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1 Indian J. Soc & Pol. 2(02):2015 ISSN (PRINT) S S a z Z Z S Z a a z ` Z a a ` z S q Z CONTENTS Hitory of Protitution in Calcutta: A Review Harahankar Adhikari Challenge to Human Right in the Context of Terrorim and Counter Terrorim Pragati Srivatava Concept of Clothing and Dreing Sene among Adolecent under Changing Scenario Abha Singh Developing Life Skill Through Taxonomy For Future Generation B.B.Singh, Sangeeta Singh A Comparative Study of ome Peronality Factor of Working and non Working Women Sarita Rani The Role of NGO in Promoting Women Enterpenerurhip Vijay Kumar Singh Need of Value oriented Education for the Development of Human Reource Rukhana Begham H k k jr ea yk dra= dh i jai jk %,d l ef dr f o o pu v t ; f lag f t yk /k h k vk j uk xf jd l el;k ; a% eq n~ n v k j pq uks f r;k f xjh k pun i k.m; i apk ; rh jk t % mi yf O/k ;ka, o e~ l el ;k ;a i rki f lag jko r H k k jr v ks j nf {k.k, f k ;kb {k=h ; l g ;k x lax Bu l R ;Unz dq ek j xks re Mf o M b LVu dk jkt uh f rd O;o LF k k f l ) k Ur%, d f o y k.k v jf o Un dq ek j J ho k Lro ] v t ; f lag H k k jr ea v Y i la[;d v k j Hk k jrh; laf o /k k u ea v Y i la[ ;dka g rq v U rf uz fg r j{k k i k ; i o u dq ek j f lag ef g yk l k f Drdj.k dk Lo : i % H k k jr d f o k k l UnH k ea i ad t f ro k jh ef g yk l k f Drdj.k d c n yr v k ;k e% i apk ;rk ea ef g yk vk dh H k wf edk mek k adj f =ik Bh ef g yk l k f Drdj.k v H k ; i rki flag c ny rk lk ekf t d i f jn` ;, o e~ mi f {k r c ) o xz jk ek uan f lag ek / ;f ed Lrj d f o k f Fk ;k dh i f jo k j d Y ;k.k dk ;Z dz ek d i zf r v f H ko fr r i j m udh ysaf xd, o e~ v ko lh ; f LF k f r dk i Hk ko f nf Xot ; f lag l ek o k h f k {kk d lad Y i ukr ed f l ) k Ur v k j n` f Vdk.k i j i uf o pk j j[k k kq Dyk ] c` tunz dq ek j flag

2 o rz ek u i f jn` ; e a c <+rk us f rd i ru v k S j f k {k k lat ; dq ek j kq Dy] iz nhi dq ek j k q Dy 12o h a k rk Onh ea mr r jh Hk k jr dk Lk k ek ft d Lo :i v f o uh ;k no t yo k ;q i f jo rz u dk Hk k jrh ; d`f k i j iz H kk o k S yunz dq ek j ;k no H k k jr ea t ula[;k f o LQ kv, o e~ l el ;k ;a lq /k h j dq ek j f lag tk S ui q j t ui n ea t ula[ ;k dk k S f {k d Lrj v uk f edk f lag l edk yh u i f ji z{ ; e a jl [k k u v H k ; kadj f }onh mr rj i z n k e a xz k eh.k jk t xk j ;k t uk ;a, o e~ jk t xk j l` t u v f uy dq ek j i k y Seminar, Conference and Methodology Coure etc 18, 36 Book Review lwp uk dk v f /k dk j vk S j lq k k lu % v t ; f lag ] f o t ; i z rki ey y i ad t flag Guideline

3 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:01-08 ISSN : HISTORY OF PROSTITUTION IN CALCUTTA: A REVIEW HARASHANKAR ADHIKARI 1 1 SOCIAL WORKER,MONIHAR COOPERATIVE SOCIETY SURVEY PARK KOLKATA, INDIA ABSTRACT Protitution i an oldet tigmatized profeion. Poor economy, gender biaedne and patriarchal ytem puh the women of different background into thi trade. It ha a long hitory and in every tratified ociety the protitution exit. It i till an alive profeion when the feminit movement toward equity and jutice of women are in action. However, however, the preent paper wa an attempt to explore the hitorical bae of protitution in Calcutta, only Metro City of Eatern India. For thi purpoe, the method ued here conit firt breaking down the profeion a it exited into it different contituent element, and then reembling it. It wa explored through unearthed important repoitorie of confidential official policy deciion, record in contemporary newpaper, and journal, and travelogue and reminicence of both Britih and Bengal oberver. An analyi of thee record wa done to draw the hitorical bae of thi profeion. The protitution tarted it journey from pre-colonial era and it wa rehaped during Britih rule. After independence of India, the profeion girl trafficking are till continuing in divere form. It i an alternative economy for the women/girl dominated by backward and Mulim who are victim of poor economy, gender baiedne and patriarchal ytem. KEYWORDS : Calcutta, Colonial India, Hitory of protitution, Women of backward community. The protitute ha been commonly defined a any woman, who for the ake of monetary conideration or any other gainful remuneration, ell her body i regarded a uch. Throughout the hitory of human ociety, the much reviled whore ha been criticized a a inner, immoral, a repoitory of dieae, a profaner of religion, whoe companionhip hould be hunned by the civilied, moral, virtuou and married man. Her ynonym are varied: harlot, whore, kerb-walker, tew, trumpet, ecort woman, and in India there were the Ganika in ancient time whoe equivalent in modern time came to be the tawaif or courtean who maintained vat etablihment under the patronage of the nawab, men of the nobility(mukherjee 1935, 34-38). Hitorically protitution i an old age profeion. The ytem of protitution - a ocial contruction invented by male provide cope to male to inflict their maculinity on female exuality. It i a multi-layered diverified tigmatized profeion exited in every tratified ociety. It i a gender pecific phenomenon; the overwhelming majority of the victim are women and girl, while perpetrator are invariably men (Howard 2003). The root caue of demand of protitution i men. The male maintain the power over women (Dworkin 1994). So in their variou tage of development the women are victim of gender baiedne, inequality and injutice. The poor economy, untable marriage, high rate of illiteracy and their ditreed family life are conequently the crucial factor to puh them into low killed and well paid profeion of ex trade in pite of the tigma and danger attached to the work from their ordinary life. It i a way of economic alternative to the women of ditreed and backward ociety (Lewi 1965, ). However modem protitution i alo a paid form of reproductive labour, performed under condition of ever increaing commodification of all good and ervice, within the currently expanding 1 : Correponding Author

