss epiƒ enãv snø Styles and fomatting hn tumbnep hnhn[xcønep sf WpIfn aukv sim pt]mbm ChbpsS t]cpiƒ ZriyamIp XmWv. Bhiysa n Xmsg simspøncn p enãpw D]tbmKn mw. ]mc{km^v kvss IymcIv kvss s{^bnw kvss t]pv kvss enãv kvss ]pxnb ]mc-{km^v ssã \n an- CXv Hcp JfinIbv v apgph\mbn {]tbmkn phm\p XmbXn\m henb t^m v D]tbmKn mxncn m {i n Ww. dnt m n\v Bhiyamb Ht m 29

29 ct m kvss \n an v dnt m v `wknbm m Ip niƒ v \n tziw \eviww. \n an p hn[w TB bn D v. ]pxnb IymcŒ kvss \n an CXv Hcp ]ZØn\v am{xambn {]tbmkn phm\p XmbXn\m henb t^m pifpw A\ptbmPyamb \ndßfpw D]tbmKn mhp XmWv. ti{µa{ n v dnt m v \evimw lnµnbn dnt m v Xbmdm p Xn\v lnµn Iot_m Uv Dƒs SpØWsa dnbmat m. aebmfw Iot_m Uv Dƒ SpØnb coxnbn Xs bmwv CXpw sntø Xv. aptº \evinb klmbw ImWpI. ti{µa{ n v dnt m v Ab psimsp pisb Xv km[yhpw Ip niƒ v Xm ]cyap Xpamb Hcp {]h Ø\w BsW nepw CXn Hcp kmt XnI {]iv\w D v. ticfønse ]ØmwXcØnse apgph Ip nifpw GsX nepw Hcp {]txyi hy n v Ab pibmsw n AhcpsS mail box \ndbphm\nsbmip XmWv. AXv Ip nisf t_m[ys SpØn \nßfpss kviqfnse lnµn A[ym]I\v dnt m v Ab psimsp p Xmbncn pw DØaw. Hcp hy n v Bbn dnt m v Ab psimsp Wsa n Nne Imcyßƒ BhiyamWv. 1. dnt m v Abt Bfn\pw e`nt Bfn\pw ID D mbncn Ww. 2. dnt m v e`nt Bfns ID Abt Bfn\v e`yamiww. ]n Un F^v ^bepifm mw Hcp ^b C -sabnen A m v snbvxv Ab psimspøm AXv hmbn p h p mip _p nap piƒ Ip niƒ N bneqss Is Øs. Xmsg simspøncn p kqn\ifneqss N \nb{ n mhp XmWv. ChnsS D]tbmKn Bπnt j AhnsS D mhwsa n AhnsS D]tbmKn p Hm td nwkv knãw CXv Xs BhWsa n ChnsS D]tbmKn `mj B knãøn D mhwsa n ChnsS D]tbmKn t^m v B knãøn D mhwsa n Cu ^bens\ as mcp ^bem n am phm IgnbWsa n. 30

30 ] ni ]qcn- n q... ]qcn- n ] ni Xmsg \ Ip- p. ^b FIvkvs j icnbmbn {]h Øn n mhp Bπnt j.xcf GIMP.odt Open Office Writer.png Image Viewer, Gimp.pdf Document Viewer, xpdf.ods Open Office Calc.mp3 Xmms, vlc.jpg Gimp, Image Viewer.xls Open Office Calc, Excel.doc Open Office Writer, Word.mpg vlc, movie player, Media Player.html Mozilla Firefox, Epiphany, Opera, Internet Explorer etc..txt Gedit, notepad etc. en\ivkn km[mcw D mhp ]nunf^v hyqh BWv tumiypsa v hyqh AYhm evince. Hcp ^b kzm`mhniambn tumiypsa v hyqhdn Xpd phcp ns n ^ben Right Click snbvxv Open With Other Application Use a custom command F {IaØn evince F v sss psnbvxv Xpd pt\m mhp XmWv. Cu BhiyØn\p]tbmKn mhp as mcp tkm^v vshbdmwv xpdf. ]nunf^v ^bepiƒ v [mcmfw ta Ifp v Ahbn NneXv {i n q. 1. Cu ^bepiƒ GXv Hm td nwkv knãønepw Xpd v hmbn phm km[n p p. 2 Cu ^bepiƒ v XmcXtay\ hep w IpdhmWv 3. Cu ^bepiƒ am w hcpøphm Ffp a møxn\m kpc nxamwv. 4. an hmdpw F m tumiypsa pifpw ]nunf^v cq]-øn-te v am phm km[yamwv. 31

31 5. sshdkpiƒ B{Ian phm km[yx IpdhmWv. 6. ]nunf^v hyqhdpiƒ hnebosm msx e`yamwv. {]n v {IaoIcWßƒ {]n v snøp Xn\v knãøn {]n C Ãmƒ snbvxncn Ww. {]n v \n tziw \evinbn pw {]n v hcp ns n File Print coxnbntem Ctrl+P tjm vi v D]tbmKnt m {]n v \n tziw t]mbncn p Xv Dt±in {]n dnte p Xs bs F v ]cntim[n mhp XmWv. dnt m hxcn n m {]kt j {]kt j\n t\cnt m en v hgntbm hountbm Dƒs SpØmhp XmWv. knãøn {]h Øn p F m audio/video ^bepifpw en v hgn {]kt j\n Dƒ SpØmhp XmWv. {]kt j\n ^b {]h Øn p ns n, B ^ben ssd v n psnbvxv propetry skeiv vsnbvxv open with player am n ]cntim[n mhp XmWv. Hm Hm^okn A\phZn ncn p ^bepiƒ am{xta {]kt j\n t\cn v Dƒs SpØphm km[n pibp q. en v hgn {]kt j\n Dƒ SpØp coxn. Insert Hyperlink F {IaØn n p snbvxm e`n p hn tumbn CSXp`mKsØ Document n psnbvxv Path, Text Ch \evin Apply _ n psn-øp-i. 32

32 3. KWnX IuXp-I-ßƒ BapJw hnhc hn\nab kmt XnIhnZy A`ykn p Hcp Ip n, B hnjbønse X\Xmb ss\]pwniƒ B Pn p txmssm w Xs, CXchnjbßfpsS ]T\w IqSn km[n Ø hn[ap ]mtmkq{xww Xo bmbpw Hcp sh phnfnbmwv. ]t AXv XnI pw Akm[ya Xs. hnhc hn\nab kmt XnIhnZybpsS A`yk\w t\sns msp p tijniƒ CØcw kt XßfpsS ]T\ØneqsSbpw t\snsbsp mhp txbp p. Ip niƒ hnzym`ymk aqeyßƒ B Pn p Xv D S Øns anihn\ pdw, ]T\Øns bpw A[ym]I kr n p A co Øns bpw Imcy axbnemwv. Ah v Xmev]cyapfhm p ]T\m co w mkpifn kr ns Spt Xv AXpsIm pxs A[ym]Is BhiyamWv. Iºyq dpifpw PntbmPn{_ t]mep tkm^v v-shbdpifpw a p A\p_ D]IcWßfpw CØcsamcp Xmev]cyØns A co w D m p p v. ChbneqsS BI jiambpw IrXyXtbmsSbpw ]T\-t_m[\ {]h Ø\ßƒ \SØm\mIpw. ]T\ e yßƒ PntbmPn{_ tkm^v v-shb SqfpIƒ ]cnnbn pibpw Ahbv v hnhn[ kmlncyßfnep {]tbmkßƒ Xncn dnbpibpw snøpi. Cu SqfpIƒ D]tbmKn p Xn {]mhowyw t\spi. PntbmPn{_ D]tbmKn v KWnX \n anxniƒ Xømdm pi. Ahbn \n v KWnX Bibßƒ cq]oicn pi. cq]oicn Bibw Hcp s]mxpxxzamtwm F v ]cntim[n pi. Ah a p \n anxnifn D]tbmKn pi. KWnX imkv{xøn\p ]pdta, a p hnjbßfnepw km[yamb ]T\{]h Ø\ßƒ PntbmPn{_bn Xbmdm pi. Xbmdm nb \n anxniƒ XpS ]T\{]h Ø\ßƒ v D]tbmKn pi. ]T\ hnjbßƒ p ]pdsa PntbmPn{_ D]tbmKn mhp CSßƒ Xncn dnbpi. AØcw kµ `ßƒ v tbmpn \n anxniƒ Xbmdm pi. D S hniie\w PymanXob cq]ßƒ \n Ωn p Xn\pw ssiimcyw snøp Xn\pap Iºyq t{]m{kmapifmwv C dmiv ohv PymanXn tkm^v v-shbdpiƒ. Ne\ Nn{Xßsfbpw (Video) \n e Nn{Xßtfbpw XmcXays SpØp Xp 33

$t]msebmwv C dmiv ohv tkm^v v-shbdpisfbpw PymanXob Nn{Xßsfbpw XmcXays SpØp Xv. (Dynamic geometry is to geometry as movies are to photographs).$

33 t]msebmwv C dmiv ohv tkm^v v-shbdpisfbpw PymanXob Nn{Xßsfbpw XmcXays SpØp Xv. (Dynamic geometry is to geometry as movies are to photographs). Cßs\bp F m t{]m{kmapifnepw _nµp ƒ, hciƒ, hrøßƒ XpSßnb ASnÿm\ cq]ßfpw XpS v Ahsb B[mcam n IqSpX k o Wamb a p \n anxnifpw Xbmdm mw. Cu \n anxnifn \n pw cq]oicn mhp PymanXob Bibßƒ B cq]-øn\v hen, ÿm\, BIrXn hyxymkw hcp-tºmgpw icnbmiptam F p ]cntim[n pibpw snømw. \n an ncn p _nµp fpss ÿm\w kzx{ ambn am m Ignbp XpsIm mwv CXp km[yamhp Xv IfpsS BZy ]mzøn \n an s Pntbmsa{SnIv kt mk BWv C dmiv ohv PymanXn tkm^v v-shbdpifn BZytØXv. XpS v Im{_n, t{umbnmv tpymsa{sn (Dr. Geo), si C dmiv ohv PymanXn (KIG), Im sa, PntbmPn{_, Pntbmsa{Snb, kn sud XpSßn At\IsaÆw cq]w sim p. Ch q / en\ivkv, hn tumkv, a nt mjv XpSßn ]e Hm td nmv knãßfn {]h Øn p hbmwv. Im{_n, kn sud t]mep s{]ms{s] dn tkm^v vshbdpifpw Iq Ønep v. Dr. Geo, Kig, Carmetal, GeoGebra, Geometria F nh kzx{ tkm^v v-shbdpifmwv. F A{U n H \h[n PymanXob tkm^v v-shbdpisf pdn p XmcXayw ImWmw. PntbmPn{_ PymanXn, _op KWnXw (Algebra), Ie\w (Calculus) F o KWnX imjisf ka\zbn n ncn p Hcp KWnX ]T\ tkm^v v-shbdmwv Nn{Xw

$PntbmPn{_. s{s]adn mkp apx bqwnthgvkn n hsc ]Tn p hnzym YnIƒ pw A[ym]I pw ]T\-t_m[\ {]h Ø\ßƒ mbn Cu tkm^v v-shb D]tbmKn m\mipw. Atacn t{]m{kmadmb {io.$

34 PntbmPn{_. s{s]adn mkp apx bqwnthgvkn n hsc ]Tn p hnzym YnIƒ pw A[ym]I pw ]T\-t_m[\ {]h Ø\ßƒ mbn Cu tkm^v v-shb D]tbmKn m\mipw. Atacn t{]m{kmadmb {io. a Ipkv tlmh hm S 2001/2002 km kv_ Kv bq\nthgvknddnbn KWnXimkv{Xhpw Iºyq kb kpw hnjbßfmb amkvt gvkv Un{Kn p ]Tn ptºmƒ AhXcn n KthjW {]_ amwv Cu tkm^v v-shbdns ASnÿm\ Bibw. At±lhpw anj-tb t_m sj-unkv AS- -ap a p kl t{]m{kma amcpw Cu tkm^v v-shb Ct mgpw sa s SpØns m ncn p p. kviqƒ q/en\ivkn Dƒs SpØnbn p 3.2 ]Xn mwv ]mt]pkvxiøn \mw D]tbmKn p Xv. H ]Xmw mknse hnzym YnIƒ v AƒPn{_ PmeIhpw tim Unt\ v A ßfpw Bhiyan t m. View Axes, View Algebraic view F o sa\pifnep sn p am piƒ Hgnhm p XneqsS \ap v Ch ths p shbv m\mipw. Ch C mø PmeIw ÿncambn sk p snøp Xn\v Options Save settings F coxn D]tbmKn mw. PntbmPn{_ F tkm^v v-shbdn Hcp Nn{Xw hc p Xv Fßs\ F v ImWn p Xn\v am{xambn Hcp ]T\ {]h Ø\hpw sntø Xn F mwv Cu A[ymbØns s]mxp kao]\w. GsX nepw Hcp Bibw hn\nabw snøm\pt±in p Xmbncn Ww samøw ]mtmkq{xww. ]pkvxiøn {]Xn]mZn n p ]T\hkvXp sf kw_ n p A[nI hmb\ p hbmwv Xmsg ]dbp Imcyßƒ. hnizamb ]mtmkq{xwøn\mbn A\p_ ambn tn Øncn p kne_kv {KnUv ImWpI. _lp`ppßƒ c n IqSpX t\ hißfp AS cq]ßfmwv _lp`ppßƒ. Ahbvs mw F{X hißfpt m A{Xbpw Dƒt mwpifpw D mbncn pw. AS cq]ßfmbxn\m Chsb mw \n nx Afhv ]c v Dƒs m p hbmwv. Nn{Xw

$Nn{Xw 3.3 ]t, api-fn ImWp Xpt]mse ]c n\itø v Ipgn ncn p cq]ßƒ KWnX imkv{x]cambn _lp`ppßfmbn ]cnkwn mdn. ]e Xcw _lp`ppßƒ, AhbpsS Dƒt mwpiƒ, hißfpss \ofßƒ, Np fhv, ]c fhv XpSßnbh N snøww.$ $4 n p snbvxm hiøns \ofw F nßs\bmbncn pw e`n pi) F Xp Ip nifnsetø BibamWv. A[nI {]h Ø\w 1 Hcp {XntImWw \n an mw. (tool: Group 5, polygon) AXnse Hmtcm hiønt bpw a[y_nµp ASbmfs SpØWw.$

35 Nn{Xw 3.3 ]t, api-fn ImWp Xpt]mse ]c n\itø v Ipgn ncn p cq]ßƒ KWnX imkv{x]cambn _lp`ppßfmbn ]cnkwn mdn. ]e Xcw _lp`ppßƒ, AhbpsS Dƒt mwpiƒ, hißfpss \ofßƒ, Np fhv, ]c fhv XpSßnbh N snøww. Htc Sqƒ Xs ]e kmlncyßƒ \pkcn v D]tbmKnt Xv Fßs\ (DZmlcWambn Distance or length Sqƒ _lp`ppøn\iøp n psnbvxm Np fhv, hiøn\p apifn Nn{Xw 3.4 n p snbvxm hiøns \ofw F nßs\bmbncn pw e`n pi) F Xp Ip nifnsetø BibamWv. A[nI {]h Ø\w 1 Hcp {XntImWw \n an mw. (tool: Group 5, polygon) AXnse Hmtcm hiønt bpw a[y_nµp ASbmfs SpØWw. (tool: Group 2, midpoint or centre) C\n GsX nepw c v hißfpss a[y _nµphneqssbp ew_ßƒ hc pi. (tool: Group 4, perpendicular line) CXv Hcp _nµphn k n p p. aq masø hiøn\pw a[y ew_w hc mw. CXv GXv _nµphn IqSn IS p t]mipw? Cu _nµp ti{µam n GsX nepw Hcp io jøneqss Hcp hrøw hcbv mw. (tool: Group 6, circle with centre and through a point) F mwv Cu 36

$Nn{Xw 3.5 hrøøns {]txyix? F m Xcw {XntImWßƒ pw CXv _m[iamiptam? A[nI {]h Ø\w 2 ta ]d {]h Ø\Øn {XntImWØnse hißfpss a[y _nµphneqssbp ew_øn\p ]Icw Hmtcm hiønt bpw FXn aqebneqssbp ew_ambmtem?$ $CØcw tnmzyßƒ kzbw tnmzn p Xn\pw PntbmPn{_ D]tbmKn v Ah ]cntim[n p Xn\pw Ip nisf t{]m kmln n Ww.$

36 Nn{Xw 3.5 hrøøns {]txyix? F m Xcw {XntImWßƒ pw CXv _m[iamiptam? A[nI {]h Ø\w 2 ta ]d {]h Ø\Øn {XntImWØnse hißfpss a[y _nµphneqssbp ew_øn\p ]Icw Hmtcm hiønt bpw FXn aqebneqssbp ew_ambmtem? (tool: Group 4, perpendicular line). Ch k n ptºmƒ e`n p Xv D XnIfpsS kwka _nµphmwv. C\n D XnIƒ v ]Icw timwpifpss ka`mpnifmbmtem? (tool: Group 4, angle bisector). CØcw tnmzyßƒ kzbw tnmzn p Xn\pw PntbmPn{_ D]tbmKn v Ah ]cntim[n p Xn\pw Ip nisf t{]m kmln n Ww. _lp`ppßfpss hni Wßƒ Hcp _lp`ppøn hcbv mhp hni WßfpsS FÆhpw hißfpss FÆhpw XΩnep _ amwv hniie\w sntø Xv. ]excw _lp`ppßƒ hcbv pibpw ] nis SpØpIbpw snøww. Xmsgs mspøncn p Nn{Xßƒ t\m pi. s]mxpth, n hißfp Hcp _lp`ppøns Hcp io jøn \n pw Nn{Xw 3.6 n-3 FÆw hni Wßƒ hcbv m\mipw. n hißfp Hcp _lp`ppøn hcbv mhp BsI hni Wßƒ BWv. 37

$_lp`ppøns io jßfpss t]cpiƒ Hcp {XntImWw \n an ptºmƒ AXns io jßƒ v A, B, C Ft m P, Q, R Ft m at m (km[mcwbmbn Cw ojv henb A cßƒ) t]cp simsp mdp v.$

37 _lp`ppøns io jßfpss t]cpiƒ Hcp {XntImWw \n an ptºmƒ AXns io jßƒ v A, B, C Ft m P, Q, R Ft m at m (km[mcwbmbn Cw ojv henb A cßƒ) t]cp simsp mdp v. Hcp {XntImWØns io jßƒ v A, B, C F mwv t]cp simspøncn p sx n AXns\ ABC F p hnfn p p. PntbmPn{_bn Hcp cq]w \n an ptºmƒ Xs io jßƒ v t]cv simsp s Sp p v. Chsb tkm^v v-shb X\nsb {]Z in n p n F n Xmsg ]dbp coxnbn \ap v Cu t]cpiƒ {]Z in n mw. io jøns apifn hexp aukv _ Aa Øptºmƒ {]Xy s Sp sa\phn \n pw Object Properties F bn\w sxcs Sp Ww. Nn{Xw 3.7 io jøns t]cv apifn {]Z in n ncn p Xv t\m pi. Bhiysa n Cu t]cv \ap v am n simsp pibpw snømw. Cu t]cv {]Z in n m show label F Xn n p snbvxv Name F Xv sxcs Sp pi. t]cn\p ]Icw Move Me! F mwv {]Z in nt Xv F n Caption F bnsøv Cu hmniw sss p snbvx tijw show label F Xn n p snbvxv Caption F Xv sxcs Sp pi. Nn{XßtfmsSm w hnizoicwßfpw \nco Wßsf Imcyam{X{]k amb {]kvxmh\ifmbn FgpXpI F Xv Xo bmbpw t\ts ss\]pwnbmwv. Ip nisfs m v {]kvxmh\ifpw \nco Wßfpw hnizoicw pdn pifpw FgpXn Ww. Nn{XßtfmsSm w Cu hnizoicwßfpw \n anxnbn Xs Dƒs SpØp Xn\v ssivãv Sqƒ D]tbmKn mw. ChnsS \ap v ]cnanxamb coxnbn aebmfønep hnhcßfpw Dƒs SpØmhp XmWv. 38

$kviqƒ q/ en\ivkn tn Øncn p PntbmPn{_ 3.2 ]Xn n tkm^v vshb `mjbmbn aebmfw Dƒs SpØnbn n. tkm^v v-shb PmeIØnse Options Languages F sa\p ImWpI.$

38 kviqƒ q/ en\ivkn tn Øncn p PntbmPn{_ 3.2 ]Xn n tkm^v vshb `mjbmbn aebmfw Dƒs SpØnbn n. tkm^v v-shb PmeIØnse Options Languages F sa\p ImWpI. PntbmPn{_bnse C\n hcp ]Xn pifn aebmfw Dƒs SpØpw F p {]Xo n mw. PntbmPn{_ Hcp kzx{ tkm^v v-shb BbXn\m sa s SpØepw {]mtzinih cwhpw Pmhm t{]m{kmanßv `mj Adnbmhp h v snømhp txbp p. kzx{ tkm^v v-shbdpifpss km[yxisf pdn v Ip nitfmsv ]dbp Xn\v Cu kmlncyw D]tbmKs SpØpat m. aebmfønep hnhcßƒ, Ah Dƒs SpØm\p ssivãv PmeIØn sh v hmbn m\mhns nepw XeØn tn Øp Ign m hmbn m\mipw. ]t, ChnsS sh v \ap v A cßfpss t^m v am m\mhn. XeØnep Hcp ssivãns Properties FSpØv AXn Text F Sm_v ]cntim[n pi. IqSpX `wknbp ssivãv Dƒs SpØWsa n thuv t{]mkkdntem at sx nepw aebmfw sss p snømhp tkm^v v-shbdntem Xbmdm nb hcnifpss kv{io tjm piƒ \ap v Nn{Xßƒt]mse Dƒs SpØmw. kv{io tjm piƒ Xbmdm p Xn\mbn si kv\m]vtjm v F kv{io Im]vNyq tkm^v v-shb D]tbmKn mw. sikv\m]vtjm v D]tbmKn p Xns\ pdn p hnhcßƒ mbn Iºyq dpiƒ {]h Øn p Xv F ]mt`mkw ImWpI. A[nI {]h Ø\w 3 Hcp {XntImWw hcbv pi. CXns Hcp hiw \o n hcbv pi. (tool: Group 3, ray through two points) Cu hiøp {XntImWØns _mlytim ASbmfs SpØpI (tool: Group 8, Angle). \o n hc io jøn\v FXn hiøp c v Dƒt mwpifpw Afs gpxpi. Cu timwpifpss XpI F{Xbmbncn pw? Cu XpIbpw _mlytimwns Afhpw XΩnse p _ amwv Nn{Xw

$ImWp Xv? ssivãv tn p kt Xw D]tbmKn v \n anxnbpss hißfn Xs Cu Is Ø Dƒs SpØpI. ssivãpw kahmiyßfpw PntbmPn{_bnte v KWnX hmiyßƒ Dƒs SpØp Xn\p Hcp {]h Ø\w ]mt]pkvxiøn {]Xn]mZn p p v.$

39 ImWp Xv? ssivãv tn p kt Xw D]tbmKn v \n anxnbpss hißfn Xs Cu Is Ø Dƒs SpØpI. ssivãpw kahmiyßfpw PntbmPn{_bnte v KWnX hmiyßƒ Dƒs SpØp Xn\p Hcp {]h Ø\w ]mt]pkvxiøn {]Xn]mZn p p v. ]mt]pkvxiøntexn\v kam\amb as mcp {]h Ø\amWv Xmsg simspøncn p Xv. A[nI {]h Ø\w 4 Hcp {XntImWw hcbv pi. CXns aq p hißƒ \o n hcbv pi. (tool: Group 3, ray through two points) Cu hißfn {XntImWØns aq p _mlytimwpifpw ASbmfs SpØpI. Cu timwpifpss XpI F{Xbmbncn pw? ssivãv tn p kt Xw D]tbmKn v \n anxnbpss hißfn Xs Cu Is Ø Dƒs SpØpI. {XntImWØn\v ]Icw NXp `ppambncp mtem? ] `ppamsw n? Nn{Xw 3.9 timwpifpss hne FgpXn Iq ptºmƒ ]et mgpw sndnb sx piƒ hcmdp v. {]mtbmkni kµ `ßfn hcp ]q W kwjyif mø hneisf c p Zimwiÿm\ßfnte v ]cnanxs SpØptºmƒ hcp XmWnXv (Rounding error). IqSpX IrXyamb ^ew In p Xn\mbn Options Rounding F bnsøv Zimwi ÿm\ßfpss FÆw h [n n mw. A[nI {]h Ø\w 5 Hcp {XntImWØnse sndnb c p hißfpss XpI F mbvt]mgpw henb hiønt\ mƒ IqSpXembncn ptam F efnxamb Hcp KWnX {]iv\w ]cnkwn mw. Xmsg mwp Xpt]mse Hcp {XntImWw hc-bv p-i. Nn{XØn\v hexp 40

$Nn{Xw 3.10 hitø v a bptsbpw b bptsbpw hneiƒ FSpsØgpXn Iq n t\m Ww. Nn{XØn am w hcpøptºmƒ ChbpsS hneiƒ IqsS amdpibpw thww. t]mfnk Sqƒ FSpØv Hcp {XntImWw hc p sim v \ap v XpSßmw.$ $CXn\v PntbmPn{_bn t^m apeiƒ FgpXp kt Xw D]tbmKn mw. Insert Text Sqƒ FSpØv Nn{XØns CSXp hiøv Hgn Hcp ÿew Nq n ImWn p XpSßmw.$

40 Nn{Xw 3.10 hitø v a bptsbpw b bptsbpw hneiƒ FSpsØgpXn Iq n t\m Ww. Nn{XØn am w hcpøptºmƒ ChbpsS hneiƒ IqsS amdpibpw thww. t]mfnk Sqƒ FSpØv Hcp {XntImWw hc p sim v \ap v XpSßmw. Hmtcm hiønt bpw t]cpw Afhpw hexp aukv _ sa\phnse Object properties Show label Name & Value F coxnbn {]Z in n Ww. C\n Nn{XØnse hneiƒ CSXp hiøp FSpsØgpXn Iq n t\m Ww F ncn s. CXn\v PntbmPn{_bn t^m apeiƒ FgpXp kt Xw D]tbmKn mw. Insert Text Sqƒ FSpØv Nn{XØns CSXp hiøv Hgn Hcp ÿew Nq n ImWn p XpSßmw. ssivãv sss p snøp Xn\mbn {]Xy s Sp PmeIØn a= F tn mw. XpS v a bpss hne IqSn n p snbvxp ImWn p simsp I. CtX coxnbn b, c F nhbpw {]Z in n mw. Nn{Xw 3.11 C\n \ap v sndnb hißfmb abpw c bpw Iq n FgpXmw. a + c = =

$F v c v hcnbmbn {]Z in n Ww. CXn\mbn ho pw ssivãv Sqƒ Xs FSp mw. n p snøptºmƒ e`n p PmeIØn a + c = F v sss p snøpi. am an msx Xs {]Z in nt Xn\m D cwn Nn ßƒ tn m ad cpxv.$

41 F v c v hcnbmbn {]Z in n Ww. CXn\mbn ho pw ssivãv Sqƒ Xs FSp mw. n p snøptºmƒ e`n p PmeIØn a + c = F v sss p snøpi. am an msx Xs {]Z in nt Xn\m D cwn Nn ßƒ tn m ad cpxv. C\n \ap v c p Ncßsf Iq n tbmpn n Ww. + Nn amwv CXn\v D]tbmKnt Xv. a+c = + a c. CSbv p + Nn Øn\pw D cwn tn Øncn p Xv AXpw am an msx {]Z in n p Xn\mWv. a+c=, a, +, c F nhbmwv ChnsS Hcpan v tn Øncn p Xv. C\n ASpØ hcnbn CXns\ Iq nsbgpxmw. AXn\v = +(a+c) F hmiyw axnbmipw. hmiyøns bp n hnizoicnt Xn t m. Nn{Xw 3.12 {XntImWØns io jßƒ Move Sqƒ D]tbmKn v am n ]e {XntImWßƒ D m nbm t]mepw Cu {]txyix {]k amwv F pw \nco n mat m. ss UdpIƒ C dmiv ohv PymanXn tkm^v v-shbdpifpss lrzb`mkamwv ss UdpIƒ. PymanXnbn am{xa, a p hnjbßfpss ]T\-t_m[\ {]{Inbbnepw Cu Sqfn\v D]tbmKßƒ Is Øm\mIpw. ]mt]pkvxiøn simspøn p Xn\p ]pdta H ]Xmw mknse KWnX A[ym]I klmbnbn \n p Hcp \n anxn Xmsg simsp p p. A[nI {]h Ø\w 6 Xmsg dbp {]h Ø\w snbvxv \nßfpss I p]nspøw Hcp {]kvxmh\bmbn A]v-se n Dƒs SpØpI. 42

$1. 3 apx 100 hsc am mhp Xpw G w 1 BbXpamb a F ss U \n an pi 2. A hrøti{µhpw B hrøønse Hcp _nµphpw Bb Hcp hrøw hc v AXn C F _nµp ASbmfs SpØpI. 3. ti{µøn Angle with Given Size Sqƒ D]tbmKn v (360/a) o BIØ hn[w tim CAC I hc pi 4.$

42 1. 3 apx 100 hsc am mhp Xpw G w 1 BbXpamb a F ss U \n an pi 2. A hrøti{µhpw B hrøønse Hcp _nµphpw Bb Hcp hrøw hc v AXn C F _nµp ASbmfs SpØpI. 3. ti{µøn Angle with Given Size Sqƒ D]tbmKn v (360/a) o BIØ hn[w tim CAC I hc pi 4. C, C I F o _nµp ƒ io jw BI-Ø- -hn[w Regular Polygon Sqƒ D]tbmKn v Hcp _lp-`ppw hc-bv p-i. hißfpss FÆw a Bbncn -Ww. 5. ]c fhv ImWp Xn\p Sqƒ D]tbmKn v hrøønt bpw ka_lp`ppønt bpw ]c fhv ImWpI. ss U \o n a bpss hne am n t\m pi. Nn{Xw 3.13 io j-ß-fpss FÆw IqSp- -Xn-\-\p-k-cn v Cu c v ]c- -f-hp-ifpw XΩn F p-_- -amwv Is -Øm-\m-hpI? ta ]d {]h Ø\Øn ss Udn FSpØXv Hcp kwjymhnebmwv (Number). timwfhpifn ss U D]tbmKn p a p Nne \n anxniƒ IqSn Xmsg simsp p p. A[nI {]h Ø\w 7 Hcp Dƒt mwns Afhv ss Udp]tbmKn v \nb{ n mhp Hcp {XntImWw \n an pi. Xmsg ]dbp {]h Ø\ {Iaw D]tbmKn mw. 1. XeØn Hcp ss U Dƒs SpØn AXn timwfhv (Angle) F bn\w sxscs Sp pi. 2. ss Udns hne 0 O sxm v 180 O hscbmbn ]cnanxs SpØpI. 43

$3. {XntImWØns ]mzhiw hcbv pi. (tool: Group 3, Segment between two points) 4. ]mzøns BZy io jøn ss Udns hne timwfhmiø hn[w Hcp tim \n an pi. (tool: Group 8, Angle with given size).$

43 3. {XntImWØns ]mzhiw hcbv pi. (tool: Group 3, Segment between two points) 4. ]mzøns BZy io jøn ss Udns hne timwfhmiø hn[w Hcp tim \n an pi. (tool: Group 8, Angle with given size). BZy io jøn tim \n an m, ]mzøns c masø io jw apxemwv _nµp ƒ am p snbvxp XpStß Xv F v {]txyiw Hm pat m. 5. Ct mƒ e`n _nµphpw ]mzøns io jßfpw tbmpn n v {XntImWw ]q Ønbm pi. Cßs\ hcbv ptºmƒ ka]m iz {XntImWambncn pw e`n pi. Aßs\b mø Hcp {XntImWw \n an m, c p _nµp fneqssbpw Hcp hc \o n hc v (tool: Group 3, ray through two points) AXn aq masø _nµp ASbmfs SpØnbm axnbt m. A[nI {]h Ø\w 8 Hcp {XntImWØns F m Dƒt mwpifpw 90 o bn XmsgbmsW n B {XntImWsØ \yq\ {XntImWw (Acute triangle) F mwv hnfn mdp Xv. Hcp tim 90 o Bbm AXns\ a {XntImWsa pw (Right triangle), 90 o bn IqSpXembm _rlxv {XntImWw (Obtuse triangle) F pw hnfn p p. timwns Afhv ss Udp]tbmKn v \nb{ n mhp Hcp {XntImWw \n an pi. timwfhn\\pkcn p {XntImWØns t]cv \n anxnbpss Hcp hiøp Xs Afh\pkcn v amdp hn[w ImWn pibpw thww. (]mt ]pkvxiønse t_mivkn\iøp `mjm Ncn{XØnep {]h Ø\w ImWpI.) ssutej Nn{Xw 3.14 Dilation F hm v Atacn Cw ojmwv. {_n ojv Cw ojn 44

$Enlargement F mwv ]Icw hm v. CØcw hm piƒ A]cnNnXambn txm p psh n tkm^v v-shbdns `mj am mhp XmWv. Tools Languages F sa\phn \n pw \ap Xp snømw.$ ${]h Ø\ {Iaw Xmsg simspøncn p p. 1. Hcp ] `ppw hcbv pi. 2. 0 apx 1 hsc hneiƒ kzoicn p Hcp \º ss U (a) \n an pi 3. ] `ppøns GsX nepw Hcp io jsø as mcp io jw B[mcam n a asßv ssute p snøpi. Nn{Xw 3.15 4.$

44 Enlargement F mwv ]Icw hm v. CØcw hm piƒ A]cnNnXambn txm p psh n tkm^v v-shbdns `mj am mhp XmWv. Tools Languages F sa\phn \n pw \ap Xp snømw. Hcp cq]øn\v as mcp cq]øn \n p AIeØn\v B\p]mXnIambmWv cq]ßƒ hepxm s Sp Xv. Xmsg simspøncn p Xv Cu Sqfns as mcp {]tbmkamwv. A[nI {]h Ø\w 9 Hcp ] `ppøns hni Ww \ap v ssutej kt Xw D]tbmKn v hcbv mw. {]h Ø\ {Iaw Xmsg simspøncn p p. 1. Hcp ] `ppw hcbv pi apx 1 hsc hneiƒ kzoicn p Hcp \º ss U (a) \n an pi 3. ] `ppøns GsX nepw Hcp io jsø as mcp io jw B[mcam n a asßv ssute p snøpi. Nn{Xw Ct mƒ e`n p _nµphns Trace on snøpi. (_nµphns\ Hcp hc D]tbmKn v io jhp ambn tbmpn n mepw axnbmipw) 5. ss Udnse Animation on F Xp IqSn {]h Øn n p t\m pi. t{skv snbvxp mb hc IfbWsa ps n, Ctrl+f F o IoIƒ D]tbm Kn mw. PntbmPn{_bpsS a p]tbmkßƒ Hcp hkvxphn\v km[mcw KXnbnep D]tbmKØn\p ]pdsa a t\iw D]tbmKßƒ IqSn I Øm\mIpw. Cßs\ PntbmPn{_ bv pw km[mcwbn \n pw hyxykvxamb {]tbmkßƒ Is Øm\mIpw. DZmlcWambn Cu tkm^v v-shbdn \n an {]h Øn p Hcp t m ns Nn{Xw t\m pi. Nn{Xw

