1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
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- Lizbeth Marshall
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1 MPLS TE Seminar P h i u p h i. i u p h c i c Umberto osc mberto@ osc t osc sc o. om Umberto P os c h i 1
2 Traf f ic Eng ineering ( R F C ) Traffic Engineering (TE) is concerned with p erform ance op tim iz ation of op erational network s. Traffic Engineering encom p asses the ap p l ication of technol ogy and scientific p rincip l es to the m easu rem ent, m odel ing, characteriz ation, and control of I nternet traffic, and the ap p l ication of su ch k nowl edge and techniq u es to achiev e sp ecific p erform ance ob j ectiv es. 2
3 Traf f ic Eng ineering ( R F C ) The k ey p erform ance ob j ectiv es for Traffic Engineering can b e cl assified as fol l ow: Traffic oriented R es ou rce oriented. 3
4 Th e Mo t iv at io ns f o r Traf f ic Eng ineering Umberto P os c h i 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 4 4
5 Traffic Engineering: The Congestion Problem M inim iz ing congestion is a p rim ary traffic and resou rce oriented p erform ance ob j ectiv e. cong es tion p rob l em s th at are p rol ong ed rath er th an on trans ient cong es tion res u l ting from ins tantaneou s b u rs ts. C ong es tion ty p ical l y m anifes ts u nder tw o s cenarios : W h en n etw ork resou rc es a re i n su f f i c i en t or i n a d eq u a te to a c c ommod a te of f ered l oa d. W h en tra f f i c strea ms a re i n ef f i c i en tl y ma p p ed on to a v a i l a bl e resou rc es; c a u si n g su bsets of n etw ork resou rc es to bec ome ov er-u ti l i z ed w h i l e oth ers rema i n u n d eru ti l i z ed. 5
6 Traffic Engineering: The Congestion Problem. Cont. R 1 Path for R1 to R3 traffic = Path for R2 to R3 traffic = R 3 R 2 Conventional IGP path computation is selected based upon a simple additive metr ic Bandwidth availability is not taken into account S ome link s may be under utiliz ed w hile other s ar e cong ested 6
7 I P R o u t ing : Tink ering W it h Met ric s S u p p ort for ex p l icit ( a. k. a. s ou rce ) rou ting w ith th e ab il ity to s teer traffic v ia th e u nder-u til iz ed p arts of th e netw ork is not av ail ab l e V oi c e n etw ork s, F ra me R el a y, A T M a re ex p l i c i tl y rou ted a t c on n ec ti on setu p C onv entional I G P s ( e. g. I S -I S, O S P F ) do not p rov ide u s w ith th e cap ab il ities needed to s u itab l y eng ineer traffic 7
8 Th e O v erl ay So l u t io n: Traf f ic Eng ineering at Lay er 2 LL 33 LL 22 LL 22 LL 33 LL 33 LL 33 LL 33 LL 22 LL 22 LL 33 LL 33 LL 33 LL 22 LL 22 LL 33 LL 33 Physical R ou ting at l ay er 2 (A TM or F R ) is u sed for traffic engineering L ay er 3 sees a com p l ete m esh and rou ting at l ay er 3 is triv ial LL 33 LL 33 L o g ical 8
9 Th e O v erl ay So l u t io n: Traf f ic Eng ineering at Lay er 2 R 1 R 3 R 2 P V C for R 1 to R 3 traffic P V C for R 2 to R 3 traffic 9
10 Th e O v erl ay So l u t io n: Traf f ic Eng ineering at Lay er 2 Traffic E ng ineering at L ay er 2 g iv es control no not p os s ib l e b y tink ering w ith conv entional I G P m etrics A dded com p l ex ity tw o netw ork s to des ig n dep l oy and m anag e g rea ter c ost l on g er l ea d ti mes I G P rou ting s cal ab il ity is s u es for m es h es A dditional b andw idth ov erh ead ( cel l tax ) 10