4 ADHIKARI: HISTORY OF PROSTITUTION IN CALCUTTA: A REVIEW ytem of global capitalim. Throughout hitory the variou mode of production, reproduction, ditribution, conumption, pleaure, and recreation have conteted with one another, within the overarching norm of patriarchy. It i in the context of thee contetation that marriage develop into commoditized protitution and, relatively table protitute-client relation develop into marriage-like bondage. Our familial-religiou ideologie are engaged in jutifying, perpetuating and maintaining variou myth and lie around thee mode of management of human exuality. Thi i the univeral tory, but the hitory of each civilization ha it own pecificitie (Chunder ). In India protitution i alo the oldet one profeion. The mythology and old Hindu cripture of India (i.e Ramayanan, Mahabharata, Veda, Upnihad, etc) had been given a glimpe of it exitence variouly in then ociety. For intance, protitute were entertaining a gathering when Rama(the Hero of the epic Ramayana and Bharat (younger brother of Rama) were in dicuion of ome iue of their kingdom. In Indian canonical literature Hindu, Buddhit or Jain he ha been depicted in colour which make her particularly repulive. The Buddhit religiou text compriing of the Pitaka, the Avadana and the Jataka are replete with thee Hetaerae (Bandopadhyay 2002, 12-13). From the Indu Valley Civilization (c ' 1750 B.c.), the oldet evidence of urbanization hitherto dicovered in Indian ubcontinent, we find that people had contact with ancient Meopotamia. They had government, religion, port, dry dock, hip building yard, and planned town with paved road. So there mut have been people with urplu income, migrant worker, trader, ailor and oldier - all of them potential cutomer of protitute. The firt reference of women practicing ex with everal men, not belonging to any individual could be traced back to Indu Valley Civilization(Koambi 1972, 45-50). The Rig Veda (c RC.), the firt ancient Indian acred text noted about exual deire, marriage, polygyny, extra marital affair, incet, polyandry, The earliet mention of protitution in Vedic period occur in the Rigveda. Between eighth and fifth century R C., extra-marital or illicit love affair might or might not have been paid, but there wa a probability on the part of the male-counterpart to regard it a a payable ervice. But a long a it wa limited to a particular partner it wa likely to be conidered more of a temporary contract than of protitution. Sukumari Bhattachruji tudied that gradually there aroe a ection of women who, either becaue they could not find uitable huband, or becaue of early widowhood, unatifactory married life or other ocial preure, epecially if they had been violated, abducted or forcibly enjoyed and o denied an honorable tatu in ociety, or had been given away a gift in religiou or ecular event uch women were frequently forced to take up protitution a a profeion. And when they did o, they found themelve in a unique poition: they contituted the only ection of women who had to be their own breadwinner and guardian(bhattacharya 1988, 79; Sur 1995, 23). Hitory alo tell that during the Mauryan period, there appear to be a ytematic control of the protitution buine under a uperintendant called the Ganikaadyakha. Kautilya, the chief miniter of Chandragupta Maurya, had enumerated a wide range of protitute compriing the Ganika, Pratiganika, Rupajiva, Pumhali, Kauhikatri, Dai, Rupdai, Shilpkaria and everal other. Of them the firt two were the highet ranked and recipient of the highet alary by the tate. The Ganika were the accomplihed and mot beautiful women meant for the king court and paid a fixed alary by the tate. The econd category wa a courtean who ubtituted in place of the official courtean during the latter abence but wa paid only half of her alary. Beide thee, ome text mentioned the protitute a the Kulata who were married women who ecretly would leave their home to meet with their lover or lover, and the 2 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:01-08