$http://www.geogebra.org/en/wiki/index.php/asπ piƒ F sh_vssk n \ap nxp ImWmw. CØcw {]h Ø\ßƒ kzbw Is Øn snøp Xv Ip nifnep _lpapj _p ni nbpss {]Xy Ønep {]tbmkamwv.$

45 piƒ F sh_vssk n \ap nxp ImWmw. CØcw {]h Ø\ßƒ kzbw Is Øn snøp Xv Ip nifnep _lpapj _p ni nbpss {]Xy Ønep {]tbmkamwv. Ah Is Øp Xn\pw t{]m kmln n p Xn\pw A[ym]I {]txyiw {i nt Xp v. \n anxniƒ tkhp snøp Xpw FIvkv t]m v snøp Xpw PntbmPn{_bn Xbmdm nb ^bepiƒ q/en\ivkn {]h Øn p at sxmcp tkm^v v-shbdntexpt]msebpw tkhp snøm km[n pw. Cu tkm^v v-shbdns X\Xp ^b t^m am v.ggb F XmWv. Cu t^m am n tkhv snøptºmƒ Nn{Xßfpw \n anxnifpw ho pw PntbmPn{_bn Xpd v am ßƒ hcpøp Xn\p km[yxbpw kwc n s Sp p. imkv{x hnjbßfn ]co m tnmzyßfpw a pw Xbmdm ptºmƒ Ahbn Dƒs SptØ Nn{Xßfpw Ub{Kßfpw hcbv m\pw PntbmPn{_ D]tbmKn mw. ChnsS \ap v Nn{Xw Xbmdm n Ign tijw ho pw AXnse (PntbmPn{_bn \mw snøp Xp t]mse) hcifpw _nµp fpw Nen nt Xn. AXpsIm pxs Nn{XØn\v.ggb t^m am ns Bhiyhpan. Hcp tkm^v v-shbdn Xbmdm nb ^b AXns X\Xp t^m am nte msx as m nte v tkhp snøp Xns\ FIvkvt]m v F mwv kmt XnIambn hnfn p Xv. tnmzy SemkpIfnte p Nn{Xßƒ.png t^m am nte v FIvkvt]m v snbvxv D]tbmKn mw. Nn{Xw hc p Ign v, File Export Graphic View as Picture F coxnbn \ap nxp snømw. Dr. Geo, Kig XpSßnb a p PymaoXob tkm^v v-shbdpisf At] n v PntbmPn{_bpsS ta AXnep m p ^bepisf sh_v t]ppifmbn (html t^m am nte v) FIvkvt]m p snøm km[n pw F XmWv. PntbmPn{_bnep \n anxniƒ sh_v t]pv Bbn FIvkvt]m p snbvxm e`n p ^bens\ PntbmPn{_ A]v-se v F p hnfn mw. Nn{Xw

$H ne[niw A]v-se pisf hnjbøns A\p{Iaa\pkcn v ]ckv]cw en p snbvxp \ap v {_ukdn {]h Øn p Hcp C- ]pkvxiw \n an pibpw snømw. Bhiysa n Cu t]ppisf C s\ n A]vtemUp snøpibpw Bhmw. ChnsS aebmfhpw sss p snømw.$ $]t, FIvkvt]m v snøp Xv sh_v t]pmbn mbxn\m ^b t^mivkv t]mep C s\ v {_uk D]tbmKn ptºmƒ Ah icnbmbn Xs {]Z in n s Spw Iwt]mk s h _ v t ] P m b n FIvkvt]m p snøs n p PntbmPn{_ ^bepisf en pifp]tbmkn v _ n$

46 H ne[niw A]v-se pisf hnjbøns A\p{Iaa\pkcn v ]ckv]cw en p snbvxp \ap v {_ukdn {]h Øn p Hcp C- ]pkvxiw \n an pibpw snømw. Bhiysa n Cu t]ppisf C s\ n A]vtemUp snøpibpw Bhmw. ChnsS aebmfhpw sss p snømw. PntbmPn{_ 3.2 aebmfw ]n pw møxpsim v sss p snøptºmƒ \ap Xv hmbn m\mhn. ]t, FIvkvt]m v snøp Xv sh_v t]pmbn mbxn\m ^b t^mivkv t]mep C s\ v {_uk D]tbmKn ptºmƒ Ah icnbmbn Xs {]Z in n s Spw Iwt]mk s h _ v t ] P m b n FIvkvt]m p snøs n p PntbmPn{_ ^bepisf en pifp]tbmkn v _ n n v ]pkvxicq]ønem nbm D]tbmKn m Ffp amhpw F v \mw ap ]v kqnn n p Ign p. sh_v t]ppiƒ km[mcwbmbn html `mjbn FgpXs Xmbncn pw. PntbmPn{_ FIvkvt]m v snbvxp e`n p t]ppifpw html `mjbn Xs bmbn cn pw (A]v-se p `mkw Hgn v). AXn\m Xs en piƒ tn p Xn\pw, t]ppiƒ \ndw simspøp `wknbm p Xn\pw Cu html timupisf FUn p snbvxm axnbmipw. Nn{Xw 3.18 html ^bepiƒ Xbmdm p Xn\p Ffp hgn bmwv sh_v t]pv FUn tkm^v v-shbdpiƒ. html Nn{Xw 3.19 timupiƒ t\cn v FgpXmsX Xs t]pv Unssk snøp Xn\p tkm^v v-shbdmwnh. q/en\ivkn \ap v D]tbmKn mhp Hcp sh_v t]pv FUn tkm^v v-shb BWv Iwt]mk. 47

$FIvkvt]m p snbvxp Xbmdm nb sh_v t]pn ] niiƒ, Nn{Xßƒ, en piƒ F nh tn phm\pw t]pn\pw ] niiƒ pw \ndw \evip Xn\pw Cu tkm^v v-shb D]Icn pw.$

47 FIvkvt]m p snbvxp Xbmdm nb sh_v t]pn ] niiƒ, Nn{Xßƒ, en piƒ F nh tn phm\pw t]pn\pw ] niiƒ pw \ndw \evip Xn\pw Cu tkm^v v-shb D]Icn pw. A[nI hnhcßƒ KWnXimkv{X A[ym]I pw PntbmPn{_bn Xmev]cyap a p h pw th n ssivãpw KWnXhmIyßfpw Dƒs SpØp Xn\p IqSpX hnhcßƒ Xmsg kw{kln ncn p p. Ch Ip nisf Dt±in p hb Ft m pat m. A[ym]I v t_m[\ klmbniƒ \n an p Xn\v Ch D]Icn pw. emssiv FUn dpw t^m apeifpw k o Wßfmb KWnX hmiyßfpw Nn{Xßfpw sss v -sk p snøp Xn\p tkm^v v-shbdmwv emssiv FUn. Hcp km[mcw ssivãv FUn dntem, thuv s{]mk dntem F Xv icnbmb cq]øn FgpXm\mhpIbn. t^m apeifn CØcØnep KWnX cq]ßƒ D]tbmKnt n hcptºmƒ emssiv D]tbmKn v CXv icnbmbn sk p snømw. Nn{Xw 3.20 PntbmPn{_bn CØcw KWnX hmiyßƒ FgptX n hcptºmƒ, DZmlcWambn Fs gpxm - ssãvt_mivkn\p Xmsgbp emssiv t^m ape F sn v-t_mivkv {]h Øn n v AXn \n pw a/b sxscs Sp Ww. XpS v {]Xy s Sp emssiv t^m ape sk n a bpw b bpw tn Øp simsp pibpw thww. IqSpX henb hmiyßƒ ]mt`mkøv hnizoicn ncp Xp t]mse + Nn w tn Øv \n ans Sp mw. emss nse a p hmiyßfpw ]co n p t\m q. Ch IqSmsX KWnX hmiyßƒ Xbmdm p Xn\p Ipsdb[nIw kt Xßƒ hexphiøv apifnep t_mivkn \n pw FSp mw 48

48 A[nI {]h Ø\w 10 kwjyifpss h Kaqew ImWp Xn\p Hcp A]v-se v \n an v AXn 1 apx 100 hsc hneifp Hcp ss U \n an Ww. Cu ss Udns t]cv a BsW n a = 25 BIp kabøv a = 25 =5 F coxnbn amdp Hcp KWnX hmiyw Xbmdm pi. {]h Ø\ coxn 1. a F Hcp ss U Xbmdm pi. AXns hne 1 apx 100 hscbmis. G w H pamis. ss Udns hoxn 500 B nbm BhiyØn\v hen hpw ImWn pw. 2. C\n ssivãv \n an mw. CXn a Fs gpxm Xmsg simspøncn p coxnbn emssiv D]tbmKn mw. emssiv {]h Øn n v h Kaqe Nn w sxcs SpØv t^m apem t_mivkn n p snøptºmƒ e`n p kaoicwamb \sqrt{ } F Xn, {_m n\iøv a F v FgpXn tn Ww. a =F p In p Xn\v Hcp kann w IqSn Ahkm\w tn mw. 3. as mcp ssivãv IqSn \n an Ww. ]t, ChnsS a bv IØv NcØns hne ss U \o p X\pkcn v amdpibpw thww. ( 8, 9, 10 F nßs\). Cßs\ FgpXm apifnse t^m apebn F pam w hcpøww? h Kaqew ImWp Xn\p kq{xhmiyw \sqrt{ }F XmWv F v \mw I p. CXn a F v FgpXn tn p Xn\v ]Icw ss Udnse a bn n p snbvxmtem. kq{xhmiyw \sqrt{ + a + } F mbn amdp p. 4. apifn ]d c p KWnX hmiyßfpw kwtbmpn n v Hcpan v FgpXpIbpw snømw. Ah tn søgpxp Xn\v + Nn hpw Bhiyamb D cwnifpw tn m ad cpxv. tn søgpxptºmƒ \sqrt{ a } = + \sqrt{ + a + } F kaoicwamwv e`n pi. 5. h KaqeØns hne ImWp Xn\v CtX hmiyøn F piqsn tn t n hcpw? (sqrt(a)) F mbmtem? Cu hmiyw apifnep kaoicwøns hnebmbnxn\m X\n p \ne\n n F p IqSn Hm Ww. AXpsIm v = + (sqrt(a)) F p tn Ww. Ft msg nepw X\ns gptx n h m + (sqrt(a)) F v Xs FgpXWw. 6. C\n \ap v Cu aq p KWnX hmiyßtfbpw tn Øv, emssiv kaoicwøn \sqrt{ a } = + \sqrt{ + a + } + = + (sqrt(a)) F v FgpXmw. 49

$Nn{Xw 3.21 PntbmPn{_bn D]tbmKn mhp Nne hmiyßfpw t^m apeifpw Xmsg ] nibmbn simspøncn p p. Chtbmtcm pw ]co n p t\m pat m. Nn{Xw 3.$

49 Nn{Xw 3.21 PntbmPn{_bn D]tbmKn mhp Nne hmiyßfpw t^m apeifpw Xmsg ] nibmbn simspøncn p p. Chtbmtcm pw ]co n p t\m pat m. Nn{Xw 3.22 ]knepifpw ^ amøam nivkpw KWnX IuXpIßfn Xmev]cyap Ip niƒ pw A[ym]I pw hfsc ckicamb At\Iw {]iv\ßfpss \n [mcwßfpw kn m ßfpsS hm pifn m sxfnhpifpw (wordless proof) PntbmPn{_bn \n ans Sp mw. AØcØnep Nne KWnX IuXpIßƒ Xmsg simspøncn p p. {]iv\w 1, ss]xtkmdkv kn m w Hcp a -{Xn-tIm-W-Øns ew_-h-i-øns \ofw a, ]mz-h-i-øns \ofw b, I W-Øns \ofw c F nh Bbm a 2 +b 2 =c 2 Bbn-cn- pw. Cu kn m w Pntbm-Pn{_ D]-tbm-Kn v Ah-X-cn- n- n-cn- p- Xv ImWp-I. (Nn{Xw 3.23). {]iv\w 2 Hcp ka] `ppw. CXn \n pw Hcp sndnb ka] `ppw apdn p am n gn v _m n hcp `mkøns AtX ]c fhp hcp as mcp ka] `ppw \n an m km[n ptam? 50

$Nn{Xw 3.23 klmb ssk piƒ PntbmPn{_sb pdn p IqSpX hnhcßƒ, ]T\ klmbniƒ, kwibßfpw adp]snifpw, sabnenmv enãpiƒ F nh C s\ n kpe`amwv. Xmsg ]dbp sh_v ssk piƒ Ahbn NneXmWv.$

50 Nn{Xw 3.23 klmb ssk piƒ PntbmPn{_sb pdn p IqSpX hnhcßƒ, ]T\ klmbniƒ, kwibßfpw adp]snifpw, sabnenmv enãpiƒ F nh C s\ n kpe`amwv. Xmsg ]dbp sh_v ssk piƒ Ahbn NneXmWv. Cu tkm^v v-shbdns D]tbmKhpw km[yxifpw N snøp bqk t^mdßfpw hn n πm vt^mapifpap v. Chbn \ap pw ]s Sp pibpw \ΩpsS \n anxniƒ AhXcn n pibpw snømw IqSpX {]h Ø\ßƒ kviqfpifnse sf.sn -_pifn sf.kn.sn. A[njvTnX ]T\ tkm^v pshbdpifn hnzym YnIƒ ]cnioen p Xn\v- Ahkcsamcp pibpw hnhn[ hnjbßƒ sf.sn.bneqss ssiimcyw snøp A[ym]I Iºyq -_pifn kpohambn ]s Sp pibpw snøww. CXn\mbn kviqƒ kabøn\p]cnbmb kabw Is ØWw. IqSpX tkm^v pshbdpiƒ ]cnnbs Sm\pw hnzym YnIfpsS A`ncpNnIƒ Xncn dn v Znimt_m[w t\sp Xn\pw CØcw kwl]t\ßƒ D]-Icn pw. sf.sn. tafifnse a cbn\ßƒ _v {]h Ø\ßfpsS A Y]q Wamb aqey\n WbØn\v thznbmiww. A[nI hnhcw e`n p sh_v ssk piƒ

51 4. sh_vt]-pp-i-fpss clkyw BapJw C s\- nse hfsc {][m-\-s tkh-\-ß-fn-sem- mwv www F Npcp- -t -cn Adn-b-s -Sp thƒuv sshuv sh_v (World Wide Web). sshhn-[y-am At\Iw hnh-c-t{km-x- p- I-fpsS Iq -amwv thƒuv sshuv sh_v. GXp- hn-j-bsø p-dn pw Ht sd hnhc-ßƒ, Nn{Xßƒ, Ne n{xßƒ, XpSßnbh -\-ΩpsS Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw hfsc thkw sxc- p Is -Øm\pw D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øm\pw Ign-bp- -X-c-Øn thƒuv sshuv sh_n e`yamwv. C s\ v F p ]d- m thƒuv sshuv sh_v F v Adn-b-s -Sp Xc-Øn-te v thƒuv sshuv sh_ns {]Nmcw hym]n p Ign p. thƒuv sshuv sh_n hnh-c-ßƒ hn\y-kn- n-cn- p- Xv {][m-\- ambpw sh_vt]-pp-i-fm-bn- m-wv. sh_vt]-pp-i-sf- p-dn pw AXns cq]-iev]-\- sb- p-dn- p-ap [mc-w- Ip n-i-fn cq]-s -SpØp -Xn-\p {]h Ø-\-ß-fmWv Cu A[ym-b-Øn D Xv. hnhn[ hnj-b-ßfpss ]T-\-Øn\pw ]T-\m-\p-_- -ambn sntø hnh-c-ti- J-cWw, At\z-j-Ww, {]kn- o-i-cww XpS-ßnb ]T-\-k-lm-b- {]-h Ø-\-ßƒ pw G hpw klm-b-i-c-hpw A\p-tbm-Py-hpamb H mwv sh_vt]pp-i-sf- p-dn- p Adnhv. sh_vt]-pp-i-fpss LS\, sh-_vt]-pp-iƒ Xbm-dm- m D]-tbm-Kn- p ssl ssivãv am v A]v `mj (F v Sn Fw F ), F v Sn Fw `mj D]- tbm-kn v sh-_vt]-pp-iƒ X-bm-dm- p- -Xn\pw AXv `wkn-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-\p-sam-s bp tijn, F nh-sbms Cu A[ymbw ]Tn- p- -Xn-eqsS Ip n-iƒ t\snbn-cn Ww. CXn-\mbn hnhn-[-x-c-øn-ep ]T-\-{]-h Ø-\-ßƒ ]mt-]p-kvx-i- Øn Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn- p.v Hmtcm ]T-\-{]-h Ø-\hpw e y-an-sp tijn-iƒ t\sp- -Xn\mbn mkvap-dn-bnepw- I-ºyq- em_nepw IrXy-amb Bkq-{X-W-tØmSpw e y-t_m-[-tømspw IqSn ]T-\hpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw Bkq-{XWw sntø- -Xp- v. mknse F m Ip n-iƒ pw ]mt-]p-kvx-i-øn \n tz-in- -s - n- p {]h Ø- \-ßƒ snbvxp ]cn-io-en m Ah-kcw \ IWw. \n -bn- -s - n- p ]ocnbun-\p- n F m Ip n-i-fp-tsbpw ]cn-io-e\w ]q Øn-bm- m Ign- ns - n mkv CXc ka-bøpw Iºyq- em_p-iƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xn-\p Ah-kcw Ip n-iƒ p \ ti Xm-Wv. ]T-\-e- y-ßƒ sh_v t]pp-i-fpss LS-s\-sb p-dn- p {]my-ani [mcwt\s. sh_vssk- p-ifn hnhn-[- sh-_vt]-pp-isf ]c-kv]cw _ n- n- n-cn- p p F [mcwt\s. 52

52 sh_vt]-pp-iƒ Xbm-dm- p- -Xn-\p-]-tbm-Kn- p Iºyq- `mj-bmwv F v Sn Fw `mj F [mcw t\s. F v Sn Fw `mj D]-tbm-Kn v sh_vt]-pp-i-fpss Xe-hm-NIw `wkn-s -Sp-Ø JWvUn-I-Iƒ {Iao-I-cn- A -c-ßƒ v hen-, -cq-]hyxymk-ßƒ hcp-ø Nn{X-ßƒ, Ne- n{xw F n-h sh_vt]-ppi-fn Dƒs -Sp-Ø sh_vt]-pp-i-fpss ] m-ø-e-\ndw am sh_vt]-pp-i-fnse A -c-ßsf Nen- n- F o {]h Ø-\-ßƒ snøp- -Xn-\p tijniƒ t\s. sh_vt]-pnse hnhn-[ -{]-h Ø-\-ßƒ p \n tz-i-ß-fmb F v Sn Fw F SmKpIƒ, Ah-bpsS B{Sn-_yq- p-iƒ F n-h Xncn- -dnbp -Xn-\p tijn t\s. thƒuv sshuv sh_v cq]-i ]\ snbvxxv bqtdm-]y ]m n- n-ƒ ^nkn- Ivknse (The European Organization for Nuclear Research -commonly known as CERN) Snw _ tw kveo F imkv{x- \mwv. C s\- n hnh-cßƒ hn\y-kn- m html (Hyper Text Markup Language) F `mjm-co-xnbpw At±lw cq]-i ]\ snbvxp. CXp kw_- n IqSp-X hnh-c-ßƒ F sh_vssk- n e`y-amwv. temi-øns ]e-`m-k-ß-fn ]c-kv]cw _ n- n- n-cn- p At\Iw Iºyq- -dp-i-fnembn (sh_v sk h-dp-ifn ) ixtimsn- -W- n\p hnh-c-ß-ƒ sh_v t]pp-i-fmbn tij-cn p h n-cn- p p. Hmtcm sh_v t]pn-t\bpw IrXy-ambn kqnn- n- m URL (Uniform Resource Locator) AYhm sh_v hnemkw F kw-hn-[m-\hpap v. Cu sh_v hnemkw (URL) Adn- n-cp- m temi-øns GXp timwn-epap sk h- Iºyq- dpi-fn kq n- n-cn- p hnh-c-ßƒ Hcp {_uk tkm^v vshb-dns klm-btømss A\m-bmkw Is -Øp- -Xn\pw \ΩpsS Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn\pw Ignbpw. km[m-cw ssivãv tumiyp-sa p-i-fn \n pw hyxykvx-ambn Nn{X-ßƒ, Ne- n-{xw, kwkoxw, a psh_v t]pp-iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbp-ambn _ n- n- p-sim- p en p- 53

$ssl ssivãv ^b-ep-isf Ah kq n- p-sh- n-cn- p sk h Iºyq- -dp-i-fn \n pw {_uk tkm^v vshb-dns klm-b-øm Iºyq- s\ vh n-eqss a p Iºyq- -dp-i-fn-te p ssiam w snøp- -Xn\mbn Bhn-jv -cn s]mxp \n_- -\-I-fmWv$

53 v Iƒ (ssl- en- p-iƒ) Dƒs m- p tumiyp-sa p-isf ssl ssivãp-iƒ F p ]d-bp- p. CØ-cw- ssl- ssivãp-ifmwv F v Sn Fw F Snw _ÀtWgvkveo D]-tbm-Kn p Xbm-dm- p- -Xv. ssl ssivãv ^b-ep-isf Ah kq n- p-sh- n-cn- p sk h Iºyq- -dp-i-fn \n pw {_uk tkm^v vshb-dns klm-b-øm Iºyq- s\ vh n-eqss a p Iºyq- -dp-i-fn-te p ssiam w snøp- -Xn\mbn Bhn-jv -cn s]mxp \n_- -\-I-fmWv http (hyper text transfer protocol). XntamØn tpm _ tw-gvknen 1955 Pq 5 \v e -\n P\n p 1976 HmIvkv t^m Un \n pw ^nkn-ivkn _ncp-zw-t\sn 1980 bqtdm-]y ]m n- nƒ ^nknivkv et_m-d- -dn-bn I kƒ tkm^v vshb F n-\o-b-dmbn tn p ssl kam-\-x-bp- txm ]c-kv]cw _ -ap- -txm- Bb sh_v t]pp- Isf ssl ssivãv kt Xw D]- tbm-kn v _ n- n v cq]-s ssivãv t{]mp-iv p-ambn eo cwkøp hcp-ibpw ]c-kv]cw _ n- n- -s ssl ssivãv tumiyp-sa- pi-fn-eqss hnh-c-ßƒ ssiam-dp coxn v XpS- -an p. CXn-eqsS thƒuv sshuv sh_v F Bi-b-Øn-\mWv Snw SpØnbncn- p- -Xns\ sh_vssk v _ twgvkveo XpS- -an- -Xv. h [n ph F mwv km[m-cw hnfn- p- Xv. C s\ v D]-tbm- m- -fpss Bh-iym- w Hmtcm sh_vssk- n\pw Hcp 1991 \v thƒuv sshuns\ ]cn-jv- cn- v URL, sh_vhnem-kw D m-ipw. tic-f- Ønse H p an ÿm]-\-ßƒ pw {]ÿm-\-ßƒ pw ]{X-ßƒ pw {][m-\-s - hy n-i-ƒ pw kz w sh_vssk- p-iƒ D v. kwÿm\ HTTP F n kt -X-ßƒ p cq]w \ In thƒuv sshuv sh_v I tk jy Øn\p (W3C) XpS- -an- Xpw eo Xs. A pap-x AXns Ub-d-IvS eo bmwv. Gsd Ah-k-c-ß-fp- mbn-cp- n pw Xs I p-]n- Sp-Ø-ßƒ hy n-]-c-amb kmº-øni t\ ßƒ mbn D]-tbm-Kn- n F -XnemWv Snw k m-cns sh_vssk v hnem-kamwv s]mx-phn-zym`ymk Ub-d-IvS-td ns alxzw. IqSp-X hnh-c-ßƒ v _ twgvkveo F Iºyq- {]Xn-`bpsS HutZym-KnI sh_v ssk mwv People/Berners-Lee. HTML Fßs\ Bbn-cn- -W-sa v Xocp-am-\n- F -Xv. ({][m-\-s Nne p- Xpw Imem-Im-e-ß-fn th \n tzißƒ \ Ip- Xpw W3C (World Wide Web sh_vssk v hnem-k-ßƒ {]txy- I-ambn simsp-øn-cn- p- Xp ImWp- Consortium) F {Kq v BWv. C s\- pambn I.) C s\ n Ct mƒxs timsn- -W- n\v sh_vssk- p-iƒ _ -s Ãm tu Up-Iƒ \n W-bn- p- Xpw Xocp-am-\n- p- Xpw W3C AYhm D.v Zn\w{]Xn-sb-t mww WWWC BWv. Ah-bpsS FÆw h [n psim n- 54

54 cn- p-i-bp-am-wv. t]cp kqnn- n- p- Xp t]mse Xs temiw apgp-h Hcp het]mse ]c-kv]cw _ -s p hym]n p InS- p thƒuv sshuv sh_v BWv C -s\ n \n v hnh-c-ßƒ B pw A\m-bm-kw e`y-am- ns m v C s\ ns\ hym]-i-hpw P\-Io-bhpam- p -Xn apjy-]- ph-ln- -Xv. ]T-\-{]-h Ø\w 4.1. sh_vt]-pp-i-fpss \nco- Ww Ip nisf {Kq p-i-fm-bn-xn-cn p p. Hmtcm {Kq n\pw hnhn[ sh_vssk v hnem-k-ßƒ \ Ip p. Fs - mw- kui-cy-ß-fmwv Hmtcm sh_v ssk nepw D Xv F v Hmtcm {Kq pw \nco- n v t\m p_p n Ipdn- p- p. sh_vssk- p-iƒ Hcp ÿm]-\-søtbm As - n hy n-sbtbm kw_- n hnh-c-ßƒ sh_vt]-pp-i-fmbn Xbm-dm n, a p- -h p hn\-nabw snø-s -Sp -Xn-\v C s\ p irwj-e-bp-ambn ÿnc-_- ap Hcp Iºyq- -dn tij-cn ph n-cn- pw. Cu hnhck -bsø sh_vssk v F mwv ]d-bp-i. C s\- nse hnh-c-ßƒ CØcw sh_vssk- p-i-fn-eq-ss-bmwv \ap v e`y-am-ip- -Xv. Iºyq- dn FØp hnh-c-ßƒ IqSp-X Ds - n F mw Hcp-an v Hcpkv{Io\n Zriy-am- m Ign-bp-I-bn- t m? At mƒ B hnh-c-ßƒ H n IqSp-X kv{io\p- I-fn-embn {]Z in- n- p-itbm ]e Xh-W-bmbn {]Z in n p-itbm thww. Cßs\ In p Hcp kv{io hnh-c sø Hcp sh_vt]pv F p ]d-bmw. Hcp sh_vssk v F Xv \nch[n sh_vt]pp-iƒ IqSn-t p m-ip- -Xm-Wv. ixtimsn- -W- n\p sh_vssk- p-i-fmwv thƒuv sshuv sh_nep-f-f-xv. Chbn Hmtcm sh_vssk n-s\bpw Xncn- -dn-bp- -Xn-\mbn Hcp {]txyi coxn-bn-epff hnemkw Hmtcm ssk n\pw \ In-bn-cn pw. CXmWv sh_vssk v hnemkw. CXv ssen-t^m irwj-e-bnse Hmtcm -t^mwn\pw {]txyiw t^m \-º \ In Xncn- -dn-bp coxnbv v kam-\-am-wv. sh_vssk v hnem-ksø sumssa \maw F pw hnti-jn- n- m-dp- v. ]e- I-º-\n-Ifpw ]{Xÿm]-\-ßfpw k m hip- p-ifpw hnzym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßfpw a pw Ah-bpsS sh_vssk phnem-kßƒ {]kn- o-i-cn- n-cn- p- Xp {i n n-cn- p-a-t m. temi-sa-ßp-ap Ht sd hnzym- `ymk Kth-jW ÿm]-\-ßƒ AhcpsS ]T-\-hnh-c-ßƒ, Kth-j-W- hn-h-c-ßƒ, Is -Ø-ep-Iƒ XpSßn-b-h-sbms thƒuv sshuv sh_n X k-abw {]kn- o-i-cn- p- p v. CsXms \ΩpsS ]T\t_m[\ {]h Ø-\-ßƒ v Bh-iym- \p-k-cww bym-k-abw D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øm Ign- m hnzym-`ymkcwkøv A p- X-I-c-amb Hcp IpXn pnm -am-bn-cn pw D m-ip-i. BI j-i-amb sh_vt]pp-iƒ Xbm-dm- p- -Xn\v kmt XnI ]cn- m-\- tømssm w `mh-\bpw \nco- -Whpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXn-\m sh_vt]-pp-i- 55

55 sf p-dn p ]T-\-Øn\p apt m-sn-bmbn hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep sh_vssk- p-iƒ \nco- n- m- Ip n-iƒ v Ah-k-cßƒ \ ti- XmWv. amxr-i-bmbn ImWn- m-hp Xpw Ip n-iƒ ]cn-n-b-s - n-cn-t - Xp-amb sh_vssk- pi-fpss sh_v hnemkw A[ym-]-I Xs ap Iq n Is Øn, Ah ]cn-tim-[n v Ip n-iƒ v ImWp- -Xn-\mbn \n tzin-t -Xm-Wv. Nne sh_vssk p-i-fpss hnemkßƒ NphsS simsp- p p. Institutions Kerala Legislative Assembly - Kerala Forest Research Institute - Periyar Tiger Reserve Kerala - Kerala Institute of Local Adminstration - Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology - Chalachitra Academy - National Institute of Speech and Hearing - Kerala Kalamandalam - The State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications - Universities/Education Calicut University - Commissionerate of Entrance Examination - Kannur University - Kerala University - Kerala Agricultural University - Mahatma Gandhi University - Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit - Cochin University of Science and Technology - Department of Telecommunications - Government of Kerala Official Web Portal - General Education Department F v.-sn.-fw.-f. t]pv Xbm-dm- - F v Sn Fw `mj (HTML) D]-tbm-Kn v sh_v t]pp-iƒ Xbm-dm- p- -Xn\v Pn -F-Un- v, t\m v ]muv F nh t]mep ssivãv FUn- dpiƒ D]-tbm-Kn mw. Cßs\ ssivãv FUn- -dp-i-fpss klm-b-øm Xbm-dm- p ^b-ep-iƒ html ^b-ep-iƒ F p ]d-bp- p. HTML D]-tbm-Kn v sh_v t]pp-iƒ Xbm-dm- p- -Xn\v \n n-x-amb Hcp ]Z-hn\ymkw (Syntax) D v. F m HTML ^b-ep-ifpw <html> F mwv 56

56 XpS-ßp- -Xv. Ah-km-\n- p- Xv </html> F pw. Chbv ns-bn-emwv \ap v Bhiy-amb hnh-c-ßƒ tn t -Xv. Chsb F v Sn Fw F SmKp-Iƒ F p ]dbp- p. SmKp-Iƒ tpmun-i-fm-bn- mwv D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xv. Hcp Hm -WnwKv SmKpw (<html>) Hcp t mknwkv SmKpw </html>. <html>...</html> F Sm-Kp-Iƒ- p- n th-ww H-cp sh-_v t]-pv Xp-S-ßm. <html> F SmKv henb A -c-øntem sndnb A -c-øntem Fgp-Xm-hp- -XmWv. AXm-bXv SmKp-Iƒ sibvkv sk kn- ohv A F w. sh_vt]-pp-isf Xncn- -dn-bp- -Xn-\p ^b FIvÃ j-\mwv.html As - n.htm F -Xv. km[m-cw ^b FIvÃ j-\p-iƒ v tum n\p tijw aq v A -c-ß-ƒ F -XmWv Iogvh-g w. AXn-\m-emWv.html F Xv.htm F mbn Npcp- n-bn- p- -Xv. sh_v t]pp-i-fpss LS-\ C s\- n hnh-c-ßƒ {]Z in- n- p- Xv sh_v {_uk-dp-i-fpss klm-b- Øm sh_v t]pp-i-fm-bn- m-w-t m? F v Sn Fw F F Iºyq- `mj D]- tbm-kn- mwv sh_v t]pp-iƒ Xbm-dm- n-bn-cn- p- -Xv. Cu `mj-bn Xbm-dm- nbn-cn- p hnh-c-ßƒ sh_v {_u-k-dn\p IrXy-ambn a\- n-em- n-sb-sp- m Ignbp- -Xp-sIm- mwv hnh-c-ßƒ sh_vt]-pp-i-fmbn Zriy-am-Ip- -Xv. Nn{X-ßƒ, A c-ßƒ, Ah-bpsS \ndw, ] m-ø-e- \ndw XpSßn Hcp sh_vt]-pn Dƒs m- n- n- p-ff F m hnh-c-ßfpw Fßs\ GsX mw Xc-Øn Fhn-S-sbms Zriy-am- Ww F v F v Sn Fw `mj-bn Fgp-Xn-bn- p \n tzi-ßƒ -\p-kr-x-am-bn- mwv sh_v {_uk-dp-iƒ sh_v t]pp-i-fn hnh-c-ßƒ Zriy-am- p- -Xv. DZm-lc-W-Øn\v ]mn-i- p-dn v D]tbm-Kn v ` Ww Xbm-dm- p- Xpt]m-se. sh_v t]pp-i-fpss ]mn-i- p-dn- p-i-fmwv F v Sn Fw F F pthw-sa- n ]dbmw. hnh-c-ßƒ, Nn{X-ßƒ, Ne- n-{x-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh t]pp-i-fn hn\y-kn- n, - A -c-ßfpss hen w, cq]w, \ndw, t]pns ] m-ø-e- \ndw, a p sh_vt]-pp- Iƒ XΩnepw a p hnh-c-ßƒ XΩn-ep-ap _ n n, A -c-ßƒ Nen- n-, XpSßn Hcp sh_vt]pns LS-\sb kw_- n \n tziß-fmwv Hcp sh_v t]pns html F v.-sn.-fw.-f. t]ppw tkmgvkvtimupw code D -Xv. sh_vt]-pp-i-fpss Hcp sh_v t]pns html code ImWm {_ukdnse View sa\p-hn n psnbvxm Zriy-am-Ip {Iao-I-c-W-Øn\pw t]pp-i-fn hnh-c-ßƒ sa\p enãnse Page Source F Xn n p Zriy-am- p- -Xn-\pambn F v Sn Fw `mjbmepw B t]pns F v Sn Fw F timuv Zriy- snbvxm axnbmipw. Ctrl+u F IoIƒ Aa Ønbn D]-tbm-Kn- p amipw. 57