11 MPLS Traf f ic Eng ineering and it s C o mp o nent s Umberto P os c h i 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc
12 MPLS Traf f ic Eng ineering Traffic eng ineering req u ires an ex p l icit rou ting cap ab il ity I P su p p orts on l y th e d esti n a ti on -ba sed rou ti n g n ot a d eq u a te f or tra f f i c en g i n eeri n g M P L S Traffic E ng ineering g iv es u s an ex p l icit rou ting cap ab il ity ( a. k. a. s ou rce rou ting ) at L ay er 3 L ets y ou u se p a th s oth er th a n I G P sh ortest p a th A l l ow s u n eq u a l -c ost l oa d sh a ri n g T h e ben ef i ts of L a y er 2 tra f f i c en g i n eeri n g w i th ou t th e d i sa d v a n ta g es 12
13 MPLS Traf f ic Eng ineering M P L S p rov ides s im p l e and efficient s u p p ort for ex p l icit rou ting sep a ra ti on of rou ti n g a n d f orw a rd i n g M P L S l a bel sw a p p i n g a s th e f orw a rd i n g mec h a n i sm u se of ex p l i c i tl y rou ted L a bel S w i tc h ed P a th s ( L S P s) to steer tra f f i c th rou g h th e n etw ork R S V P a s th e mec h a n i sm f or esta bl i sh i n g L S P s 13
14 MPLS TE C o mp o nent s ( 1 ) R es ou rce / p ol icy inform ation dis trib u tion ( 2 ) C ons traint b as ed p ath com p u tation ( 3 ) R S V P for tu nnel s ig nal ing ( 4 ) L ink adm is s ion control ( 5 ) L S P es tab l is h m ent ( 6 ) TE tu nnel control and m aintenance ( 7 ) A s s ig n traffic to tu nnel s 14
15 MPLS TE C o mp o nent s (1) R e s o u r c e / p o l i c y i n f o r m a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n E x tensions to O S PF / IS -IS ar e used to distr ibute r esour ce or policy constr aints per taining to link s A vailable bandw idth is j ust one ty pe of constr aint 15
16 MPLS TE Components: ( 1 ) R esou r c e / pol i c y i nf or ma ti on d i str i b u ti on R 1 R 3 R 2 O S PF / IS -IS ex tensions ar e used to distr ibute link r esour ce or policy constr aint inf or mation: Available bandwidth and different priorities levels Adm inistrative polic y ( R esou rc e C lass Affinity ) 16
17 Link A t t rib u t es R es ou rce / p ol icy attrib u tes are config u red on ev ery l ink and define th e cap ab il ities of th e netw ork B a n d w i d th R esou rc e C l a ss A f f i n i ty stri n g ( p ol i c y ) T E -sp ec i f i c l i n k metri c W h en p erform ing th e cons traint b as ed p ath com p u tation, th e h ead-end com p ares th e l ink attrib u tes receiv ed v ia th e I G P to th os e config u red on th e tu nnel 17
18 Tu nnel A t t rib u t es C onfig u red at th e h ead-end of th e tu nnel D efine th e req u irem ents for th e tu nnel B a n d w i d th P ri ori ti es Setup priority: priority for taking a resource H ol d priority: priority for h ol d ing a resource R esou rc e C l a ss A f f i n i ty stri n g ( P ol i c y ) 18
19 A v ail ab l e B and w id t h A t t rib u t e Physical B W = P G L O B A L P O O L ma x i mu m bw : X X i n d ep en d en t of P Y i s i g n ored B a n d w i d t h p o o l s d e f i n i t i o n : X i s t h e b a n d w i d t h c o n s t r a i n t o n a l l t u n n e l s a t a l l p r e - e m p t i o n l e v e l s ( S u m o f a l l t u n n e l s < = X ) 19
20 Per -Pr i or i ty A v a i l a b l e B a nd w ip r s v p b a n i d th Ex a mpl e B / W Pr ior ity S uccessively, w e ex amine: Tu1 requests 200k at P=3/3 Tu2 requests 7 5 0k at P=4 /4 Tu3 requests 30k at P=5 /5 Tu4 requests 30k at P=6 /6 I n it ia l v ie w o f b a n d w id t h u t il is a t io n 20