5 ADHIKARI: HISTORY OF PROSTITUTION IN CALCUTTA: A REVIEW Soarini who wa uch a hamele creature that he openly engaged in extra-marital affair depite the diapproval of her huband and family (Baak 1992, ) In pre-colonial Bengal, the protitute uddenly emerged into full glare of Publicity in Calcutta, the capital of colonial Bengal and it uburb. It wa alo an evident that protitution wa functioned in Calcutta from 18 th Century. The colonial adminitrative repone and the indigenou ocio-cultural reaction were indicative of a pathological ociety that pread protitution in 18 th 19 th century (Banerjee 1998, 4). The hitorical record indicated that the villain of the great Paley battle named Mirjafar married protitute named Moni Baiji and Babbu Baiji(Bandopadyaya 2002, 12). However, the preent paper wa an attempt to explore the hitorical bae of protitution in Calcutta. For thi purpoe, the method ued here conit firt breaking down the profeion a it exited into it different contituent element, and then reembling it. It wa explored through unearthed important repoitorie of confidential official policy deciion, record in contemporary newpaper, and journal, and travelogue and reminicence of both Britih and Bengal oberver. An analyi of thee record wa done to draw the hitorical bae of thi profeion. PROSTITUTION IN CALCUTTA Generally the ex ector emerged in the city of Calcutta, under the control of the Englih Eat India Company, ince the Though Reformation in Europe brought in tricter control of brothel, even their-cloure, ome of the early colonial adminitrator-.realized that the life of a Profeional courtean in India wa not the ame a that of a protitute in England, nor wa protitute here looked down upon a a community, by all the other ection of the ociety. They had a pecial domain, relation with the ret of the ociety and term of exchange recognized even by the new colonial court. With the arrival of Britih colonialim and introduction of capitalit economy a radical hift could be gradually een in the ociopolitical, economic and cultural cenario of India and 'protitution' wa not left out(kincaid 1973, 98). The growth of protitution in the 19th century Calcutta wa intrinically related to the development of Calcutta a the capital of Britih India. To review ome of the hitorical event- after the Indutrial Revolution England needed colonial expanion primarily to extract the raw material a well a to ell the finihed product. Calcutta, one of the earliet colonial ettlement of the Britih wa ued a a center to organize the linkage to extract the reource from the vat territory of the Indian Subcontinent for the economic growth in England. Therefore, it wa left on Job Charnock, the then Britih Eat India Company' Chief in Bengal to etablih the ettlement in 1690 that wa originally a conglomeration of three village-sutanuti, Dihi. Kolkata and Gobindapur. The city began to take hape from 1698(Ray 1982, 23-26). Therefore, the development of protitution wa cloely aociated with the road development and expanion hitory of Calcutta. There were mainly two road connected the Calcutta. Firt road wa conidered a pilgrim road which wa tretched from Chitpur to Kalighat Temple via Bentick treet and Chowranghee. The connection of econd road wa tarted from eatern bank of river Gange and it wa tretched upto outhern ide of Sealdah Railway tation (Baithakkhana Market) via Koylaghata, North Laldighi, Lal Bazar and Bowbazar. It wa a buy road becaue of it commercial importance. The protitution wa developed by the ide of thee road. They were mainly ettled at Sidhewaritala, Sonagachi, Rambagan, Sethbagan, Jorabagan, Sindurpatti, Teritibagar, Janbazar-Dhukuribazar, Kalighat and Bow Bazar (Harkatha Lane)(Bandopadyaya 2002, 26). The women of depreed and backward community generally engaged a protitute for their urvival. There wa relation between government and protitution during thi period. We find that they ued to pray tax to the government for Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

6 ADHIKARI: HISTORY OF PROSTITUTION IN CALCUTTA: A REVIEW their profeion. In an unpublihed Record of Government by Revd, J. Long tated in the property of protitute wa conficated to the Government Revenue (58). Admiral John Saplintan Stavonira had given a decription about the life of protitute of Calcutta during in hi Voyage to the Eat Indie. He wrote, Protitution i not thought a digrace: there are everywhere licened place, where a great number of looe women are kept; it i a livelihood that i allowed by law, upon payment to the faujdar, or heriff, of the place, of a certain duty impoed upon the peron of the female who adopt thi mode of life; they are generally aured at half a rupee or fifteen tiver per month ( Nair 1986, ). During thi period, the Bengali novelit, journalit and o forth pictured the culture of protitute and their clientele behaviour in their writing very critically. They decribed that rich and educated people ued to viit protitution on different occaion at Calcutta and it wa thereafter turned a a babu culture - keeping protitute i conidered to be a tatu ymbol and many babu' one and only creditable achievement in life were the two toried or the three toried houe that they had built for their kept and concubine, after which they could be remembered. Such were many rich and ocially well known men at Calcutta who did not bother to ee the face of their wife at night and the 'reponibility' wa paed on to an employee who looked after the property or to a ervant. Some babu ued to keep hi wife under lock and key at night at the fear of her having liaion with the employee and then had fun at the drawing room with whore throughout the night... Another category of babu ak the ervant to leep in the bedroom at the fear of their abence being dicovered by their parent. After midnight the babu would get back and hearing the babu knock on the bedroom door, the ervant would get up and open the bedroom door and leave the room... nobody in the houe would have a clue about it... Hutom comment, Kolkata ha became a city of protitute due to the great men like thee. There i no neighbourhood without at leat ten whorehoue and it i even on increae. A per Hutom the inatiable exual deire of the rich people would neither leave the neighbourhood women (married or not) nor pare the women of their own houehold, irrepective of the ocial relationhip they might be having with the particular lady. And thi libertine behaviour by the male member of family had eventually either led to committing uicide by the female member or getting into work like protitution. Hutom tell u that certain abortioncauing herb ued to be taken on a monthly bai by ome rich houehold (Nag 1992, 169). An idea of the behavior of the Britih oldier in Calcutta can be had from the obervation made by a Bengali newpaper in the Referring to the arrival of freh Britih troop and their initial tay in Fort William in Calcutta, the paper commented: Since the Fort wa very near to the city of Calcutta, the newly arrived oldier took leave and went to the city, moved around in the un, boozed and indulged in debarichery and imilar act. (Barleycorn 1943, 100). The Cenu Report, 1806 of Calcutta recorded the tatitic of population a protitute. It decribed that protitute owned 655 houe, out of 7433 houe and it wa located by the ide of 44 main road of then Calcutta. It alo mentioned that a brothel in 235 and 236 Bow Bazar treet owned by a member of Dwarakanath Tagore family. It had 43 room for protitute and it rental value wa R,140/- (Mukherjee 1974, 101). It wa alo oberved that due to ome ocial cutomary rule, wife of a Civil Servant, Lawyer or Doctor did not accompany with their huband when they were poted to outide their native place. So, they kept a protitute a their tep wife who accompanied him at their work place(nag 1992, 172). Bengal Almanek Street Directory of 1856 recorded that number 3-94 houe of Harkata Lane of Bow Bazar (now at central Calcutta) were occupied by Banglee Dancing Girl. It alo noted in the Hitory of Kahimbazar Raj that tenant (of Bow Bazar) were from a different community 4 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:01-08