57 Hmtcm \n tz-i-tøbpw F v Sn Fw F SmKp-Iƒ F p ]d-bp p ]pd-øn-d-ßnb SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) BWv am v `mj-i-fn BZy-tØ-Xv. SGML {][m-\-ambpw ssivãpiƒ am{xw {]Z in- n- m Ign-bp {_uk-dp-isf ti{µo-i-cn- mwv {]h Øn- n-cp- Xv. ]n osv {Km^n- bqk C t^kv D]-tbm-Kn- p Hm -td nwkv knã-ßƒ {]Nm-c-Øn h -txmss CXn {]h Øn- p- -Xn\v SGML \v Ht sd ]cn-an-xn- Iƒ A\p`-h-s p. AtX-Øp-S mwv IqSp-X Imcy- -a-ambpw `wkn-bnepw sh_v t]pp-i-fn hnh-c-ßfpw Nn{X-ß-fp-w a pw {]Z in- n- m klm-bn- p HTML {]Nm-c-Øn h p XpS-ßn-bXv. HTML \v t{]m{km-anwkv Ign-hp-Iƒ C F - XmWv CXns henb \yq\x. - sh_v t]pp-i-fn GsX- nepw {]txyi {]h Ø- \-ßƒ IqSn Dƒs -Sp-ØWw F p-s - n AXn-\mbn php, java script, css XpS-ßnb kv{in]v v emwtkz-pp-iƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p p. ]T-\-{]-h Ø\w 4.2. Hcp F v.-sn.-fw.-f. t]pv \n an mw (t]pv 36 {]h Ø\w 1) Hcp HTML ^b XpS-ßp- Xn\p SmKv <html> Ah-km-\n- p- Xv </html> F pw. Chbv ns-bn ALEXANDER PUSHKIN F t]cptn mw. AXm-bXv, <html> ALEXANDER PUSHKIN </html> ssivãv FUn Xpd v C{Xbpw sss psnøp-i. C\n CXns ^b \matømsp tn p FIvÃ j.html Ft m.htm Ft m simspøv tkhv snøww. AXn\v ssivãv FUn- dnse File Save n psnøp-i. XpS v ^ben\v t]cv \ In tkhv n psnøp-i. C\n ssivãv FUn- PmeIw t mkv snøm-hp- -XmWv. Ip n-iƒ Iºyq- dn sh_v t]pv Xbm-dm- p- -Xn-\p {]h Ø\w Bcw-`n- p- -Xn\p ap ]pxs h v jo v Xbm-dm- n-bncn- -Ww. h vjo- n sh_vt]pv Xbm-dm- p- -Xn-\p F v Sn Fw F timup-iƒ Ip n-iƒ kzbw Fgp-XWw. hnhn[ \n tz-i-ßƒ p- SmKp-Iƒ Ip n-iƒ Xncn- -dn-b-ww. ]T-\-{]-h Ø\w 4.3. sh_v t]ppifnse Xes - piƒ (t]pv 37 {]h Ø\w 2) <html>...</html> Sm-Kp-Iƒ- p- n th-ww H-cp sh-_v t]-pv Xp-S-ßm F p ]d- p-t m Cu SmKn\p n th-ww- a-s m SmKp-I-fpw-F-gp-tX- -Xv. Chsb c mbn `mkn- mw. slunwkv SmKpw <head>...</head>, t_mun SmKpw <body>...</body>. slunwkv SmKn-\p- n hcp- -sh-sb mw slunwkv sk -\pw 58

58 t_mun SmKn-\p- n hcp- -sh-sb mw t_mun sk \pw. sh_v t]pn {]Z in- n-t - sx mw t_mun sk -\n-emwv htc -Xv. v <head>...</head> F SmKv \n tzin p- Xv <head> F Hm -WnwKv SmKv apx </head> F t mknmv SmKv hsc-bp `mkw io j-i-`mkw BWv F mwv. am v `mj-bpss Ncn-{Xw <HTML>...</HTML> F A Sn ime-i-fn A -Sn-t Hm WnwKv SmKn\pw t mknwkv Isø-gpØp {]Xn-bn AXnse D -S w SmKn\pw D n <head>...</ (Matter/Content) Fßs\ {]n head> F slunwkv SmKn-\psNøWw, Xe-hm-NIw Fhns-S-bm-bn-cn- n Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn- p hcniƒ Hmtcm mbn \ In ^b Ww Nn{Xw FhnsS Dƒs -Sp-ØWw, GXp hmn-i-amwv I n-iq n A -Sn-t - tkhv snbvxv sh_v {_u-kdn Xv XpS-ßnb \n tz-i-ßƒ Fgp-Xp- bmƒxs A p\nc-øp- -bm-tfmsv IrXy- Xpd p t\m pi. io -jißƒ {]- Z- in n p Xnse hyxymkw ambn \n tzin psim-sp-t - n-bn-cp- p. \nco n v Ipdn- m \n tz-in- Cu \n tzißƒ \ Ip Xn\v Isø-gp- p-i. Øp {]Xn-bn A p \nc-øp Bƒ v <h1> Alexander Pushkin </h1> a\- n-em-ip Nne {]txyi AS-bm-fßfpw <h2> Alexander Pushkin</h2> <h3>alexander Pushkin</h3> <h4>alexander Pushkin</h4> <h5>alexander Pushkin</h5> <h6>alexander Pushkin</h6> a pw tcj-s -Sp-Øm-dp- v. CXmWv am v `mj-. Cu coxn ]n XpS pw hnikn n pamwv HTML \n an- -Xv. ASbm-f-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn v HcpImcyw Fßs\ Zriy-am- -W-sa v \n tzin- p-i-bm-wv am v `mj-bn snøp- -Xv. ]T-\-{]-h Ø\w 4.4. ]pxnb h-cniƒ Bcw`n m (t]pv 38 {]h Ø\w 3) ]pxnb h-cniƒ Bcw`n m sh-_vt]pp-ifn ]pxnb h-cniƒ Dƒs SpØWsa nepw A mcyw {_ukdnt\msv \n tzint Xp v. \nehnep Hcp hcn apdn v (break) ASpØ hcn XpSßpI F \n tziøn\p SmKmWv <br>. sh_v t]pn ]pxnb hcn-iƒ XpS-ßp {]h Øw ]cn-io-en- p- -Xn\v DNn-X-am-b-Xpw- e-fn-x-am-b-xp-amb hcn-iƒ Cw ojv ]mt-]p-kvx-i-øn \n pw Is Øn h vjo n tcj-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn\p \n tz-in- pi. Hcp hcn- Ah-km-\n v ASpØ hcn- Xp-S-ßp- -Xn-\n-S-bn km[m-c-w-bmbn H pw Xs D m-im-dn- -t m. AXn-\m t mknwkv SmKmb </br> \pw Hm -WnwKv SmKmb <br> \pw C-Sbn a v D -S- -ß-sfm pw C mø-xp-sim v 59

59 c v Sm-KpIsfbpw tn Øv <br/> F v FgpXnbmepw axnbmipw. ]T-\-{]-h Ø\w 4.5. h-cnifnse A -c-ß-fpss I\w Iq mw, Ncn mw, ASn-h-c-bn-Smw. (t]pv 39 {]h Ø\w 4) hcn-i-fpss I\w Iq p- -Xn\v (bold) <b>...</b> ChnsS SmKn\p- n-ep `mkw t_mƒuv Bbn ImWn- m {_uk-dn-t\msv \n tzin- p-i-bmwv snøp- -Xv. bold F hm ns BZym camwv b. hcnisf N-cn- p Xn\v (italics) <i>...</i> hm p-isf ASnhctbmsS {]Z in n p -Xn\v (underline) <u>...</u> ]T-\-{]-h Ø\w 4.6. A cßfpss hep w am mw. (t]pv40 {]h Ø\w 5) A cßfpss hep hpw \ndhpw am mw, ]pxnb h-cniƒ Bcw`n m thuvt{]mkkdn ssivãns A c hen w {Iao-I-cn- p- Xv B ssivãns t^m v hep w F{X-bm-bn-cn- -W-sa v \n tz-in- m a-xn-bmipw. ChnsSbpw \ap v ssivãns t^m v hep w F{Xbm-bn-cn- Ww F v ]d-bmw. <font> F SmKmWv CXn\v D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xv. t^m v hep w 6 Bbn ImWn- pi F v ]d-bm <font size = 6> F v Fgp-X-Ww. </font> F t mknmv SmKv hsc-bp ssivãns hep w 6 Bbn ImWn- pi F -XmWv CXns A Yw. ChnsS <font> F SmKn-t\mSp tn v size F p sss p snbvxn-cn p Xp {i n- n-cn- p-at m. <font> F SmKns Hcp B{Sn-_yq- mwv size. CtXmsSm- w A -c-ß-fpss hyxykvx hen w kqnn- n- p- -Xn\p hnebpw \ IWw. Cu kwjy-isf hne (Value) F p IW- m- mw. AXmbmXv A -c-h-en w hyxym-k-s -Sp-Ø-W-sa- n <font> SmKn-t\m-sSm w AXns B{Sn-_yq pw hnebpw \ In-bn-cn- -Ww. ]T-\-{]-h Ø\w 4.7. A cßfpss \ndw am mw. (t]pv 40 {]h Ø\w 5) A -c-ß-ƒ v \ndw \ I-W-sa- n <font> F Sm_n-t\m-sSm w color F B{Sn-_yq pw \nd-øns t]tcm \ndsø kqnn- n- p slivkm sukn-a (Hexadecimal) timtum hne-bmbn \ I-Ww. \Ωƒ km[m-cw D]- tbm-kn- p {_n ojv (UK) Cw o-jn colour F m-sw- nepw Ata-cn- (US) Cw o-jn color F mwv D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xv. F v Sn Fw F D]-tbm-Kn- p At\Iw \nd-ß-fpss slivkm sukn-a timup-iƒ kw_- n hnh-c-ßƒ Xmsg- -d-bp sh_v ssk pi-fn e`y-amwv

60 t]cns \ndw ] B Wsa n color F B{Sn-_yq- ns hne-bmbn green Ft m AXns slivkm sukn-a timumb Ft m \ Imhp- -Xm-Wv. Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn- p tkmgvkv timup-iƒ \nco- n- p-i. <html> <font size =12> <font color = > Alexander Pushkin </br> Born in Moscow, Russia</br> He is Russia s Bard</br> </font> </html> ]T-\-{]-h Ø\w 4.8.JfinIIƒ Dƒs SpØmw. (t]pv41 {]h Ø\w 6) ]pxnb Jfin-I-bn XpS-ßpI F p ]d-bm <p> F SmKv BWv D]- tbm-kn- p- -Xv. AXns t mknwkv SmKv BWv </p> sh_v t]pn hnh-c-ßƒ JWvUn-I-Ifmbn sss p-sn-øp -Xn\v DNn-X-amb tumiyp-sa v F m-h pw \ I-Ww. Bh-iy-sa- n C s\- n \n pw hnh-c-ßƒ tij-cn v D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øm-hp- -Xm-Wv. ]T-\-{]-h Ø\w 4.9. Nn{Xw Dƒs SpØm (t]pv 42 {]h Ø\w 7) Nn{Xw sh_v t]pn Dƒs -Sp-Ø-W-sa- n B Nn{Xw Iº-yq- -dn D m-bncn- -Ww. Nn{Xw Dƒs -Sp-Øm-\p SmKv <img> F -Xm-Wv. (Image F Xv kqnn- n- m-\mwv <img> D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xv). CXv D]-tbm-Kn-t - Xv <img src= name of image file > F cq]-øn-em-wv. ^b-ens t]cv school.png F m-sw- n Cu Nn{Xw Dƒs -Sp-Øm <img src= school.png ></img> F v Fgp-X-Ww. sh_vt]-pn tn m Dt±-in- p Nn{X^b Iºyq- -dnse at -sx- nepw t^mƒu-dn-emwv D -sx- n B Nn{X-^-b kq n- n-cn- p t^mƒu-dns semt -j hnemkw IqSn Nn{X ^b-ens t]cn\p ap ]mbn tn -Ww. Nn{X-^-b-ens semt -j hnemkw Nn{X^-ben ssd v n psnbvxv Properties Location ]cntim[nt m As - n B Nn{X ^b Hcp sh_v {_uk-dn Xpd- v {_uk-dns A{Ukv _mdn Zriy-am-Ip hnemkw ]cn-tim-[nt m Is -Øm-hp- -Xm-Wv. 61

61 Hcp-sh-_vt]Pv Xbm-dm- m XpS-ßptºmƒ Xs sh_vt]-pn Dƒs -Sp-Øp- -Xn-\v Dt±-in- p Nn{X-ßƒ, a p tumiyp-sa p-iƒ F nh sh_vt]pv tkhv snøm Dt±-in- p semt -j- \n Xs Hcp {]txyi t^mƒu \n an v AXn\p- n kq n- m sh_v t]pv tim n-snbvxv a p Iºyq- -dp-i-fn {]h Øn- n- p- Xv Ffp- -am- m Ignbpw. home -se itschool F t^mƒu-dnemwv school.png Nn{Xw D sx n <img> SmKn-t\m-sSm w \ ti \n tziw C{]-Im-c-am-bn-cn pw. <img src= /home/itschool/ school.png > </img> ]T-\-{]-h Ø\w A cßsf Nen n m (t]pv 42 {]h Ø\w 8) F v.-sn.-fw.-f.- t]pnse SmKpw KWn-X-Nn- hpw HTML- < F ASbmfw Hcp SmKns Bcw-`hpw > F Xv SmKns Ah-km-\-hp-am-Wv. AXn- \m Ch c pw SmKn-e- msx t]pn as m-cn-søpw hcm ]msn-. F n KWn-X-im-kv{X-sØ- pdn- p Hcp t]pn sekvzm, t{k Zm F o Nn -ßƒ (DZm: 10<20) Fßs\ ImWn pw? AhnsS < F v ImWn- m &lt F pw > F v ImWn- m &gt F pw Fgp-Xn-bm axn. HTML timun &lt F v Fgp-Xn-bm {_uk AXns\ < F Nn - am n ImWn- p-sim- pw. AXpt]mse &gt F Xv > F pw ImWn- p-sim- pw. sh_v t]pp-i-fn-eqss A -c-ßtfbpw Nn{X-ß-tfbpw Nen- n- p- -Xn\v <marquee>... </marquee> F SmKv BWv D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xv. <marquee> F SmKn-t\m-sSm w direction F B{Sn- _yq pw GXp Zni-bn-te- mwv Nen-t - Xv F XpIqSn tn Øp \ I-Ww. DZm: A -c-ßƒ he-tøm p Nen- -W-sa- n <marquee direction = right >This web page created by English Club, Govt: High School<marquee> ]T-\-{]-h Ø\w 4.10.] møe\ndw am m ]Pv 43 {]h Ø\w 9) sh_v t]pn\v a ] m-ø-e-\ndw \ I-W-sa- n <body> F SmKv <body bgcolor = yellow> Ft m <body bgcolor = FFFF00> Ft m Fgp-Xnbm axn. a p \nd-ßfpw ]co- n- p-t\m- mw. \ndw ] B Wsa n bgcolor F B{Sn-_yq- ns hne-bmbn green Ft m AXns slivkm sukn-a timumb Ft m \ Im-hp- -Xm-Wv. ]T-\-{]-h Ø\w sss n _mdn Xes v tn mw (t]pv 43 {]h Ø\w 10) <html>...</html> Sm-Kp-Iƒ- p- n th-ww H-cp sh-_v t]-pv Xp-S-ßm F p 62

62 ]d- p-t m. Cu SmKn-\-I-Øp-th-Ww- a-s m SmKp-I-fpw-F-gp-tX- -Xv. Chsb c mbn `mkn- mw. slunwkv SmKpw <head>...</ head>, t_mun SmKpw <body>...</ body>. slunwkv SmKn-\p- n hcp- -h-sb mw slunwkv sk -\pw t_mun SmKn-\p- n hcp- -h-sb mw t_mun sk \pw. sh_v t]pn {]Z in- n-t - sx mw t_mun sk -\n-emwv htc -Xv. slunwkv sk -\-I-Øp-h-cp Hcp {][m-\-s SmKmWv sss n SmKv <title>...</title>. sss n SmKn \ Ip hnh-c-ß-fmwv sss n _mdn Zriy-am-Ip- -Xv. ChnsS \ Ip ssivãv Adp-]Xv A -c-ßfn IqSm ]msn. sh_v t]pv {]Z in- n- p- -Xn\v sss n thw-sa v \n _- -an. F p]tn p? ]cntim[n mw HTML B t]cnednbs Sp sx psim v? Cu `mjbpss {]tbmp\ßƒ Fs ms bmwv? HTML `mjbn SmKp-IfpsS D]-tbm-Ksa mwv? Hcp HTML t]pn km[mcwbmbn D]-tbm-Kn- p SmKpIƒ GsXms? Ah Hm-tcm- pw F n\p]tbmkn p p? HTML t]pp-iƒ Zriy-am- m D]-tbm-Kn- p tkm^v vshb GXv? HTML ^b- \n an ptºmƒ {i nt Imcyßƒ Fs mw? HTML t]pn Nn{X-ßƒ Dƒs -Sp-Øp sxßs\? sh_v {_uk-dns title _mdn \mw B{Kln p ssivãv HTML D]tbmKn v Zriyam p sxßs\? sh_v t]pn-eqss A -c-ßƒ Nen- n- m Ign-bp- Xv Fßs\? 63

63 5. Iºyq- -dp-iƒ {]h Øn- p- Xv... BapJw Iº-yq- {]h Øn- n- p- -Xn\v Bh-i-y-ap ASn-ÿm\ tkm^v vshb-dmb Hm -td- nwkv knã-sø- p-dn v kmam-\-y-ambn Ip n-iƒ Adn- n-cn-t - -Xp- v. Iº-yq- am{x-a samss_ t^m, hnhn[ _n- nwkv sajn-\p-iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hsb mw {]h Øn- p- Xv Hm -td- nwkv knãw F -dn-b-s -Sp tkm^v vshb A\p-k-cn- m-wv. ]T\e yßƒ 1. Iº-yq- {]h Øn- p- -Xn\v Hm -td- nwkv knãw F ASn-ÿm\ tkm^v vshb Bh-i-y-amWv F [mcw t\sp-i. 2. samss_ t^m XpS-ßnb ]e D]-I-c-W-ßfpw Hm -td- nwkv knãw ASn-ÿm-\-am- n-bmwv {]h Øn- p- Xv F [mcw t\sp-i. 3. hy-x-ykvx Xcw Hm -td- nwkv knã-ß-sf- p-dn- p Adnhv t\sp-i. 4. Hm tkmgvkv tkm^v vshb, AXns ta -Iƒ F n-h-sb- p-dn- p [mcw t\sp-i. 5. Iº-yq- -dns sukvivtsm- v, ]m\ F n-h-bn hcp-øm-hp hnhn-[-am- - ßƒ, ]pxnb ]m\ Iq n-t p-i, ]m\-en ]pxnb A]vse p-iƒ Iq nt pi F n-h-bv p tijn t\sp-i. 6. Iº-yq- -dn Znh-khpw ka-bhpw {Iao-I-cn- pi, ^b-ep-iƒ Xnc v I p- ]n-sn- p-i, ]pxnb bqk \n an- p-i, dk-e-yq-j {Iao-I-cn- pi F n-hbv v tijn t\sp-i. 7. kv{io tkh sk v snøp-i, sa\p F-Un- {]h Øn- n- pi F n-hbv v tijn-t\-sp-i. 8. q en\-ivknse ^b knã-sø- p-dn- p [mcw t\sp-i. 9. hnhn[ am K-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn v kv{io tjm- p-iƒ Xbm-dm- p- -Xn-\p tijn t\sp-i. 10. hnhn[ tkm^v vshb-dp-iƒ D]-tbm-Kn v kv{io Zri-y-ßƒ houn-tbm-bmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn- p- -Xn-\p tijn t\sp-i. 11. ss an-\ D]-tbm-Kn v hnhn[ Bπn-t -j-\p-iƒ {]h Øn- n- p- -Xn-\p tijn t\sp-i. 64

64 ]mtm-h-x-cww Hm -td nwkv knãw A\p-k-cn v {]h Øn- p hnhn[ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ \nco- n- p- -Xn-\p Ah-kcw hnz-ym Yn-Iƒ v e`-y-am-h-ww. Iº-yq-, samss_ t^m F n-h-bn-eqss ]m p-tiƒ p-i, kn\n-a-im-wp-i, hnhn[ skbn-ap-iƒ {]h Øn- n- pi XpSßn CØcw D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS hy-x-y-kvx-ß-fmb {]h Ø- \-co-xnbpw {]tx-y-i-x-ifpw \nco- n v ]cn-n-b-s -Sm-\p-X-Ip Xc-Øn ]mty {]h Ø-\-ßƒ {Iao-I-cn- -Ww. CXn\v Nph-sS-s m-spø {]h Ø\w D]-tbm- Kn- mw. \nco- -W- p-dn v Xbm-dm- api-fn kqnn- n D]-I-c-W-ßƒ \nco- n v Ah-bpsS {]h Ø\ coxn, Ah D]-tbm-Kn v snøm Ign-bp hy-x-y-kvx-ß-fmb {]h Ø-\-ßƒ, AhbpsS {]tx-y-i-x-iƒ F n-h-sb- p-dn v Ipdn p Xbm-dm- p-i, Ipdn v mkn Ah-X-cn- n v s]mxp-n -bn-eqss ka-{k-am- p-i. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Nne D]-I-c-Wß-fpsS {]h Ø\w Nph-sS-s m-sp- p- p. D]-I-c-W-ßƒ Iºyq Ah D]tbmKn v snøm Ignbp {]h Ø\ßƒ ]m ptiƒ mw, kn\na ImWmw, Nn{Xw hc mw, IW piq mw, IØpIƒ Xbmdm mw. {]txyixiƒ aukv n neqssbpw Io t_m Un sss psnbvxpw, hnhn[ {]h Ø\ßƒ \SØmw samss_ t^m t^mwneqss a p hcpambn kwkmcn mw. ]m ptiƒ mw. IW piq mw, t^mt m FSp mw. S v kv{io, Io ]muv F nh D]-tbm-Kn v {]h Øn- n- mw. _n nwkv sajo hnhn[ XcØnep _n piƒ Xbmdm mw, kvvt m v, _me kv XpSßnb kvt vsa piƒ Xbmdm mw Io ]mun sss psnbvxv {]h Øn n mw. kvt vsa pifpw _n pifpw CXn \n p Xs {]n p snømw \nco W pdn v Xbmdm, s]mxpn F nhbneqss CØcw D]IcWßƒ Fßs\ {]h Øn p p F [mcw Dd n Ww. Cu D]IcWßƒ {]h Øn p Xv Nne t{]m{kmapiƒ \pkcn mwv. Iºyq {]h Øn n p Xn\mhiyamb Cu ASnÿm\ t{]m{kmw Hm td nwkv knãw F dnbs Sp p. 65

65 hnhn[xcw tkm^v vshbdpiƒ Hm td nwkv knãw, Bπnt j tkm^v v-shb F nßs\ hyxykvx tkm^v v-shb hn`mkßsf pdn pw AhbpsS {]h Ø\ßsf pdn pw [mcw Dd n p Xn\mbn A\ptbmPyamb ]T\{]h Ø\ßƒ Bkq{XWw snøww CXn\mbn NphsSs mspø {]h Ø\w D]tbmKn mw. ]T\ pdn v Xbmdm F mwv Hm td nwkv knãw? C v \nehnep {][m\ Hm td nwkv knãßƒ GsX mw? F mwv Bπnt j tkm^v vshb? \nßƒ kviqfn D]tbmKn p Hm td nwkv knãøn Nn{Xw hcbv pi, ]m ptiƒ pi, XpSßn hyxykvx Bhiyßƒ mbn Fs mw Bπnt j tkm^v vshbdpifmwv D]tbmKn p Xv? Cu hnjbsø pdn v hnizamb ]T\ pdn v Xbmdm pi. Hm td nwkv knãw Iºyq dns hnhn[ `mkßƒ XΩnep {]h Ø\ßƒ GtIm]n n pibpw, \nb{ n pibpw snøp knãw tkm^v v-shb BWv- Hm td nwkv knãw (H. Fkv-) F dnbs Sp Xv-. th Uv- t{]mkk, Iºyq skbnw XpSßnb Bπnt j tkm^v v-shbdpiƒ v Iºyq dns C ]p v- - Hu v]p v D]IcWßƒ, saωdn, ^b knãw XpSßnbhbnte p CS\ne mc\mbn Hm td nwkv- knãw {]h Øn p p. Hm td nwkv- knãøn\v aq p `mkßfp v knãw bq nen niƒ, ti W, sj. Hm td nwkv- knãøns [ aßƒ Iºyq dn \S p hnhn[ {]h Ø\ßsf \nb{ n pibpw GtIm]n n pibpw snøpi. hnhn[ Iºyq A\p_ D]IcWßsf Iºyq dpambn _ n n pibpw AhbpsS {]h Ø\ßsf \nb{ n pibpw snøpi. hnhn[ Bπnt j tkm^v v-shbdpisf D]tbm mhpambn _ n n p CS\ne mc\mbn {]h Øn pi ^b amt\pvsa v saωdn amt\pvsa v XpSßnbhbmWv Hm td nwkv knãøns {][m\ [ aßƒ {][m\s Hm td nwkv- knãßƒ Iºyq Hm td nwkv- knãßƒ bpwnivkv _n.fkv.un 66

66 B nƒ amiv H.Fkv. FIvkv. ssat{imtkm^v v- hn tumkv- q/en\ivkv tkmfmcnkv sf. _n. Fw. F. sf. FIvkv. t{imw H. Fkv. samss_ t^m Hm td nwkv- knãßƒ knw_nb B t{umbnuv ]mw H. Fkv Bπnt j tkm^v vshb Nn{Xw hcbv pi, kn\na ImWpI, ]m p tiƒ pi, IØpIfpw a pw Xbmdm pi XpSßn {]txyi Bhiyßƒ mbn D]tbmKn p tkm^v vshbdpifmwv Bπnt j tkm^v v-shb. Bπnt j tkm^v v-shbdpiƒ {]h Øn n Wsa n Hm td nwkv knãw BhiyamWv. q/en\ivkn hnhn[ Bhiyßƒ mbn D]tbmKn p Bπnt j tkm^v vshbdpiƒ {]h Ø\w Nn{Xw hcbv m C s\ v {_ukv snøm IsØgpXm, Ipdn piƒ Xbmdm m KWnX{InbIƒ Dƒs m p ] niiƒ Xbmdm m {]kt j Xbmdm m ]m p tiƒ m kn\na ImWm i w sdt m Uv snøm hountbm FUn p snøm hountbm t^m am v am m knun/unhnun ssd v snøm tkm^v vshb X Paint, Tux Paint, Gimp, MyPaint, Pencil Mozilla Firefox, Epiphany web browser OpenOffice.org writer, Abiword OpenOffice.org Calc, Gnumeric OpenOffice.org Impress, Kpresent Totem Movie Player, VLC Media player, Mplayer, xine Sound Recorder, Audactiy Openshot, Kdenlive WinFF K3b, Brasero Disc Burner 67

67 kviqfn D]tbmKn p Hm td nwkv knãtasx pw Ahbnep Bπnt j tkm^v v-shbdpifpw Ip niƒ Is Øs. F psim mwv Ch D]tbmKn p Xv F Nn Ip nifn D m Ww. s{]mss{] dn tkm^v vshbdpisf pdn pw kzx{ tkm^v v-shbdpisf pdn pw IqSpX hkvxpxiƒ {Kln m\pxip XcØn ]T\{]h Ø\ßƒ Bkq{XWw snøww. CXn\v NphsSs mspø {]h Ø\w D]tbmKn mw. {Kq v N F mwv kzx{ Hm td nwkv knãw? s{]mss{] dn tkm^v v-shbdpifn \n pw AXv Fßs\ hyxymks ncn p p? Cu hnjbsø pdn v mkn {Kq v N kwlsn n mw. CXn\mbn NphsSs mspø N m kqnißƒ D]tbmKn mw. 1. kzx{ tkm^v -shbdpifpss Ncn{Xw 2. {^o tkm^v -vshb ^ut j 3. dn m Uv amxyp Ãmƒam 4. en\kv tsm hmƒuvkv 5. {^o tkm^v -vshb kzmx{ yßƒ kzx{ ambn D]tbmKn m\pw, D]tbmK{IasØ pdn v ]Tn m\pw, AXn am w hcpøm\pw, F{X ]I piƒ thwsa nepw FSpØv D]tbmKn m\pw km[n p tkm^v v-shbdpifmwv kzx{ tkm^v v-shb. kzx{ tkm^v vshb kup\yambn e`yamwv. tkm^v v-shbdns tkmgvkv AYhm AXv FgpXs ncn p t{]m{kmw timuv F mh pw hmbn mhp hn[øn e`yambncn pw. IqSmsX CØcw timupifpssbpw tkm^v v-shbdns bpw IqsS kzx{ tkm^v v-shb A\paXn ]{Xw km[mcwbmbn Dƒs SpØnbncn pw. CØcw tkm^v v-shbdpiƒ F mw Hcp s]mxpk bøn (Repository) e`yam nbhbmbncn pw dn m Uv Ãmƒam\mWv kzx{ tkm^v v-shb {]ÿm\øn\v XpS w Ipdn Xv {^o tkm^v v-shb ^ut j (FSF) Bcw`n p. kup\y tkm^v v-shb kup\yambn e`nbv p Hcp tkm^v v-shb kzx{ tkm^v v-shb BIWsa n. kup\yambxpw kzx{ a møxpamb tkm^v v-shbdpisf {^oshb (kup\y tkm^v v-shb ) F p hnfnbv p p. kup\ytkm^v vshb AXns ]I himiw \n amxm fn Xs \ne\ndpøp p. IqSmsX ChbpsS tkmgvkv e`yambncn pibn. ChbpsS IqSpX ]I piƒ 68

$D]tbmKn phm\p kzmx{ yhpw D mbncn pibn. Iºyq dns si pw a pw am mw Iºyq dns sukvivtsm v ] møew am pi, hyxykvxßfmb Nn{Xßƒ ] møeambn {IaoIcn pi.$

68 D]tbmKn phm\p kzmx{ yhpw D mbncn pibn. Iºyq dns si pw a pw am mw Iºyq dns sukvivtsm v ] møew am pi, hyxykvxßfmb Nn{Xßƒ ] møeambn {IaoIcn pi. Xow, t^m v F nhbn Bhiyamb am ßƒ hcpøpi F o {]h Ø\ßƒ hnzym YnIƒ {]mtbmkniambn snbvxp ]cnioent Xp v. hyxykvxßfmb sukvivtsm v {IaoIcWßfp Iºyq dpiƒ \nco n p Xn\v hnzym YnIsf A\phZn pi. CXpt]mse sukvivtsm v {IaoIcWßƒ BI jiam p Xn\v Fs ms am ßfmWv hcptø sx v hnizoicn pi. \nco W pdn v, hnizoicw pdn v F nh ASnÿm\am n {]kvxpx {]h Ø\ßƒ mhiyamb h vjo piƒ Xbmdm n mw. UkvIvtSm n aukv ssd v n psnbvxv Change Desktop Background sxcs Sp pi. At mƒ Zriyamhp Appearence Preference hn tumbn \n pw Bhiyamb Nn{Xw Xncs SpØv ] møew am mw. C\n \ap n ap Nn{Xßƒ ] møeambn \ Ip Xn\v Add _ n psnbvxv Nn{Xßƒ sxc p Is Øn Dƒs SpØmw. Appearence Preference hn tumbn Theme Sm_n n p snbvxv A\ptbmPyamb Xow Xncs Sp mw. Fonts Sm_n n psnbvxv t^m v am p Xn\pw ChnsS km[n pw. Cu {]h Ø\ßfpsS h vjo piƒ Xbmdm n {]mtbmkni mkn snbvxp ]cnioen pi. kv{io tjm piƒ Xbmdm mw kv{io Zriyßƒ AtXt]mse Nn{Xcq]Ønem p Xns\bmWv kv{io tjm v F p ]dbp Xv. Ksnapshot D]tbmKn v kv{io tjm v Xbmdm p hn[w ]mt]pkvxiøn hnizambn \ Inbncn p Xv {i n ncn pat m. CXpIqSmsX a p ]ecq]ønepw kv{io tjm v Xbmdm mw. kv{io tjm v Xbmdmt `mkw kv{io\n Xpd v h v Iot_m Unse Print Screen (Prt Scr) _ Aa ØpI. ]pxnb PmeIØn Xpd p hcp kv{io tjm v ^b \maw \ In tkhv snømw. Nn{Xw

69 Application Accessories Take Screenshot F {IaØn Take Screenshot PmeIw Xpd pw kv{io tjm v Xbmdm mw. hn tum apgph\mtbm Bhiyamb `mkw am{xw skeiv v snbvtxm kv{io tjm v Xbmdm mw. Grab The Whole Desktop, Grab the Current Window, Select Area to Grab F nhbntesx nepw n psnbvxv Take Screenshot F nsøv n qsnøpi. ]pxnb PmeIØn kv{io tjm v Xpd p hcp p ^b \maw \ In CXv tkhv snømw. ]mt]pkvxiøn \ Inbncn p hnhn[ {]h Ø\ßƒ hyxykvx coxnbn snbvxv kv{io tjm piƒ tkhv snøpi. kv{io Zriyßƒ Nn{XoIcn mw kv{io tjm piƒ Xbmdm nbxn \n v hyxykvxambn kv{io Zriyßsf hountbmbmbn Nn{XoIcn p Xn\pw km[n pw. CXn\p]tbmKn p Hcp tkm^v -vshbdmwv gtk-recordmydesktop CXv Xpd p {]h Øn p hn[w ]mt]pkvxiøn simspøncn p Xv {i n pi. hountbm Nn{XoIcn p Xns\m w Xs i w sdt m Uv snøp Xn\p kwhn[m\hpw CXn D v. CXp t]mse kv{io Zriyßsf hountbmbmbn Nn{XoIcn p Xn\p as mcp tkm^v -vshbdmwv Istanbul Desktop SessionRecorder. hyxykvxßfmb tkm^v v-shbdpiƒ D]tbmKn v CØcØn kv{io Zriyßƒ Nn{XoIcn mw. ]mt]pkvxiøn \ Inbncn p {]h Ø\ßfpsS h v jo piƒ Xbmdm pibpw {]miv n mkpifn snbvxp ]cnioen pibpw snøww. ]m\ Iq nt mw Hgnhm mw sukvivtsm n apifnepw Xmsgbpambn ImWs Sp ]m\ \nßƒ {i n pi. D]Imc{]Zamb bq nen nifpw Bπnt j\pifpw Ffp Øn Xpdt p t{]m{kmapifpsa mw ]m\en Dƒs SpØmw. Cßs\ Dƒs SpØnbh H aukv n psim v Xpd m Ignbpw. ]m\ens \ndhpw hen hpsa mw Bhiym\pkcWw am m Ignbpw. CXn\mbn ] m\ en Hgn `mkøv aukv ssd v n psnbvxv Properties sxcs Sp pi. Orientation F Xn n psnbvxv Top, Bottom, Right, Left F nhbntesx nepw H v Xncs SpØv ]m\ens\ apifnepw Xmsgbpw CSØpw heøpsa mw tn Øp\n Øm Ignbpw. Size F Xn\p t\sc n p snbvxv Bhiyap hen w \ Imw. Background Sm_v skeiv v snbvxv Solid Color F tduntbm _ Wn n psnøpi. C\n C ap \ndw sxcs Sp mw. NphsSbp Style \p t\scbp _ Nen n v ]m\ens 70

