Modulation of Gentamicin-induced Testicular and Brain Damage in Rats

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1 Glol Journl of Phrmology 8 (3): , 2014 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 2014 DOI: /iosi.gjp Moultion of Gentmiin-inue Testiulr n Brin Dmge in Rts Zeyn Kh. El-Mwy Deprtment of Phrmology, Fulty of Veterinry Meiine, Alexnri University, Egypt Astrt: The effets of e minoglyosie ntiioti gentmiin, on loo, reproutive system n rin tissue of rts n e onurrent ministrtion of L-rnitine wi e rug were stuie. Rts were intrmusulrly injete wi gentmiin t ose of 20 or 80 mg/kg.wt. i.m., ivie into ree equl oses ily for 10 ys n kille t e 11 or 57 y of experiment. Gentmiin inue signifint reution in inex weight of testes, epiiymis, essory sex orgns, sperm ell onentrtion, motility, live sperms perentges n testosterone hormone level. While testiulr totl holesterol n sperm normlities were inrese. The rug lso use signifint erese in e tivity of testiulr n rin tlse n reue glutione (GSH) ontent. Also e level of lipi peroxition prout mlonilehye (MDA) showe signifint inrese. Some histopologil hnges in testiulr n rin tissues in ition to verse effets on hemtologil prmeters were lso reore. The intensity of ese verse effets inrese signifintly wi e high ose of e rug. The suutneous injetion of L-rnitine (200 mg/kg.wt.) one/y for 56 suessive ys improve signifintly e previously mentione prmeters ompre to gentmiin trete groups in o perios of experiment. Moreover, ll stuie prmeters were restore to norml vlues in L-rnitine wi gentmiin (20 mg/kg.wt.) trete group t e 57 y of experiment. In onlusion, injetion of erpeuti or high ose of gentmiin inue verse effets on reproutive system, loo n rin tissue of mle rts. Interestingly ministrtion of L-rnitine wi gentmiin meliortes ese verse effets y improving ntioxint sttus n reuing lipi peroxition. Key wors: Gentmiin Testes Brin Oxitive Stress L-rnitine Antioxint sttus INTRODUCTION tissues [1].Gentmiin oes not pper to e metolize n exrete lmost entirely y renl glomerulr filtrtion Gentmiin is n minoglyosie ntiioti, it ts y n exrete unhnge in e urine. A mjor inhiiting protein synesis in suseptile teri omplition of gentmiin tretment is nephrotoxiity resulting in ell e (teriil). It hs rpi onset of even wi e erpeuti oses [3]. Gentmiin inue tion, low rte of true resistne [1], high ntiteril nephrotoxiity oul e ue to e rug genertion of effiy n is ommonly use for e tretment of severl retive oxygen speies (ROS) [4-7]. pogeni Grm-negtive teril infetions. It is lso ROS estroy e ell omponents (lipis, proteins tive ginst some Grm-positive orgnisms, e.g. n DNA). Peroxition of memrne lipis uring Stphyloous (inluing meiillin n peniillin oxitive stress inues e frgmenttion of resistnt strins). In vitro gentmiin is tive ginst polyunsturte ftty is n relese of vrious Slmonell n Shigell [2]. lehyes n lkenes [7]. Gentmiin is rpily sore fter i.m. injetion L-rnitine (4Ntrimeylmmonium3 hyroxyutyri n pek serum levels re usully hieve wiin 30 to i), L-lysine erivtive, is nturlly ourring 90 minutes n re mesurle for 6-8 hours. It is wiely mino i-like ompoun n it is n enogenous istriute into oy flui n lso n e etete in mitohonril memrne ompoun [8]. L-rnitine plys Corresponing Auor: Zeyn Khmis EL-Mwy, Deprtment of Phrmology. Fulty of Veterinry Meiine Alexnri University, Efin-Rshi-Beher, P.O. Box: 22758, Egypt. Tel: , Fx:

2 Glol J. Phrmol., 8 (3): , 2014 n importnt role for filitting or trnsport of long hin ftty is from ytosol to mitohonri in orer to enter e -oxition yle [9-11]. Crnitine is lso ssoite wi uffering of exess etyl-co A whih is potentilly toxi to e ells [9]. It is minly use s n effetive nutritionl supplement n lso for ntioxint tivity. There were few stuies investigting e role of gentmiin in reproutive system n rin tissue so is work ws esigne to evlute some phrmoynmi effets of gentmiin on mle lino rts, rough stuying e effets of rug on semen hrters, some hemtologil, iohemil, hormonl n histopologil hnges. Also is stuy extene to investigte e protetive effets n possile mehnism of tion of L-rnitine ginst gentmiin inue verse effets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gentmiin ws otine from Memphis Compny, Egypt uner uority of Shering-plough orportion/usa. L-rnitine provie y Ar Compny for Phrmeutils n Meiinl Plnts (Mepo- Meifoo), Egypt. The ignosti kits etermining vlues of H, totl holesterol, tlse level, GSH n MDA ontents were otine from Bio-ignosti Compny, Egypt. Oer hemils purhse from EL-Gomhori Compny, Egypt. Animls n Experimentl Design: Seventy two Alino mle rts of ys ol n weighing g were otine from e Meil Reserh Institute of Alexnri University, Egypt. Rts reeive lne rtion, wter n humne re in ompline wi e guielines of e Ntionl Institutes of Hel (NIH) of Animl Cre n e lol ommittee pprove is stuy. Rts were limtize 2 weeks prior to e experiments. Rts were rnomly ssigne into 6 equl groups (12 rts / group) Group 1: Rts reeive sline (6 ml/ kg.wt. i.m.) ivie into ree equl oses ily for 10 ys togeer wi single s/ injetion of sline (2 ml/ kg.wt.) ily for 56 suessive ys (ontrol group). Group 2: Rts reeive L-rnitine t ose of 200 mg/kg.wt. s.. in 2 ml/ kg.wt. sline [12] one/ y for suessive 56 ys. Group 3: Rts reeive gentmiin t ose of 20mg/kg.wt. i.m. [13] ivie into ree equl ily oses for 10 ys. Group 4: Rts reeive gentmiin t ose of 80 mg/kg.wt. i.m. oring to e moifie meo of Kopple et l. [12] ivie into ree equl ily oses for 10 ys. Group 5: Rts reeive gentmiin t ose of 20 mg/kg.wt. i.m. ivie into ree equl oses, ily for 10 ys togeer wi L-rnitine t ose of 200 mg/kg.wt. s.. one/ y for 56 suessive ys. Group 6: Rts reeive gentmiin t ose of 80 mg/kg.wt. i.m. ivie into ree equl oses ily for 10 ys togeer wi L-rnitine t ose of 200 mg/kg.wt. s.. one/ y for 56 suessive ys The urtion of e present stuy ws 56 ys to over e spermtogeni yle in rts whih rnges from ys [14]. Six rts from eh trete n ontrol groups were kille t e 11 y from rugs n sline ministrtion to follow up some phrmoynmi effets of e rugs on mle rts. At e 57 y of experiment ll rts were kille. All experimentl rts were eprive of foo overnight n iniviully weighe t e speifi killing time. Bloo, oy orgns n epiiyml ontents were otine from trete n ontrol rts. Bloo Smples: Fsting loo smples were ollete vi retro oritl plexus leeing t speifi time for killing. From eh rt 2 loo smples were ollete one on EDTA for hemtologil stuies n e oer ws left to lot en entrifuge t 3000 rpm for 15 min to otin serum whih store t -20 C for hormonl ssy. Weight of Internl Boy Orgns: After olletion of e loo smples, e nimls were kille, immeitely srifie y ervil epittion. The testes, epiiymis, prostte n seminl vesile glns were issete out, grossly exmine n weighe. The inex weight (I.W.) of eh orgn ws lulte oring to Mtousek [15] where, I.W. = orgn weight (g) / oy weight (g) x 100. Exmintion of Epiiyml Sperm: Epiiyml Sperm Count: Epiiyml spermtozo were ounte y moifie meo of Yokoi et l. [16]. The epiiymis ws mine in 5 ml sline, ple in roker for 10 min n inute t room temperture for 2min. The superntnt ws ilute 1: 100 in solution 285