7 ADHIKARI: HISTORY OF PROSTITUTION IN CALCUTTA: A REVIEW coniting of Anglo-Indian, Jew, Armenian and Baiji (nautch girl, generally Mulim) of mixed and uncertain birth who ettled here from Lucknow and other place in upper India. Thi wa alo a cloed ociety, none from outide could penetrate into the tenancy except thoe who were there from the beginning. the name of everal dancing girl are given a Bibi Neki, Bibi Roenia.) (Ghoh1901, 27). The Cenu 1901 of Calcutta recorded that total population of Calcutta wa , out of which wa female population. The female of above 10 year of age were and among them, female were protitute. The tatitic alo recorded that out of 14 female of Calcutta, one wa protitute. Further, it wa remarked that there were huge number of female ecretly involved in thi profeion and they were baically maid ervant, daily labour and o forth(bandopadyaya 2002, 72). The hitory tell that the number of protitute wa increaing at alarming threat becaue of violence againt women and poor economy and untable marriage. For the control of entry of women into thi profeion, the enactment of the Contagiou Dieae Act, 1868 wa important. The aim of thi wa to regiter the protitute and to undertake health check up to prevent and control exual dieae. In thi connection, The Englih Man Newpaper on 27 th July, 1884 made an appeal, In Calcutta the effrontery of vice i becoming more and more inufferable. A few year ago the police authoritie wee empowered to hut up any houe of ill-repute at will, and all the leading treet were free from thee pet-houe. Since the repeat of the C D Act, however thi authority eem to have been withdrawn, and now thee hamele place are found in Wellely Street, Dhurrumtollah, Elliot road, Marqui treet, and other thoroughfare. Collinga Bazar treet i uneakably hamle, and the whole neighbourhood of that treet i in feted with the mot detetable character. North of Bow Bazar the cae i even wore, although it mut be aid that the European vermin who import women from the Danubi, and the wretched victim of their hideou traffic, are much more hamele than the lowet pecimen of native humanity found in the northern end of the city(ray Chowdhury, 1987, 91). The officially reformit agenda of the new Indian elite, in repect of the ex ector, came dramatically to the fore in In that year ome 350 protitute of Barihal (now in Bangladeh) approached Gandhiji and, expreed their deire to work further for the caue ofindia' liberation from the Britih rule. They were already regitered with the Indian National Congre in ome capacity. Even Gandhiji told them that they have no place in the ociety of the houeholder. They mut leave their profeion, renounce the world, and become nun and, only then will they be able to erve the country(sharma 2002, 82-85). It wa a matter of regret that in India neither the ruler, nor the local elite apiring for political power, wa concerned about the protitute. Their concern wa to prevent women from their own group being channeled into the ex ector. The deire to raid brothel grew tronger, epecially after enactment of the Calcutta Suppreion of Immoral Traffic Act of The League of Nation Committee on Trafficking in Women and Children aid that in 1926 there were 20,000 Indian protitute in Kolkata. The League demanded of all government that they gather the data regarding variou apect of protitution in their repective countrie. The Government of India aked the Provincial Government to report on the matter, epecially on the method of rehabilitation being ued, heralding the birth of tate-ponored rehabilitation in India. A a part of thi exercie, the commiioner of police, Kolkata, collected the life hitorie of 50 protitute in Sixty ix percent of them were married and, of them 42% wa either driven out of their huband' home or had left it for ome reaon. Marriage did not give them any 'protection'. When a married woman i in love with another man he fall through the familial 'afety net'. It wa and i an equally grave midemeanour for a widow to be in lovewith omeone. Sometime a family friend or an acquaintance bring a woman Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