70 \ndw Iq pibpw Ipdbv pibpw snømw. Autohide, Show hide buttons F nhbn n p snbvxv ]m\ens\ Hfn n pibpw Xncn psim p hcnibpw snømw. Background Image F Xn n psnbvxv Bhiyap Nn{Xw sxcs SpØv ]m\ens ] møeam mw. XobXnbpw kabhpw {IaoIcn mw Iºyq j vuu snbvxncn p Ahÿbn t]mepw Iºyq dn kabhpw XobXnbpsa mw IrXyambn ]men s p t]mcp p v. Iºyq dn\isø BIOS F `mkamwv kabhpw XobXnbpsa mw IrXyambn kq n p Xv. F nepw ]e ImcWßfmepw kabw, XobXn, amkw, Znhkw F nh {IaoIcnt Bhiyw hcmdp v. Ch IrXyambn {IaoIcn p Xn\v ]m\en kabhpw XobXnbpw simspøncn p `mkøv aukv ssd v n p snøpi. Xpd phcp sa\phn \n pw Preference sxc Sp pi. General Sm_n n psnbvxv 12 Hour, 24 Hour F nß\ t^m am piƒ sxcs Sp mw. C\n NphsS ImWp Time Settings n p snbvxv amkw, h jw, XobXn, kabw F nhbn am w hcpømw. amkhpw h jhpw \ Inbncn p Xn\v CSXpw hexpambn ImWp AºSbmfØn n p snbvxv amkhpw h jhpw Iq pibpw Ipdbv pibpw snømw. NphsSbp Ie dn Bhiyamb XobXnbn n p snbvxv XobXn sxcs Sp mw. Time F Xn\p t\sc apifntem pw Xmtgm pw ImWp AºSbmfØn n p snbvxv kabw hyxymks SpØmw. C\n Set System Time F Xn n p snbvxv ]mkvthuv \ IpI. ]pxnb bqk \n amww kviqfnse Iºyq em_nse Hmtcm Iºyq dpw \nch[n hnzym YnIƒ D]tbmKn p XmWv. Cßs\ D]tbmKn ptºmƒ Hcmƒ Xbmdm nb ^bepiƒ a p h ImWp Xn\pw AXn am w hcpøp Xn\pw Nnet mƒ Uneo v snøp Xn\pw km[yxbp v. CsXmgnhm m Hmtcm mkn\pw Hmtcm bqk Xbmdm nbm axn. ]pxnb bqk c p XcØn \n an mw. System Administration Users and Groups F {IaØn User Settings PmeIw Xpd v bqk \n an p hn[w ]mt]pkvxiøn \ Inbncn p Xv {i n ncn pat m. CXpIqSmsX Terminal Xpd v Iam v sss p snbvxpw bqk \n an mw. CXn\mbn Application Accessories Terminal F {IaØn Terminal Xpd pi. sudo adduser ghss (ghss F Xv \mw \n an m\pt±in p bqkdns t]cv) F Iam v sss p snbvxv F Io Aa ØpI. C\n \mw temkn snbvxncn p bqkdns AUvan\nkvt{S ohv ]mkv thuv \ In F Io 71

71 Aa ØpI. ]pxnb bqkdns ]mkvthuv \ IpI. C\n Bhiys Sp hnhcßƒ Hmtcm mbn sss p snøpi. ss an\ ASbvIpI. C\n ]pxnb bqkdmbn temkn snømw. Cßs\ \n an s Sp bqkdn\v hountbm, HmUntbm kn.un, UnhnUn, s] s{suhv, {]n F nh {]h Øn n pi, C s\ v D]tbmKn pi XpSßnb Imcyßƒ snøwsa n AXn\p {]txyim[nimcw ({]nhntepv) \ ti Xp v. CXn\mbn System Administration Users and Groups F {IaØn n psnbvxv User Settings PmeIw Xpd pi. User skeivsv snbvx tijw Advanced Settings n psnbvxv ]mkvthuv \ IpI. Xpd p hcp PmeIØn User privileges n psnøpi. C\n NphsSbp Hmtcm {]nhntepns bpw XpS Ønep NXpcØn n psnbvxv B {]nhnteppiƒ \ Imw. bqk Uneo v snøwsa n ss an\ Xpd v sudo userdel -r <username> F Iam v sss p snbvxv F Io Aa ØpI. XpS v AUvan\nkvt{S ohv ]mkv-thuv \ IpI. (ChnsS <username> F nsøv Hgnhmt bqkdns t]cmwv \ ti Xv.) hnzym YnIƒ v AhchcpsS t]cn bqk \n an m Ahkcw \ IWw. hyxykvx coxnbn bqk \n an p hn[w Ip niƒ ]cnioen pibpw ]T\ pdn piƒ Xbmdm pibpw thww. sdkeyqj {IaoIcn mw Nne Iºyq dpifn sukvivtsm n sf WpIƒ hfsc hepxmbn ImWs Spw, am{xa Nne PmeIßƒ Xpd m AXv ]q Wambpw ImWm IgnbmsXbpw F.kn.Un s{]mpiv dpifpw a pw Iºyq dpambn _ n n m kv{io Zriyßƒ ImWmsXbpw hcpw. CXn\p ImcWw Iºyq dns kv{io sdkeyqj Ipd ncn p XmWv. kv{io sdkeyqj Iq p Xn\v System Preference Monitors (As n System Preference Display/Screen Resolution) F {IaØn n psnbvxv Monitor Preference PmeIw Xpd v Bhiyamb sdkeyqj sxcs SpØm axn. kv{io tkh Aev]kabw Iºyq \n eambn h m kv{io\n Nne Nn{Xßfpw cq]ßfpsa mw {]Xy s Sp p. ]ecq]øn Nen psim ncn p ChbmWv kv{io tkhdpiƒ. System Preference Screensaver F {IaØn n p snbvxv 72

$Screensaver Preference PmeIw Xpd v kv{io tkh sk psnømw. kv{io tkh Hgnhm p Xn\v Screensaver Preference PmeIØnse Activate Screensaver F nssø SnIv am v Hgnhm nbm axn.$

72 Screensaver Preference PmeIw Xpd v kv{io tkh sk psnømw. kv{io tkh Hgnhm p Xn\v Screensaver Preference PmeIØnse Activate Screensaver F nssø SnIv am v Hgnhm nbm axn. Lock screen F nssø SnIv am v Hgnhm nbm kv{io tkh {]Xy s Sp kabøv kv{io tem mhp Xpw Hgnhm mw. ^b knãw Hmtcm bqkdns bpw ^bepiƒ kq n s Sp Xv B bqkdns tlmanemwv. Hmtcm bqkdns bpw tlmw B bqkdns UkvIvtSm n Zriyamhpw. C\n UkvIvtSm n ImWp Computer Xpd v AXn\IØp File System home Xpd pi. Iºyq dnep apgph bqkdns bpw t]cp Hmtcm t^mƒu AhnsS Zriyamhpw. CXv Hmtcm bqkdns bpw tlmamwv. CXv Xpd m Hmtcm bqkdns bpw ^bepiƒ AXn Zriyamhpw. Cu ^bepiƒ ImWm Ignbp X msx AXn am w hcpøp Xnt\m Uneo v snøp Xnt\m Ignbn. AUvan\nkvt{S ohv bqkdmbn temkn snbvxm am{xta CØcw ^bepifn am w hcpøp Xnt\m Uneo v snøp Xnt\m IgnbpIbp q. CXn\p ]pdta nautilus Iam v D]tbmKn pw AUvan\nkvt{S ohv A[nImctØmsS CØcw ^bepiƒ Xpd mw. CXn\mbn ss an\ Xpd v sudo nautilus / F Iam v sss p snbvxv F Io Aa ØpI. ]mkv-thuv \ IpI. Xpd phcp ^bepifn \ap v am w hcpøp Xn\p Ignbpw. GsX nepw Hcp ^ben aukv ssd v n p snbvxv Properties sxcs Sp pi. Xpd p hcp PmeIØn Location F nsøv {i n pt\m q. B ^b FhnsSbmWv tkhv snøs ncn p sx v ImWmw. /home/drc/desktop/ithandbook ChnsS home F Xv Iºyq dns tlmapw drc F Xv bqkdns tlmapamwv. Cu ^b tkhv snøs ncn p Xv drc F bqkdnse Desktop se IT Handbook F t^mƒudnemwv. ^b sxc p Is Ømw Iºyq dn tkhv snøs n cn p Hcp ^b sxc p Is Øp Xv Fßs\bmsW v t\m mw. Places Search For Files F {IaØn n p snbvxv Search For Files PmeIw Xpd pi. Name Contains F nsøv Xnc p Is tø ^bens t]cv \ IpI. Nn{Xw

73 C\n Find n p snøpi. Bhiyamb ^bepiƒ Search Results F Xn\p Xmsg Zriyamhpw. Look in folder F nsøv n psnbvxv t^mƒudpiƒ sxcs SpØv AXn\IØp ^bepiƒ am{xambn Xncbmw. C\n Nne {]txyi hn`mkw ^bepiƒ am{xamwv Is tø sx n AXns ^b FIvÃ j \evin Xncbmw. CXn\mbn Name Contains F nsøv *. F Xnt\msSm w ^b FIvÃ j IqSn \ Inbm axn. DZmlcWambn.doc FIvÃ j\p ^bepifmwv Xnc p Is tø sx n *.doc F p sss p snbvxv Find n p snbvxm axn. D_p p {K_v doc Ãmƒ snøm D_p p C Ãmƒ snbvxncn p Iºyq dpifn at sx nepw Hm td nwkv knãw C Ãmƒ snøpitbm at m snbvxm ]n osv D_p p _q v snømsxbmhpw. Cu kµ `Øn D_p p do C Ãmƒ sntø Xn. {K_v am{xw do C Ãmƒ snbvxm axnbmipw. {K_v do C Ãmƒ snøp Xn\p am Kw NphsSs msp p p. 1. IT@School Ubuntu Linux DVD D]tbmKn v H masø Hm]vj\neqsS (Try Ubuntu without any change to your computer) Iºyq _q v snøn pi. 2. _q v snbvx tijw ss an\ Xpd v sudo su F Iam v D]tbmKn v dq v Bbn temkn snøpi. 3. fdisk -l F Iam v D]tbmKn v GXv ]m oj\n BWv ubuntu C Ãmƒ snbvxsx v I ØpI. (DZm: /dev/sda6 ) 4. {]kvxpx ]m oj mount command D]tbmKn v /mnt bn mount snøn pi. (DZm: mount /dev/sda6 /mnt ) 5. XpS v grub-install -root-directory=/mnt (hd0) F command type snbvxv Enter Key Aa ØpI. GRUB Installation ]q Ønbmbm Installation finished. No error reported. F dnt m v ImWmw. C\n knãw do_q v snømw. Iºyq dnep hnhn[ Hm td nwkv knãßfn \n v Bhiyap Xv sxcs SpØv AXnte v _q v snøm klmbn p q t{]mpiv ns _q v temudmwv q {Km v bqwnss^uv _q v temu As n p {K_v (Grand Unified Bootloader). aƒ n_q v kvs]kn^nt j ASnÿm\am n D m nb {K_v _q v temu Iºyq dn C Ãmƒ snbvxn p \nch[n ti WepIfn \n v th Xv sxcs Sp m\pw klmbn p p. 74

74 s\ vh neqss {]n sjb snøm 1. {]n tim ^nktdj PmeIw Xpd pi (System Administration Printing). 2. Server sa\phn Settings n p snøpi. 3. Xpd p hcp PmeIØn H v, c v, aq v, A v sn v t_mivkpifn SnIv am v \ IpI. 4. OK _ n p snøpi. 5. Aev]kabØn\Iw sk h Iºyq dn C Ãmƒ snbvx {]n dns sf {]n tim ^nktdj PmeIØn Zriyamhpw. 75

75 6. Btµm-f\w tzme\w BapJw HºXmw mknse `uxniimkv{xßƒ F ]mt]pkvxiønse 3, 5 bqwn pifn {]Xn]mZn n p Nne BibßfmWv Cu A[ymbØn\v ASnÿm\am nbn p Xv. `uxniimkv{x mkpifn ]mt`mkßƒ ]TnXmhn\v IqSpX hy amip Xn\pw, kzbw ]T\Øn\pw, kwib\nhmcwøn\pap AhkcamWv sf kn Sn ]mt`mkøneqss \evti Xv. ]mt`mkøn ]dbp h IqSmsX [mcmfw tkm^v v-shbdpiƒ C s\ n e`yamwv Chbpw Ip niƒ v ]cnnbs SpØmhp XmWv. A\ptbmPyamb tkm^v v-shbdpiƒ D]tbmKn v imkv{x]t\w Imcy aam p Xn\p IgnhmWv CXneqsS ]TnXmhv B Pnt Xv. tkm^v v-shb D]tbmKw ]cnioen tijw AXXp hnjbøn BgØnep ]T\w \SØp Xn\v ]TnXmhns\ t{]m kmln nt XmWv. CXn\mbn B hnjbw ]Tn n p A[ym]Is tkh\hpw txsmhp XmWv. ]T\e yßƒ s] Upew-em_v F knaptej tkm^v v-shbdnse hnhn[ SqfpIƒ D]tbmKn v knºnƒ s] Upew {]h Øn n p Xn\p tijn t\sp Xn\v. s] Upew-em_v knaptej tkm^v v-shb D]tbmKn v Hcp s] UpeØns \ofhpw ]ncoupw XΩnep _ w hniie\w snøp Xn\p tijn t\sp Xn\v. s] Upew-em_v knaptej tkm^v v-shb D]tbmKn v Hcp s] UpeØns amkv AXns ]ncouns\ kzm[o\n p pt m F p ]cntim[n p Xn\v. Periodic table of the elements F tkm^v v-shb D]tbmKn v ]ncntbmuniv ts_nfnse {Kq pisfbpw ]ncoupisfbpw Ipdn v [mcw t\sp Xn\v. Kalzium tkm^v v-shb D]tbmKn v ]ncntbmuniv ts_nfnse {]mxn\n[y aqeißsf Is Øn AhbpsS khntijxiƒ Xncn dnbp Xn\v aqe-i-ß-fpss Ce-Ivt{Sm hn\ymkw ]cntim[n v Ah-bpsS 76

76 ]ocntbmuniv ts_nfnse ÿm\w ({Kq v, ]ncouv) Is Øp Xn\p tijn t\sp Xn\v. aqeißfpss B Øns hen w ]ocntbmuniv ts_nfn Fßs\ hyxymks Sp psh v XmcXayw snøp Xn\mhiyamb {Km^v Kalzium tkm^v v-shb D]tbmKn v \n an p Xn\p tijn t\sp Xn\v. ]mtmhxcww s^ v D]tbmKn p s] Upew ]co Ww ]mt]pkvxiønse {]h Ø\w 1 : tkm^v v-shb {]h Øn n p Xn\pw AXnse hnhn[ SqfpIƒ ]cnnbs Sp Xn\pamWv. kzx{ ambn tzme\w snøø hæw Hcp temltkmfsø NcSn si nøq nb kwhn[m\amwv knºnƒ s] Upew. `qkpcpxzxzcww Af p Xn\pw sssw Io dmbpw s] Upew t m v \n an p Xn\pw knºnƒ s] UpeØns {]h Ø\XXzßƒ D]tbmKs SpØp p v. Nn{Xw 6.1 {]h Ø\w 2eqsS s] UpeØns ]ncoupw BhrØnbpw F msw p [mcw Ip nifn cq]s SWw. H papx aq phscbp {]h Ø\ßƒ snøp XneqsS knºnƒ s] UpeØns \ofhpw ]ncoupw XΩnep _ w hniie\w snøpibmwv Ip n. s] Upew em_v tkm^v v-shb icnbmbn {]h Øn n p Xn\pw AXnse hnhn[ SqfpIƒ Bhiyamb coxnbn {IaoIcn p Xn\pap Ignhv ]TnXmhv t\sww. s] Upew t_m_ns\ tzme\w snøn m t_m_ns\ Xpe\_nµphn 77

77 \n v CStØmt m hetømt m {UmKv snbvxxn\ptijw kzx{ am pi. hexp hiøp t_mivkn s] UpeØns \ofw, amkv F nh {IaoIcn mw. sxm pxmsgbp Show second pendulum sn v sntø Xn. Friction none F v {IaoIcn pi. real time, Earth F nh active Bbncn Ww. Veloctiy, acceleration F nh sn v sntø Xn. s] Upew t_m_v Xpe-\-_n-µp-hn \n v CS-tØm pw he-tøm pw Nen v Xpe-\-_n-µp-hn Xncn v FØp- -XmWv Hcp tzm-e-\w (t_m_v Hcp hi-øp- \n v ]pd-s v AtX hi-øn-se-øp- -XmWv Hcp- tzm-e-\w). s] Upew t_m_v kz-x-{ -am- n-b-bp-ss\ tzm-e-\-ßƒ FSp- -W-sa- n-. Xpe-\-_n-µp-hns\ B[mc-am- nbpw hi-ßsf B[m-c-am- nbpw tzm-e-\-ß-fpss FÆ-sa-Sp- mw. knºnƒ s] UpeØns ]ncouv F Xv Hcp tzme\øns\sp p kabamwv. Hcp sk Unep mip tzme\ßfpss FÆamWv s] UpeØns BhrØn. n tzme\ßƒ v t sk Uv kabsaspøm ]ncouv T= t/n Bbncn pw. BhrØn f = n/t sl Svkv (Hz) Bbncn pw. s] Upew t_m_ns \ofw hyxymks SpØn ]co Ww Bh Øn Ww. hexp `mkøp t_mivkn Xmsgbp other tools - n v snøptºmƒ e`n p UnPn kvt m v hm v D]tbmKn v kabw IW m n ] ni.2 ]qcn n pi. \n bn s tzme\ßƒ ]q Ønbm p kaøv UnPn kvt m]v hm v pause snbvxv thww kabaf m. show energy of 1 sn v snbvxv s] UpeØns Du Pam w (Kinetic Energy (KE), Potential Energy (PE) ImWmw. knºnƒ s] Upew D]-tbm-Kn v `qan-bnse Kpcp-X-zm-I j-w-x-z-cww IW- m- p- -Xp-t]mse N{µ-\n-tebpw hym-g-øn-sebpw Kpcp-X-zm-I j-w-x-z-cww ImWmhp- -Xm-Wv. CXn\v {][m\ Pme-I-Ønse sa\p-hn Moon, Jupiter F nhbn Bh-i-y-am-bXv BIvSo-hm- -Ww. hmbp-aq-e-ap- m-tb- m-hp L jww Ipdbv m\pw Iq m\pw friction Sm_v D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Ømw. hmbp-aq-e-ap L jww s] Up-e-Øns ]nco-un-s\bpw AXp-hgn Bhr-Øn-sbbpw kzm-[o-\n- p- psh- p Imcyw Hm p-i. aqeißfpss XdhmSv {]h Ø\w- 5 Periodic table of the elements F tkm^v v-shb D]tbmKn v 78

78 {Kq pisf pdn p ]TnXmhns [mcw Dd n pibmwv Cu {]h Ø\Øns e yw. ]ocntbmuniv ts_nƒ apgph\mbn ImWp Xn \n p hyxykvxambn {Kq piƒ Xncs SpØv sslsse v snøp Xn\p kuicyw CXnep v. Applications Science Periodic table of the elements F {IaØn tkm^v v-shb Xpd v View Color Scheme Family F v n v snbvxtijw Selected family F Xn\v t\scbp All F `mkøv n v snbvxv Alkali metals, Alkaline earths metals, Halogens,Noble gases F nh Xncs SpØv ] ni 4 ]q Ønbm p {]h Ø\amWv sf kn n em_n \St Xv. Hcp {Kq nse aqeißƒ ImWpIbpw Ah Hmtcm pw FSpsØgpXpIbpw snøp XneqsS IpØs\bp timfßfmwv {Kq pisf Bibw ]TnXmhn\v t_m[ys Sp p.{kq pifnse AwKßƒ GsXms bmsw v a\knem p Xn\p Ahkchpw CXneqsS e`n p p. tkm^v v-shbdnse aqeißfpss {]XoIßfn n psnbvxm Ahsb pdn p IqSpX hnhcßƒ Is Ømhp XmWv. ]ocn-tbm-univ ts_nƒ ]T-\-Øn\v klm-bn- p Nne sh_v en p-iƒ NphsS \ In-bn-cn- p- p. Nn{X-ß-f-S-ßnb ]ocn-tbm-univ ts_nƒ - aqe-i-ß-fp-ambn _ -s ]co- -W-ß-fpsS Ne- n-{x-ßƒ - {Kq piƒ IrXyambn a\knem n gn m NphsS \ Inbncn p {]h Ø\ßfpw \ ti XmWv. ]ocntbmuniv ts_nfn BsI F{X {Kq piƒ D v? Ht m, ct m {Kq nse aqeißfn BZytØXns t]cv Is ØpI. ]ocntbmuniv ts_nfn BsI F{X ]ncoupiƒ D v? Chbn sndnb ]ncouv GXv? ]ocn-tbm-univ ts_n-fn-s\- p-dn v GXm\pw hnh-c-ßƒ \mw D]-tbm-Kn- p ]ocn-tbm-univ ts_nƒ tamtu ]ocn-tbm-univ ts_nƒ BWv. aqe-i-ßsf Ah-bpsS At mani kwjy IqSn-h-cp {Ia-Øn-emWv (Hmtcm \nc-bnepw CS-Øp-\n v he-tø- v) CXn {Iao-I-cn- n-cn- p- -Xv. CXn IpØs\-bp 18 timf-ß-fp- v. Ch Hmtcm pw Hmtcm {Kq p-i-fm-wv.- Htc kz-`m-hap aqe-i-ß-fmwv Hcp {Kq n-ep- -Xv. 79

79 sabn tªm n Ggv \nc-i-fp- v. (A-h-km-\sØ c v \nc-iƒ Hgn-sI) Ch-bmWv tatu ]ocn-tbm-univ ts_n-fnse Ggv ]nco-up-iƒ. Ah-km-\sØ c v \nc-i-fn BZ-y-tØXv (Lanthanides) Bdmw ]nco-uns bpw c m-a-tøxv (Actinides) Ggmw ]ncoun-s bpw `mk-am-wv. {]h Ø\w - 6 ]ocntbmuniv ts_nfns\ IqSpX a\knem p Xn\v klmbn p XmWv Cu {]h Ø\w. D]temlßƒ (Metalloids-temlØns bpw AtemlØns bpw kz`mhap h), Transition metals XpSßnbhbpsS ]ocntbmuniv ts_nfnse ÿm\w Is ØnsbgpXp Xn\v Cu {]h Ø\w ]TnXmhns\ klmbn p p. tkm^v v-shbdn {]h Ø\w - 5- se {IaoIcWßƒ snbvxtijw Hmtcm pw Xncs SpØv \nco n v ] ni ]qcn n mhp XmWv. aqeißƒ kw{iaw aqeißƒ D]temlßƒ em Yt\mWpIƒ BŒnt\mWpIƒ ]ncntbmuniv ts_nfnse ÿm\w 3 apx 12 hscbp {Kq piƒ B,Si,Ge,As,Sb,Te,Po XpSßnbhb 6-mw ]ncounse La v tijw hcp Ce apx Lu hscbp 14 aqeißßƒ. 7-mw ]ncounse Ac v tijw hcp Th apx Lr hscbp 14 aqeißßƒ. {]Xn\n[nIsf Is Ømw Kalzium ]ocn-tbm-univ ts_n-fn-s\- p-dn v ]Tn- p- -Xn-\p Hcptk^v vshb-dmwv Kalzium. International free software community bmb KDEbmWv CXv \n an- - Xv. ]ocn-tbm-univ ts_n-fnse aqe-i-ß-sf- p-dn v [mcmfw hnh-c-ßƒ tij-cn- p- -Xn-\pw, Ahsb hnhn[ coxn-bn Xmc-X-ayw snøp- -Xn-\pw, X m{x amxr- I-Iƒ Xbm-dm- p- -Xn-\pw, X m{xm `mcw \n Æ-bn- p- -Xn-\p-sams Hcp ]Tn- Xm-hns\ klm-bn- m Cu tkm^v v shb-dn\v Ign-bp- p. Cu tkm^v v shb \nc- cw sa -s -Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ v hnt[-b-am-bn-s m- n-cn- p- -Xm-Wv. F mw mkn \mw ]cnnbs Hcp tkm^v v-shbdmwv Kalzium. Cu tkm^v v-shbdns IqSpX km[yxifmwv {]Xn\n[nIsf Is Ømw F 80

80 `mkw apx Cu A[ymbØn {]tbmp\s SptØ Xv. 1 Dw 2 Dw 13 apx 18 hscbp {Kq pifnse aqeißfpamwv {]mxn\n[y aqeißƒ (Representative Elements). ]mt]pkvxiøn kqnn n n p {IaoIcWßƒ tkm^v v-shbdn snbvxm 1,2,13,14,15,16,17,18 XpSßnb {Kq pifsßnb ]ncntbmuniv ts_nƒ e`n pw. Cu aqeißƒ am{xw Dƒs SpØn tkm^v vshbdnse ]ncntbmuniv ts_nƒ {IaoIcn p Xn\p tijn ]TnXmhv t\sp Xn\p Ahkcsamcp Ww. XpS v {]mxn\n[y aqeißsf pdn v Hcp Ipdn v Xømdm ]TnXmhnt\mSv Bhiys SWw. aqeißƒ {Kq v Xncnbp Xv F psim v? Hmtcm {Kq nsebpw aqeißfpss Cet{Œm hn\ymkw ]cntim[n v {Kq v \ºdpw Ahkm\sØ sj nse Cet{ŒmWpIfpsS FÆhpw XΩnep _ w Is Øp Xn\mWv ] ni 6 D]tbmKn t Xv. {]mxn\n[y aqeißƒ (1 Dw 2 Dw 13 apx 18 hscbp {Kq piƒ) D]tbmKn v CXv snøn p XmWv A`nImayw. a p aqeißfp]tbmkn m Nne hyxnbm\ßfp mhpw. H mw {Kq v c mw-{kq v ]Xn-aq mw {Kq v ]Xn\memw {Kq v ]Xn-s\ mw {Kq v F m aqe-i-ß-fp-ssbpw _m-l-yxa sj n 1 Ce-Ivt{Sm F m aqe-i-ß-fp-ssbpw _m-l-yxa sj n 2 Ce-Ivt{Sm F m aqe-i-ß-fp-ssbpw _m-l-yxa sj n 3 Ce-Ivt{Sm F m aqe-i-ß-fp-ssbpw _m-l-yxa sj n 4 Ce-Ivt{Sm F m aqe-i-ß-fp-ssbpw _m-l-yxa sj n 8 Ce-Ivt{Sm Kalzium tkm^v v-shb Xpd v H mw {Kq nse aqeißfn GsX- nepw H n n psn-øpi. XpS p-hcp PmeIØnse Atom model n v snbvxm Cet{Œm {IaoIcWw e`n pw. ]ncounepw Htct]mse api-fn ]d coxnbn {]h Ø\w 7 Dw snømhp XmWv.CXn Hcp aqeiøn BsI F{X sj pifp v F mwv ]cntim[nt Xv. H mw ]ocouv BsI Hcp sj v c mw ]ocouv BsI c v sj v aq mw ]ocouv BsI aq v sj v Ggmw ]ocouv BsI Ggv sj v 81

81 C\nsbmcp a cambmtem? Hcp aqeiøns Cet{Œm hn\ymkw ]cntim[n v AXns ]ncntbmuniv ts_nfnse ÿm\w ({Kq v, ]ncouv) Xncn dnbp Xn\p tijn {]h Ø\w 6,7 F nhbneqss t\snbn p v. CXv sa s SpØp Xn\p Hcp IfnbmWv ChnsS \StØ Xv. CXpw {]mxn\n[y aqeißƒ D]tbmKn v snøn p XmWv A`nImayw. hen w XmcXayw snøm\pw Im kyw B Øns hen w XmcXayw snøp Xn\p Hcp {]h Ø\amWnXv. Atomic radius s\ ASnÿm\am nbmwv Cu {]h Ø\w sntø Xv. ]mt]pkvxiøn \ Inbncn p {IaoIcWßƒ snbvxm Atomic radius (B Øns Bcw) hyxymks Sp {Km^v e`n pw. {Km^n c mw ]ncounsebpw aq mw ]ncounsebpw B ßfpsS hen w CSØp \n p hetøm v Ipdbp Xv ImWmw. Xbmdm nb {Km^ns\ {Kq v ASnÿm\Ønepw ]ncouv ASnÿm\Ønepw XmcXayw snbvxv \nka\ønseøm\mhiys SWw. ]nco- -Un CSØp \n p he-tøm v B -Øns hen w Ipd-bp- p. {Kq n api-fn \n p Xmtg v B -Øns hen w IqSp- p. CXmWv s]mxp-sh-bp am -sa- n-epw Nne aqe-i-ß-fn hy-x-ymkw ImWm-dp- v. AXv ]cn-k-wnt - -Xn-. 82

82 7. i_vz-te-j\w \ΩpsS Iºyq- -dn BapJw Bibhn\natbm]m[nbmbn tªmkpiƒ C v s]mxpsh AwKoIcn s ncn pibmwt m. ]T\{]h Ø\ßfpsS `mkambn hnzym YnIƒ Xbmdm p Dev] ßƒ tªmkneqssbpw CusabneneqsSbpw ] psh p Hcp ImeL Ønse hnzym Yn kaqlsøbmwv A[ym]I C v A`napJoIcn p Xv. tªmkpifpw UnPn amknibpw ssiimcyw snøptºmƒ e`yamhp A[nI kuicyßƒ Cu ]mt`mkøns ]T\{]h Ø\ßfneqsS hnzym YnIsf t_m[ys SpØWw. AØcw kuicyßƒ D]tbmKs Sp Øptºmƒ klmbiamb tkm^v vshbdmbn HUmkn nsb {]tbmp\s SpØmw. k KmflI{]h Ø\ßfn hnhchn\nab kmt XnIhnZy ^e{]zambn D]tbmKn msa p Xncn dnhv hnzym YnIƒ v e`nt XmWv. ]mt`mksø N Ifpw ]T\{]h Ø\ßfpw tkm^v v-shbdns\ ]cnnbs Sp txmssm w a p hnjbßfpss ]T\Øn\v klmbiamhpw hn[w Bkq{XWw snøww. aounbm ^bepisf A\mbmkambn ssiimcyw snøm hnzym YnIƒ Adn ncnt Xp v. aƒ oaounbm sπbdpisf ]cnnbs SpØp `mkw ]T\{]h Ø\ßsf IqSpX ckicamb A\p`ham n am m km[n Ww. a v hnjbßfpss ]T\hpambn _ s v hnzym YnIƒ ]cnnbs ts aounbm ^bepisfbmwv CXn\mbn D]tbmKnt Xv. k_v-pœv Iu knen N snbvxv CØcw ^bepisf sxcs Sp mw ]T\e yßƒ i ^bepisf HUmkn n tkm^v v-shb D]tbmKn v dnt m Uv snøm\pw Bhiym\pkcWw FUn v snbvxv FIvkv-t]m v snøm\pap tijn t\sp Xn\v HUmkn n tkm^v v-shbdnse hyxykvx SqfpIsf pdn p [mcwt\sp Xn\v i ^bepifn hyxykvx C^ŒpIƒ \ Im\p tijnt\sp Xn\v hyxykvx t^m am nep aounbm ^bepisf pdn p [mcw e`n p Xn\v tªmkn kr niƒ {]kn oicn ptºmƒ e`n p A[nI kuicyßsf pdn p [mcw t\sp Xn\v 83

83 hyxykvx t^m am nep i - Ne n{x ^bepisf q/en\ivknse A\ptbmPyamb aounbm sπbdpifn {]h Øn n m\p tijn t\sp Xn\v i - Ne n{x ^bepifpss ^b hen w Is Øm\p Ignhv t\sp Xn\v WinFF D]tbmKn v i - Ne n{x ^bepifpss ^b t^m am v am m\p tijn t\sp Xn\v D S hniie\w Ip niƒ ]cnnbs GsX nepw IhnXtbm \ms ]mt m tkm^v vshb D]tbmKn v dnt m Uv snbvxv FUn v snøp {]h Ø\ØneqsSbmWv ]T\{]h Ø\w Bkq{XWw sntø Xv. Cu {]h Ø\Øns `mkambn tkm^v vshbdnse Hmtcm Sqfpw hnzym YnIƒ kzbw ]cnnbs SWw. Sn._n.bnse ] niiƒ CXn\mbn D]tbmKs SpØpI. dnt m Uv snbvx IhnXIsf IqSmsX Iºyq dn kq n ncn p i ^bepifpw FUn v snbvxv ]cnioent Xp v. CXn\mhiyamb i ^bepiƒ Iºyq dn tijcn v ht XmWv. aebmfw ]mtmhenbnse \memw bqwn nse Ah\h {]km[i\mhptºmƒ F `mkw Ip niƒ v \evin tªmkn \ΩpsS cn\iƒ {]kn oicn ptºmƒ e`n p kuicyßsf pdn v {Kq v N kwlsn n v ]mt`mktø v {]thin mw. kviqƒ amknisb At] n v, i cq]ønep IhnXIfpw Xbmdm nb Ne n{xßfpw tªmkn {]kn oicn m km[n psa v hnzym YnIsf t_m[ys SpØWw. t]msebp tªmkpisfbpw ]cnnb s SpØmhp XmWv. HUm-kn n Hcp UnPn- i_vz FUn- -dmwv HUm-kn- n. CXn\v amiv H. -Fkv. F-Ivkv, hn tum-kv, _n.-f-kv.un XpSßn hnhn[ Hm -td- nßv knã-ßƒ v th nbp ]Xn- p-iƒ e`-y-am-wv. GPL ssek kn\v Iogn-emWv CXv ]pd-øn-d- nbn-cn- p- -Xv. Wav (Windows Wave format), AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format-Macintosh), Sun Au/NeXT, IRCAM, MP3 (MPEG 1 layer 3), Ogg Vorbis XpSßn ]n p-w- p- p. HUm-kn- n-bpss ]pxnb ]Xn- n (1.3) IqSp-X sse{_dn ^b-ep-iƒ C Ãmƒ snbvxv tim ^n-k snbvxm M4A, WMA FLAC apx-emb t^m am- p-i-sfbpw FUn v snøm km[n- pw. 84

$dnt m UnwKv XpSßmw i ^bepisf dnt m Uv snbvxv {]h Øn nt Xn\m Iºyq dn LSn n ncn p ssat{imt^m, kv]o F nh icnbmbn {]h Ønt Xp v.$

84 dnt m UnwKv XpSßmw i ^bepisf dnt m Uv snbvxv {]h Øn nt Xn\m Iºyq dn LSn n ncn p ssat{imt^m, kv]o F nh icnbmbn {]h Ønt Xp v. CXn\mbn ssat{imt^m Iºyq dnse audio port LSn n Xn\v tijw ]m\ense volume-control-applet n v snbvxv Sound Preferences PmeIw Xpd v input/output volume, input device F nh icnbmb coxnbnemtwm {IaoIcn ncn p sx v Dd phcpøpi. dnt m UnwKv {Kq v {]h Ø\ambn \SØmhp XmWv. Nn{Xw 7.1 {]h Ø\w 1 HUmkn nbnse SqfpIsf ]cnnbs Sm\p {]h Ø\amWnXv. dnt m Uv snbvx i ^ben Hmtcm Sqfpw D]tbmKn v t\m n hnzym Yn-Iƒ kzbw Cu ] ni ]qcn n Ww. Draw tool - i ^bepifnse Hmtcm t\muns\bpw skeœv snbvxv FUn v snøm Cu Sqƒ D]tbmKn mw. Cu Sqƒ D]tbmKn Wsa n Zoom tool skeœv snbvxv i ^ben n v snbvxv (Zoom in) Hmtcm t\muns\bpw Is ØWw. Zoom out snøm View-Zoom Out (Ctrl+3) D]tbmKn m axn. Node s\ pdn v IqSpX a\ nem m Xmsgbp sh_v A{Ukv kµ in mw. Envelope Tool - i ^bepiƒ F{Xam{Xw Fade in, Fade out snøww F v sk v snøm Cu Sqƒ klmbn p p. i ^bense GXv `mksøbpw i w Db Øm\pw XmgvØm\pw Cu Sqƒ sim v km[n pw Time Shift Tool - {Sm nse i ^bepifpss ÿm\w apt m pw ]nt m pw am m klmbn p p. {]h Ø\w 2 HUmkn n D]tbmKn p FUn nwkv ]cnnbs ts {]h Ø\w. 85