3 Glol J. Phrmol., 8 (3): , 2014 ontining 5 g NHCo 3 (for reking up e muous prout oring to Ohkw et l. [23]. Ctlse tivity roplets), 1 ml formlin 35% n 25 mg eosin per100 ml ws estimte se on e retion of e enzyme wi istille wter. Approximtely, 10 µl of e ilute semen known quntity of H2O2 oring to Aei [24]. ws trnsferre to eh ounting hmer of n improve Neuur hemoytometer (Dep 0.1 mm; LABART, Histologil Exmintion: One testis from eh rt were Munih, Germny) n ws llowe to stn for 5 min remove, wshe wi physiologil sline, lotte on efore ounting uner light mirosope t high power filter pper, rpily fixe in moifie Dvison s flui for lens. 48 h n store in 70%lohol until furer proessing [25]. The remining prts of rins speimens were Epiiyml Sperm Motility, Anormlities n Live- ollete n fixe in 10% neutrl uffere formlin sperm Perentges: A rop of freshly unilute semen solution. Five miron ik prffin setions were from e u epiiymis ws mixe wi one rop of prepre from o orgns en stine wi hemtoxylin physiologil sline on e slie. The progressively motile n eosin (HE) n lter exmine histopologilly sperm perentge ws evlute mirosopilly uner [26]. high power lens [17]. The perentges of live sperm n morphologilly norml spermtozo were etermine Sttistil Anlysis: Results were sttistilly nlyze fter stining on e sme slie wi eosin nigrosin stin. y ANOVA followe y Dunn s multiple rnge test. A totl of 300 sperm were ounte on eh slie uner Dt re presente s mens plus or minus e stnr high power lens of e light mirosope n perentges error. The minimum level of signifine ws set t p 0.05 of norml sperm n live ones were reore oring [27]. to Beren n Fuquy [17]. RESULTS Hemtologil Stuies: Hemogloin onentrtion ws etermine y e meo esrie y Drkin n Orgns Weights: e otine t revele signifint Austin [18] using ommerilly ville ignosti kits. erese (P 0.05) in inex weight vlues of testes, Pke ell volume perentge ws etermine y epiiymis n essory sex orgns in gentmiin t mirohemtorite tehnique oring to Die n Lewis ifferent oses n perios of experiment n L-rnitine [19]. Eryroyti n totl leukoyti ounts were + gentmiin (20 mg/kg t 11 y or 80mg/kg.wt. t estimte using Doule improve Neuuer o perios) trete groups ompre to ontrol. hemoytometer [19]. The reution ws more evient in gentmiin (80mg/kg.wt.) n less evient in L-rnitine wi gentmiin Hormonl Assy: Serum testosterone ws etermine (20mg/kg.wt. t 11 y) trete groups (Tle 2). using n enzyme immunossy kit (Immunometris Lt., However, L-rnitine ompletely restore e inex Lonon, UK) oring to Demetrious [20]. weight vlues of reproutive orgns in gentmiin (20 mg/kg.wt.) trete group t 57 y ompre to Totl Cholesterol Assy: Testiulr totl holesterol ws ontrol (Tle 1). extrte wi etone-lohol (1:1). Totl holesterol is etermine fter enzymti hyrolysis n oxition. Seminl, Hormonl n Testiulr Totl Cholesterol The initor quinoneimine is forme from hyrogen Assys: There ws signifint (P 0.05) erese in peroxie n 4-minophenzone in e presene of phenol sperm ell onentrtion, motility n live perentges, n peroxise oring to Allin et l. [21]. testosterone hormone level n signifint elevtion in sperm normlities n testiulr totl holesterol vlues Antioxint Sttus n Oxitive Stress Assys: One in rts trete wi gentmiin t ifferent oses n testis n prt of rin of eh rt were kept frozen t 70 perios of experiment