8 ADHIKARI: HISTORY OF PROSTITUTION IN CALCUTTA: A REVIEW to the market of part time or full time exual ervice (Chatterjee 1990, 28-36). The reformit attempt to get rid of the protitute of Kolkata often cloaked ome economic reaon a 'civic' or 'moral' reaon. The city improvement trut wa et up in The road and tramway were expanded and extended. Thi drove up the value of real etate in the College Street, Cornwalli Street, Lower Circular Road and Shovabazar Street. The police received numerou petition at that time tating that thee treet needed "cleaning up". The attempt wa partly ucceful. However, a larger portion of the women recued tated that they had no deire to retrace their tep. The 19th and 20th century Kolkata experience with police and non-police urvey and recue revealed a cloe nexu between familial oppreion of women, their reultant deire to break free and, the ex ector(chatterjee 1990, 28-36). However, after year of piecemeal legilation under Britih Rule, Independent India brought in unifonn law applicable acro the country. The Suppreion of Trafficking in Women and Children Act, (SlTA) wa paed in It ued UN Convention a it' template of human right. SlTA wa deigned to punih thoe who coerce and/ or benefit from protitute' labour. It criminalized procuring, trafficking, brothel keeping, pimping, and living off the proceed of protitution. It wa not actually deigned to punih protitute per e, although, SITA ha become the Prevention of Immoral Trafficking act of 1986, it ha not led to the proecution of procurer, pimp, brothel keeper. Intead, protitute have been proecuted under the ection that prohibited oliciting, indecent behavior or the carrying on of protitution in the vicinity of a public place. Other proviion in which ex worker are implicated are alo found in the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860 which contain general ection againt trafficking and lavery of women and children. The Contitution of India (Art. 23, ) alo contain certain proviion that addre the trafficking in human being. It i widely acknowledged in the lat two decade the dicoure on the iue of women in protitution ha undergone a hift through the effort of group working with women in protitution and growing protitute' movement in many part of the world. At preent roughly women are in thi profeion and they were the children of protitute, trafficked from backward ditrict Wet Bengal and neighbouring countrie, Bangladeh and Nepal. Thee brothel baed female ex worker occupied eight red-light area of Kolkata. They et up their houehold and living their new generation with almot in inhuman condition. CONCLUSION Protitution ha rightly been called the oldet profeion in the world. It i alo one which i nearly univerally prevalent in all nation, communitie and ocietie for a long a the maculine libido remained inatiate, the male unretrained exual energy hall alway find way and mean to perpetuate a ytem which in today parlance i equated a ex-lavery. Outright kidnapping, extreme poverty, mifortune uch a divorce/widowhood, ocial cutom were ome of the reaon compelling women to take to protitution. In pre-colonial hitory of India, we find a viciou ocial-cutom conidered a Devdaai in which familie would dedicate their daughter or daughter to the local deity be it Baava in Karnataka, Khandoba in Maharahtra. Such girl were prevented from marrying a they were regarded a the God bride, and they were in reality, the common mitre of the principal functionarie of the temple to whom they had been dedicated. The protitute in Britih Calcutta like today cannot be characteried a contituting a ditinctive cla of their own. They ranged from the economically well-off Baiji and Tawaif to the lowly, depied randi living on the mierly pittance eked out by their village patron. An activity which had hitherto been patially dipered now began to be agglomerated within a pecified part of the city which came to be called a the redlight area. It i not clear whether thi wa due to a deliberate deign of the Britih adminitrator, for whom the proliferation of thi activity within a 6 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:01-08

9 ADHIKARI: HISTORY OF PROSTITUTION IN CALCUTTA: A REVIEW well-demarcated area could have meant a greater eae in implementing legilation uch a the Contagiou Dieae Act. The Britih adminitration never viewed protitution from a moral angle, or if they did, their concern wa about preerving the dignity of the Chritian and European women than the Indian. They viewed the Indian harlot a a medical or hygiene problem, and they were concerned only to the extent that the native women could be precluded from preading venereal dieae to their oldier and officer. Thu, the Imperial Government did not look into the upply-ide force which forced illcircumtanced women into a profeion from which the victim or practitioner had no ecape, and which branded her progenie to come with a taint a demeaning, and ocial otracim a evere a a leper. The Britih could only apply legilation borrowed from their home country which reflected the gender-bia and double-tandard of the Victorian Age. Intead of applying the retributive action of the tate on punihing thoe who puhed the haple women to thi trade, they made the life of the Indian protitute more mierable by initiating the ytem of Lock Hopital and Regitered Protitute, the intention of which wa to fully meet the laciviou need of the Englih Tommy without impairing hi bodily vigour and, thu, maintain the Britih Army, an important pillar of Britih hegemony around the globe, a an active fighting force capable of warding off challenge to thi Jewel in the Crown both internally and externally. In pot independence India, we find that there were ome act only enforced to control the act of protitution. There wa neither uch initiative to trap the entry of women/girl into thi profeion or any rehabilitation meaure taken for them. But the pread of endemic dieae- HIV/AIDS alerted the government of India for which it took initiative for control and prevent of the pread of the dieae a protitute were the highly intermediatory rik group. When we are publicizing the women empowerment through equity and jutice for better ociety, the protitute are in ame corner to deprive a ex lave. The reearch tudie how that they are victim of extreme poverty and patriarchy. But there i no tep to top the entry of women into thi profeion. It would be run a alive profeion. There i no remedy at all willfully! REFERENCE Banerjee, Sumantra. (1998). Dangerou Outcat, New Delhi : Seagull Book Chunder, Pratapchandra. (1970). Kautilya on love and moral. Kolkata : Jyanti. Barleycorn, John. (1943). Bahadur : Old Time Tavern in India, Calcutta : Major H Hobb. Chatterjee, Indrani.(1990). Refracted Reality: The 1935 Calcutta Police Survey of Protitute, Manuhi, 57: Bandopadhayay, D. (2002), Behya Sangit and Baiji Sangit, Kolkata : Ananda Dworkin, Andrea (1994) Protitution and Male Supremacy (paper preented in the Sympoium ponored by the Michigan Journal of Gender and Law at the Univerity of Michigan Law School, October 31, 1992) Ghoh, M N. (1901). Memoir of Maharaja Nubkien Bahdur, Calcutta Howrad, Lia A (2003) preented the paper entitled Protitution, The Oldet profeion in the World - I it poible to Reduce Demand? In a conference in Chicago on Demand Dynamic: The Force of Demand in Global Sex Trafficking Kincaid, Denni. (1973) Britih Social Life in India , New Delhi: Routledge & Kegan Paul Lewi, Ocar (1965) LaVida, New York:Vintage Book, Mukherjee. S K. (1935) Protitution in India, Kolkata : Dagupta Co Mukherjee, SN. (1977) Calcutta : Myth and Hitory, Kolkata : Subarnarekha Nair P Thankappan. (1986) Calcutta in the 17 th Century, Kolkata : Firma KLM Pvt Ltd. Ray, AK. (1982) A Short Hitory of Calcutta, Kolkata : Riddhi-India Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