85 ske Sqƒ D]tbmKn mbncn Ww FUn v sntø `mkw skeœv sntø Xv. ]pxnb {Sm v Dƒs SpØn i ^bepisf t]ãv snøp Xpw Cu L Øn ]cnnbs SpØmhp XmWv. Tracks Hcp i ^ben\v ] møeambn as mcp i ^b \ Iptºmtgm hyxykvx i ^b ssiimcyw snøptºmtgm Tracks - Add New D]tbmKn v ]pxnb {Sm piƒ Dƒs SpØmw. ]pxnb {Sm pifn ^bepiƒ Dƒs SpØptºmƒ Tracks F sa\phnse Link Tracks F Hm]vj\nse Ckeck ( ) ASbmfw Hgnhmt XmWv. File import Audio hgn ^b Dƒs SpØptºmƒ \nehnep {Sm n\v Xmsg ]pxnsbmcp {Sm nemwv ^b Xpd p Xv. Edit - Split Cut {Sm nse GsX nepw `mkw skeœv snbvxv Uneo v Io Aa Øptºmƒ {]kvxpx `mkw i ^ben \n pw doaqhv Bbn B `mktø v ]n osp i `mkw IqSnt cp Xv ImWmw. F m _m nbp `mkw IqSnt cmsx thdn v Xs \n m Edit-Split Cut D]tbmKn mw. Edit - Trim Hcp i ^ben \n pw Hcp {]txyi `mkw am{xw \ne\n Øn _m n Uoen v snøm {]kvxpx `mkw skeœv snbvxv Edit sa\phnse Trim n v snbvxm axn. Edit - Copy & Paste Htc {Sm n Xs Hcp ^ben\v tijtam ^bens CSbntem IqSpX i ^bepiƒ IqSnt m ^bepiƒ HUmkn nbn Xpd Xn\p tijw Copy & Paste kt Xw D]tbmKn mw. {]h Ø\w 3 FIvkv-t]m v sntø t^m am pisf Xncn dnbp {]h Ø\w IqSnbmWnhnsS \St Xv. FIvkvt]m v snøp PmeIØnse ^b sss v sxcs Sp m\p t_mivknse a v ^b t^m am pisfbpw hnzym YnIsf ]cnnbs SptØ XmWv. tkm^v v-shbdn \n pw i t^m am nte v ^bepisf FIvkv-t]m v sntø BhiyIX IqSn t_m[ys SpØWw..aup ^b FIvÃ jt\mss tkhv snbvx HUmkn n t{]mpœv ^bens\ aounbm sπbdpifn {]h Øn n m km[n n F [mcw hnzym YnIƒ v 86

86 e`n Ww. CXn\mbn.aup bmbn tkhv snbvx t{]mpœv ^bens\ GsX nepw aounbm sπbdn {]h Øn n v t\m m Bhiys Smw. Iºyq dn kq n ncn p Hcp i ^bens\ HUmkn nbn Dƒs SpØn t{]mpœv ^b tkhv snøptºmƒ (.aup) ^b \maw \ InbXn\p tijw {]Xy s Sp PmeIØn Copy all Audio in to Project(Safer) F Xn n p sntø XmWv Export snøptºmƒ hyxykvx {Sm pifnse ^bepisf mw IqSn Hscm ^bembn FIvkv-t]m v BhpIbmWv snøp Xv. F m Export Multiple D]tbmKn ptºmƒ Hmtcm {Sm ntebpw ^bepiƒ sht sd ^bepifmbn FIvkv-t]m v snøm km[n p p. {Sm nse skeœv snbvx `mkw am{xw FIvkv-t]m v snøm Export Selection D]tbmKn mw. i Øn\v C^Œv \evimw Fade in, Fade out F o C^ŒpIƒ \evin {]h Øn n ptºmƒ i ^bepiƒ v F v am amwv kw`hn sx v Is Øm Bhiys SpI. IqSmsX a v C^ŒpIƒ \evin {]h Øn n v t\m m\pw Bhiys Smw. C^ŒpIƒ \evim C^Œv \ ti `mkw skeœv snbvxv Effect sa\p Xpd v Bhiyap C^ŒpIƒ sxcs SpØv n v snøpi. XpS v {]Xy s Sp PmeIØnse value Ifn am w hcpøn OK n p snøpi. Delay Effect Nne Km\ßfnepw a pw Ft m D]tbmKn ncn p Xv {i n n nt? HUmkn n D]tbmKn v Cßs\ i ^bepiƒ v Ft m C^Œv \ Imw. AXn\mbn C^Œv \ ti `mkw skeœv snbvxv Effect-Plugins 16 to 30 - Delay {IaØn n v snøptºmƒ Xpd v hcp PmeIØn Number of echoes Bhiyamb value \ In OK \ Inbm axn. (IqSpX Plugin Iƒ C Ãmƒ snbvxn ps n Plugin \pifpss a v sa\phnemhpw CXv {IaoIcn n p Xv). Noise Removal i ^bepiƒ nsbn Noise Iƒ (A]i ßƒ) IqSn e n ps n Ah Hgnhm m Cu C^Œv D]tbmKn mw. CXn\mbn ^bens\ zoom in snbvxv ^ben \n pw Noise am{xap hfsc sndnb `mkw Is Øn skeœv snøpi. tijw Effect-Noise Removal PmeIw Xpd v Get Noise Profile n psnøpi. C\n zoom out (Ctrl+3) snbvxv {Sm nse GXv ^ben \n mtwm Noise Uoen v sntø Xv B ^b apgph\pw skeœv snbvxv 87

87 ho pw Effect-Noise Removal PmeIw Xpd v Noise reduction F t_mivkn Bhiyamb value \ In OK n p snøpi. HmUn-tbm- t]m-uvim-ãnwkv C s\ v D]-tbm-Kn v Hcp aounbm ^b {]t -]Ww snøp- -Xm-Wv Podcastiong F v ]d-bmw. km[m-c-w-bmbn Hcp tªmkn ]e-hn-[-øn-ep t]mãp-ifpw Nn{X-ß-fp-amWv {]kn- o-i-cn- m-dp- -Xv. F m Hcp Km\-sØtbm HmUntbm ^b-en-s\tbm t]mãv Btbm Gadjet Btbm \ Ip tªmkp- Isf Podcasting blogs F -dn-b-s -Sp- p. IqSp-X hnh-c-ßƒ v Xmsg-bp url kµ in- mw ^b t^m am pisfbpw aounbm sπbdpisfbpw ]cnnbs SpØp `mkøns mkvdqw hn\nabøn\v IrXyamb aps mcp w BhiyamWv. ]mt`mkøv ]cma in p t^m am pifnep (Sn._n.t]Pv 64 ] ni 7.1) i - Ne n{x ^bepisf tijcn emwv CXn G hpw {][m\w. a v hnjbßfpambn _ s v Ip niƒ ImtW Ne n{x ^bepifmhww Cu {]h Ø\Øn\p]tbmKnt Xv. e`yamb hountbm ^bepisf winff, Transmageddon, ffmpeg XpSßnb GsX nepw aounbm I sh dpiƒ D]tbmKn v hyxykvx t^m am pifnte v I sh v snbvxpw Bhiyamb t^m am pisf tijcn mw. Ch hnzym YnIƒ v \ In DNnXamb aounbm sπbdpifn {]h Øn n v t\m n ] ni 7.1 ]q Ønbm m Bhiys SpI. CXn\v Sn._n. t]pv 64 se kqn\iƒ D]tbmKn pi. i - Ne n{x ^bepisf {]h Øn n p hn[w Iºyq dn kq n ncn p Hcp i -Ne n{x ^bens\ q/en\ivkn U_nƒ n p snbvxv {]h Øn n m km[n Wsa n. ^ben Right Click-Open with n p snøptºmƒ Xpd v hcp PmeIØn \n v A\ptbmPyamb aounbm sπbdpiƒ skeœv snbvxv {]h Øn n pibmwv IqSpX A`nImayamb coxn. {]kvxpx PmeIØn Bπnt j e`yas n Other Application n psnbvxv DNnXamb sπb skeœv snbvtxm, Other Application se Use a custom command Bπnt j {]h Øn n m\p Iam v \evin Open n p snbvtxm ^bepisf {]h Øn n mhp XmWv. 88

88 Iam v sse D]tbmKn pw aounbm ^bepisf {]h Øn n m hp XmWv. AXn\mbn aounbm ^bens\ Hcp t^mƒudnte v {UmKv snbvxnspi. tijw t^mƒudn ssd v n v snbvxv Open in Terminal hgn ss an\ PmeIw Xpd pi. C\n ss an\en application_name <filename> F nßs\ \evin F snøpi. DZmlcWambn video F t^mƒudnse test.mpg F Ne n{x ^b vlc aounbm sπb D]tbmKn v {]h Øn n m C\n ]dbp Iam mwv ss an\en \ ti Xv. vlc test.mpg smplayer D]tbmKn msw n smplayer test.mpg F v \evimw. SWF (ShockWave Flash for multimedia animation) ^bepisf {]h Øn n m A\ptbmPyamb ^vfmjv sπbdpiƒ BhiyamWv. CØcw ^bepisf Open with kt Xw D]tbmKn v Swfdec Flash Player, Gnash SWF Viewer F o sπbdpifn Xpd v {]h Øn n mhp XmWv. sh_v {_uk Xpd v File-Open File D]tbmKn pw SWF ^bepisf {]h Øn n mw. q/en\-ivknse aounbm tπb-dp-iƒ VLC Media Player, SMPlayer, GNOME MPlayer, xine, (Totem) Movie Player, gxine, Kaffein, KMPlayer F nh q/en\-ivkn e`-y-amb aqhn tπb-dp-i-fm- Wv. Debian/Ubuntu GNU/Linux i_vz- -N-e- n{x ^b-ep-iƒ tπ snø-w-sa- n gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg, gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad, gstreamer0.10- plugins-bad-multiverse, gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly, gstreamer0.10-pluginsugly-multiverse F o ]mt -Pp-Iƒ C Ãmƒ snbvxn- p- m-i-ww. ^b t^m am piƒ Iºyq dn kq n p sh p Xn\p th n hnhcßsf (A cßƒ, Nn{Xßƒ, i w apxembh) F timuv (encode) snbvxncn p coxnsbbmwv ^b t^m am v F v ]dbp Xv. Htc Xcw ^ben\p Xs (DZm. Nn{X^bepIƒ) hyxykvx t^m am pifp mbncn pw. ^bepisf t{]mkkv snøp Xn\v Ah Hmtcm pw GXpXcw ^bemsw v Hm td nmv knãw Xncn dntb Xp v. CXn\v hnhn[ coxniƒ \nehnep v. Chbn Gsd {]apjamb Hcp coxnbmwv file extension. ^b \maøns Ahkm\w ^pƒkvt m v C Xn\p tijw tn p `mkamwv AXns FIvkvs j. DZm:- freesoftware.odt. ChnsS freesoftware F Xv ^b \mahpw.odt F Xv ^b FIvkvs j\pamwv. Nne Hm td nmv knãßfn (DZm. hn tumkv) file extension \n _ hpw a p NneXn 89

89 (DZm. en\ivkv) sf nihpw (optional) BWv. Hcp ^ben\v extension Cs nepw AXv GXpXcw ^bemsw v Xncn dnbm gnu/linux OS \p km[n pw. ^b extension sx mbn \ IcpsX p am{xw. Hcp ^b GXp Xcw t^m am msw v Xncn dnbp Xn\p Hcp am Kw am{xamwv file extension. Hcp ^bens FIvkvs j am nbxp sim v am{xw B ^bens t^m am v amdp n. {][m\ HmUntbm-hoUntbm ^b t^m am piƒ Xmsg \evip p. Audio formats Extensions File Type.wav Microsoft Windows RIFF WAVE (uncompressed sound).ogg(oga) Free multimedia container format (ogg vorbis audio).mp3 MPEG 1 Layer3 (Lossy audio).wma Windows Media Audio.amr Audio format for mobile phones.mid (midi) Standard MIDI file Video formats Extensions.ogv(ogg).mpg(mpeg).mp4.avi.flv(f4v).swf.mov File Type Free multimedia container format (theora video, vorbis audio) MPEG-1 Multimedia containter format, video, audio MPEG-4 Part 14, Multimedia containter format, video, audio Audio Video Interleave, Multimedia containter format by Microsoft Flsh video container by Adobe Systems ShockWave Flash for multimedia animation QuickTime video container format of Mac by Apple 90

90 .wmv (.asf).3gp.vob.dat Windows Media Video Mobile phone video Video Object, MPEG container format in DVD video Video CD MPEG Stream ^b hen w Xncn dnbmw tkm^v v-shb D]tbmKn v i - Ne n{x ^b t^m am pisf I sh v snøp XpsIm p sa ßƒ t_m[ys SpØm\p {]h Ø\amWv CXneqsS \evti Xv. Htc kabssz Lyap (30 sk v) Ne n{x ^bens\ aountbm I sh dpiƒ D]tbmKn v.mpg,.flv,.dv,.ogg F o t^m am pifnte v I sh v snbvxv hnzym YnIƒ v \ Imw. {]kvxpx ^bepifpss ^b khntijxiƒ Is Øn Sn._n. t]pv 64 se ] ni 7.2 ]q Ønbm m \n tzin mhp XmWv. sh_v t]pnepw tªmknepw hountbm ^b Dƒs SpØptºmƒ Ipd ^b hen ap t^m am pisfbmwv sxcs Spt sx pw {]kvxpx t^m am nte v ^bepisf I sh v snøm WinFF t]mep tkm^v v-shb D]Imc{]ZamIpsa [mcw Ip niƒ v \ IWw..mpg ^bens\.flv ^m am nte v I sh v snøm\p {]h Ø\w \evin WinFF s\ ]cnnbs SpØmw WinFF FIvkv-t]m v snøptºmƒ Output Details \evti h Formats Output Details Convert to Device Preset.flv t^m am nte v Websites Flash video(flv)for web use Fullscreen.dv t^m am nte v v DV Raw DV for PAL Fullscreen.mpg t^m am nte v VCD PAL VCD(HQ).avi t^m am nte v AVI MS Compatible AVI FFmpeg Iam v sse\n {]h Øn p aounbm I sh. Cu tkm^v vshbdns\ ASnÿm\am n {]h Øn p {Km^n bqk C s^bvkv Bb SqfmWv WinFF. FFmpeg D]tbmKn v Iºyq dnep sports.avi F 91

91 Ne n{x ^bens\ sports.mpg F t^m am nte v I sh v snøp hn[w amxribmbn \ Ip p. sports.avi F ^bens\ GsX nepw Hcp t^mƒudnte v {UmKv snbvxnspi. tijw t^mƒudn ssd v n p snbvxv Open in Terminal n v snbvxv ss an\ PmeIw Xpd pi. PmeIØn Iam v sss p snøp `mkøv C\n ]dbp Iam v sss p snbvxv F snøpi. At mƒ AtX t^mƒudn Xs sports.mpg F ^b tkhv Bhp Xv ImWmw. Iam v : ffmpeg -i sports.avi sports.mpg CtX ^bens\ a p t^m am pifnte v I sh v snøm Xmsgbp ] ni D]tbmKs SpØmw. ^b \maønep am w I sh v snøm\p Code se ^b \maønepw hcptø XmWv. Format.avi ^b-ens\.ogg t^m am- n-te v Code ffmpeg -i sports.avi sports.ogg.mpg ^b-ens\.flv t^m am- n-te v ffmpeg -i sports.mpg -ar ab 32 -f flv -s 320x240 -aspect 4:3 -y sports.flv.flv ^b-ens\.mpg t^m am- n-te v ffmpeg -i sports.flv sports.mpg.mpg ^b-ens\.3gp t^m am- n-te v ffmpeg -i sports.mpg -vcodec h263 -s qcif -r 15 -b 100k -acodec libfaac -ac 1 -ar ab 64k sprots.3gp.mpg ^b-ens\.swf t^m am- n-te v ffmpeg -i sports.mpg sports.swf Cßs\ I sh v snbvx.swf ^b-ep-isf {]h Øn- n- m {]txyiw SWF sπb-dp-iƒ Bh-iy-an-. VLC t]mep sπb-dp-i-fnepw Ch {]h Øn- n- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. 92

92 8. Iºyq- `mj BapJw ss]ø t{]m{kmanwkv `mjsb pdn v Nne hkvxpxiƒ Dƒs m p Hcp ]mt`mkamwnxv. F mw XcØn ]cnnbs ss]ø \n tzißfpss XpS bmbn Nne A[nI ss]ø \n tzißfmwv Cu ]mt`mkøv {]Xn]mZn ncn p Xv. ss]ø `mj Hm tkm^v v-shb cwkøv C v G hpw {]Nmcapff Iºyq `mjbmwv ss]ø. Pmh, kn XpSßnb `mjisf At] n v CXn Nn ßƒ IpdhmWv F XmWv CXn\p ImcWw. IqSmsX CXns ]Zhn\ymkhpw (syntax) a p hsb At] n v efnxamwv. Iºyq `mjm ]T\w F n\v? t{]m{kmanßv tijn t\spi F txmssm w Iºyq dnse \mw \ntxy\ D]tbmKn p hnhn[ t{]m{kmapiƒ \n an ncn p sxßs\sb v a\ nem pi F Xn\pw ChnsS Du \ ti Xp v. \mw D]tbmKn p Bπnt j tkm^v v-shbdpifpw Hm td nwkv knãßfpsa mw \n an ncn p Xv hnhn[ Iºyq `mjiƒ D]tbmKn msw Xncn dnhn\v {]m[m\yw \ ti Xp v. ]T\e yßƒ Bπnt j tkm^v v-shbdpifpw Hm td nßv knãßfpsa mw \n an ncn p Xv hnhn[ Iºyq `mjiƒ D]tbmKn msw [mcwbp m p Xn\v. ss]ø `mjbnse {Km^nIv \n tzißƒ D]tbmKn p Xn\p tijn t\sp Xn\v. for, range XpSßnb \n tzißfp]tbmkn v t{]m{kmapiƒ Xbmdm p Xn\p tijn t\sp Xn\v. for, range \n tzißfpss klmbtømss {Km^nIv \n tzißƒ IqSpX ^e{]zambn {]h Øn n p Xn\p tijn t\sp Xn\v. ss]ø `mjsb pdn v CXphsc ]Tn Xv ss]x `mjsb pdn p A[nI]T\w Ffp am p Xn\v F mw 93

93 XcØn {]Xn]mZn ncn p hkvxpxisf pdn p [mcw ]pxp p Xv \ mbncn pw. Cu ]mt `mkw ssiimcyw snøptºmƒ AXpsIm pxs ap [mcwiƒ Dd n p Xn\p {]h Ø\ßfpw \ Imhp XmWv. Iºyq `mj Iºyq Hcp Cet{ŒmWnIv D]IcWamWv. ASnÿm\]cambn Iºyq dn\v a\ nemip GI `mj b{ `mj (Machine Language) bmwv. Cu `mjbn ss_\dn (Binary) timupiƒ am{xsa D]tbmKn pibp q. ]qpyw (0), H v (1) F o Nn ßƒ am{xw Dƒs m p XmWv ss_\dn timupiƒ. ]qpyw(0) ON state s\bpw H v (1) OFF state s\bpw kqnn n p p. F m, Machine Language D]tbmKn v t{]m{kmw FgpXp Xv \sω kw_ n v _p nap mwv. Cu _p nap piƒ ]cnlcn p Xn\mbn hyxykvxßfmb Iºyq `mjiƒ D m s n p v. Akwªn `mj (Assembly Language), D XXe `mj (High Level Language) XpSßnbhbmWh. Cu `mjifn D]tbmKn ncn p {Sm kvte dpiƒ (Translators) \ap p ]cnnnxamb (English) `mjbn FgpXp t{]m{kmapisf b{ `mjbnte v X a snøp p. Akwªn `mjbn D]tbmKn p {Sm kvte BWv Akwª (Assembler). D XXe `mjifn Issºe (Compiler), C {] (Interpreter) F o {Sm kv te dpiƒ D]tbmKn p p. ss]ø Hcp D XXe `mjbmwv (High Level Language). F mw XcØn {]Xn]mZn n p input, raw_input, print, if XpSßnb \n tzißfpssbpw, ss]ø Hm td dpifpssbpw, Boolean Hm td dpi fpssbpw D]tbmKßfpw Nne A\p_ {]h Ø\ßfpw CXn\mbn Xmsg \ Ip p. mkv dqw {]h Ø\ßfmbpw A[nI {]h Ø\ßfmbpw Ch \ Imhp XmWv. sª, gtk-recordmydesktop, IT ]co t{]m{kmw, Cu ]mt]pkvxiøn ]cnnbs Sp Hm tjm v hountbm FUn XpSßnb tkm^v v-shbdpiƒ ss]ø D]tbmKn v Xbmdm nbxmsw hkvxpxbpw N bn htc Xp v. ss]ø \n tzißƒ input raw_input print if D]tbmKw A ßƒ C ]p mbn kzoicn p Xn\v A cßƒ C ]p mbn kzoicn p Xn\v hneiƒ {]n v snøp Xn\v ss]ø t{]m{kman XmcXayw \SØp Xn\p kvt vsa v 94

94 Expression Function < less than <= less than or equal to > greater than >= greater than or equal to!= not equal to <> not equal to (alternate) == equal to Boolean operators command name example output + Addition Sutbraction * Multiplication 4*5 20 / Division 19/3 6 % Remainder 19%3 1 ** Exponent 2**4 16 Python operators H n IqSpX Hm td dpiƒ Hcp \n tziøn hcnibmsw n km[mw KWnX {Inbbnep ap KW\m{Iaw Xs bmwv ]men s Sp Xv. Cu {Iaw Xmsg \ Ip p. 1. parentheses () 2. exponents ** 3. multiplication *, division /, and remainder % 4. addition + and sutbraction - C{Xbpw \n tzißfpw Hm d pifpw Dƒs m p t{]m{kmw timupiƒ Xmsg \ Ip p. F mwxcøn ]cnnbs Imcyßsf pdn v Hm a ]pxp m 95

95 v CØcØnep {]h Ø\ßƒ Ip niƒ v \ Imhp XmWv. {]h Ø\w 1 Xmsg \ Inbncn p ss]ø statement IfpsS D]tbmKsa v? ] ni ]q Ønbm q. Statement Use a=15 a F NcØn 10 F kwjy tijcn p Xn\v b=30 p=4*a a bnse kwjysb 4 sim v KpWn v, DØcw p bn tijcn p Xn\v a=3.14*r*r n=input( Enter a number : ) name=raw_input( Enter Your name: ) print c n F NcØn tijcnt kwjy C ]p mbn kzoicn p Xn\v c bpss hne {]n v snøp Xn\v print Area =, a {]h Ø\w 2 Xmsg \ Inbncn p ss]ø timupifpss Hu v]p piƒ F mbncn pw. SET 1 Program 1: a=20 p=4*a print p Program 2: x=10 y=5 d=(x+y)*(x-y) print d 96

96 Program 3: r=5 a=2*3.14*r print a SET 2 Program 1: a=input( Enter the Length of the Square: ) p=4*a print p Program 2: r=input( Enter the radius of the Circle: ) a=3.14*r*r print a Program 3: x=input( Enter First number : ) y=input( Enter Second number : ) d=(x+y)*(x-y) print d SET 3 Program 1: a=input( Enter the Length of the Square: ) p=4*a print Perimeter =,p Program 2: r=input( Enter the radius of the Circle: ) a=3.14*r*r print Area =, a Program 3: x=input( Enter First number : ) y=input( Enter Second number : ) d=(x+y)*(x-y) print Difference of their squares is,d 97

97 Program 4: n=raw_input( Enter Your name: ); p=input( Mark in Physics: ); c=input( Mark in Chemistry: ); b=input( Mark in Biology: ); t=p+c+b print Total Mark of, n, =, t apifn simspøncn p aq v sk v t{]m{kmapifpssbpw Hu v ]p piƒ F mbncn psa v Duln p ]dbm \n tzin Ww. Cs n timupiƒ gedit ssivãv FUn dn sss v snbvxv {]h Øn n p t\m m\mhiys Smw. ss]ø `mj D]tbmKn v Nne IW piq epiƒ \SØp Xn\pw, In nb DØcßƒ Bhiym\pkcWw {]n v snøp Xn\pap {]h Ø\ßfmWv CXp hsc snbvxxv. Iºyp \SØp IW piq episf AcnXv-sa niv {InbIƒ (Arithmetic operations) F mwv hnfn p Xv. F m XmcXayw snø, Xncb XpSßnb tempn {InbIƒ (Logical operations) snøp Xn\pw Iºyq dpiƒ ]cym]vxamwv. tempn {InbIƒ (Logical operations) snøp Xn\v ss]ø `mjbn D]tbmKn p Hcp kvt vsa mwv if kvt vsa v. if Syntax DZmlcWw if <condition>: if (a>b): {do this} print a {and this} else: {and this} print b else: {do this} {and this} {and this} if kvt vsa v D]tbmKn ptºmƒ NphsS \ Inbncn p Imcyßƒ {]txyiw {i nt Xp v. if, else F o \n tzißƒ sss psntø Xv Htc \ncbnembncn Ww. a v statement Iƒ if, else F nh sss psnbvx \ncbn BIcpXv. (apifn \evinb Syntax hetøm p \o n Fgp-Xn-bn-cn- p- Xv {i n- p-i) 98

98 F m if, else F nh HgnsIbp statement Iƒ F mw Htc \ncbnembncn Ww. if, else F nhtbmssm w Hcp timf ( : ) CSWw. {]h Ø\w 3 Hcp Ip n v KWnXimkv{X ]co bn e`n am v C ]p mbn kzoicn p Xn\pw am v 19 IqSpX BsW n Passed F pw 19 IpdhmsW n Failed F pw {]n v snøp Xn\pap ss]ø t{]m{kmw FgpXpI. Cu {]h Ø\w snøp Xn\v if kvt vsa v D]tbmKnt Xp v. ss]ø timuv Xmsg \ Ip p. m=input( Enter Mathematics Mark : ) if m>19: print Passed else: print Failed input raw_input A ßƒ C ]p mbn kzoicn p Xn\v A cßƒ C ]p mbn kzoicn p Xn\v = Hcp NcØntebv v hne Assk snøp Xn\v == if kvt vsa v D]tbmKn ptºmƒ c v hneiƒ kaamtwm F v t\m p Xn\v <, > if kvt vsa v D]tbmKn ptºmƒ c v hneifn sndptxxv, heptxxv F v Is Øp Xn\v print if hneiƒ {]n v snøp Xn\v ss]ø t{]m{kman XmcXayw \SØp Xn\p kvt vsa v {]h Ø\w 4 c p hml\ßƒ k cn icmicn kabhpw Zqchpw kzoicn v thkx IqSnb hml\w GsX v Is Øp Xn\p ss]ø t{]m{kmw FgpXpI. 99

99 d1=input( Enter the distacet ravelled by Vehicle 1 (in KMs): ) t1=input( Enter Average time taken to travel (in HRs): ) d2=input( Enter the distacet ravelled by Vehicle 2 (in KMs): ) t2=input( Enter Average time taken to travel (in HRs): ) s1=d1/t1 s2=d2/t2 if s1>s2: print Vehicle 1 is speer than Vehicle 2... else: print Vehicle 2 is speer than Vehicle 1... {]h Ø\w 5 c v NXpcßfpsS \ofhpw hoxnbpw kzoicn v IqSpX hnkvxo Wap NXpcw Is Øp Xn\p ss]ø t{]m{kmw FgpXpI. l1=input( Enter Length of first rectangle : ) b1=input( Enter breadth of first rectangle : ) l2=input( Enter Length of Second rectangle : ) b2=input( Enter breadth of Second rectangle : ) area1=l1*b1 area2=l2*b2 if area1>area2: print The area of Rectangle1 is more than that of rectangle 2... else: print The area of Rectangle2 is more than that of rectangle 1... ss]ø `mjbn F mw XcØn ]cnnbs \n tzißƒ \pkrxamb {]h Ø\ßfmWv CXphsc hnhcn Xv. HºXmw mknse Iºyq `mj F ]mt`mkøv ]cnnbs Sp ss]ø \n tzißƒ \pkcn p {]h Ø\ßƒ CXns XpS bmbn ]cnnbs SpØmw. ss]ø {Km^nIv \n t±ißƒ AcnØ-sa niv Hm tdj\pifpw tempn Hm tdj\pifpw ssiimcyw snøp Xpt]mse {Km^nIv \n tzißƒ \pkcn v Iºyq dns\ {]h Øn n m\pw ss]ø `mj D]tbmKn mw. S n (Turtle) F 100

100 A\p_ tkm^v v-shbdns klmbtømssbmwv CXv km[yamip Xv. D_p p sh j\pifn S n {]txyiw C Ãmƒ sntø Xn. IT@School GNU/Linux 3.2 hn S n {]h Øn p ns n Nne deb ^bepiƒ {]txyiw tn t Xp v. AXn\mbn blt_2.4z-4_i386.deb, pythontk_ _i386.deb, tcl8.4_ _i386.deb, tk8.4_ etch2_i386.deb F nh Gdebi Package installer D]tbmKn v C Ãmƒ snbvxm axn. ss]ø {Km^nIv \n t±ißƒ ]cnnbs Sp Xn\v ]mt`mksø ] ni- 1 (TB t]pv 67) \ Inbncn p {]h Ø\ßfpw, IqSpX cq]ßƒ \n Ωn mw (TB t]pv 69) F {]h Ø\hpw \ Imhp XmWv. ] ni -1 \ Inbncn p {]h Ø\ßƒ snøp Xn\v IDLE D]tbmKn p hn[w ]mt]pkvxiøn hnhcn ncn p Xv {i n pi. hnhn[ Hm td nwkv knãßfn IDLE Dƒs SpØm C Ãmƒ sntø deb ^bepifpss hnhcw Xmsg tn p p. Hm td nwkv knãw School Ubuntu Deb ^b IDLE {]txyiw C Ãmƒ sntø Xn. {]h Øn p ns n C s\ pambn IWŒv snbvx tijw ss an\en sudo apt-get in stall idle As n sudo apt-get install idlepython2.6 F Iam v sss v snbvxv Enter Aa ØWw. IT@School GNU/Linux 3.2 idle-python2.4_ etch3_all.deb IT@School GNU/Linux 3.8 idle-python2.4_ lenny1_all.deb IqSpX ss]ø {Km^nIv \n tzißƒ ]mt`mkøv ]cnnbs Sp IqSpX ss]ø \n tzißfpw AhbpsS D]tbmKhpw DZmlcW klnxw Xmsg ] nibn \ Inbncn p p. \n tziw D]tbmKw DZml-cWw forward() S n he-xp-h-i-tø v Nen- n- p- -Xn\v forward(50) circle() S n hrøm-ir-xn-bn Nen- n- p- -Xn\v circle(100) dot() {Km^nIv kv{io\n Hcp _nµp tcj-s - SpØp- -Xn\v dot(20, blue ) 101

101 \n tziw D]tbmKw DZml-cWw pencolor() {Km^nIv kv{io\n sxfn-bp cq]-ß-fpss \ndw \n W-bn- m pencolor( blue ) pensize() right() left() {Km^nIv kv{io\n sxfn-bp hc-i-fpss hoxn \n W-bn- m S n-ens Zni \n nx Un{Kn he-tøm v Xncn-bm. right(90) F p \ In-bm S n 90 Un{Kn he-tøm v Xncn-bpw. S n-ens Zni \n nx Un{Kn CS-tØm v Xncn-bm. left(90) F p \ In-bm S n 90 Un{Kn CS-tØm v Xncn-bpw. pensize(5) rt(120) AYhm right(120) lt(120) AYhm left(120) hideturtle() {Km^nIv kv{io\n \n v S n A{]-Xy- am-im showturtle() {Km^nIv kv{io\n S n {]-Xy- -s Sm hideturtle() showturtle() write() {Km^nIv kv{io\n Hcp kwjy {]n v snøm, write(s) F p- sss p -sn-bvxm Ss hne {Km^nIv kv{io\n {]n p-sn-øpw. write(s) time.sleep() c p \n tz-i-ßƒ n-s-bn Hcp \n nx kabw pause snøm. (]m-t-]p-kvx-i-ønse Nn{Xw 8.3 Dƒs -Sp-Ønb t{]m{kmw {i n- p-i). time.sleep(1) clear() import time from turtle import* {Km^nIv kv{io\nse hc-ifpw Fgp-Øp- Ifpw ]q W-ambpw C m-xm- m ka-b-hp-ambn _ -s \n tz-i-ßƒ t{]m{km-an Dƒs -Sp-Øm Cu \n tziw t{]m{km-ans XpS- -Øn \ ti- -Xp- v. S n {Km^nIvkv Iºyq- -dn {]h Ø-\- -a-am- p- -Xn\v t{]m{km-ans XpS- -Øn Cu \n tziw \ I-Ww. clear() import time from turtle import* 102

$apifn \ Inbncn p DZmlcWßƒ Python Shell PmeIØnse >>> F ASbmfØn\p (Shell prompt) t\sc sss v ssbvxv Enter Io Aa Øn {]h Øn n p t\m mhp XmWv (Nn{Xw 1).$

102 apifn \ Inbncn p DZmlcWßƒ Python Shell PmeIØnse >>> F ASbmfØn\p (Shell prompt) t\sc sss v ssbvxv Enter Io Aa Øn {]h Øn n p t\m mhp XmWv (Nn{Xw 1). range ^Mvj Hcp Iq w hneiƒ Hcp NcØn tijcn v hbv p Xn\v ss]ø `mjbnep]tbmkn p Hcp ^Mvj\mWv range F Xv. range hyxykvx coxnifn D]tbmKn mw. CXv Xncn dnbp XcØnep {]h Ø\ßƒ XpS Øn \ Imhp XmWv. CØcw kµ `ßfn ss]ø sj PmeIØn t\cn v \n tzißƒ sss p snbvxv {]h Øn n p XmWpNnXw. CXn\p am Kw Xmsg \ Ip p. Applications programming IDLE F {IaØn Python Shell PmeIw Xpd pi. PmeIØn Hmtcm \n tzißfpw {]txyiw ( >>> Nn Øn\p t\sc) sss p snbvxv {]h Øn n mhp XmWv. Nn{Xw 8.1 ss]ø sj PmeIØn IqSpX \n tzißƒ {]h Øn n p Xn\p ]cnioe\w Cu L Øn \ Imhp XmWv. AXn\mbn Nne {]h Ø\ßƒ Xmsg \ Ip p. >>> range(10) >>> range(5, 10) 103

103 >>> range(0, 10, 3) >>> range(-10, -100, -30) (Cu {]h Ø\ßfpsS DØcw Nn{Xw 1 ImWmw) >>> a=10 >>> b=20 >>> c=a+b >>> c for \n tziw Ht m AXne[nItam statement Iƒ H n IqSpX XhW {]h Øn n p Xn\mWv for \n tziw D]tbmKn p Xv. for \n tziw t{]m{kmans hen w Ipd p Xn\pw, FUn nwkv Ffp am p Xn\pw klmbn p p. ]mt]pkvxiønse ka] `ppßƒ \n an mw F {]h Ø\tØmsS for \n tziw AhXcn n mhp XmWv. km[mcwcoxnbn ] `ppw \n an p Xn\p {]h Ø\w BZyw ImWn Ww. from turtle import* fd(50) rt(72) fd(50) rt(72) fd(50) rt(72) fd(50) rt(72) fd(50) rt(72) {]h Ø\Øn fd(50), rt(72) F o \n tzißƒ Bh Øn p \ InbXv Ip nbpss {i bn s SpØWw. CØcØn IqSpX hißfp cq]ßƒ hcbv ptºmgp mip _p nap pifpw t_m[ys SptØ Xp v. Cu kµ `Øn for \n tziw D]tbmKn p Xmsg \ Inbncn p coxn ]cnnbs SpØWw. from turtle import* for i in range(5): fd(50) rt(72) 104