21 Per -Pr i or i ty A v a i l a b l e B a nd w ip r s v p b a n i d th Ex a mpl e B / W Pr ior ity S uccessively, w e ex amine: Tu1 requests 200k at P=3/3 Tu2 requests 7 5 0k at P=4 /4 Tu3 requests 30k at P=5 /5 Tu4 requests 30k at P=6 /6 tu1 accepted! 21
22 Per -Pr i or i ty A v a i l a b l e B a nd w ip r s v p b a n i d th Ex a mpl e B / W Pr ior ity S uccessively, w e ex amine: Tu1 requests 200k at P=3/3 Tu2 requests 7 5 0k at P=4 /4 Tu3 requests 30k at P=5 /5 Tu4 requests 30k at P=6 /6 tu2 accepted! 22
23 Per -Pr i or i ty A v a i l a b l e B a nd w ip r s v p b a n i d th Ex a mpl e B / W Pr ior ity S uccessively, w e ex amine: Tu1 requests 200k at P=3/3 Tu2 requests 7 5 0k at P=4 /4 Tu3 requests 30k at P=5 /5 Tu4 requests 30k at P=6 /6 tu3 accepted! 23
24 Per -Pr i or i ty A v a i l a b l e B a nd w ip r s v p b a n i d th Ex a mpl e B / W Pr ior ity S uccessively, w e ex amine: Tu1 requests 200k at P=3/3 Tu2 requests 7 5 0k at P=4 /4 Tu3 requests 30k at P=5 /5 Tu4 requests 30k at P=6 /6 tu4 R E J E C T E D! 24
25 R es o u rc e c l as s af f init y at t rib u t e Supports the ability to include / exclude certain links for certain traffic trunks based on a user-defined P olicy T unnel is characteriz ed by: 3 2 -bi t resou rc e-c l a ss a f f i n i ty stri n g 3 2 -bi t resou rc e-c l a ss ma sk ( 0 = d on t c a re, 1 = c a re) L ink is characteriz ed by a 3 2 -bit resource-class affinity string Default-v alue of tunnel / link bits is 0 Default v alue of the tunnel m ask = 0 x F F F F 25
26 R es o u rc e C l as s A f f init y A t t rib u t e: Example 1: 4-b i t s t r i n g, d ef au lt C A B D E T u n n e l A t o B : tunnel af f inity = 0000, tunnel mask = 0011 A D E B a n d A D C E B a r e po s s ib l e 26
27 R es o u rc e C l as s A f f init y A t t rib u t e: Example 2 : 4-b i t s t r i n g C A B S e t t in g a b it o n l in k D -E d r iv e s a l l t u n n e l s o f f t h e l in k, e x c e pt t h o s e s pe c ia l l y c o n f ig u r e d T u n n e l f r o m A t o B : D E tunnel af f inity = 0000, tunnel mask = 0011 O n l y A D C E B is po s s ib l e 27
28 R es o u rc e C l as s A f f init y A t t rib u t e: Example 3 : 4-b i t s t r i n g D C E A B A s pe c if ic t u n n e l c a n b e c o n f ig u r e d t o a l l o w s u c h l in k s b y c l e a r in g t h a t b it in it s a f f in it y a t t r ib u t e m a s k T u n n e l f r o m A t o B : tunnel af f inity = 0000, tunnel mask = 0001 A g a in, A D E B a n d A D C E B a r e po s s ib l e 28
29 R es o u rc e C l as s A f f init y A t t rib u t e: Example 4: 4-b i t s t r i n g D C E A B A l t e r n a t iv e l y, a s pe c if ic t u n n e l c a n b e r e s t r ic t e d t o o n l y s u c h l in k s b y in s t e a d s e t t in g t h e b it in it s a f f in it y a t t r ib u t e T u n n e l f r o m A t o B : tunnel af f inity = 0010, tunnel mask =
30 R es o u rc e C l as s A f f init y A t t rib u t e: Example 5 : 4-b i t s t r i n g D C E A B B y c h a n g in g a n a d d it io n a l b it in t h e a f f in it y a t t r ib u t e, n o t u n n e l pa t h s f r o m A t o B a r e po s s ib l e : tunnel af f inity = 0011, tunnel mask =
31 Link A t t rib u t e F l o o d ing F looding can be trig g ered by different ev ents P eri od i c ( ti mer-ba sed ) O n si g n i f i c a n t c h a n g es of a v a i l a bl e ba n d w i d th Up/Down thresholds (in %) n l i n k c f i g u c h a n g n n n p f a i l u O on ra ti on es O tu el setu re 31