n L-rnitine + gentmiin (20 o C for ssessment of GSH n LPO ontents n tlse mg/kg t 11 y or 80mg/kg.wt. t o perios) tivity. GSH level ws mesure se on e reution ompre to ontrol (Tles 2&3). The ministrtion of of 5,5 iiois (2-nitroenzoi i) (DTNB) wi L-rnitine wi gentmiin improve e previously glutione oring to e meo of Gltzle et l. [22]. mentione vlues exept sperm ell onentrtion vlue LPO ws represente s MDA whih ws mesure fter wi gentmiin ose (80mg/kg t 11 y) ompre to e retion wi iorituri i in ii meium t gentmiin lone trete groups. Moreover, Tle 2&3 95 C for 30 minutes to form iorituri i retive showe t, ll e ove mentione prmeters were 286

4 Glol J. Phrmol., 8 (3): , 2014 Tle 1: Effet of gentmiin n / or L-rnitine on inex weight of testes, epiiymis n essory sex orgns of rts Inex weight of Inex weight of Inex weight of essory testes (g/100g.wt.) epiiymis (g/100g.wt.) sex orgns (g/100g.wt.) Prmeter Group At 11 y At 57 y At 11 y At 57 y At 11 y At 57 y Control 1.74± ± ± ± ± ±0.01 L-rnitine 1.75± ± ± ± ± ±0.01 Gentmiin (20 mg /kg.wt.) 1.51± ± ± ± ± ±0.01 e e Gentmiin (80mg/kg.wt.) 1.12± ± ± ± ± ±0.02 Gentmiin (20 mg/kg.wt.) + L-rnitine 1.42± ± ± ± ± ±0.01 Gentmiin (80mg/kg.wt.) + L-rnitine 1.21± ± ± ± ± ±0.02 Vlues re expresse s men ± S.E. N= 6. Vlues wi ifferent letters t e sme olumn re signifintly ifferent t P Tle 2: Effet of gentmiin n / or L-rnitine on sperm ell onentrtion, motility n normlities of rts. 6 Sperm ell onentrtion (x10 /ml) Sperm motility (%) Sperm normlities(%) Prmeter Group At 11 y At 57 y At 11 y At57 y At 11 y At 57 y Control ± ± ± ± ± ±0.83 L-rnitine ± ± ± ± ± ±0.54 Gentmiin (20 mg /kg.wt.) ± ± ± ± ± ±0.89 Gentmiin (80mg/kg.wt.) ± ± ± ± ± ±1.39 Gentmiin (20 mg/kg.wt.) + L-rnitine ± ± ± ± ± ±0.83 Gentmiin (80mg/kg.wt.) + L-rnitine ± ± ± ± ± ±1.46 Vlues re expresse s men ± S.E. N= 6. Vlues wi ifferent letters t e sme olumn re signifintly ifferent t P Tle 3: Effet of gentmiin n / or L-rnitine on sperm live, testosterone n totl holesterol vlues of rts. Testiulr totl holesterol Sperm live (%) Testosterone (ng/ml) (mg/g wet tissue) Prmeter Group At 11 y At 57 y At 11 y At 57 y At 11 y At 57 y e Control 92.17± ± ± ± ± ±0.45 e L-rnitine 93.00± ± ± ± ± ±0.42 Gentmiin (20 mg /kg.wt.) 70.33± ± ± ± ± ±0.88 e Gentmiin (80mg/kg.wt.) 55.17± ± ± ± ± ±1.12 Gentmiin (20 mg/kg.wt.) + L-rnitine 81.50± ± ± ± ± ±0.4 Gentmiin (80mg/kg.wt.) + L-rnitine 65.33± ± ± ± ± ±1.09 Vlues re expresse s men ± S.E. N= 6. Vlues wi ifferent letters t e sme olumn re signifintly ifferent t P Tle 4: Effet of gentmiin n / or L-rnitine on testiulr lipi peroxition (MDA) level, reue glutione (GSH) ontent n tlse tivity of rts. Testiulr LPO Testiulr GSH Testiulr tlse (nmol MDA/g wet tissue) (umol/g wet tissue) (unit/g wet tissue) Prmeter Group At 11 y At 57 y At 11 y At 57 y At 11 y At 57 y e Control 4.00± ± ± ± ± ±0.17 e L-rnitine 3.95± ± ± ± ± ±0.10 Gentmiin (20 mg /kg.wt.) 6.10± ± ± ± ± ±0.06 f e Gentmiin (80mg/kg.wt.) 10.27± ± ± ± ± ±0.11 Gentmiin (20 mg/kg.wt.) + L-rnitine 4.73± ± ± ± ± ±0.04 e Gentmiin (80mg/kg.wt.) + L-rnitine 8.15± ± ± ± ± ±0.10 Vlues re expresse s men ± S.E. N= 6. Vlues wi ifferent letters t e sme olumn re signifintly ifferent t P