104 for kvt vsa v D]tbmKn ptºmƒ NphsS \ Inbncn p Imcyßƒ {]txyiw {i nt Xp v. CXv kzbw Is Øp Xn\p Ahkcw Ip niƒ v \ IWw. for kvt vsa v Dƒs m p \n tziøns Ahkm\w Hcp timf ( : ) CSWw. for kvt vsa ns ]cn-[n-bn {]h Øn-t a v kvt vsa piƒ for kvt vsa v XpSßnb \ncbn BIcpXv. F m for HgnsIbp statement Iƒ F mw Htc \ncbnembncn Ww. For syntax DZmlcWßƒ for iterating_var in sequence: 1) for i in range(11): statement(s) print i 2) for i in range(1,11): print i 3) for i in range(2,11,2): print i 4) fruits = [ banana, apple, mango ] for fruit in fruits: print Current fruit :, fruit ChnsS i, fruit F nh iterating_variable IfmWv. XpS v Iu v Uu t m v (TB t]pv 70), Iºyq IfsagpØv (TBt]Pv 71) XpSßnb {]h Ø\ßƒ \ Imhp XmWv. Iu v Uu t m v F {]h Ø\Ønse ] ni ]qcn n p Xn\p \n tzißƒ ]mt]pkvxiøn Xs \ Inbn p v. Iºyq IfsagpØv F {]h Ø\Ønse aq masø PymanXob cq]w (TB- t]pv 72) \n an p Xn\p t{]m{kmw Xmsg \ Ip p. from turtle import* clear() for i in range(8): rt(45) circle(50) circle(60) circle(70) circle(80) circle(90) 105

105 circle(100) Iºyq IfsagpØv F {]h Ø\Øn\ptijw ]mt]pkvxiønse A[nI{]h Ø\ßƒ \ Imhp XmWv. CXn\v klmbicamb kqn\iƒ Xmsg \ Ip p. ]mt]pkvxiønse A[nI {]h Ø\ßƒ ]mt]pkvxiønse A[nI {]h Ø\ßƒ for, range F o \n tzißfpw {Km^nIv \n tzißfpw D]tbmKn p Xn\v tijn t\sp Xn\v D]tbmKs SpØmw. {]h Ø\w 1 (TB- t]pv 72) hnizoicww {Km^nIv kvt vsa piƒ ]cnioen p Xn\mWv Cu {]h Ø\ßƒ \ ti Xv. icnbmb timupiƒ Xmsg \ Iq p. {]h Ø\ßƒ H bv p snøm t{]cn n Ww. Ip niƒ \n an p t{]m{kmw IrXyambn {]h Øn p ns n sx mb timuv XncpØp Xn\pw ho pw {]h Øn n p Xn\pw ]cnioe\w \ IWw. IqSpX cq]ßƒ \n an p Xn\p Ahkchpw CtXmsSm w \ ti Xp v. a) b) c) d) from turtle import* home() clear() right(180) circle(50) forward(150) circle(50) from turtle import* home() clear() circle(50) forward(150) circle(50) from turtle import* home() clear() circle(50) home() forward(100) home() backward(100) home() rt(90) forward(200) from turtle import* home() clear() for i in range(1,9): forward(100) home() rt(45*i) {]h Ø\w 2 (TB- t]pv 73) for statement, range function F nh ]cnioen p Xn\mWv {]h Ø\w 2 \ ti Xv. {]h Ø\Øn \ Inbncn p timupiƒ BZyw {]h Øn nt Xp v. AXn\p tijw A\p_ {]h Ø\ßƒ \nehnep timupambn XmcXayw snbvxv snøphm t{]cn n Ww. 50 hscbp H kwjyiƒ {]n v snøpi. 106

106 for i in range(1,50,2): print i 40 hscbp 4 sim v \nt»jw lcn mhp kwjyiƒ {]n v snøpi. {]h Ø\w 3 (TB- t]pv 73) for i in range(4,41,4) print i H p apx ]Øp hscbp FÆ kwjyifpss XpI ImWp t{]m{kmans timupiƒ sx mbn Cu {]h Ø\Øn \ Inbncn p p. timunep sx piƒ Is Øn t{]m{kmw ]q Ønbm nb tijw Xmsg \ Inbncn p {]h Ø\ßƒ snømhp XmWv. DØcw Is Øp Xn\p kqn\iƒ {]h Ø\w 3 se sx v XncpØp Xn\v s=s+i, print i F o \n tzißƒ Xmsg- -d-bp coxn-bn hcww. icnbmb timuv Xmsg \ Ip p. for, range F nh Dd n p Xn\v CØcw {]h Ø\ßƒ D]tbmKn mw. s=0 for i in range(1,11): s=s+i print s ]Øn\p Xmsgbp Cc kwjyifpss XpI ImWm for i in range(1,11): F \n tziw for i in range(2,10,2): F m nbm axn H p apx A p hscbp kwjyiƒ XΩn KpWn m In p hne ImWp Xn\v for i in range(1,11): F \n t±iw for i in range(1,6): F m pibpw, s=s+i F \n tziw s=s*i F m pibpw thww. {]h Ø\w 4 (TB- t]pv 73) t{]m{kmans Hu v]p v F mbncn psa v Duln p Is ØpIbmWv th Xv. C ]p v coxnbpw for, range F o \n tzißfpw Hcpan p hcp {]h Ø\amWnXv. CXn\p tijw apifn \ Inbncn p {]h Ø\ßfpw C ]p v coxnbn snøphm \n tzin pibpw, C ]p v coxn D]tbmKn p Xp sim p ta Iƒ N snøpibpw thww. 107

107 9. Ãm v B... BapJw `i tej\w \ΩpsS Iºyq dn F A[ymbØn i ^bepisf FUn v snøm ]cnnbs SpI hgn k KmflI {]h Ø\Øn sf.kn.sn. SqfpIfpsS km[yx hnzym YnIƒ a\ nem n gn p. CXns XpS ]T\ambmWv Ne n{x^bepisf FUn v snøm\p tkm^v vshb ]cnnbs SpØp Xv. HºXmw mknse aebmfw, lnµn hnjbßfpss ]T\hpambn _ s v Xnc YIfpw Ne n{xßfpw hnzym YnIƒ ]cnnbs Sp p v. a v hnjbßfpss ]T\hpambn _ s v Xbmdm nb Xnc YIƒ D]tbmKn v {lkzkn\naiƒ, hm ØmNn{Xßƒ F nh \n an m\pw hountbm FUn nwkv F ssivt\mfpnsb pdn v ASnÿm\ [mcw \ Im\pw Cu A[ymbØnse ]T\{]h Ø\w sim v km[n Ww. `mjm[ym]icpssbpw Xm ]cyap a v A[ym]IcpsSbpw klicwtømss CXns Bkq{XWw \SØmhp XmWv. ]T\ e yßƒ hountbm FUn nwkns\ pdn p [mcw e`n p Xn\v Ne n{x \n amwønse {][m\l ßsf pdn p [mcw e`n p Xn\v OpenShot Video Editor D]tbmKn v hountbm FUn nwkv \n hln p Xn\p tijn ssihcn p Xn\v hountbm FUn nwkv tkm^v vshbdpifnse hountbm/hmuntbm {Sm pisf pdn p [mcw e`n p Xn\v BibkwthZ\Øn\mbn Ne n{x C^IvSpIsf D]tbmKn msa Xn\p [mcw t\sp -Xn\v. Ne n{x ^bepifnen sss nepiƒ Dƒs SpØp Xn\p tijn e`n p Xn\v FUn v snbvx hountbm n pisf DNnXamb hountbm ^b t^m am pifnte v FIvkvt]m v snøm\p tijn e`n p Xn\v. D S hniie\w Hcp {lkzne n{xw tkm^v vshb D]tbmKn v FUn v snbvxv Xømdm p {]h Ø\ØneqsSbmWv Cu ]mt`mkw hn\nabw snøs ts Xv. 108

108 `mjm, sf.kn.sn. mkpifn Ip niƒ Xbmdm nb Xnc Y D]tbmKn v Zriyh cww \SØnb hountbm ^bepisf FUn nwkn\mbn D]tbmKn mw. Bhiyamb {Kq v N Iƒ pw a pw Xnbdn mkpiƒ D]tbmKs SpØWw. Hmtcm {Kq ns bpw ]Tt\m ] ambn Hcp {lkz Ne n{xw D mth XmWv. Xnc Y, jq nwkv kv{in]v v Is Ø, ] møe i w/kw`mjww \ I F nh {Kq v {]h Ø\ßfmbn \SØmhp XmWv. Shooting Script - Nn{X-W-tcJ Xnc- -Y-bpsS sxm -SpØ cn\m ]cn-wm-a-amwv jq nwkv kv{in]v v. Nn{Xo-I-cn- m t]mip Zriy-ß-fpsS kq va hnh-c-ßƒ AS-ßnbtcJ. Zriy-h-en- sø- p-dn- p hnh-cww Zqsc (Long shot), a[yzqcøv (Medium shot), ASpØv (Close-up), IYm-]m-{X-ß-fp-sSbpw Iyma-d-bp-sSbpw \o -ßƒ, {]Im-ih-XvI-c-W-Øns \n tz-i-ßƒ Cßs\ \nc-h[n hni-zmw-i-ß-f-s-ßn-b-xmwv CXv. aebmfw ]mt]pkvxiønse Hcp sndp]p ncn, tamtu ssswkv- B[p\nI ImeØns DXvIWvTIƒ, lnµn ]mt]pkvxiønse [okm F o ]mt`mkßsf Bkv]Zam n kn\na Xbmdm p Xn\p L ßƒ Fs ms bmsw v hy am p N kwlsn n mwv Cu ]mt`mktø v {]thint Xv. CXnse N mkqnißfmbn Xmsg X ncn p h IqSn Iq nt mw. N mkqniw : Ne n{x \n amwønse {][m\ L ßƒ (TB t]pv : 75) ]e ÿeßfn h v Nn{XoIcn ^bepisf H ^bem n am Ww. ] møe i w Dƒs SpØWw sss nepiƒ Dƒs SpØWw Ne n{x \n amwønse {][m\l amwv Nn{XkwtbmP\w F p t{imuoicwøn\ptijw hountbm FUn nwkv tkm^v vshbdpisf ]cnnbs SpØmw. OpenShot Video Editor Xpd v ]pxnb Project Profile Xbmdm ntbm \nehnepff s{]mss^ D]tbmKnt m hountbm FUn nwkv Bcw`n mhp XmWv. Project Profile sxcs Sp p hn[w. FUn v snbvx hountbm n pisf GXv t^m am nte mtwm FIvkvt]m v snøm Dt±in p Xv, B t^m am n Xs Project Profile {IaoIcn p XmWv DNnXw. Cßs\ snbvxns n Export snøp hountbm ^bens Izmfn n hfscb[niw \jvss Sm km[yxbp v. Project Profile 109

109 OpenShot Video Editor - C Ãmƒ snøp- -hn[w OpenShot 1.22 ]Xn- mwv ]mt-]p-kvx-i-øn D]-tbm-Kn- n-cn- p- -Xv. D_p p 9.10 apx-ep ]Xn- p-i-fn C s\- n \n pw t\cn v Open shot s ]pxnb ]Xn v C Ãmƒ snøm Xmsg ]d-bp Iam p-iƒ Hmtcm- mbn ss an-\- en sss v snbvxv F sn-bvxm axn. sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jonoomph/openshot-edge sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install openshot openshot-doc IqSp-X hnh-c-ßƒ v F sh_vssk v kµ in- p-i. sxcs Sp m tkm^v vshbdnse File New Project {IaØn n v snbvxv Project Profile F ÿeøv DNnXamb t^m am v skeivsv snbvxv Save Project \ Inbm axn. ssswsse\ns kabssz Lyw (Project Length) F Xv 10 an\n mbn {IaoIcn n ps nepw ]n osv t{]mpivsn IqSpX ^bepiƒ Dƒs SpØp X\pkcn v ssz Lyw h [n p XmWv. am\zembn ]pxnb s{]mss^ {Intb v snøm Edit Preferences Profiles Manage Profiles {IaØn Profile Manager PmeIØn {]thin v Profile F Xn\v hexp`mkøp Add(+) _ Wn n psnbvxv ]pxnb value Iƒ \ In tkhv n p-snbvxv hn tum t mkv snbvxm axn. hountbm ^bepisf Db Izmfn nbp DVt^m am nte mwv Export snøm\pt±in p sx n Default Profile F Xv DV PAL F v sxcs Sp pi. FUn v snøm\p ^bepiƒ Iºyq dnte v tim n snøp {]h Ø\amWv BZyw \St Xv. Iymadbn \n v t\cnt m, hn.kn.un/ Un.hn.Un/lm Uv UnkvIv F nhbn \nt m Cu ^bepisf Iºyq dnte v tim n snømw. Iºyq dnte v ]I tø Ne n{x ^bepisf hyxykvx {Kp piƒ v \ In {Kq v {]h Ø\ØneqsS CXv \n hln mhp XmWv. Hmtcm Iºyq dnepw kv]o kuicyw Dt m F v Dd v hcpøpibpw thww. hountbm ^bepisf Iºyq dnte v tim nsnøp hn[w Iºyq dnse IEEE-1394 Firewire Cards t]m v hgntbm bp.fkv._n. t]m v hgntbm Iymadbnse ^bepisf Iºyq dnte v tim n snømw. DV Camera D]tbmKn v \mw jq v snbvx hountbm^bepisf Db Izmfn nbp dv t^m am n Xs Iºyq dnte v ]I Øm {]txyiw capturing device 110

(IEEE-1394 Firewire Card) Xs thww. Kino, Kdenlive, dvgrab XpSßnb tkm^v vshbdpiƒ CØcw capturing device hgn hountbm ^bepisf Iºyq dnte v tim n snøm klmbn p p.

110 (IEEE-1394 Firewire Card) Xs thww. Kino, Kdenlive, dvgrab XpSßnb tkm^v vshbdpiƒ CØcw capturing device hgn hountbm ^bepisf Iºyq dnte v tim n snøm klmbn p p. hountbm Iymadbnse lm Uv Unkv n kq n ncn p ^bepisf USB t]m v hgnbpw Iºyq dnte v tim n snømw. CØcw IymadIƒ Iºyq dn IWIvSv snøptºmƒ Xs lm Uv Unkv v au v snøpibpw ^bepisf ^b {_uk hgn copy & paste coxnbn Iºyq dnte v t]ãv snømhp XpamWv. Nn{Xw 9.1 IEEE-1394 Firewire Card VCD bn \n pw hountbm ^bepisf Iºyq dnte v tim n snøp hn[w hountbm ^bepiƒ hn.kn.un./un.hn.un, s] s{suhv F nhbnte v ]I Øn Ahbn \n pw Iºyq dnte v tim n snømsa v \ap dnbm at m? F m gnu/linux tim n t]ãv kt Xw D]tbmKn v Video CD bnep hountbm ^bepisf (avseqxx.dat) Iºyq dnte v tim n snøm km[n n. Video DVD bn \nt m, s] s{suhn \nt m hountbm ^bepisf Cu coxnbn tim n snøm bmsxmcp _p nap pan. CØcw kµ `ßfn vcdimager F tkm^v vshb D]tbmKn v Video CD bnse ^bepisf Iºyq dnte v tim n snømw. Iam Uv sse\nemwv CXv {]h Øn nt Xv. {]h Ø\ {Iaw Xmsg simsp p p. vcd s{suhnenspi. hountbm tim n snøp Xn\p th n Hcp t^mƒu \n Ωn pi (DZm. Desktop VideoClips F t^mƒu.) Cu t^mƒudn\p apifn right click snbvxv terminal Xpd pi (Open in Terminal) ss an\en vcdxrip -C /dev/cdrom -p F Iam Uv sss v snbvxv Enter snøpi. copying ]q Ønbmbm terminal $ t{]mw]v v {]Xy s Spw. AXn\p tijw am{xw terminal t mkv snøpi. At mƒ VideoClips F t^mƒudn\p n mpg t^m am nep Ht m AXn IqSpXtem ^bepiƒ ImWmw. 111

$^bepisf apdn mw Iq nt mw Cwt]m v snbvx hountbm ^bepiƒ tkm^v vshbdnse Project Files F `mkøv ImWmw. ChnsS \n pamwv ssswsse\nte v ^bepisf {UmKv sntø Xv. FUn nwkn\mbn Sn._n. t]pv 76 se kqn\iƒ D]tbmKn mw.$

111 ^bepisf apdn mw Iq nt mw Cwt]m v snbvx hountbm ^bepiƒ tkm^v vshbdnse Project Files F `mkøv ImWmw. ChnsS \n pamwv ssswsse\nte v ^bepisf {UmKv sntø Xv. FUn nwkn\mbn Sn._n. t]pv 76 se kqn\iƒ D]tbmKn mw. OpenShot-Overview Nn{Xw Main Toolbar ^b Dƒs SpØm\pw save,undo,export F nh snøm\pap _ WpIƒ 2. Function Tabs- Project Files, Transitions, Effects F o Sm_pIƒ Dƒs m p p. 3. Project Files Dƒs SpØnb hountbm, HmUntbm, Nn{X^bepIƒ F nh Dƒs m p PmeIw. 4. Preview Window 5. Edit Toolbar 6. Zoom Slider ssswsse\ns time-scale {IaoIcn m klmbn p p. 7. Ruler - Time-scale ImWm - -{Sm nse hountbm/hmuntbm ^bepifpss kabssz Lyw a\ nem mw. 8. Timeline Hmtcm Sqfns\bpw AXXv ]T\{]h Ø\Øns L Ønembncn Ww hnzym YnIƒ ]cnnbs ts Xv. 112

112 hountbmiƒ v {Sm knj \ Imw ap mkpifn ]cnnbs Hm Hm^okv Cw{]knse ss Uv {Sm knj kt XsØ pdn p [mcw ]pxp nb tijamwv hountbm FUn nwknse {Sm knj C^IvSns\ ]cnnbs SpØp `mkw AhXcn nt Xv. AXn\mbn ]mt`mksø Sn._n. t]pv : 77 ]dbp N Isf D]tbmKs SpØmhp XmWv. N bn Xmsg ]dbp kqnißsf IqSn Iq nt mw N mkqniw 1 : {]kt j IqSpX BI jiam mw -IqSpX Iq nt mhp h A cßƒ v \ndw \ Imw ss UpIfn A\ptbmPyamb Nn{Xw Dƒs SpØmw ] møeambn i_vz^bepiƒ Dƒs SpØmw. N mkqniw 2 : ss UpIfn {Sm knj D]tbmKn p Xp sim p sa ßƒ- IqSpX Iq nt mhp h At\Iw ss UpIƒ nsbn \n pw Hcp ss Uv am{xw {]txyiw t{] I {i n m ss Uv {Sm knj D]tbmKn mw ] møeøn ss Uv F{X t\cw \n Wsa v Xocpam\n mw. Hm Hm^okv Cw{]kn Xbmdm nb Hcp {]kt j {]Z in n v ss Uv {Sm knjs ta Iƒ hnzym YnIsf t_m[ys SpØmhp XmWv. N mkqniw 3 : kn\nabn ko amdptºmƒ am w A\p`hthZyam m snøp Imcyßƒ IqSpX Iq nt mhp h. hyxykvx coxnbnep tjm piƒ D]tbmKn p p. hountbm- HmUntbm C^IvSpIƒ D]tbmKn p p. {Sm knj C^IvSpIƒ Zriy`wKn v th n am{xa, BibkwthZ\Øn\mbpw D]tbmKn msa [mcw Cu N bneqss Ip niƒ v e`n Ww. CØcw kt Xßƒ Dƒs SpØnbncn p hountbm `mkßƒ hnzym YnIƒ v ]cnnbs SptØ XmWv. Sn._n.bn ]cma in n p tamtu ssswkv F kn\nabnse `mkw Xs D]tbmKn mw. hountbm ^bepiƒ IqSnt cp F m ÿeøpw {Sm knj C^ŒpIƒ \ Ip Xns 113

$A\uNnXyhpw hnzym YnIsf t_m[ys SpØWw. {Sm knj kabssz Lyw {IaoIcn p hn[w hountbm ^bepiƒ nsbn Dƒs SpØnb {Sm knjs kabw Resize tool D]tbmKn v {IaoIcn m km[n pw.$

113 A\uNnXyhpw hnzym YnIsf t_m[ys SpØWw. {Sm knj kabssz Lyw {IaoIcn p hn[w hountbm ^bepiƒ nsbn Dƒs SpØnb {Sm knjs kabw Resize tool D]tbmKn v {IaoIcn m km[n pw. AXn\mbn Resize tool n v snbvxv {Sm knjs BZy `mktøm Ahkm\ `mktøm n v snbvxv BhiyØn\\pkcn v apt mt m ]nt mt m {UmKv snbvxm axn. (Nn{Xw : 9.3) i_vz-ne n{x ^bepifpssbpw kab ssz Lyhpw Cu Sqƒ D]tbmKn v {IaoIcn m km[n pw. {Sm knj\n ssd v n v snbvxv Remove Transition n psnbvxmwv {Sm knj C^IvSns\ Uoen v sntø Xv. hountbm HmUntbm {Sm p-iƒ Nn{Xw 9.3 hountbm/hmuntbm ^b-ep-isf th Xn-cn- p- Xpw FUn v snøp- Xpw sssw sse\nse HmUntbm/hoUntbm {Sm p-i-fn h m-wv. km[m-c-w-bmbn hountbm FUn- nwkv tkm^v vshb-dp-i-fn i_vz ^b-ep-iƒ pw Ne- n{x ^b-ep-iƒ pw sht sd {Sm p-iƒ Xs -bp- m-hpw. F m OpenShot s \ne-hn-ep ]Xn- n (version 1.22) hountbm/hmuntbm ^b-ep-iƒ v sht sd {Sm p-i-fn-. {Sm n-ep hountbm sf -Wn (eye icon) n v snbvxv hountbm Untk-_nƒ snbvxm {]kvxpx {Sm v HmUntbm {Sm mbn amdp- p. AXp-t]mse HmUntbm sf -Wn (speaker icon) n v snbvxv HmUntbm Untk-_nƒ snbvxv B {Sm ns\ hountbm {Sm v am{x-am- nbpw am m-hp- -Xm-Wv. ssswsse-\n ]pxnb {Sm p-iƒ Dƒs -Sp-Øm\pw Hgn-hm- m\pw {Sm n Right Click snbvxv Add Track Above/Add Track Below, Remove Track F o Hm]vj-\p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn- m axn. Transition/Mask Properties {Sm knj FUn v snøm {Sm n Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p {Sm kn-j- \n Right click - Properties F {Ia-Øn n psnbvxv Transition/Mask 114

$Properties PmeIw Xpd v Type, Softness F nhbn am ßƒ hcpøn Apply \ Inbm axn.$

114 Properties PmeIw Xpd v Type, Softness F nhbn am ßƒ hcpøn Apply \ Inbm axn. ZriyßfpsS ebw BibkwthZ\Øn\mbn {Sm knj C^IvSpIsf am{xa, hountbm C^IvSpIsfbpw D]tbmKn mw F [mcw Cu `mk-ønse {]h Ø-\-ØneqsS hnzym YnIƒ v e`n Ww. Sn._n. Nn{Xw 9.7 {Sm knj C^IvSns\ pdn v ]dbp kqn\iƒ CXn\mbn D]tbmKn mw. hyxykvx ÿe-imeßsf ASpØSpØ ko\pifn AhXcn n ptºmƒ BZy ko\ns Ahkm\w Fade out F C^IvSpw XpS v hcp ko\n\v Fade in Dw \ Imw. Clip properties {Sm n Dƒs SpØnb i_vzne n{x ^bepifn ssd v n v snbvxmwt m Fade in, Fade out XpSßnb C^IvSpIƒ \ Ip Xv. F m Cu ^bens t{]m okv PmeIØn {]thin m ^bepifnse C^vIvSp- Isf FUn psnøpi, Hgnhm pi XpSßn At\Iw Imcyßƒ snøm km[n pw. AXn\mbn ^ben Right Click-Properties {IaØn Clip properties (Nn{Xw : 9.4)PmeIØn {]thin v hnhn[ Sm_pIƒ sxcs SpØv Bhiyamb am ßƒ hcpøn Apply n v snbvxm axn. CXnep Effects Sm_n n v snbvxv Add/Remove hgn hountbm/hmuntbm C^IvSpIƒ \ Im\pw Hgnhm m\pw km[n pw. Function Tab se Effects PmeIw Xpd v C^IvSpIƒ ^bepifnte v {UmKv snbvxpw ^bepiƒ v hountbm/hmuntbm C^IvSpIƒ \ Imw. hountbm- C^Œv - - Speed / Slow Motion Nn{Xw 9.4 Ne n{x ^bens Clip properties PmeIØnse Speed Sm_n {]thin v Speed enãn \n pw Normal Speed \v ]Icw ½ skeivsv snbvxm slow motion hountbm {]h Øn p Xmbn ImWmw. 115

$hountbm s{^bnw \n e Nn{X-ß-fpsS Hcp t{iwnsb XpS -bmbn ImWn- p- -Xm-Wt m Ne- n-{xøneqss snøp- -Xv. hountbm n p-i-fnse Cu Hmtcm \n e Nn{XtØbpw s{^bnw F v hnfn- mw.$

115 hountbm s{^bnw \n e Nn{X-ß-fpsS Hcp t{iwnsb XpS -bmbn ImWn- p- -Xm-Wt m Ne- n-{xøneqss snøp- -Xv. hountbm n p-i-fnse Cu Hmtcm \n e Nn{XtØbpw s{^bnw F v hnfn- mw. km[m-c-w-bmbn Ne- n-{x-ß-fn Hcp sk n 24 s{^bn-ap-i-fmwv (24 frame per second) D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xv. F m hountbm t^m am- p-iƒ amdp- -X-\p-k-cn v 25, 30 F o frame rate Dw Ne- n-{x-ß-fn D]-tbm-Kn- m-dp- v. UnPn- kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS Bhn `mh-tømss ssen-hn-j kwt{]-j-w-øn CXnepw IqSp-X frame rate Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn- p -Xp-S-ßn-bn- p- v. 5 an\p v ssz Ly-ap Hcp Ne- n-{x-øn F{X s{^bn-ap-iƒ Dƒs m- p- p-s v Duln- m-hp- -tx-bp- p. hountbm ^bep-iƒ v Db ^b hen w (file size) ssih-cp- -Xn\v Hcp ImcWw CXm- Wv. frame rate s FÆw Ipd-bp- -X-\p-k-cn v hountbm Zriy-ß-fnse IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS kzm`m-hni Ne-\-ß-fnepw am -ap- m-hp p. Nn{Xw 9.5 Nn{X-Ønse BZy s{^bnapw Ah-km\ s{^bnapw XΩn-ep hyxymkw t\m q. i ^bepifn Fade in, Fade out XpSßnb C^IvSpIƒ \ Im Audio Sm_n n v snbvxv Fade in, Fade out F nhbn Sn v am v \ Inbm axn. kw`mjww Dƒs SpØmw kw`mjww sdt m Uv sntø Xps n Ggmw A[ymbØn ]cnnbs HUmkn n D]tbmKn mw. i_vzw \ Im {]txyiw A`ncpNnbp hnzym YnIsf Is Øp Xv DNnXambncn pw. dnt m Uv snøp i_vz^bepiƒ tkhv snøptºmƒ IYmkµ `Øn\v tbmpn p ^b \maw \ IpI. ]n osv Hm tjm n Ah Dƒs SpØptºmƒ ^bepisf I p]nsn m CXv IqSpX klmbiamhpw. i_vz^bepisf Ne n{x ^bepifn Dƒs SpØp {]h Ø\Øn\v Sn._n. Nn{Xw 9.8 se kqn\iƒ D]tbmKs SpØmhp XmWv. sss nepiƒ thww Xbmdm p Ne n{xøn\v Titles, Credits F nh GsXms \ IWw 116

$F v enãv snbvxxn\ptijamwv sss n FUn dns\ ]cnnbs SptØ Xv. Ne n{xøns Ahkm\w \ Ip sss nepifmwv credits. km[mcw coxnbn Crawl snøp (Xmsg \n v apifnte v Nen p ) coxnbnemwv Chsb Dƒs SpØmdp Xv.$

116 F v enãv snbvxxn\ptijamwv sss n FUn dns\ ]cnnbs SptØ Xv. Ne n{xøns Ahkm\w \ Ip sss nepifmwv credits. km[mcw coxnbn Crawl snøp (Xmsg \n v apifnte v Nen p ) coxnbnemwv Chsb Dƒs SpØmdp Xv. sss n FUn dnse Start here F Xn\v Xmsgbp enãn \n mwv sswtπ v sxcs Spt Xv. sxm p Xmsgbp FUn nwkv SqfpIƒ D]tbmKn v ssivãv kvss, ssivãv \ndw, ] møe \ndw F nh sxcs Sp mw. sss nens\ IqSpX BI jiam m Use Advanced Editor n p snbvxv Inkscape Vecter Graphic Editor sss nens\ Hm snbvxv Bhiyamb am ßƒ hcpøn tkhv snbvxm axn. t{]mpivsv ^b tkhv snbvx ÿeøv thumbnailf {]txyi t^mƒudnemwv sss nepiƒ tkhv Bhp Xv. FUn nwkv PmeIØn ^Mvj Sm_nse Project Files F `mkøpw Ch D mhpw. ChnsS \n v ssswsse\nte v sss nepisf {UmKv snømhp XmWv. Hcp sss nens\ FUn v snøm Project Files ht m ssswsse\n ht m sss nen ssd v n v snbvxv Edit Title (Simple) n p snbvxv sss n FUn dn Xpd pi. tijw ^ben Bhiyamb am ßƒ hcpøn Apply \ Inbm axn. Crawl snøp sss nepiƒ Crawl snøp sss nepisf Hm tjm nse Preset B\ntaj\pIƒ D]tbmKn v Xbmdm m km[n pw. AXn\mbn Hcp ss Un Ht m ct m sss n F coxnbn F m sss nepifpw Xbmdm n tkhv snøpi. tijw Project Files \n pw Ch Hmtcm ns\bpw apifnepw Xmsgbpap ASpØSpØ {Sm nte v {UmKv snbvxnspi. C\n Hmtcm sss nenepw ssd v n p snbvxv Animate-Bottom to Top \ InbXn\p tijw ss UpIsf Nn{XØnteXp t]mse (Nn{Xw.9:6) {Sm n {IaoIcn m axn. Nn{Xw

117 FIvkvt]m v snømw s{]mpœv ^bens\ FIvkvt]m v snøm Xmsgbp valueiƒ \ Imw. Simple Mode Format Profile Target Video Profile Quality DVD DVD DVD-PAL DV PAL High t^m am nte v (.dvd) Mpeg All Formats MPEG(mpeg2) DV PAL High t^m am nte v (.mpeg) MOV All Formats MOV(h.264) DV PAL High t^m am nte v (.mov) AVI All Formats AVI(mpeg2) DV PAL High t^m am nte v (.avi) Video CD (VCD) \n Ωn m.mpg t^m am nte v t{]mpœv ^bens\ FIvkvt]m v sntø Xp v. AXn\mbn Xmsgbp Value sxcs Sp mw. Simple Mode Profile Target Video Profile Quality All Formats MPEG(mpeg2) VCD PAL High Animated Title Editor OpenShot s ]pxnb ]Xn v (1.2.2) apx Blender D]-tbm-Kn v {Xnam\ (3D) A\n-ta-j sss n-ep-iƒ \n an- m-\p kuicyw IqSn e`y-am- n-bn- p- v. CXn\v Blender s 2.55 \v api-fn-ep ]Xn v C Ãmƒ snø-ww. 3D A\n-ta-j sss n-ep-iƒ Xbm-dm- m Title New Animated Title F {Ia-Øn n p snbvxv sss n PmeIw Xpd- p-i. sss n Pme-I-Øns CSXv `mkøv \n pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb ssswtπ v skeivsv snbvxv Bh-iyamb sss n-ep-ifpw a pw \evin Xmsg-bp Render n psnøp-i. Db {]h Ø-\- -a-x-bp Iºyq- -dn am{xta Cu {]h Ø\w \S-Øm km[n- q. 118

118 10. Ne-\-ß-fpsS Poh-imkv{Xw BapJw ]pcm-x\ Imew-ap-X Poh-\p- -h-bpss {][m\ khn-ti-jx As - n e - W-ambn IW- m- -s -Sp- Xv Ne-\-ti-jn-bm-Wv. Ne-\-Øns Poh-imkv{Xw F pw a\p-jys\ A p-x-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. c -Nw-{I-a-Ww, lrz-b-øns kt m-n-hn-im-k-ßƒ, Aÿn-I-fpsS Ne-\w, kky-ß-fnse Pe-Øn-s bpw eh- W-ß-fp-sSbpw kwh-l\w XpS-ßnb ]e {]h Ø-\-ßfpw kviqƒ mkp-i-fnse hnzym Yn-I-fn-te v FØn- pi F Xv {ia-i-c-am-sw- Xv bmym Yy-am-Wv. CØc-Øn-ep Poh-im-kv{X-]-T-\-Øns k o W-Xsb C m-xm- p-hm hnh-c-hn-\nab kmt -XnIhnZy Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc klm-b-i-am-wv. ]e Poh {]-h Ø-\-ßsfbpw A\n-ta-j-\p-Iƒ t]mse-bp kt -X-ß-fpsS klm-b-tømss imkv{xobx tnm p-t]m-imsxxs Ah-X-cn- n- p-hm hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt -Xn-I-hn- Zy- m-hp- p. ]T\ e yßƒ sf.-kn.-sn. kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS klm-b-tømss Poh-im-kv{X-]-T\w efn- X-am- p-i. hnhn-[-xcw ssphni Ne-\-ß-fpsS k o WXsb elq-i-cn- p-hm\pw ]T\w Ffp- -am- p-hm\pw B\n-ta-j-\p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p-i. bp.-f-kv.-_n., ssat{im-kvtim v t]mse-bp D]-I-c-W-ß-fpw, A\m- n^v XpS-ßnb {Xnam\ Nn{X-ß-fpsS kmt -Xn-I-Xbpw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-I. Poh-im-kv{X-]-T-\sØ B\n-ta-j-\p-Iƒ AS- -ap kt -X-ß-fpsS klmb-tømss ck-i-c-amb A\p-`-h-am n am p-i. Hº-Xmw-X-c-Ønse Poh-im-kv{X-]p-kvX-I-Øn kwh-l-\-øns hgn-iƒ F -`m-khpw aq mw-a[ymb-ønse c -tim-i-ßƒ \nco- n mw F -`m-khpw XpS p c -Zm-\-Øns alxzw e y-am- n-bp Nne kqn-\-ifpw hnzym Yn- I-fn IqSp-X Kuc-h-tØm-sS-sb-Øn- pi F -XmWv dntkmgvkv koun-bnse _tbm-fpn dntkm-gvkn-ep c -\n-th-i\w e yw-h-bv p- -Xv. tdmu-]-i-s-ßfpw XpS p Poh-lm-\nbpw h [n- p kml-n-cy-øn c -Øns LS-\, c - {Kq- v, icn-bmb {Kq nwkv F n-h-sim v A Y-am- p- -sx v F v \mw Adn- n-cn-t - -Xm-Wv. Cu {]h Ø-\-Øn Bip-]-{Xn-bn FØn-bn-cn- p tcmkn-isf Hmtcmcp-Ø-sc-bmbn c -{Kq v \n W-bn v Ah v A\p-tbm-Py-amb c w 119