10 ADHIKARI: HISTORY OF PROSTITUTION IN CALCUTTA: A REVIEW Roy Chowdhury. (1987) Calcutta A Hundred Year Ago, Kolkata : Nachiketa Publiher Ltd. Saha Mahapraad. (1973) Selection from Unpublihed Record of Government, Revd. I L Long, Kolkata: Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd. Sharma, Anand. (2002) Yaunakarmiyan: Kamini Yaa Kultaa (ex worker: Lovable or Unchate women). Kolkata :Durbar. Sur Atul. (1995) Bharater Bibaher Itiha, Kolkata: Ananda Vernede, R V. (1999) Britih Life in India, New Delhi: Oxford Univerity Pre(India) Koambi, D.O. (1972) The Culture and Civiliation of Ancient India in Hitorical Outline. New Delhi : Vika Publihing houe Pvt. Ltd. Bhattacharya, Sukumari. (1988) Pracheen Bharat: Samaj Sahitya (Ancient India: Society and Literatur.Kolkata: Ananda. The Rig Veda. ( ) Rig-Veda ou Livre de hymne. Tr. And Ed. Collection of Ancient Hindu Hymn. -6. vol. London 8 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:01-08

11 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:09-14 ISSN : CHALLENGES TO HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF TERRORISM AND COUNTER TERRORISM PRAGATI SRIVASTAVA 1 1 RESEARCH SCHOLAR, SCHOOL OF INT. STUDIES, JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU NIVERSITY NEW DELHI, INDIA 1 : Correponding Author ABSTRACT Today, both the world at large and India in particular, face daunting challenge in the tak of protecting human right of common people regardle of the country they belong to. No country in the world can be aid to be free from the threat of terrorim. Terrorim preent a global threat to democracy, the rule of law, human right, peace and ecurity. It alo contitute an attack on mankind mot fundamental value; the right to a life lived in peace, freedom and dignity. Security of the individual i a baic human right and the protection of individual i, accordingly, a fundamental obligation of Government. State therefore have an obligation to enure the human right of their citizen and other. In recent year, however the meaure adopted by Government to counter terrorim have themelve often poed eriou challenge to human right. Terrorim ubtantially diminihe government repect for fundamental human right uch a abence of extrajudicial killing; political imprionment and torture. To ome extent, civil right are alo retricted a a conequence of terrorim. Therefore, both terrorim and counter-terrorim effort affect the enjoyment of human right. The purpoe of paper i to analye how the terrorim and counter terrorim meaure taken by State are poing a eriou challenge before human right and human ecurity in India a well a ret of the world. KEYWORDS: Human Right, Terrorim, Counter Terrorim, Since lat two decade, the world ha been witneing widepread violence and terrorim at both national and international level. No country in world can be aid to be free from the deadly threat of terrorim. In the Third World countrie, violence due to terrorim ha become a menace for the ociety. Million of people have lot their live, home and propertie due to terrorim. In many part of World, terrorim ha ruined the very nature of human being and ociety. Terrorim clearly ha a very real and direct impact on human right, with devatating conequence toward the right to life, liberty and phyical integrity of victim. In addition to thee individual cot, terrorim alo detabilize Government, weaken civil ociety, endanger peace and ecurity in the nation and threaten economic development of the country. All of thee alo have a real impact on the fundamental human right of individual. Security of the individual i a baic human right and the protection of individual i, accordingly, a fundamental obligation of Government. State therefore have an obligation to enure the human right of their citizen and other. For thi State take poitive meaure to protect them againt the threat of terrorit act and bringing the ocial jutice toward the uffering civil ociety. In recent year, however the meaure adopted by State to counter terrorim have themelve often poed eriou challenge to human right and rule of law. Therefore, both terrorim and counterterrorim effort affect the baic human right of the ociety and individual (OHCHR, 2008:1). HUMAN RIGHTS The fundamental right that human have by the fact of being human, and that are neither created nor can be diminihed by any government. They are upported by everal international convention and treatie (uch a the United Nation Univeral Declaration of Human Right in 1948). It include cultural, economic and political right, uch a right to life, liberty, education and equality before law, and right of aociation, belief, free peech, information, religion, movement, and nationality.

12 SRIVASTAVA: CHALLENGES TO HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF TERRORISM AND... Implementation of thee right i not binding on any country, but they erve a a tandard of concern for people and form the bai of many modern national contitution. Human right are univeral value and legal guarantee that protect individual and group againt action and omiion primarily by tate agent that interfere with fundamental freedom, entitlement and human dignity. The full pectrum of human right involve repect for, and protection and fulfilment of, civil, cultural, economic, political and ocial right, a well a the right to development. Human right are univeral becaue they belong inherently to all human being. Since the adoption of the Univeral Declaration of Human Right, and for the firt time in human hitory, the international community ha been committed to repect human right. State have become committed toward repecting fundamental right and number of other international convention that have been ucceively adopted at international level uch a the 1948 Univeral Declaration of Human Right, the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Right, or the 1987 UN Convention againt Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punihment; and at the continental level like in Europe, the European Convention on Human Right (ECHR), the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punihment (Sykiotou, 2011:203). TERRORISM Terrorim can be defined a an act of violence that target civilian in the puruit of political or ideological aim. Terrorim include criminal act intended or calculated to provoke a tate of terror in the general public, a group of peron or particular peron for political purpoe and uch act are in any circumtance unjutifiable, whatever the conideration of a political, philoophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, and religiou or other nature that may be invoked to jutify them (OHCHR, 2008:6). However in India thee terrorit act are referred a freedom truggle, militancy, inurgency or naxalim and are being committed againt the State (and innocent) with imilar objective and deign; Thee group claim that thee act do not come under the definition of terrorim. Thu in puruance of the above given definition we can comprehend that terrorim i omething which include tate, terrorit, their demand, ociety, terror effect, innocent victim and mot importantly human right of the victim and human right of terrorit while enforcing Anti- Terrorim law (Da, 2010:3). The decription of terrorim a irrational alo depend on perpective. Thoe who adopt terrorit method ay that they repond to circumtance. They evaluate their method by reult; they certainly conider they act rationally. For victim, on the other hand, the violence inflicted upon them i indeed experienced a arbitrary, unpredictable and without caue or jutification. However, terrorim i a global threat that can never be jutified. After the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Centre in United State,the December attack on the Indian Parliament, 26 th November 2008 Mumbai Attack, terrorim ha aumed new dimenion. It ha come to threaten the very foundation of modern civilized life. The way thee attack were carried out, redefined the term of terrorim. New concept and definition of terrorim need to be developed for new realitie. Today there are many change occurred in traditional terrorit act, their motivation, trategy, mean, weapon and above all their aim (International Council on Human Right Policy 2008:9). VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS BY ACTS OF TERRORISM The iue of terrorim i not a new to ociety. It i on the human right agenda for many year. Act of terrorim in all form have endangered and killed innocent people, threatened fundamental freedom and eriouly impaired the dignity of human being. It attack the value that lie at the heart of the 10 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:09-14