5 Glol J. Phrmol., 8 (3): , 2014 Tle 5: Effet of gentmiin n / or L-rnitine on rin lipi peroxition (MDA) level, reue glutione (GSH) ontent n tlse tivity of rts. Brin LPO Brin GSH Brin tlse (nmol MDA/g wet tissue) (umol/g wet tissue) (unit/g wet tissue) Prmeter Group At 11 y At 57 y At 11 y At 57 y At 11 y At 57 y Control 13.50± ± ± ± ± ±0.1 L-rnitine 13.20± ± ± ± ± ±0.15 Gentmiin (20 mg /kg.wt.) 17.88± ±0.51 e 3.16± ± ± ±0.03 Gentmiin (80mg/kg.wt.) 40.67± ±1.15 f 2.12± ± ± ±0.1 Gentmiin (20 mg/kg.wt.) + L-rnitine 15.40± ± ± ± ± ±0.19 Gentmiin (80mg/kg.wt.) + L-rnitine 26.33± ± ± ± ± ±0.05 Vlues re expresse s men ± S.E. N= 6. Vlues wi ifferent letters t e sme olumn re signifintly ifferent t P Tle 6: Effet of gentmiin n / or L-rnitine on hemogloin (H g%), pke ell volume (PCV %), re loo orpusles (RBCs) n white loo ells (WBCs ) ounts of rts. H (g%) PCV(%) 6 RBCs (x10 mm) 3 WBCs (x10 mm) Prmeter Group At 11 y At 57 y At 11 y At 57 y At 11 y At 57 y At 11 y At 57 y Control 13.00± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.33 L-rnitine 12.80± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.30 Gentmiin (20 mg /kg.wt.) 10.53± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.17 Gentmiin (80mg/kg.wt.) 9.10± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.39 Gentmiin (20 mg/kg.wt.) + L-rnitine 10.87± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.9 Gentmiin (80mg/kg.wt.) + L-rnitine 9.83± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.10 Vlues re expresse s men ± S.E. N= 6. Vlues wi ifferent letters t e sme olumn re signifintly ifferent t P ompletely restore to norml vlues in L-rnitine wi (20mg/kg t 57 y) trete groups ompre to ontrol gentmiin(20 mg/kg.wt.) trete group t e 57 y of one. While ere ws signifint reution (P 0.05) in experiment. eir vlues in oer trete groups ompre to ontrol. The reution ws more evient in gentmiin (80mg/kg Antioxint Sttus n Oxitive Stress Assys:.wt.) n less evient in L-rnitine wi gentmiin Gentmiin t ifferent oses n perios of experiment (20mg/kg.wt. t 11 y) trete groups (Tle 6). n L-rnitine + Gentmiin (20 mg/kg t 11 y or 80mg/kg.wt.. t o perios) trete groups use Histopologil Finings signifint (P 0.05) inrese in testiulr & rin LPO Testes: Norml testiulr rhiteture, well-orgnize represente y MDA level n erese in GSH seminiferous tuules wi omplete spermtogenesis n ontent n tlse tivity in e sme tissues norml interstitil onnetive tissue oserve in o ompre to ontrol group (Tles 4&5).However, ontrol nimls n rts trete wi L-rnitine eier t ministrtion of L-rnitine lone inue signifint 11 or 57 y of experiment. (P 0.05) inrese in testiulr & rin GSH ontent Testiulr tissue of rts trete wi gentmiin ompre to ontrol. (20mg/kg)lone t 11 or 57 y of experiment showe Moreover, ministrtion of L-rnitine + gentmiin ongestion of e interstitil loo vessels.(fig.1a), reue e intensity of inrese LPO use y e esies egenertive hnges of some of e rug n prtilly restore ntioxint sttus, even e seminiferous tuules s inomplete spermtogenesis MDA level, GSH ontent n tlse tivity were whih represente y lk of e epielil multilyers on ompletely restore to norml vlues in gentmiin e sement memrne of e seminiferous tuules. (20 mg/kg.wt.) trete group t e 57 y of Testiulr tissue of rts trete wi gentmiin experiment (Tles 4&5). (80mg/kg) t o perios of experiment showe eem of e interstitil loo vessels. (Fig.1B), signifint Hemtologil Prmeters: The otine results showe egenertion of e seminiferous tuules represente y t, ere ws non signifint effet (P 0.05) on H sever esqumtion of germinl epielium wi nerosis g%, PCV%, RBCs n WBCs ounts in L-rnitine t o of spermtoytes, spermtis, moreover ere ws perios of experiment n L-rnitine + gentmiin hyliniztion of e luminl ontents (Fig.1C). 288