119 \evti- Xv hnzym Yn-I-fpsS tpmen-bmwv. AXn-\p-th n ]men-t {Iaw F mwv? kndn v FSp- pi. tcmkn-bpss ssiøn\-spøv sim p-h v aukv n p-snbvxv c w FSp- p-i. aukv n p-snbvxv Cu c w ssãv Syq_n-ep knd-øn (B n-t_m- Un-Iƒ AS-ßnb cmk-h-kvxp-hn ) tn p-i. am w \nco- n- p-i. icn-bmb c -{Kq v Xncn- -dn-bp-i. c -_m-kp-i-fn-ep icn-bmb c -{Kq v Xncn- -dn v B _mkv aukv D]- tbm-kn v bym-ÿm-\-øp-d- n v tcmkn v B c w \evip-i. At mƒ e`y-am-ip adp-]-sn-bn-eqss \nß-fpss {]h Ø\w hnp-bn- pthm F v hne-bn-cp-øp-i. c -Øn AS-ßn-bn-cn- p B n-p, B n-t_mun F o LS-I-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s -Sp-Øn-bmWv c -{Kq v \n W-bn- p- -Xv. Hmtcm c -{Kq- nepw ASßn-bn-cn- p LS-I-ßsf kqnn- n- p ] n-i-bmwv Xmsg-s m-sp-øncn- p- -Xv. c -{Kq v B n-p B n-t_mun RhLSIw A+ A b D v A- A b C B+ B a D v B- B a C AB+ AB Nil D v AB- AB Nil C O+ NIL a,b D v O- NIL a,b C ] ni 10.1 c -\n-th-i-\-hp-ambn _ -s v Hm Øn-cn-t Nne Imcy-ßƒ Xmsg- -dbp- p. ] n-ibpw kqn-i-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn v {i -tbmss c -\n-th-i\ skbnw Bcw-`n- mw. Rh LSIw AS-ßnb c -{Kq v t]mkn- ohv F pw C m-øxv s\k- ohv F pw Adn-b-s -Sp- p. 120

$Nn{Xw 10.1 AB s\k- ohv c -{Kq- n B n-t_m-un-iƒ C m-ø-xn-\m B n-p-\pambn {]Xn-{]-h Øn- p- -Xn-\p km[y-x-bn-. AXp-sIm v GXp {Kq n s c hpw kzoi-cn- mw. O c -{Kq- n B n-p-\p-iƒ C.$

120 Nn{Xw 10.1 AB s\k- ohv c -{Kq- n B n-t_m-un-iƒ C m-ø-xn-\m B n-p-\pambn {]Xn-{]-h Øn- p- -Xn-\p km[y-x-bn-. AXp-sIm v GXp {Kq n s c hpw kzoi-cn- mw. O c -{Kq- n B n-p-\p-iƒ C. GXp {Kq p-im pw c w \ Imw. B n-p A, B n-t_mun a bpambpw B n-p B, B n-t_mun b bpambpw Rh D c w (Rh+), Rh C mø c -hp-ambn (Rh-) {]Xn-{]-h Øn- m km[y-x-bp- v. B\n-ta-j-\p-I-fpsS clkyw hnhn-[-xcw B\n-ta-j-\p-I-sf- p-dn- p G hpw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb [mc- W-ssI-h-cn- p-hm-\p \s mcp tkm^v vshb-dmwv PntIm-{ºn-kv. PntImw-{ºnkv Xmsg- -d-bp {Ia-Øn Xpd- p-i. Applications - Edcation - Educational Suite Gcompris (Ubuntu 9.10) Applications - Games - Kids - Educational Suite Gcomprise (Ubuntu 10.04) Applications - Education - Gcompris (GNU/Linux 3.2) t_mfp-ambn \n p ssun s_b-dns (go to amusement activities - various fun activities) Nn{X-Øn n p-sn-øp-i. Xpd- p-h-cp Pme-I-Øn \n pw free drawing and animation tool n p-sn-øp-i. At mƒ [mcmfw Nn{X-ßƒ ImWmw. AXn \n pw Imdns Nn{Xw sxc-s -Sp- p-i. n p-sn-øp-i. XpS p-h-cp Nn{X-ß-fn \n pw Imdns Nn{Xtam \nßƒ njvs-s a p Nn{X-ßtfm sxc-s -SpØv Iym hm-kn shbv p- I. Nn{XsØ aqe-i-fn ]n-sn v sndp-xm- p-itbm hep-xm- p-itbm snømw. AXn-\p-tijw Nn{Xw aqhv Sqƒ D]-tbm-Kn v apt m v \o nsh-bv p-i. 121

$Cu ImWp Iymadm Nn{X-Øn n p-sn-øp-i. ho pw Im Aev]w IqSn apt m- p-h-bv p-i. Iyma-d-bn n p-sn-øp-i. CXv [mcmfw s{^bn-ap-iƒ BIp- -Xp-hsc XpS-cp-I. AXn-\p-tijw Nn{X-Øn ImWp Scene board n psnbvxpt\m- q.$

121 Cu ImWp Iymadm Nn{X-Øn n p-sn-øp-i. ho pw Im Aev]w IqSn apt m- p-h-bv p-i. Iyma-d-bn n p-sn-øp-i. CXv [mcmfw s{^bn-ap-iƒ BIp- -Xp-hsc XpS-cp-I. AXn-\p-tijw Nn{X-Øn ImWp Scene board n psnbvxpt\m- q. \nßƒ \n an hml\w Nen- p- Xp I t m? B\n-ta-j \n an- p- -Xn-s\- p-dn- p G hpw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb hnh-cambn CXns\ IW- m- mw. Hmtcm {]mh-iyhpw Imdns\ \o n-h v Iymad n p-sn-øp-tºmƒ Hmtcm s{^bn-ap-ifnembn Imdp-Iƒ amdp- p. F{X-{]m-hiyw Imdns\ \o n Iymad n p-sn-bvxpthm A{Xbpw s{^bn-ap- Iƒ \nßƒ \n an p Ign- p. Sqƒt_m-Ivknse ko tjm v t]mse-bp Sqfn n p snøp-tºmƒ H n- \p-]n-dsi H mbn s{^bn-ap-iƒ an n-a-d-bp- p. CXv Im Nen- p p F {]XoXn Df-hm- p- p. Sqƒt_mIvknse Hmtcm Sqfp-Ifpw {]h Øn- n- p t\m n AXns D]-tbmKw ] n-i-s -Sp-Øq. \nßƒ \n an A\n-ta-j tkhv snøm {ian- p-t\m- q. c -timi \nco- Ww ASp-Ø-Xmbn c -tim-i-ß-fpss LS-\m-]-c-amb khn-ti-jx a\- n-em- phm-\p Hcp {]h Ø\w aq mw A[ym-b-Øn \ In-bn- p- v. _tbm-fpn dntkmgvkn Cu {]h Ø\w Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- Xv {]h Øn- n p-t\m- q. {Iaw Xmsg \ Ip- p. mkv ss Uv FSp- p-i. Nn{Xw 10.2 em Uv sk v D]-tbm-Kn v hnc-en \n pw Hcp Xp n c w ss Un hogvøp-i. 122

$as mcp ss Uv Ncn- p-sh v c -Øp- nsb Hcp t\cnb ^nenw-t]mse ]c-øp-i. sãbn Hgn- p-i. ssat{im-kvtim- n h v \nco- n- p-i. hnhn[ timi-ß-sfbpw Ah-bpsS hen- w, GI-tZi FÆw F n-hbpw tcjs -Sp-Øp-I.$

122 as mcp ss Uv Ncn- p-sh v c -Øp- nsb Hcp t\cnb ^nenw-t]mse ]c-øp-i. sãbn Hgn- p-i. ssat{im-kvtim- n h v \nco- n- p-i. hnhn[ timi-ß-sfbpw Ah-bpsS hen- w, GI-tZi FÆw F n-hbpw tcjs -Sp-Øp-I. _tbm-fpn dntkm-gvkn Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p a p B\n-ta-j-\p-I-fm-Wv, c -Nw-{I-aWw. c -Nw-{I-a-W-k-a-bsØ lrz-b-hm hp-i-fpss {]h Ø-\w. Zl-t\-{µnb hyh-ÿ-bn-eq-ss-bp ` -W-Øns Ne-\w, Zl-\-{]-{In-b. izmk-tim-i-l-s-\, {]h Ø\w F n-h. A\n-ta-j-\p-Iƒ \nco- n tijw sf.-kn.sn ]mt-]p-kvx-i-ønse ]Ømw A[ym-b-Øn X n-cn- p kqn-i-ß-fpss ASn-ÿm-\-Øn Ipdn- p-iƒ Xbmdm- p-i. Ipdn- p-i-fn lrz-b-l-s-\, hm hp-i-fpss {]h Ø-\w, izmk-tim-i-ßfpss LS\ F n-h-sb- p-dn- p \nß-fpss \nco- Ww hy -ambn tcj-s -Sp- Øp-I. Nn{Xw 10.3 F Nn{Xw 10.3 _n P p-im-kv{x-hp-ambn _ -s Iptd-tbsd {]h Ø-\-ßƒ \Ωƒ I p- I-gn- p. kky-imkv{x ]T-\-hp-ambn _ -s Hcp {]h Ø-\w-IqSn \nco- n- 123

123 mw. kky-ß-fnse Pe-Øn-s bpw eh-w-ß-fp-ssbpw kwh-l\w hf-sc-b-[niw ssph-{]m-[m-\y-ap- -Xm-Wv. kky-tkz-z\w, hrxn-hym-]\a Zw F n-h-sb B{i-bn v Du Pw sne-h-gn- m-sx-bmwv Pe-kw-h-l\w \S- p- -Xv. AtX -k-abw eh-w-ß-fpss kwh-l-\-øn\v Du Pw kkyßƒ sne-hm- ntb Xocp. C\n kky-kw-h-l\w F -`mkw I p-t\m- q. (Nn{Xw 10.3 _n) \nßfpss \nco- -W-ßƒ tcj-s -Sp-Øq. Pe-Øns kwh-l-\-]mx... Ce-I-fn {]th-in Pe-Øn\v F p-kw-`-hn- p p?... A\n-ta-j kt -X-ßƒ kzx{ tkm^v vshb ASn-ÿm-\-am- n-bp [mcmfw A\n-ta-j kt - X-ßƒ e`y-am-wv. KToon, Blender, Pencil, Leuciole apx-em-bh CXn\v DZm-l-c- W-ß-fm-Wv. Zznam-\, {Xnam\ B\n-ta-j Nn{X-ßƒ \n an- p-hm-\p CØcw kt -X-ßƒ C v hym]-i-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- p-h-cp- p..avi,.swf,.ani,.fla,.flc,.fli,.gif,.mng F nh B\p-ta-j-\p-I-fpsS ^b FIvÃ j-\p-i-fm-wv. `qcn-`mkw B\n-ta-j-\p-Ifpw tamkn t]mep sh_v {_uk-dp-i-fn Xpd- p- {]-h Øn- n- m-\m-ipw. F ssk n educational/medicine/ landsteiner/index.html F {Ia-Øn {]th-in- m Poh {]-h Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn _ -s [mcmfw B\n-ta-j-\p-Iƒ e`y-am-wv. index.html F ssk nepw [mcmfw Poh-imkv{X B\-ta-j-\p-Iƒ D v. bp.-f-kv.-_n. ssat{im-kvtim v Pohimkv{X-]-T-\-hp-ambn _ -s v kq va-po-hn-iƒ, timi-l-s\ F nh-sb mw a\- n-em- p-hm\pw ]Tn- p-hm\pw hf-sc-b-[niw _p n-ap- p-iƒ A\p-`h-s -Sm-dp- v. e`y-amb ssat{im-kvtim- p-iƒ {]h Ø-\- -a-a- m-xn-cn- p-i, hy - X-bn- m-xn-cn- pi F n-h-sb mw CXn-t\m-S-\p-_- n- p {]iv\-ß-fm-wv. AXn-\p ]cn-lm-c-amwv bp.-f-kv.-_n ssat{im-kvtim- v. bp.-f-kv.-_n ssat{im-kvtim- v \n an- p- -Xn-\m-h-iy-amb kma-{kn-iƒ Xmsg- -d-bp- -h-bm-wv. -kviqfn e`y-amb Hcp timºu v ssat{im-kvtim v. ssat{im-kvtim- ns eyepiece t\msp LSn- n- m Ign-bp hen- -ap bp.-f-kv.-_n. Iymad (sh_v Iyma-d). em]vtsm]v/sukvivtsm v Iºyq- 124

$F.-kn.Un/Un.-F.-]n. s{]mp-ivs \nco- -W-hn-t[-b-am-t kvs]kn-sa-\p-iƒ (kq- va-po-hn-iƒ, timi-ßƒ apx-em-b-h). Nn{Xw 10.4 bp.-f-kv.$ $Ch-sb mw kq va-ambn \nco- n v ]mt-]p-kvx-i-øn ]d- -Xp-t]m-se-bp ] n-i-iƒ Xbm-dm- -Ww. A\m- n^v 3Un kz`m-h-ap Nn{X-ß-fmWv A\m- n^v Nn{X-ßƒ.$

124 F.-kn.Un/Un.-F.-]n. s{]mp-ivs \nco- -W-hn-t[-b-am-t kvs]kn-sa-\p-iƒ (kq- va-po-hn-iƒ, timi-ßƒ apx-em-b-h). Nn{Xw 10.4 bp.-f-kv.-_n ssat{im-kvtim- v \n amww Irjn-bn-S-ß-ƒ, Ipf-ßƒ, I\m-ep-Iƒ F n-hn-s-ß-fn \n pw tij-cn Pe-Øn [mcm-f-ambn kq va-po-hn-isf ImWm-dp- v. Ch-sb mw kq va-ambn \nco- n v ]mt-]p-kvx-i-øn ]d- -Xp-t]m-se-bp ] n-i-iƒ Xbm-dm- -Ww. A\m- n^v 3Un kz`m-h-ap Nn{X-ß-fmWv A\m- n^v Nn{X-ßƒ. Ch H t\m -Øn at\m-l-c-a-s - nepw {]txyiw Xbm-dm- nb IÆ-S-I-fpsS klm-b-tømss t\m nbm {Xnam\ cq]-øn ImWp-hm km[n- p- -Xm-Wv. Cu Nn{X-ßƒ c v Iyma-d-Iƒ \ΩpsS c p-i-æp-i-fpss AI-e-Øn h v {]txyi coxn-bn \n an- p- -h-bm-wv. A\m- n^v Nn{X-ßƒ _tbm-fpn dntkm-gvkn Dƒs -Sp-Ønbn- p- v. Ch ImWp-hm-\p IÆS \n an- p-hm Xmsg- -d-bp kma-{kn-iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. Nn{Xw 10.5 hr -bpss {Xnam-\-Nn{Xw 125

125 I n-bp Nm v t] Nph- v, ], \oe, ] nƒ apx-emb \nd-ß-fn-ep mkvt]- -dp-iƒ ]i, I{XnI apx-em-bh Xmsg \ In-bn-cn- p Nn{X-cq-]-Øn Nm v t] sh n-sb-spøv AXn mkvt]- bym-ÿm-\øv Dd- n- p-i. IÆ-S-bpsS Imep-Ifpw a p `mk-ßfpw ]i D]-tbm-Kn v ZrV-ambn H n- p-i. IÆS sdun. dntkm-gvk-knse Nn{X-ßƒ Iºyq- -dn-s tbm s{]mp-ivs-dn-s tbm klm-b-tømss IÆ-S-h v I p-t\m- q. {Xnam\ Nn{X-ß-fpsS Zriy-`wKn hy -am-ipw. Nn{Xw 10.6 {Xnam-\-I-ÆS \n an- p-hm-\p Nn{Xw dntkm-gvkp-iƒ v IS- msv :

126 11. `uxniimkv{x hnkvabw BapJw sshzypxk o piƒ bty w \n an m\pw AhbpsS {]h Ø\w ]cntim[n m\pw XmcXayw snøm\pw Ip nsb klmbn p Hcp knaptej tkm^v vshbdmwv s^ v- k o v I kv{s In v. _m dn, _ƒ_v, hb XpSßnbh A\mbmkw am n ]TnXmhn\v ]co Ww Bh Øn m\pw hnhn[ k o piƒ XΩn XmcXayw snøm\pw D kuicyw CXnep v. ssphx m{xifpss ]T\Øn\v Pohimkv{XØnepw, ckx{ ]T\Øn\pw hfscb[niw klmbn p RasMol, Ghemical XpSßnb tkm^v vshbdpifmwv Cu A[ymbØns as mcp khntijx. Pohimkv{X ]T\Øn DNA t]msebp k o W X m{xifpss {Xnam\LS\ ImWp Xn\pw dmkvtamƒ F tkm^v vshb D]tbmKn mw. AXnkq va X m{xisf ImWp Xn\pw AhbpsS LS\m]camb {]txyixiƒ a\ nem p Xn\pw ]TnXmhns\ klmbn p XneqsS ckx{ ]T\Øn\pw Pohimkv{X ]T\Øn\pw Imcyamb am w hcpøm CØcw tkm^v vshbdpiƒ v Ignbp p. ]T\e yßƒ s^ v k o v I kv{s In v D]tbmKn v elp sshzypxk o v \n an m. thmƒ Xbpw sshzypx{]hmlhpw XΩnep _ w XmcXayw snøp Xn\p tijn t\sp Xn\v. sshzypx{]hmlsø kzm[o\n p LSIßƒ ]co WØneqsS Xncn dnbp Xn\v. hnhn[ XcØnep k o piƒ \n an v Ah XΩnep hyxymkßƒ Xncn dnbp Xn\v tkm^v vshb Fßns\ D]tbmKn msa v a\ nem p Xn\v. X m{xm amxriiƒ ImWp Xn\v dmkvtamƒ F tkm^v vshb D]tbmKn p sxßs\sb v a\ nem p Xn\v. tkm^v vshb klmbtømss X m{xm amxriiƒ hniie\w snbvxv AhbpsS LS\, B ßfpsS FÆw, cmk_ \w XpSßnbh Xncn dnbp Xn\v. 127

127 elpx m{xifpss amxriiƒ tkm^v vshb klmbtømss Xbmdm p Xn\v. ]mtmhxcww _ƒ_v {]Imin n p Xn\p Hcp sshzypxk o n NmeIw, _ƒ_v, _m dn, kzn v F o D]IcWßƒ Bhiyap t m. ]mt]pkvxiøn simspøncn p \n tzi{]imcw k o v I kv{s In v F knaptej tkm^v vshb D]tbmKn v CØcw Hcp k o v \n an pibpw AXns khntijxiƒ ]TnXmhv a\knem pibpw thww. hexp `mkøp Sqƒ_mdnse life like BŒohmbncn pw. AXn\p ]Icw Schematic BŒohm n D]IcWßsf {][m\pmeiønte v {UmKv snbvxv k o v \n an v D]IcWßfpsS BIrXn v D mbn p hyxymkw Xncn dnbww. NmeIØneqsSbp sshzypxnm PpIfpsS (Cet{ŒmWpIfpsS) {]hmlamwv sshzypx{]hmlw. NmeIØns Hcp _nµphneqss Hcp sk Un {]hln p Nm PpIfpsS AfhmWv sshzypx{]hml Xo{hX AYhm Id v (I). NmeIØns Hc{KØp\n pw at A{KtØ v Cet{ŒmWpIƒ {]hln p Xn\v NmeIßfpsS A{Kßƒ XΩn s]m jy hyxymkw \ne\n Ww. (hm Sm n \n pw Pew ss] v hgn Xmtgm v {]hln m\p ImcWw Sm pw Xmsgbp ss] ns A{Khpw hyxykvx s]m jyen BbXpsIm mwv. Sm ns Dbcw IqSp Xn\\pkcn v AXns s]m jy F\ Pn IqSp p. AX\pkcn v s]m jy IqSnb `mkøp\n pw Ipd `mktø p PeØns Hgp pw IqSp p). NmeIØns c v A{Kßƒ XΩn s]m jy hyxymkw D m p Xpw \ne\n Øp Xpw sshzypxt{kmx pifmwv. DZmlcWw : _m dn, P\td apxembh s]m jyhyxymkw thmƒ X(V)bnemWv ]dbmdp Xv. CXv Af p Xn\v thmƒ v ao D]tbmKn p p. k o nse D]IcWØn\v kam cambmwv thmƒ v ao LSn nt Xv (Nn{Xw 11.1). sshzypx{]hml Xo{hXbpsS bqwn v Bºnb (A)BWv. Aao D]tbmKn mwv Id v Af p Xv. Non contact ammeter k o nse NmeIØn kº Øn hcpønbm axnbmipw. F m ammeter k o n t{iwnbmbn LSn n Ww. 128

128 Nn{Xw 11.1 D]IcWßfpsS aqeyw am p Xv Battery, Bulb, Resistor F o D]IcWßfn ssd v n v snbvxv AhbpsS aqeyw am p Xv Ip niƒ Adn ncn Ww. Battery Change voltage, Change internal resistance, Reverse, Show value, Remove. Bulb Change resistance, Show value, Remove Resistor Change resistance, Show value, Remove sshzypx{]hmlsø kzm[o\n p LSIßƒ k o n LSn n _m dnbn ssd v n psnbvxv thmƒ X hyxymks SpØptºmƒ _ƒ_ns {]ImiXo{hXbn hcp am w Ip n v t\cn v ImWm IgnbWw. _ƒ_v IqSpX {]Imin p Xv thmƒ X Iq ptºmgmsw pw thmƒ X Iq ptºmƒ Id v IqSp XpsIm mwv Cßs\ kw`hn p sx pw Ip n v t_m[yamip p. Hcp sshzypxk o nse thmƒ XbptSbpw Id nt bpw A\p]mXw Hcp k o ns\ kw_ n nstømfw Hcp ÿnckwjybmbncn psa v Ip n tkm^v vshb klmbtømss a\knem Ww. thmƒ X V Dw, Id v I Dw Bbm V α I V / I = Hcp ÿnckwjy 129

129 Cu ÿnckwjy k o ns {]Xntcm[amWv (R). k o n LSn n {]Xntcm[Øn ssd v n psnbvxv {]Xntcm[w hyxymks SpØptºmƒ _ƒ_ns {]ImiXo{hXbn am w hcp p. _ƒ_v IqSpX {]Imin p Xv {]Xntcm[w Ipdbv ptºmgmwv. {]Xntcm[w Ipdbv ptºmƒ Id v IqSp XpsIm mwv Cßns\ kw`hn p Xv. t{iwo, - kam c k o piƒ {]h Ø\w 5 Dw, 6 Dw t{iwo, -kam c k o pifpss {]txyixifpw Ah XΩnep hyxymkßfpw a\knem m\p XmWv. ]mt-]p-kvx-i-ønse Nn{Xw 11.5 epw 11.6 epw simspøt]mse k o v Xbmdm Ww. Xbmdm s k o n ssivãv _p n \n tzin s Xpt]mse thmƒ X, {]hmlxo{hx F nh Af pibpw thww. kam c k o v kam c k o nse D]IcWßƒ nsbnep thmƒ X Xp yambncn pw. kam c k o n D]IcWßfneqsSbp {]hmlxo{hx AhbpsS {]Xntcm[sØ B{ibn ncn p p. {]Xntcm[w IqSp Xn\\pkcn v D]IcWßfneqsSbp sshzypx {]hmlw Ipdbp p. GsX nepw Hcp D]IcWsØ k o n \n v \o nbmepw AXv a p D]IcWßfpsS {]h Ø\sØ kzm[o\n p n. D]IcWßsf F mw {]txyiw kzn v D]tbmKn v \nb{ n m Ignbpw. t{iwo k o v t{iwo k o n D]IcWßƒ nsbnse thmƒ X {]Xntcm[sØ B{ibn ncn p p. AhbpsS D]IcWØns {]Xntcm[w IqSp Xn\\pkcn v Ahbv nsbnse thmƒ Xbpw IqSp p. t{iwo k o nse D]IcWßfneqsSbp sshzypx{]hml Xo{hX Xp yamwv. GsX nepw Hcp D]IcWsØ k o n \n v am nbm k o nse a p D]IcWßƒ {]h Ø\clnXamIpw. 130

130 D]IcWßsf {]txyiw kzn v D]tbmKn v \nb{ n m Ignbn. hospifntebpw henb si nsßfntebpw sshzypxk o piƒ kam cam p Xns KpWßƒ Ip niƒ ]co WØneqsS Xncn dnbww. s^ v - k o v IWvkv{S In nse Sqƒ t_mivkv \ndhpw PmeIØns \ndhpw am p Xn\v sa\p_mdnse Options background color/toolbox color F nh skeœv snøpi. s^ v - k o v IWvkv{S In v (DC only) bmwv ]mt]pkvxiøn Dƒs SpØnbncn p Xv. Advance Hm]vj\pItfmSpIqSnb k o v I kv{s In v (AC+DC) C s\ n e`yamwv IqSpX hnhcßƒ v F sh_vssk v kµ in pi. Icn bn \n v h{pønf Ønte v ssphx m{xifpss LS\ {Xnam\Nn{Xßfmbn ho n p Xn\pth n 1992 tdmp skbn (Roger Sayle) Xbmdm nb tkm^v vshbdmwv RasMol. X m{xsb pdn v ASnÿm\ hnhcßfsßnb ^b C ]p mbn RasMol te v \ Inbm hnhn[ h WßfpsS klmbtømss at\mlcambn AXv kv{io\n {]Z in n p p. ]e t^m am nep C ]p v ^bepiƒ CXn D]tbmKn mhp XmWv. F m km[mcw D]tbmKn p Hcp t^m am mwv pdb(protein Data Bank). X-ray crystallography or NMR spetcroscopy XpSßnb \qx\ kmt XnIhnZyIfneqsS e`yamip X m{xifpss khntijxiƒ tim ØnW n \n an PDB ^bepifmwv RCSB (Research Collaboratory for Structural Bio-informatics) _m n e`yamip Xv. ssph X m{xifpss ]T\Øn\mbn Pohimkv{XØnepw ckx{ ]T\Ønepw hfscb[niw klmbn p Hcp SqfmWnXv. X m{xifpss pdb ^bepiƒ C s\ n \n pw Uu temuv snbvxv RasMol D]tbmKn mhp XmWv. RasMol D]tbmKn p hn[w 1. Applications Science RasMol(Classic Version) F {IaØn tkm^v vshb Xpd pi. 2. shfpø {]Xeap Xv Terminal PmeIhpw IdpØ {]Xeap Xv RasMol {Km^nIvkv PmeIhpamWv. 131

131 3. {Km^nIvkv PmeIØn File Open F {IaØn n psnøptºmƒ ss an\en ^b s\bnw (PDB file name:) Bhiys Sp Xv ImWmw. 4. Terminal PmeIØn PDB file name: F ÿeøv Xpdt ^bens t]cpw path Dw (DZm: Desktop ep fullerene F ^bemwv Xpdt sx n /home/its/desktop/fullerene.pdb) sss psnbvxv Enter Aa ØpI At mƒ {Km^nIvkv PmeIØn ^p dos wire frame amxri e`n pw. 5. CXns\ \ap v kp]cnnnxamb Ball & Stick amxribm p Xn\v {Km^nIvkv PmeIØn Display Ball & Stick F v n psnøpi. 6. X m{xsb bty w Xncn p Xn\v aukv X m{xmls\bn n psnbvxv {UmKv snøpi. 7. Sticks, spacefill XpSßnb amxriifn CtX X m{xsb ImWp Xn\v Display sa\phn \n pw Ch sxcs Sp pi. 8. X m{xbnse B ßƒ te_ snøp Xn\v settings pick label n v snbvxtijw te_ sntø B Øn n psnøpi. 9. Background colour am p Xn\v Terminal window bn background<space><colour> F {IaØn \n tziw \ In Enter Io Aa ØpI. DZm: background blue 10. X m{xbnse B ßfpsS \ndw am p Xn\v BZyw B w skeivsv snøpi XpS v Bhiyap \ndw \ IpI. DZm: Terminal PmeIØn select carbon F v sss psnbvxv \ Inbm Cu X m{xbn F{X carbon B ßfp v F v terminal en {]Z in n pw. XpS v colour yellow F v command \ Inbm carbon B ßfpsS \ndw amdp p. {]h Ø\w - 6 RasMol F tkm^v vshb {]h Øn n p Xn\pw Bhiyamb \n tzißƒ \ Ip Xn\pap ]cnioe\amwv Cu {]h Ø\Øns e yw. Im _Wns {InÃemIrXnbp Hcp cq]m camwv ^p do. F sh_v hnemkøn \n pw CXns PDB ^b Uu temuv snbvxv D]tbmKn mw. 132

132 X m{xmls\ \nco n v X m{xbpss BIrXn AXnse B ßfpsS FÆw, Ah XΩnep cmk_ \Ønse {]txyixiƒ (GXv Xcw cmk_ \w, Hcp B Øn\v a v F{X B ßfpambn _ ap v), XpSßnbhsb pdn v Hcp Ipdn v Xbmdm p Xn\v Bhiys Smhp XmWv. {]h Ø\w - 7 RasMol tkm^v vshb D]tbmKn v ckx{ w, Pohimkv{Xw mkpifn ]Tn n p k o W X m{xm amxriiƒ ImWpIsb XmWv Cu {]h Ø\Øns e yw. Ip nifpss {Kq n N snbvxv Xocpam\n p GXm\pw X m{xifpss ^bepiƒ (DZm-l-cWambn DNA, Glucose, RNA, Diamond, Graphite, Chlorophil, Cholestrole) Hcp dntkmgvkv t^mƒudmbn \ ti XmWv. X m{xm amxriiƒ Xbmdm mw Ghemical (sian ) F tkm^v vshb D]tbmKn v IqSpX Hm Km\nIv X m{xmls\iƒ \n an pibmwv CXns e yw. kb kv ]mt]pkvxiønse A[ymbw 12 se Hm Km\nIv X m{xifpss amxriiƒ Ghemical (sian ) F tkm^v vshb D]tbmKn v \n an p Xn\p AhkcamWv ChnsS \ ti Xv. Cu tkm^v vshbdns D]tbmKw F mw mkn a\ nem nbn p XmWv. \n an p X m{xm amxriiƒ HmtcmcpØcpw AhcpsS t^mƒudnte v tkhv sntb XmWv. File Save as F v n psnbvxtijw.gpr F ^b FIvÃ j \ In \nßfpss t^mƒudnte v tkhv snøpi. ]n osv File Open F {IaØn Cu ^b Xpd mhp XmWv. Cßs\ \n an p X m{x LS\Isf pdb t^m am n tkhv snbvxv RasMol D]tbmKn mhp XmWv. CXn\mbn Ghemical Xbmdm nb X m{xls\bn ssd v n psnbvxv File Export F v n psnbvxm e`n p PmeIØn Automatic F Xv am n Protein data bank Xncs Sp pi. XpS v ^b \maw \ In OK Aa ØpI. 133

133 12. Bib{]Im-i-\-Øn\v tªmkv BapJw hnhc kmt XnIhnZybpsS {]k n Gdnhcp C meøv C s\ ns\ pdn p Hcp [mcw CXnt\mSIw Ip nifn cq]s n p mipat m. ]T\{]h Ø\ßfpsS `mkambn F mw mkn sh v Ip niƒ C s\ ns\ ASpØdn n pap v. C s\ nse hnhn[ kt XßfneqsS hnhchn\nabw \SØm Ip nisf {]m]vxcm pisb e yamwv {][m\ambpw Cu A[ymbØn\p Xv. tªmkv, hn n XpSßnb kmt XnI kuicyßsf ]T\Øn\v klmbiamb hn[øn ssiimcyw snøm t{]cn n pibmwnhnss. AtXmsSm w Xs C s\ v ^e{]zambn D]tbmKnt Xns\ nbpw ssk_ \nbaßsf nbpap hy amb [mcwiƒ Ip nifn cq]s SpØp Xn\pw Cu A[ymbw e yansp p. ]T\ e yßƒ tªmkpisf ]cnnbs Sp Xn\pw AXns khntijxiƒ Xncn dnbp Xn\pw tªmkv \n amwøn\pw tªmkn hnhcßƒ Dƒs SpØp Xn\pap tijn t\sp Xn\v CXc tªmkpifn A`n{]mbßsfgpXm\pw ]ckv]cw Bibhn\nabw \SØp Xn\papff Ignhv t\sp Xn\v hnhn[ hn n ssk pisf ]cnnbs Sp Xn\pw AhbpsS khntijxiƒ Xncn dnbp Xn\pw hn n]ounbbn hnhcßƒ Dƒs SpØp Xn\pw hn n FUn nwkn\pap tijn D mip Xn\v C s\- n \n p-ap hnh-c-ti-j-cww Imcy- -a-am- p- -Xn-\p tijn t\sp- -Xn\v ssk_ \nbaßsf pdn p [mcw ssihcn p Xn\v tªmkns temitø v IYIƒ, IhnXIƒ, tej\ßƒ XpSßn \ΩpsS k KkrjvSnIƒ G hpw Ffp Ønepw thkønepw kaqlønte v FØn p Xn\p C s\ v A[njvTnX kt XamWt m tªmkpiƒ. bpwot muv kmt -XnI hnzybpss IS p hcthmss aebmfønes w GXm v F m `mjifnepw \ap v tªmkpisfgpxm Ignbpw apxemwv tªmkpiƒ {]NmcØnembXv. Cw ojv `mjbnembncp p BZyIme krjvsniƒ. aebmf `mjbn tªmkpiƒ 134

134 FgpXs p XpSßnbXv ]n ossmcp ]Øp h jwiqsn Ign mwv. bpwot muv temiøv BIam\ap `mjmen]nisf kwjym timupifm n am n Hcpan n F timunmv coxnbmwv bpwot muv. Cu e yw ap \n Øns m v 1991 Bcw`n bpwot muv I tkm jyw F kwls\bmwv Cu F tim-unmvcoxn Xømdm nbxv. Htc kabw H n IqSpX `mjiƒ ssiimcyw sntø n hcptºmƒ \nch[n {]iv\ßfp mbncp p. bpwot muns hcthmss Cw ojnt\mssm w Xs a p `mjiƒ pw ssk_ temiøv {]m[m\ytadn. bpwot muv k{ºzmbøn\p Iogn ]Xn\mdv ÿm\ßfnembn H pw ]qpyhpw \ncøn (ss_\dn coxn) A cßfptstbm A ßfptStbm Nn ßfptStbm timupiƒ \n an mw. an hmdpw temi `mjisf Dƒs SpØnb Cu k{ºzmbøn CXnt\mSIw en]niƒ v timupiƒ \ In gn p. A q Øn ]e ]pcmx\en]nifpw s]spw. `mhnbn C\n GsX nepw `mjiƒ D mhpibmsw n AhbpsS en]nisfbpw CXn Dƒs SpØm\pamIpat{X. bpwot muv timunßnse 3333 mw timuv aebmfen]nbnse A F A csø kqnn n p p m-w timuv B F A csøbpw. C{]Imcw 3328 apx 3455 hscbp 128 timupifmwv aebmf `mjbv mbn A\phZn ncn p Xv. IqSpXednbp Xn\v tªmkpisf n IqSpXednbp Xn\v (Cw ojv) (aebmfw) tªmkpisf ]cnnbs S Hcp kr n A Sn am[yaßfn {]kn oicn s Sp Xn\p ISºIsf pdn v N snbvxp sim mwv ]mtw Bcw`n p Xv. mknse Ip nifn BcpsSsb nepw cn\iƒ A Sn s n pt msb p At\zjWw \SØp Xv \ mbncn pw. H ]Xmw mknse Nne ]mt]pkvxißfn tªmkpisf n ]cma ißfp v. AtX pdns mw Ip nitfmsv Xs tnmzn p Xv ]T\kmlNcysamcp p Xn\v D]Icn pw. kz ambn tªmkpiƒ \n an m\pw ssiimcyw snøm\pw ]Tn m Ip nifpss Bibhn\nab tijnbn Imcyamb am ap mipw. am{xa, `mjm-]-chpw 135