13 SRIVASTAVA: CHALLENGES TO HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF TERRORISM AND... Charter of the United Nation and other international organization uch a repect for human right; the rule of law; rule governing armed conflict and the protection of civilian; tolerance among people and nation; and the people and nation. In the preent time, the effect of terrorim are wide-ranging and there i probably no ingle human right that i exempt from the impact of terrorim. The terrorim ha devatatingly affected the right to life, liberty, ecurity and the dignity of the individual. The attack of 9/11 truck at the fundamental human right of every peron. The individual victim were deprived of the mot fundamental of all human right- the right to life. In addition, the right to liberty and the right to ecurity were among the other human right directly affected by the attack of September 11 (Schorlemer 2003:269). Today, terrorim on larger extent create a climate of fear. By uing violence and fear a a tool, it influence ideological and political factor in order to impoe it own model ociety. It impede citizen in their ue of their right to have a ay in the deciion that affect their live. Furthermore, terrorim weaken pluralim and democratic intitution through the creation of negative condition for functioning of the contitution and hinder the democratic proce of a country. In thi way it undermine free political, economic, ocial and cultural development of the nation and their citizen (ibid). The violence of terrorim-in all form, i objectionable to everyone who believe human life i a gift of God and therefore it i infinitely preciou. Every attempt to intimidate other by inflicting indicriminate death and injury upon them i to be univerally condemned. The anwer to terrorim, however, cannot be to repond in kind, for thi can lead to more violence and more terror. Intead, a concerted effort of all nation i needed to remove any poible jutification for uchact. In recent time, act of terror have introduced new dimenion of violence. Fundamental international law and norm, including longetablihed tandard of human right, have come under threat. Terrorit group jutify their action and motive on ocial, political and religiou ground. However, terrorim, a indicriminate act of violence againt unarmed civilian for political or religiou aim and it can never be jutified legally, theologically or ethically. In recent time, terrorim poe challenge to human right in variou way: Threaten the dignity and ecurity of human being everywhere, endangered or take innocent live, create an environment that detroy the freedom from fear of the people, and aim at the detruction of human right. It ha link with trannational organied crime, drug trafficking, money-laundering and trafficking in arm, a well a illegal tranfer of nuclear, chemical and biological material, and i linked to the conequent commiion of eriou crime uch a murder, extortion, kidnapping, aault, hotagetaking and robbery; It ha advere conequence for the economic and ocial development of the State, obtruct friendly relation among countrie and ha a negative impact on relation of cooperation among tate. Threaten the territorial integrity and ecurity of State, contitute a grave violation of the purpoe and principle of the United Nation (OHCHR 2008:6-7). Thu, it i evident that there i a direct and indirect link between the terrorim and the violation of human right and freedom. VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS BY COUNTER TERRORISM MEASURES A mentioned above, becaue terrorim ha a eriou impact on a range of fundamental human right, State are obliged to take effective counterterrorim meaure. Thee counter terrorim meaure mut be baed on the repect of human right. However, today contour terrorim meaure Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