32 Link A t t rib u t e F l o o d ing : Sig nif ic ant C h ang e % 9 2 % 8 5 % 7 0 % 5 0 % U pdate U pdate Each tim e a threshold is crossed, an update is sent Closer thresholds as utiliz ation increases Different thresholds for U P and DO W N ( m ore stable) T hresholds config urable to fine-tune flooding ov erhead v s. CSP F accuracy 32
33 Link A t t rib u t e F l o o d ing : Tu nnel Set u p F ail u re Due to the threshold scheme, it is possible that a router thin k s thin k s that an L S P tun n el can be sig n alled v ia router Z w hile in f act, Z does n ot hav e the req uired resources W hen Z receiv es the R esv messag e an d ref uses the L S P tun n el, it broadcasts an update of its status 33
34 O t h er Tu nnel C h arac t eris t ic s O rdered list of P ath O ptions P ossi bl e a d mi n i stra ti v el y sp ec i f i ed p a th s ( v i a a n of f -l i n e c en tra l serv er) C on stra i n ed -ba sed d y n a mi c a l l y c omp u ted p a th s ba sed on c ombi n a ti on of ba n d w i d th a n d p ol i c i es R e-optim iz ation E a c h p a th op ti on i s en a bl ed or n ot f or re-op ti mi z a ti on 34
35 MPLS TE C o mp o nent s ( 1 ) R e s o u r c e / po l ic y in f o r m a t io n d is t r ib u t io n ( 2 ) C o n s t r a in t b a s e d pa t h c o m pu t a t io n S elects paths that obey the constr aints 35
36 MPLS TE C o mp o nent s : ( 2 ) C o ns t raint b as ed p at h c o mp u t at io n R 1 R 3 R 2 PCA L C on head-end r outer s calculates best path that satisf ies constr aints based upon the r eceived topolog y and policy inf or mation O utput is an ex plicit r oute used as an input to the tunnel sig nalling component 36
37 w C o ns t rained -B as ed R o u t ing I n g en eral, path computation f or an L S P may seek to satisf y a set of req uiremen ts associated ith the L S P, tak in g in to accoun t a set of con strain ts imposed by admin istrativ e policies an d the prev ailin g state of the n etw ork - w hich usually relates to topolog y data an d resource av ailability. C omputation of an en g in eered path that satisf ies an arbitrary set of con strain ts is ref erred to as con strain t based routin g. Dra f t-li-m pls-ig p-te-0 0. tx t 37
38 Pat h C o mp u t at io n F or dynam ic tunnels the head-end router determ ines the path c a n a l tern a ti v el y be sta ti c a l l y c on f i g u red on h ea d -en d P ath com putation is on dem and : a n n k a n i n g n k w h ( c u L S P f a i l a n i n g n k w h d n g z a f or ew tru f or ex sti tru ose rren t) ed f or ex sti tru en oi re-op ti mi ti on 38
39 Pat h C o mp u t at io n I n puts: config ured attributes of traffic trunks orig inated at this router attributes associated w ith resource av ailable from I S-I S or O SP F topolog y state inform ation av ailable from I S-I S or O SP F 39
40 Pat h C o mp u t at io n P rune links if: Com i n su f f i c i en t resou rc es ( e. g. ba n d w i d th ) v i ol a tes p ol i c y c on stra i n ts pute shortest distance path Uses i ts ow n metri c I n c a se of a ti e-brea k : sel ec ts th e p a th w i th th e bi g g est l ef t-ov er ba n d w i d th, th en w i th th e sma l l est h op -c ou n t 40
41 Pat h C o mp u t at io n O utput: explicit route - expressed as a seq uence of router I P addresses i n terf a c e a d d resses f or n u mbered l i n k s l oop ba c k a d d ress f or u n n u mbered l i n k s U sed as an in put to path setup 41
42 Ex amp l e A C BW ( 3 ) = BW ( 3 ) = 6 0 B BW ( 3 ) = 5 0 D BW ( 3 ) = 2 0 BW ( 3 ) = 8 0 E T u n n el s req u est: Pr ior ity 3, B W = 30 units, Policy str ing : 0000, mask : BW ( 3 ) = 5 0 BW ( 3 ) = 7 0 G 42