135 LS-\m-]-c-hp-amb ]nghpifps n Ah XncpØp Xn\pw IqSpX sa s coxnbn k KmflI hmk\isf hf ØnsbSp p Xn\pw Ip n p km[n pw. Ct mƒøs ]e Ip nifpw kz w cn\iƒ {]kn oicn p Xn\pw kviqfn\p th nbpw tªmkpiƒ Bcw`n n p v. blogspot.com, XpSßnbh Ip niƒ ssiimcyw snøp hbmwv. ani tªmkpiƒ Is Øn Ah Ip nisf ]cnnbs SpØp Xv Cu ]mt`mksø IqSpX Ffp ap Xm n am pw. A[ym]Icpw A møhcpambh ssiimcyw snøp tªmkpisfbpw C q- -Øn ]cnnbs SpØWw. CXn\mbn ani tªmkpisf Is Øm A[ym]I Hcp aps mcp w \SØWw. Ip niƒ v {]tnmz\{]zamipsa p IcpXmhp h thww Ah v ap n ]cnnbs SpØm F nh I p t\m q. {]h Ø\w 1 : tªmkv \n amww Ip nifnse k K hmk\iƒ ]pdwtemitø v FØn p Xn\v Ahsc k cm pibmwv A[ym]Is e yw. CXn\p am Ksa \nebnemwv tªmkv \n amww Ip nisf ]cnioen n p Xv. ]t AXn\v ap ]v Nne XbmsdSp piƒ thwat m. AtX pdn v ]mt-]p-kvx-iøns t]pv 93 \ Inbn- p aps m-cp ßƒ \S-Øn-bn p thww Cu {]h Ø\w Bcw-`n- m. kz ambn Hcp C -sabn hnemkw Ds n am{xta \n amw{]{inb Bcw`n m Ignbq. AXpsIm v aps mcp ambn F m Ip niƒ pw C- sabn hnemkw Dt msb v A[ym]I ]cntim[n Ww. F mw mkn sh p Xs Ah C-sabn hnemkw D m p Xn\v ]Tn n p v. A q Øn C- sabn kuicyw ^e{]zambn D]tbmKn p Ip nisf Is ØWw. a p h v IqSn {]tnmz\{]zamip hn[øn Ahsc A`n\µn pibpw thww. tªmkn Hmtcm XhW {]kn oicn s Sp krjvsnisfbpw t]mãpiƒ F mwv hnfn p Xv. Hmtcm t]mãnepw \ap v Bhiyap t msg mw Xncp- Ø-ep-Itfm Iq n-t -ep-itfm (Editing) \SØm\mIpw. {]kn- o-i-cn- -s t]mãp-i-fn hmb\ m v A`n{]mbw (Comment) tcjs SpØm\pw km[n pw. tªmskgpxp bmƒ tªmk F mwv s]mxpsh Adnbs Sp Xv. hmb\ mc\v Ia v snøm\p kzmx{ yw \nb{ n p Xn\pw tªmkpsabv v 136

$A[nImcap v. Npcp Øn \mw \nb{ n p, \ΩpsS \nb{ WØnep tªmkpiƒ, \sω Hcp {]km[i\m n am p psh p ]dbmw.$

136 A[nImcap v. Npcp Øn \mw \nb{ n p, \ΩpsS \nb{ WØnep tªmkpiƒ, \sω Hcp {]km[i\m n am p psh p ]dbmw. tªmkv \n amw{]{inbbpss BZyL Øn Ip nitfmsv Display Name, Blog Title, Blog URL F nh Ip nitfmsv Ipdn pshbv p Xn\v Bhiys SWw. Ignbp Xpw Chsbm pw Xs a msc nepw D]tbmKn p Xv BImXncn m {]txyiw {i n Ww. Display Name : tªmskgp-xp- -bm-fpss XqenIm \maamwv CsX v hntijn- n mw. tªmkn t]mãpisfgpxptºmgpw tªmkpifn Ia v snøptºmgpw ChnsS \ Ip t]sc mtwm AXmbncn pw hmb\ m ImWpI. c p t] v Htc t]cv h mtem? Ffp w Xncn dnbs Sp Xn\mbn a p h n mø Hcp t]cv Xncs Sp p XmIpw DNnXw. t]cv aebmfønes w GXp `mjbnepw BImw. Ft mƒ thwsa nepw am pibpw snømw. Blog Title / Site Title : tªmkn\v Hcp t]cv \ tit? Cu t]cnembncn pw tªmkv ]n osv Adnbs Sp Xv. CXpw GXp `mjbn thwsa nepw BImw. Ft mƒ thwsa nepw am m\pw Ignbpw. Blog address/url : sh_v {_ukdns A{Ukv _mdn Cu hnemkw sss psnbvxmwv hmb\ m \ΩpsS tªmkntes Øp Xv. AXpsIm p Xs URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Ft mgpw sndpxpw Cw ojnepw Bbncn p XmWv DNnXw. tªmkns t]cpambn Hcp _ ap mbncn p Xpw \ XmWv. Hcn cpnã snbvxm B URL ]n osv FUn v snøm km[n n. (Ip n aps m-cp- -Øns `mk-ambn Fgp-Xn-sh tªmkv hnemkw \ne-hn D -Xm-sW- n AtX t]cn ho pw cpn-ã snøm-\m-hn.) tªmkv \n amwøn\v kup\yambn kuicyw \ Ip Ht sd tkh\ ZmXm fp v XpSßnbh sh_vssk piƒ CXn\v DZmlcWßfmWv. Hcp amxribv mbn D]tbmKn v \ap v tªmkv \n an p sxßs\sb v hnizoicn mw. Nn{Xw

$Cu sh_vhnemkw {_ukdns A{Ukv _mdn \ In apt m p t]miptºmƒ ZriyamIp th Uv{]kns {][m\t]pv (Home Page) BWv Nn{Xw 12.1 ImWp Xv.$

137 Cu sh_vhnemkw {_ukdns A{Ukv _mdn \ In apt m p t]miptºmƒ ZriyamIp th Uv{]kns {][m\t]pv (Home Page) BWv Nn{Xw 12.1 ImWp Xv. Username, Password F nh \ In t\ctø tªmkv cpnã snbvxh v {]thin m\p sndnb NXpcßƒ t]pns CSXp hiøv apifnembn ImWmw. Hcp th Uv{]kv tªmkv cpnã snøwsa n t]pnsemcnsøv Start a blog Ft m Sign up now Ft m \ Inbn p mipw. AXnse Sign up now F en n n psnbvxv apt m p t]mhpi. Nn{Xw 12.2 Nn{Xw 12.2 ImWp tnmzym-h-en v DØcw \ Imw. C s\ neqss hnhcw \ Iptºmƒ {i nt Imcyßsf n Ip nisf t_m[ys SpØm CsXmcp \ AhkcamWv. Blog Address (URL) BWv BZyw \ ti Xv. URL \ In gn m AXns e`yx (Availabiltiy) At mƒøs Adnbm Ignbpw. e`yamsw n icn AS-bm-ftam Available F Adnbnt m ZriyamIpw. e`yas n Sorry, that site already exists! Ft m Sorry, this blog address is not available Ft m D Adnbn mipw ImWm IgnbpI. e`yamb Hcp URL e`ns n am{xta \ap v apt m v t]mim Ignbqsb v {]txyiw Hm t XmWv. XpS v D]t`m r\maw (Username) \ IWw. th Uv{]kv A u v cpnã snøs Sptºmƒ D]t`m mhns t]cmbn kzoicn pi CXv Bbncn pw. hy nbpss bym Y t]cpambn kmzriyw D miwsa v 138

$\n _ an. CXv Cw ojn Øs \ Ip XmWv A`nImayw. F m, G hpw NpcpßnbXv \mev A cßsf nepw thwsa v \n_ \bp v. A cßtfmssm w thwsa n A ßfpw (number) D]tbmKn mw. AXn\p Xmsgbmbn ]mkvthuv \ Ip Xn\p `mkamwv.$

138 \n _ an. CXv Cw ojn Øs \ Ip XmWv A`nImayw. F m, G hpw NpcpßnbXv \mev A cßsf nepw thwsa v \n_ \bp v. A cßtfmssm w thwsa n A ßfpw (number) D]tbmKn mw. AXn\p Xmsgbmbn ]mkvthuv \ Ip Xn\p `mkamwv. \mw cpnã snøp th Uv{]kv A u n {]thin p Xn\p clkyhm mwnxv. Cw ojn Øs bmbncn Ww ]mkvthuv. A -ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn- mw. Cu L Øn ]mkvthuns {]m[m\ysøbpw clkykz`mhsøbpw ] n Ip nisf t_m[ys SpØmw. ASpØ hcnbn Ct mƒ \ Inb ]mkvthuv Hcn qsn sss psnbvxp simspt n hcpw. BZyw sss psnbvxxv H p IqSn Dd p hcpøp Xn\pw IrXyXbv pw th nbmwnxv Bh Øn v \ ti n hcp Xv. ]mkvthuv c p h hpw IrXyambn \ Insb n am{xta apt m v t]mim Ignbq. ]n osv Ft mƒ tªmkn {]thin Wsa nepw bqk s\bnapw ]mkvthupw \ ti n hcpw F p Xn\m CXp c pw Hm Ønt XmWv. XpS v \ΩpsS C -sabn hnemkw \ IWw. XpS v Sign Up F en n n psnøpi. tªmkv cpnkvt{sj AwKoIcn p sim p shcn^nt j sabn t\csø \ Inb C- sabn hnemkøn te mbncn pw hcni. AXnse en n n psnbvxv th Uv {]kv A u v BIvSohm mw. Cu kabw username Dw Password Dw \ ti n hcpw. AXp \ Ip txmss \mw tªmkns Umjv t_m Unte v (Nn{Xw 12.3) {]thin p p. tªmkv A u v \n an p -Xns BZy L w ]q Wambn. Umjv t_m Uv tªmkn temkn snøptºmƒ BZysaØp t]pv. tªmkpambn _ s an hmdpw FUn nwkpifpw Cu t]pn sh pxs km[yamwv. Main editing interface F mwv Umjv t_m Uv Adnbs Sp Xv. tªmkns\ kw_ n p GXv am ßfpw Umjv t_m Un sh p \SØmw. Cu t]pns CSXp hiøv \nch[n FUn nmv SqfpIƒ ImWp nt? CsX mw D]tbmKn v tªmkns cq]ønepw D S Øn epsa mw am w hcpøm \ap v Ignbpw. Hmtcm mbn FSpØv am w hcpøn t\m pat m. Nn{Xw

$Word Verification th Uv {]kn A u v cpnã snøptºmƒ th Uv shcn^nt j km[mcwkxnbn Bhiyambn hcmdns nepw a p Nne tkh\zmxm ƒ CXv \n _ am nbn p v.$

139 Word Verification th Uv {]kn A u v cpnã snøptºmƒ th Uv shcn^nt j km[mcwkxnbn Bhiyambn hcmdns nepw a p Nne tkh\zmxm ƒ CXv \n _ am nbn p v. Hcp timføn Hcp Cw ojv hm v Nn{Xcqt]W hf pw Ncn pw \ Inbn p mimw. Iym]vN (Captcha) F mwv Ch Adnbs Sp Xv. CXv {i m]q hw hmbns SpØv sxm SpØp \ Inbn p ssivãv t_mivkv ]qcn n Ww. CXv IrXyas n Cu {]{Inb ho pw Bh Ønt n hcpw. CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) : t^mapifneqssbpw a pw Hm sse\mbn hnhctijcww \SØptºmƒ Ir{Xnaambn AXp ]qcn n s Sp ns v Dd phcpøm th nbmwv Captcha D]tbmKn p Xv. Iºyq A[njvTnX t{]m{kmapifm Ir{Xnaambn tªmkpifpw a pw \n an p Iq mxncn phm\mwv CXp \ Inbncn p Xv. hm pisf Cu XcØn BIrXnam w hcpønbm Xncn dnbm t{]m{kmapiƒ v Ignbn t m. AXpsIm v Xs Cu `mkw ]qcn n p Xn\v a\pjyklmbw th nhcpw. C\n \mw \n an tªmkv I p t\m mw. AXn\mbn G hpw apifnse sa\p-_m-dn D My Blog F sa\phn n psnøpi. AXn \n pw Read Blog F k_vsa\p hgn \ΩpsS tªmkns\ hmb\ m ImWp cq]øn Øs (Public view) ImWmhp XmWv. CtX sa\phn Dashboard te v Xncn p hcm\pw k_v sa\p Ds p Xv {]txyiw {i n pi. Nn{Xw 12.4 tªmkns\mcp t]cv (Site title) km[mcwbmbn D]t`m r\maw Xs bmwv tªmkns t]cmbn hcp Xv. Umjvt_m Un \n pw Settings General F {IaØn Xpd v tªmkns t]cn (Site title) am w hcpømw. XpS v am ßƒ kwc n s Sp Xn\mbn Save Changes F _ Wn n psnøpibpw thww. 140

$tªmkns cq]w Fßs\bmIWw tªmkns cq]w am p Xn\mbp hnhn[ cq]-am-xriiƒ (Themes or Templates) Xncs Sp m\pw \ap v Ignbpw. Nn{Xw 12.$

140 tªmkns cq]w Fßs\bmIWw tªmkns cq]w am p Xn\mbp hnhn[ cq]-am-xriiƒ (Themes or Templates) Xncs Sp m\pw \ap v Ignbpw. Nn{Xw 12.5 Umjv t_m Unep Appearance-Themes F {IaØn Xpd m tªmkns cq]w Xncs Sp m\p t]pmwv \ap p ap n {]Xy s SpI. Nn{Xw 12.5 ImWp Xp t]mse ]e \ndønepw cq]ønepap Ae mcßtfmss tªmkv t]ppiƒ \ap v ImWmw. Hmtcm cq]-am-xr-ibv pw H ap Preview \ Inbm \ΩpsS tªmkv Fßs\bmIpw hmb\ m v ZriyamhpIsb v ImWm Ignbpw. AXn \n pw GsX nepsam v Xncs Sp m Activate _ Wn n psnbvxv apt m p t]mimw. C s\ n \n p Xs sswtπ piƒ Uu temuv snbvxv cq]w am m\pw Ignbpw. tªmkn hnhcßƒ Dƒs SpØmw tªmkn t]mãpiƒ Dƒs Sp Øm\mbn Umjv t_m Un Posts Add New F {IaØn Xpd pi. Nn{Xw 12.6 texp t]mse Ct mƒ Hcp PmeIw ZriyamIp XmWv. CXv ]pxnb t]mãpiƒ Xbmdm n ]_vfnjv snøp Xn\p t]pmwv. Title `mkøv t]mãns Xes pw AXn\p Nn{Xw

$Xmsgbp shfpø {]XeØn cn\ifpw Dƒs SpØmw. Xbmdm nb t]mãv {]kn oicn s Sptºmƒ Fßs\bmIpw ImWpIsb dnbm Preview n psnbvxp t\m pi. Publish n v snbvxm B t]mãv {]kn oicn s Sp p.$

141 Xmsgbp shfpø {]XeØn cn\ifpw Dƒs SpØmw. Xbmdm nb t]mãv {]kn oicn s Sptºmƒ Fßs\bmIpw ImWpIsb dnbm Preview n psnbvxp t\m pi. Publish n v snbvxm B t]mãv {]kn oicn s Sp p. F m Save Draft n p snbvxm AsXmcp {Um^v v t]mãv Bbn amdpw. {]kn o Icn s SmØXpw tªmkn tkhv snøs Xpamb t]mãmwv {Um^v v. Ch a p h v ImWm\mIn. Hcp tej\w ]n osst msg nepw {]kn oicn p Xn\v th n AXv BZyw {Um^v v Bbn tkhv snøpibpw Bhiyap t mƒ Publish Nn{Xw 12.7 snøpibpamimw. A[nI {]h Ø\w \memw A[ymbØn ]Tn F v.sn.fw.f. SmKpIƒ t]mãpifneqss ]co n p t\m m Ip nisf t{]cn n Ww. AhbpsS D]tbmKw ^e{]zambn ]co n p t\m m Ignbp Hcp A[ymbamWnXv. A cßfpss \ndhpw hen hpw am p Xn\pw Ah Nen n p Xn\pap SmKpIƒ {]tbmkn v t]mãv IqSpX at\mlcam mhp txbp p. GsX- nepw F v.sn.fw.f. SmKpIƒ \ In-bn- p-s - n Ah ImWm\mIp hn[w t]mãns\ Zriyam p Xn\v hexpapifnembn D HTML tamun n psnøpi. SmKpIƒ ImWmXncn pibpw F m AXns ^ew ImWm\mIpIbpw snøp hn[w Hcp t]mãns\ Zriyam pibpw snøp Xn\v Visual tamuv D]tbmKn mw. {]kn oicn t]mãn am w hcpøm \ΩpsS tªmkn Hcn {]kn oicn txm {Um^v v Bbn tkhv snøs txm Bb t]mãpiƒ Ft mƒ thwsa nepw FUn v snøp Xn\pw Uneo v snøp Xn\pw km[n pw. Umjv t_mun \n pw Posts Posts F {IaØn Xpd m CXp hsc {]kn oicn s F m t]mãnt bpw Xes piƒ (Title) ImWm Ignbpw. AXnt\msSm ap Edit, Trash F nh D]tbmKn v bym{iaw t]mãv FUn v snøp Xn\pw C mxm p Xn\pw (Delete) km[n pw. 142

142 t]mãnse t^m pifpss \ndw, hen w, Asse sa v F nh am p Xn\v Nn{Xw 12.8 t]mãns Xes v `mkønt bpw D S `mkønt bpw CSbv mbn t^m am nmv SqfpIƒ (Nn{Xw 12.8) ImWm Ignbpw. Hm Hm^okv tkm^v pshbdpiƒ ssiimcyw snbvxn p Ip niƒ v Ch ]cnnnxambncn pw. F nepw AXym-hiyw th Nne Sqfp-I-sf- \ap v H p-iqsn ]cnnbs SpØmw. Hcp A cønt\m hm nt\m hmniønt\m ssl en v \ Im\mWv BZy Nn w. t]mãnse Hcp hmt m hmnitam skeivsv snbvx tijw Cu ssl en v Nn Øn n v snbvxm hcp PmeIØn GXp t]pmtwm ZriyamtI Xv AXns URL \ Ip p. thwsa n t\csø C s\ n A]vtemUv snbvxp sh n p Ne n{x, Nn{X, i, ssivãp ^bepifpw ssl en mbn \ Imw. ssl en v \ Inbncn p hm v skeivsv snbvxv Cu Nn Øn n psnbvxm en v C mxm m km[n pw. Ch Asse sa v am p Xn\mWv. Left, Center, Right, Justify F o Asse sa pifn Bhiym\pkcWw \ap nxv D]tbmKn mw. ssivãv skeivsv snbvx tijw thww Asse sa v am m. Hm Hm^okv ssd dnepw Cw{] nepw ]Tn Xp t]mse Xs ssivãn\v X\ntb _p pifpw \ºdpIfpw \ Ip Xn\v D]tbmKn p p. ChnsSbpw ssivãv skeivsv snbvx tijw thww Cu Sqƒ D]tbmKn m. Cu SqfpItfmsSm w ^b-ep-iƒ Upload/Insert snøm\p sf WpIfpap v. \ΩpsS Iºyq knãønep CtaPv, hountbm, HmUntbm ^bepiƒ A]vtemUv snøp Xn\p SqfpIfmWnh. GXp am w hcpønbmepw Ah ]_vfnjv snbvsx n am{xta hmb\ m v ZriyamhpIbp p. 143

143 A[nI {]h Ø\w tic-f-sø p-dn v Hcp Ipdn v Xømdm n AXn\p Xmsg F m Pn - IfpsSbpw t]cp-iƒ _p - p-ifn v \ Ip-I. \ndw, hen w, Asse sa v F nh A\p-tbm-Py-amb hn[-øn \ Ip-I. t]mãn tic-f-øns Nn{Xw Dƒs -Sp-Øp-I. A[nI hnh-c-ßƒ v hn n-]o-un-b-bn- \n pw tic-f-tø- q-dn- p tej-\-ønte v ssl en v \ Ip-I. {]h Ø\w 2 tªmkpifn A`n{]mbßsfgpXp Xn\v Ia p snøpi F mwv ]dbp Xv. Hcp tªmskgpxnb hy nbpw hmb\ mcpw XΩn Bibhn\nabw \SØp Xn\p Cu tijnbmwv tªmkns\ sh_vssk pifn \n v hyxykvxam p Xv. hnhn[ tªmkpifpw AhnsS Hmtcm t]mãn\pw Xmsg Ia piƒ snbvxncn p Xpw Ip nisf ]cnnbs SpØWw. Ia v snøp Xn\mbn Hmtcm Nn{Xw 12.9 t]mãn\pw Xmsgbp Leave a Reply (Hcp A`n{]mbw tcjs SpØq) n v snøww. B kabw Nn{Xw 12.9 ImWn ncn p Xp t]msebmipw Ia v snøm\p PmeIw ImWmhpI. AXn Name F Xn\p t\sc Ia v snøp bmfns t]cpw, E Mail F Xn\p t\sc C-sabn hnemkhpw \ IWw. Comment F Xn\p Xmsgbmbp shfpø {]XeØnemWv \ΩpsS A`n{]mbw tcjs SptØ Xv. A`n{]mbw ]q Wambn FgpXnb tijw Post Comment F _ Wn n psnbvxm Ia v {]kn oicn mw. Nne tªmkpifn Cu kabw Word Verification IqSn \ ti nhcpw. {]kn oicn p Xn\p ap ]v Ia v F{]ImcamIpw ZriyamhpI F dnbm Preview _ Wn n psnøm\pw km[n pw. ChnsS \n pw Edit snøpitbm Publish snøpitbm BImw. Ip niƒ \n an tªmkpifn Ah ]ckv]cw Ia piƒ tcjs SpØs. <b>, <i>, <a> XpSßnb HTML SmKpIƒ D]tbmKn p t\m p Xn\pw Ahsc ]cnioen n Ww. CsXmcp amxri am{xamsw v kqnn n t m. F nepw th Uv{]kneqsS 144

$tªmkp m m ]Tn Hcmƒ v www.blogger.com, www.rediff.com, www.msn.com F o tkh\zmxm ƒ \ Ip kuicyßfp]tbmkn pw tªmkpifp m m Ignbpw. ]co n pat m. aebmføn tªmknwkv ]Tn n p tªmkpifpss en piƒ C s\ n e`yamwv.$

144 tªmkp m m ]Tn Hcmƒ v F o tkh\zmxm ƒ \ Ip kuicyßfp]tbmkn pw tªmkpifp m m Ignbpw. ]co n pat m. aebmføn tªmknwkv ]Tn n p tªmkpifpss en piƒ C s\ n e`yamwv. Is Øm {ian pat m. DZmlcWØn\v bloghelpline.blogspot.com, -hnzym n-i-fpss kmln-xy-kr-jvsn-iƒ {]kn- o-i-cn- p- -Xn-\mbn kviqfn\v th n Hcp tªmkv D m- p-i. A[ym-]-Icpw Ip n-ifpw ASßp FUn-t m-dn-b t_m Uv AXns ta t\m w hln- -Ww. tªmkn {]kn- o-i-cn- p t]mãp-iƒ hmbn p t\m n hnzym Yn-Iƒ A`n-{]mb-ßƒ tcj-s -SpØs. hn n Iq m-bva-bn-eqss cn\ \n h-ln- m Ign-bp Hcp tkm^v vshb kwhn- [m-\-amwv hn n F -dn-b-s -Sp- Xv. Cu kuicyw {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øn-s m v Ht sd sh_vssk- p-iƒ {]h Øn- p- p- v. Cu sh_vssk- p-i-fnse Xmfp-Ifn hnh-c-ßƒ Iq n-t m\pw \o w snøm-\p-ap kzmx-{ yhpw kui-cyhpw AXn D]-tbm-Kn- n- p hn n tkm^v vshb {]Zm\w snøp- p. FUn- n-wkn- \m-is henb kmt -XnI ]cn- m\w Bh-iy-an-s Xpw hn nsb IqSp-X P\-Io-b-am- p- p hm Uv I nmvlmw (Ward Cunnigham) F Ata-cn- Iºyq- t{]m{km-a-dmwv hn n tkm^v vshb- \n Ωn- Xv am v 25 \v At±lw Cu tkm^v v shbdns\ F sh_vssk- n ÿm]n- p. Hcmƒ cn-\- \n h-ln- p-ibpw a p- -h tn v AXv Xncp-Øp- Itbm Iq n-t p-itbm snbvxv ta- -bp- -Xm n am n kaq-l-øn\v KpW-]-cam-b hn[-øn D]-tbm-Kn- m IgnbWw F -Xm-bn-cp p At±-l-Øns B{K-lw. hm Uv I nmvlmw hn n tkm^v v shb D]-tbm-Kn- p ae-bmfønep Nne hn n kwcw-`-ßƒ hn n]ounb (kz-x-{ -hn- m-\-timiw) hn n \nl p (\nl- phpw i_vz-tim-ihpw) hn n {KŸ-ime (kzx-{ -]p-kvx-im-ebw) hn n ]mt-ime (kzx-{ -]-T-\-k-lmbn) hn n snm p-iƒ (snm p-i-fpss tijcw) hn nsb n IqSpXednbm F o en p-iƒ t\m pi. 145

$kviqƒ hn n hnhn[ hn n kwcw`ßsf pdn p ]dbp Iq Øn hn pt]mim ]msn mø H mwv sfsn@kviqfns t\xrxzøn ticfønse F m hnzymebßfptsbpw klicwtømss krjvsn n p kviqƒhn n (www.schoolwiki.in).$

145 kviqƒ hn n hnhn[ hn n kwcw`ßsf pdn p ]dbp Iq Øn hn pt]mim ]msn mø H mwv sfsn@kviqfns t\xrxzøn ticfønse F m hnzymebßfptsbpw klicwtømss krjvsn n p kviqƒhn n ( CXv Ip nisf ]cnnbs SpØWw. tlmw t]pn \n pw Pn -, hnzym`ymkpn F {IaØn Xpd v \ΩpsS kviqfns t]pn FØnt cmw. Ah v ]cnnbap Xpw A møxpamb a v kviqfpifpss t]ppifnte pw CXp t]mse t]mim A\phZn Ww. kviqƒhn nbnse \ΩpsS kviqfns t]pv ]pxnb hnhcßfpw kviqfns kw_ n p kw`hhnimkßfpw Dƒs SpØn Ft mgpw A]vtU v snøm\pw {]txyiw {i n Ww. CsX mw Ip nifnep m p {]tnmz\w sndpx t m. sf.sn. nse X ]ccmb hnzym YnIsf A[ym]IcpsS ta t\m Øn kviqƒ hn n A]vtU v snøp Xn\v NpaXes SpØpIbpamImw. hn n-]o-unb ]ckv]cw Adnbmhp txm A møhtcm Bb \nch[n t]cpss \nc c]cn{iaøm hni-kn p sim ncn- p Hm sse kzx{ hn m\timiamwv hn n- ]o-un-b. hn n tkm^v vshb D]-tbm-Kn- p A\-h[n sh_vssk- p-i-fn H mwv CXpw. C v hn n-]o-unb \nehn-ep hn n-i-fn h v G hpw {]Nm-c-w t\sn- -gn- p P\p-hcn 15 \v Cw ojv `mj-bn-emwv BZysØ hn n- ]o-unb Bcw-`n- p Xv. PnΩn shbn kpw klmbn emdn kmm-dp-am-bn-cp p Cu kwcw-`-øn\v XpS w Ipdn- Xv. PnΩn shbn kv C Uy `mj-i-fn G hpw A[nIw hni-kn n p hbpss KWØn ae-bmfw hn n-]o-un-b- ap \n-c-bn Ø-s -bp- v. G hpw IqSp-X Xncp-Ø-ep- Ifpw Iq n-t -ep-ifpw \S-Ø-s - Xpw ae-bm-f-øn Øs -bm-wv. CXp-hsc {]kn- o-i-cn hbn \n pw ani 500 tej-\-ßsf kam-l-cn psim v C Uy `mj-ifn BZy-ambn ae-bmfw hn n-]o-unb kn.un ]Xn p ]pd-øn-d- n. CtXmsS tej-\-k-am-lm-c-ß-fpss kn.un ]Xn v Xbm-dm- nb temisø Bdm-a-sØ hn n- ]o-un-b F _lp-a-xnbpw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bv v kz ambn. hn n]ounbbnse aebmfw Xnc- n aebmfw hn n]ounbbn ( ml.wikipedia.org) aebmføn hnhcßƒ Xncbm Ignbpw. aebmføn segpxpi F Xn\p Xmsgbp 146

$t_mivkn aebmfw sss psnbvxv sk v snømhp txbp p. p/en\ivkn aebmfw sss psnøp Xn\v s{s]adn mkpifn sh v Xs Ip niƒ ]Tn n p mipw. Cu A[ym-b-Ønse {]h Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mkambn B ]cnioe\w apt m p \o m \mw {i n Ww.$

146 t_mivkn aebmfw sss psnbvxv sk v snømhp txbp p. p/en\ivkn aebmfw sss psnøp Xn\v s{s]adn mkpifn sh v Xs Ip niƒ ]Tn n p mipw. Cu A[ym-b-Ønse {]h Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mkambn B ]cnioe\w apt m p \o m \mw {i n Ww. hn n]ounbbnse Xncp-Øepw hnhcßƒ Dƒs SpØepw AdnhpIƒ ] psh m Ht sd t] {ian Xns `mkambmwv hn n]ounb C v C{Xtbsd hnikn Xv. hn m\zmlnifm n am p txmssm w Xs Ip nisf hn m\w ] psh p Xnepw Xev]ccm m \mw {ian Ww. B e yw ap n Øns m v Xs hn n]ounbsb kºpjvsam p Xn\v Ahsc k cmt Xp v. aebmfw hn n-]o-un-b-bn A u v \n an- p- -Xn\v {][m-\-t]-pn\v api-fn Øs -bp {]thin- pi/awk-xz-sa-sp- pi (Login/Create Account) F en n n v snøp-i. B t]pn ImWp Hcw-K-Xz-sa-Sp- pi (Create One Account) F en n-eqss AwK-Xz-sa-Sp- p- -Xn-\p t]pn-se-ømw. D]-tbm- r-\maw (User id), cl-ky-hm v (Password), Csa-bn hnemkw ( id) F nh \ Inb tijw AwK-Xz-sa-Sp- pi F k_van v _ -Wn n v snøpi. AwKXzw ÿnco-i-cn p sim p Adn-bn v e`n- m hn n-]o-un-b-bpss Hcp tej-i-\m-ip -Xn-\p AwKo-Imcw e`n- p-sh- m-wv A w.- C\n {][m-\-t]-pn CSXp hiøp ImWp tej\w XpS-ßpI F en n-eqss {]thin- m hn n-]o-un-b-bn ]pxn-sbmcp tej\w XpS-ßmw. hn n-]o-un-b-bn AwK-Xz-ap Hcmƒ v AXnse tej-\-ßƒ Xncp-Øp- -Xn\pw Iq n-tn p- -Xn\pw km[n- pw. Hcp tej-\-ønse -io j-ißƒs m w Xncp-ØpI (Edit) F en v ImWm Ign-bpw. AXn n psnbvxv Hcp tej-\-øn Bh-iy-amb am -ßƒ hcp-øm Ign-bpw. 147

$CâÀs\-änse hnh-cm-t\z-j-ww. hnh-cm-t\z-j-w-øn\v G hpw ani am K-ß-fn-sem- mbn C s\ v amdn- -gn- p. ]T-\-{]-h Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mk-ambp At\z-j-W-km-a-{Kn-I-fn Ip n- Iƒ C s\- ns\bpw ]cn-k-wn- m XpS-ßn.$

147 CâÀs\-änse hnh-cm-t\z-j-ww. hnh-cm-t\z-j-w-øn\v G hpw ani am K-ß-fn-sem- mbn C s\ v amdn- -gn- p. ]T-\-{]-h Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mk-ambp At\z-j-W-km-a-{Kn-I-fn Ip n- Iƒ C s\- ns\bpw ]cn-k-wn- m XpS-ßn. C s\- n \n p e`n- p F m hnh-c-ßfpw hkvxp-xm-]-c-am-bn-s m- -W-sa- n. AXns B[n-Im-cn-IX a p am K-ß-fn-eqsSbpw At\z-jn v Ip n-iƒ Xs Is ØWw.. sk v F Pn-\p-I-fn-eq-sS-bp sxc- n-en timsn- -W- n\v sh_vssk- p-i-fpss en p-i-fmipw ]e-t mgpw \ΩpsS ap n-se-øp-i. AXn \n pw \ap- m-h-iy-ap hnh-c-ßƒ I p-]n-sn-s -Sp- p- -Xn\v IqSp-X kabw Nne-hgnt n hcpw. CXv Imcy- -a-am- p- -Xn\v Nne s]msn-ss -Iƒ \ap v {]tbm- Kn- m-hp- -tx-bp- p. D -c-wn- p- n hm p-iƒ FgpXn (DZm: Layers of Earth ) Ip n-iƒ sk v F Pn-\n-eqsS hnh-c-ßƒ Xnc-bp- p. D -cwn C m-sxbpw hnh-c-ßƒ Xnc-bp- p. c pw XΩn-ep hyxymkw Ah kzbw Is -Ø-s. D -c-wn- p- n \ Ip hm p-iƒ AXp t]mse Xs {]Z in- n- p sh_v-t]ppi-ƒ am{xambncn pw ^e-ß-fmbn hcp- -Xv. Nn{Xw 12.6 sk v t_mivkn BZyw Computer F pw Define:computer F pw \ In Xnc- n \S-Ø-s. c p coxn A\p-h Øn -t mgpw F mwv kw`-hn- Xv? c m-asø coxn-bn Define: F -Xn-t\m-sSm w \ Ip hm p-i-fpss \n h-n-\tam elp-hn-h-c-wtam Bbn-cn pw ^e-ambn e`n- p-i. sk v t_mivkn Site:edu, site:gov, site:org F Xn-t\m-sSm w GsX- nepw hm p-iƒ \ In Xnc- n \S-Øq. bym-{iaw.edu,.gov,.org XpS-ßnb sumssa-\p-i-fn-ep sh_vssk- n \n p ^e-ß-fmwv e`n- p- -sx v ImWmw. 148

C ybn thcpd- n- p ^mkn-ãv kºzvhyhÿ

\nco- Ww [ C-Xv A-k-ln-jv-Wp-X-bp-sS cq-]-øn-epw A-{I-a-Øn-s cq-]-øn-epw {]-Xn-^-en- mw [ t\m v \ntcm-[\w, Pn.-F-kv.Sn, \oxn BtbmKv C ybn thcpd- n- p ^mkn-ãv kºzvhyhÿ ^m-kn-ãv A[n-Imchyhÿ `-c-w-iq-s-øn-s