6 Glol J. Phrmol., 8 (3): , 2014 Fig. 1: Photomirogrph of rt testes n rin stine wi HE(x 200): (A) Testiulr tissue of rt trete wi gentmiin (20mg/kg) lone t 11 y of experiment showe ongestion of e interstitil loo vessels(rrow). (B)Testiulr tissue of rt trete wi gentmiin (80mg/kg) lone t11 y showe eem of e interstitil loo vessels (strs).(c)testis of rt trete wi gentmiin (80mg/kg) lone t 57 y showe hyliniztion of e luminl ontents (rrows). ( D) Testis of rt trete wi L-rnitine +gentmiin (80mg/kg) t 57 y showe mil esqumtion of germinl epielium (rrow) wi mrke improvement of spermtogenesis.(e) Brin of rt trete wi gentmiin (80mg/kg) t 11 y showe hemorrhge in Purkinje ell lyer of e ereellum(rrows).(f).brin of rt trete wi L-rnitine +gentmiin (80mg/kg)t 57 y showe mil eem in Purkinje ell lyer of e ereellum. In nimls trete wi L-rnitine +gentmiin eem in Purkinje ell lyer of e ereellum (Fig.1F) in (20mg/kg) ere ws protetive effet on e testiulr some ses. tissue where ongestion of e interstitil loo vessels In nimls trete wi L-rnitine +gentmiin ws sent wi mil ellulr egenertion of e tuulr (20mg/kg) ere ws omplete protetive effet in e germinl epielium t11 of experiment. Moreover, rin tissue (similr to ose of ontrol) t o perios of reltively norml testes wi lw ensity of spermtozo experiment. in whih struturlly n funtionlly tive seminiferous There ws protetive effet of L-rnitine in e tuules wi presene of elongte spemtis n group trete wi gentmiin (80mg/kg) t o perios spermtozo (wi lw ensity) in e mjority of e in e rin tissue s it h e norml histologil tuules were etete t 57 of experiment. pperne wi ongestion of some meningel loo In nimls trete wi L-rnitine +gentmiin vessels in few ses. (80mg/kg) ere ws protetive effet in testiulr tissue strt t 11 n eome more pronoune t 57 y DISCUSSION eviene y mil esqumtion of germinl epielium wi mrke improvement of spermtogenesis(fig.1d). Oxitive stress is onsiere one of e importnt uses of vrious iseses n orgn toxiities. Brin: Mirosopilly, e rin showe slight Aministrtion of gentmiin t o oses (20 or 80 ongestion in loo vessels of ererum gry mtter s mg/kg.wt.) for o perios (11&57 ys of experiment) well s in meninges in rts trete wi gentmiin inue some fertility normlities ppere s (20mg/kg) t 11 or 57 y of experiment. Moreover in signifint reution in testes, epiiymis n essory rts trete wi gentmiin (80mg/kg)t o perios of sex glns weights, testosterone hormone level, sperm experiment e rin showe hemorrhge (Fig.1E) n mil ell onentrtion, motility n livility perentges. 289

7 Glol J. Phrmol., 8 (3): , 2014 Moreover, ere ws signifint inrese in totl provie signifint enefiil effet on gentmiin sperm normlities % n testiulr totl holesterol. inue testiulr oxitive stress. L-rnitine, onsiere These finings go sie y sie wi e histologil s n importnt exmple for ntioxints t hve een finings in testes. All ese fertility troules were more lrey proven s effetive gents in vrious moels o pronoune wi high ose of e rug. in vitro n in vivo. The reution of testosterone hormone n elevtion The results showe t ministrtion of L-rnitine of testiulr totl holesterol my e resulte from e wi gentmiin tretment eier 20 or 80mg/kg.wt. t e effet of gentmiin on e steroiogeni enzymes, 11 or 57 y of experiment improve e reproutive using n ltertion in e formtion of testosterone n ltertion inue y e rug. It reue oxitive stress umultion of holesterol in e testes [28]. Also, e n improve ntioxint sttus n histologil struture hnges in