43 MPLS TE C o mp o nent s ( 1 ) R e s o u r c e / po l ic y in f o r m a t io n d is t r ib u t io n ( 2 ) C o n s t r a in t b a s e d pa t h c o m pu t a t io n ( 3 ) R S V P f o r t u n n e l s ig n a l in g R S V P ( w ith ex tensions) is used f or sig naling L S Ps 43
44 MPLS TE C o mp o nent s : ( 3 ) Tu nnel Sig nal ing R 1 R 4 R 7 R 8 R 2 R 3 R 5 R 6 R S V P ( w i th ex ten si on s) u sed f or tu n n el si g n a l i n g U ses ex plicit r oute obj ect output f r om PCA L C E R O = R 1 -> R 3 -> R 4 -> R 7 -> R 8 44
45 MPLS TE C o mp o nent s (1) Resource / policy information distribution (2 ) C onstraint based path computation (3 ) RS V P for tunnel sig naling (4 ) L ink admission control D ec i d es w h i c h tu n n el s ma y u se w h i c h resou rc es ( i. e. l i n k s) 45
46 MPLS TE C o mp o nent s : ( 4 ) Link ad mis s io n c o nt ro l R 1 Admission C ont r ol Admission C ont r ol Admission C ont r ol R 2 R 3 A t each hop deter mines if r esour ces ar e available If Admission Control fails, send P ath E rror M ay tear dow n ( ex isting ) T E L S P s w ith a low er p riority T rig g ers IG P information distrib u tion w h en resou rc e th resh olds are c rossed 46
47 Link A d mis s io n C o nt ro l Invoked by Path message i f B W i s a v a i l a bl e, th i s B W i s p u t a si d e i n a w a i ti n g p ool ( w a i ti n g f or th e R E S V msg ) i f th i s p roc ess req u i red th e p re-emp ti on of resou rc es, L C A C n oti f i ed R S V P of th e p re-emp ti on w h i c h th en sen t P a th E rr a n d / or R esv E rr f or th e p re-emp ted tu n n el i f B W i s n ot a v a i l a bl e, L C A C sa y s N o to R S V P a n d a P a th error i s sen t. A f l ood i n g of th e n od e s resou rc e i n f o i s tri g g ered, i f n eed ed d ra f t-i etf -mp l s-rsv p -l sp -tu n n el tx t 47
48 MPLS TE C o mp o nent s (1) Resource / policy information distribution (2 ) C onstraint based path computation (3 ) RS V P for tunnel sig naling (4 ) L ink admission control (5 ) L S P establish ment 48
49 P MPLS TE C o mp o nent s : ( 5 ) LSP Es t ab l is h ment R 1 U se l a b e l 3 0 R 3 R 2 U se l a b e l 4 U se l a b e l 1 2 P O R E S V conf ir ms bandw idth r eser vation and distr ibutes labels D ow nstream on demand lab el alloc ation M PL S used f or f or w ar ding over comes issues of IP destination based f or w ar ding 49
50 MPLS TE C o mp o nent s (1) Resource / policy information distribution (2 ) C onstraint based path computation (3 ) RS V P for tunnel sig naling (4 ) L ink admission control (5 ) L S P establish ment (6 ) T E tunnel control and maintenance E stablishes and maintains tunnels 50
51 MPLS TE C o mp o nent s : ( 6 ) TE t u nnel c o nt ro l R 1 R 3 R 2 Per i odi c PA T H and R E S V r ef r eshes establ i sh and mai ntai n tu nnel s 51
52 Pat h Mo nit o ring Use of new Record Route Object keep tr ac k of the ex ac t tu nnel p ath detec ts l oop s c op y of R R O to E R O al l ow s f or r ou te p i nni ng 52
53 Pat h R e-o p t imiz at io n P a th s ca n be re-op ti m i z ed p eri odi ca l l y or on dem a nd Re-op ti m i z a ti on ch a ra cteri sti cs: make bef or e br eak no dou bl e c ou nti ng of r eser vati ons vi a R S V P shar ed ex p l i c i t styl e! 53