testiulr lipi profile were strongly orrelte of testiulr tissue. Also L-rnitine inue signifint wi testiulr egenertion, histologil n iohemil erese in testiulr totl holesterol n testosterone ltertion [29]. The etiology my e srie to e ft hormone levels. Sperm ount n perentges of sperm t lipis, in prtiulr holesterol is e preursor of motility n viility were improve, Moreover, ll mle sex hormones n us inrese testiulr mesure prmeters were ompletely restore to norml holesterol my result from impire utiliztion in vlues in group trete wi gentmiin (20mg/kg.wt.) t steroiogenesis [30], ssoite wi impire testiulr 57 y of experiment. Histopologil finings in e tivity. groups trete wi L-rnitine lso onfirme e Khki et l. [31] suggeste t e nerosis of e previous improvement in testiulr tissues. interstitil ells my e resulte in erese synesis of It hs een foun t L-rnitine improve testosterone hormone. This stuy showe n inrese in ntioxint sttus in rts n inrese free ril testiulr MDA levels, reution in ntioxint reserves svenging from e ellulr sites [36,37].L-rnitine oul GTH n tlse in gentmiin trete groups in ose protet HK-2 ells from H2O2-inue injury vi inhiition epennt t ifferent perios s ompre to e ontrol of oxitive mge, ell poptosis n mitohonri group. It inites oxitive stress n its implitions on ysfuntion [38]. testiulr tivity. Antioxints protet DNA n oer importnt Gentmiin inue reproutive normlities s moleules from oxition n mge, us improve sperm result of its iret toxi effets on testes inue oxitive qulity n onsequently inrese fertility rte [39,40]. stress [32]. Spermtozo hve high ontent of This stuy showe t n inrese in rin MDA polyunsturte ftty is in eir plsm memrne level, reution in ntioxint reserves GTH n tlse us ey re highly suseptile to mge y exessive togeer wi some histologil hnges in rin tissue in onentrtions of ROS. gentmiin (20 or 80 mg/kg.wt.) trete groups t The lipi peroxition mges e struture of lipi ifferent perios s ompre to e ontrol group. e mtrix in spermtozo memrnes le to loss of motility ltertions in rin tissue inrese wi high ose. n impirment of spermtogenesis [33]. Gentmiin Gentmiin ws foun to penetrte into e inhiits germ ells ivision n protein synesis in e ererospinl flui in hely ogs. The inrese of CSF testis. It lso, inue ell e in e seminl vesile onentrtion oul e expete fter repetitive [32].These results re omptile wi ose of Nryn gentmiin ministrtion. Also, meningitis inreses e [32] n Akoni et l. [34]. penetrtion of prenterlly ministere gentmiin into Agrwl n Sleh [35] reporte t exessive e CSF [41, 42]. genertion of free rils my ttk integrity of DNA in Derese of ntioxint enzyme my e ue to rpi e sperm nuleus, us elerte e proess of germ onsumption n exhustion of storge of is enzyme in ell poptosis, leing to eline in sperm ounts n fighting free rils generte uring e evelopment of normlities ssoite wi mle infertility. Gentmiin rin mge. inue inrese in intrellulr ROS ontent whih n The results of is investigtion showe t reh toxi level, us using ell e n ministrtion of L-rnitine wi gentmiin tretment mlfuntioning of e orgn. eier 20 or 80mg/kg.wt. t 11 or 57 y of experiment There were no reports s fr s known esriing e reue oxitive stress n improve e ntioxint protetive role of L-rnitine ginst gentmiin inue sttus n histologil hnges in rin tissue. ese testiulr oxitive mge. Inhiitors of oxitive stress results re in line wi previous stuies of Pllor et l. [43] 290

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