54 N o n-d is ru p t iv e rero u t ing : new p at h s et u p R 8 R 2 R 3 R 4 Pop R 9 R R 6 R 7 32 R 5 22 C u r r ent Path ( E R O = R 1 -> R 2 -> R 6 -> R 7 -> R 4 -> R 9 ) N ew Path ( E R O = R 1 -> R 2 -> R 3 -> R 4 -> R 9 ) - shar ed w i th C u r r ent Path U nti l R 9 gets new Path M essage, c u r r ent R esv i s r ef r eshed 54
55 N o n-d is ru p t iv e rero u t ing : s w it c h ing p at h s R 1 R 8 R R 6 R 3 26 R 4 R 7 32 Pop Pop R 9 R 5 22 R esv: al l oc ates l abel s f or both p aths R eser ves bandw i dth onc e p er l i nk PathT ear c an then be sent to r emove ol d p ath ( and r el ease r esou r c es) 55
56 MPLS TE C o mp o nent s (1) Resource / policy information distribution (2 ) C onstraint based path computation (3 ) RS V P for tunnel sig naling (4 ) L ink admission control (5 ) L S P establish ment (6 ) T E tunnel control and maintenance (7 ) A ssig n traffic to tunnels 56
57 MPLS TE C o mp o nent s : ( 7 ) A s s ig n t raf f ic t o t u nnel s R 1 R 3 R 2 H ead-end r outer s assig n tr af f ic to tunnels: Can use static routing O r b e integration w ith I G P b y using A utoroute P B R 57
58 Mo d if ied SPF c al c u l at io n A u tomati c assi gnment based on IG P at the head-end L S P l ooks l i ke an i nter f ac e w hen S PF r eac hes the tai l -end of an L S P, the nex t hop to the tai l -end i s set to the i nter f ac e assoc i ated w i th the L S P desti nati ons w hose shor test p aths f l ow vi a the tai l -end w i l l al so have the i nter f ac e assoc i ated w i th the L S P as the nex t hop the p ossi bl e u se of a tu nnel as ( O i ntf, N H ) does not c hange the p ath metr i c i n the r ou ti ng tabl e! 58
59 M Ex amp l e R ou t i n g T a b l e T opol og y A d d r e s s A 1 R 3 I n t e r f a c e I 1 R 2 R 1 R 6 I n t e r f a c e I 2 A d d r e s s A 2 R i s l oop ba c k R 4 R 7 i s i. i. i. i R 8 R 5 D e s t O I n t f N e x t H op I A I A I A I A I A I A I A I A I A I A e t r i c S h or t e s t -Pa t h T r e e R 1 ( I 1, A 1 ) ( I 1, A 1 ) { ( I 1, A 1 ), ( I 2, A 2 )} R 2 R 3 R 4 R 8 R 5 { ( I 1, A 1 ), ( I 2, A 2 )} { ( I 1, A 1 ), ( I 2, A 2 )} R 6 R 7 ( I 2, A 2 ) ( I 2, A 2 ) ( O utgoing I nterf ace, N ex t-h op s ad d ress) 59
60 M Ex amp l e I n t e r f a c e I 1 R 1 I n t e r f a c e I 2 A d d r e s s A 2 T opol og y A d d r e s s A 1 R 2 R 6 R 3 TT 1 TT 2 R i s l oop ba c k R 4 R 7 i s i. i. i. i R 8 R 5 R ou t i n g T a b l e D e s t O I n t f N e x t H op I A I A T R T R I A I A T R e t r i c S h or t e s t -Pa t h T r e e R 1 ( I 1, A 1 ) ( I 1, A 1 ) ( T 1, R 4 ) R 2 R 3 R 4 R 8 R 5 ( T 1, R 4 ) ( T 2, R 5 ) R 6 R 7 ( I 2, A 2 ) ( I 2, A 2 ) ( O utgoing I nterf ace, N ex t-h op s ad d ress) 60
A L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W
A L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W Volume 52 Fall 2000 Number 1 B E F O R E D I S A B I L I T Y C I V I L R I G HT S : C I V I L W A R P E N S I O N S A N D TH E P O L I T I C S O F D I S A B I L I T Y I N
OH BOY! Story. N a r r a t iv e a n d o bj e c t s th ea t e r Fo r a l l a g e s, fr o m th e a ge of 9
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P a g e 5 1 of R e p o r t P B 4 / 0 9
P a g e 5 1 of R e p o r t P B 4 / 0 9 J A R T a l s o c o n c l u d e d t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e i n t e n t o f N e l s o n s r e h a b i l i t a t i o n p l a n i s t o e n h a n c e c o n n e
What are S M U s? SMU = Software Maintenance Upgrade Software patch del iv ery u nit wh ich once ins tal l ed and activ ated prov ides a point-fix for
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