14 SRIVASTAVA: CHALLENGES TO HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF TERRORISM AND... taken by State ha itelf poed a eriou threat to human right. Counter-terrorim meaure affect in particular: the preumption of innocence; the right to a fair trial; freedom from torture; freedom of thought; privacy right; freedom of expreion and peaceful aembly. Counter-terrorim meaure addreing pecific ethnic or religiou group would alo be contrary to human right law (OHCHR, 2008:9). In repone to the event of September 11, 2001, the antiterrorit policie both at international and national level ha gradually led to the retriction or even uppreion of human right. Immediately after the event, State turned their attention to the re-evaluation of their ecurity. They have increaed the power of law enforcement and intelligence agencie, including the power to interrogate and detain peron. They can intercept private communication and have acce to conduct earche of private home and peronal propertie without procedural afeguard. They have tightened border control that impede acce to their territory. They alo have authorized variou regitration and profiling policie appearing to target certain group olely becaue of their race, ethnicity or religion (Sykiotou, 2011:204). However, many of the meaure that have been adopted by State appear to be diproportionate to the threat poed, and eem to be trange toward the goal of trengthening national ecurity. Thee meaure violated fundamental human right, even ome of which were conidered a non- derogative right in time of emergency. Among the meaure taken in the name of ecurity were ecret arret and dubiou condition of detention. Thi alo include inhibition of free contact with the defendant lawyer and extraordinary military court. Freezing of account for individual organiation that were uppoed to relate with terrorim wa alo part of meaure taken by State (Sykiotou, 2011:204). It i not poible to provide an in-depth analyi of all human right concern in the context of counter-terrorim meaure; however, thi paper identifie following a current and emerging human right challenge. 1. The right to life 2. Challenge to the abolute prohibition againt torture 3. Tranfer of individual upected of terrorit activity 4. Liberty and ecurity of the peron 5. The principle of non-dicrimination 6. Due proce and the right to a fair trial 7. Freedom of expreion and the prohibition of incitement to terrorim 8. Freedom of aociation 9. Surveillance, data protection and the right to privacy 10. Economic, ocial and cultural right A number of factor are reponible for uch violation. Thee include lack of tranparency and accountability, inadequate training and education among ecurity peronnel in oberving human right. Police alo lack of cientific invetigation kill and tool, they have deficient information and invetigation detail for thee ituation. There are high level of tre factor caued by extended tour of duty in conflicting cae under treacherou and tough condition, and not authoritative judicial ytem. In thi agenda-driven attack of trading charge by the human right group and the ecurity force, the perception, rational voice and apiration of the unbiaed ection of the civil ociety, a well a thoe who have fallen victim to human right violation are either lot, or are ignored. It might not be incorrect to tate that the unbiaed civil ociety doe not object to the killing of terrorit, but get enormouly diturbed and concerned when innocent peron fall victim to either terrorit act or excee by the ecurity force (John and Ramana 2007:2). In thi counter terrorim meaure taken by the State, the intelligentia, media and nongovernmental organiation can play a ignificant and ueful role. They could not only infue confidence among the people againt terrorit but alo act a a bridge between the community and the State in effectively combating terrorim. It i 12 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:09-14

15 SRIVASTAVA: CHALLENGES TO HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF TERRORISM AND... extremely important to train and educate the ecurity force like police, Para-military and the army on the importance of oberving, retoring and afeguarding the human right of the people. The training and education hould focu epecially on the lower level of the ecurity force, which, in large number, come into contact with the community during counter terrorim meaure (ibid). CHALLENGES TO HUMAN RIGHTS IN INDIA IN THE CONTEXT OF TERRORISM AND COUNTER TERRORISM India i no tranger to terrorim. It ha been a long-time ufferer of terrorim in many part epecially in the North-eat, Punjab or in Jammu & Kahmir. However, ince the lat decade pecially, terrorim ha increaingly pread to other part of the country. Terrorim before 9/11 primarily wa retricted to the violence in Punjab, the part of Jammu & Kahmir. However, after the 9/11 attack thee act aumed new dimenion. Sleeper cell, terrorit module, crude bomb, frequent bomb blat in denely populated area which caued innocent live being lot. Thi illutrate the brutal reality of the global jihad coming to India. Notably the attack on Parliament, the Malegaon blat, the erial blat in Delhi, Ahmadabad, Surat, Mumbai local train, in Guwahati and Mumbai attack in 2008, there eem to follow a predictable pattern. Regional terrorit organiation and group have alo poed threat to human right and integrity of India (Da, 2010:1). The counter meaure taken by Central and State government and ecurity force ha alo violated human right of individual in large extent. At preent, the uppreion of the people freedom of peech and expreion and frequent attack on the dignity of common citizen ha rien to alarming proportion. Many tate are witneing truggle for the right to elf-determination, like Jammu and Kahmir, Manipur, Nagaland and part of Aam. Thee part have large no. of cae of detention and encounter of people being who are ometime conidered a upporter of terrorit group. Strong law like the Armed Force Special Power Act, 1958 under which anybody can be picked up merely on upicion, houe earched and o on, lead to violation of the baic right to life and liberty. Further, there exit no mechanim of public accountability ince the army cannot be quetioned and can deny acce to any information, which may be in national interet at time (Srivatava, 2011). At time Combating terrorim meaure are targeted and profiled toward ome ection of ociety. The country intelligence and ecurity etablihment i now claiming that terror activitie have moved from being ponored by force acro the border to being home grown. Thi ha reulted in ome hardliner upporting the caue of terrorit group. Record how that if you have been charged in one terror cae, there i every poibility that one will be linked to all ubequent terror cae and thi affect fundamental human right of the accued at time. Government are increaingly taken trong tand againt terrorim. There i frequent ue of ection called offence againt the Indian tate in the IPC (Indian Penal Code). Thi law on edition, Sec 124(A) of the IPC, i one of the mot vaguely defined and unclear ection of the Indian Penal Code where in accued can be detained for long period even when he i not proven guilty of the offene. The manner in which it i being applied by the police in variou tate of the country, clearly how that it ha become trong tool ued by law enforcer to ilence dient againt government policie and action. Clearly there are pro and againt for Government policie which can co exit in democracy. Special law have been drafted for the national ecurity; like the central law called the Unlawful Activitie Prevention Act, 2004 (which replaced POTA that had earlier replaced TADA) or tate law like the Chhattigarh Special Public Security Act, the variou Goonda Act and the National Security Act which are ued indicriminately. Many argue that thee law are intrinically violate of the principle of Contitution a they motly criminalize intent, treat a mere Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

16 SRIVASTAVA: CHALLENGES TO HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF TERRORISM AND... tatement to a enior police officer a admiible in court, and place onu of proof on the` accued to prove hi/her innocence. The people who are increaingly being booked are local and other human right activit upporting people truggle (ibid). Of late, a ection of the judiciary, in the lower court and the High Court, ha actively endored and put it eal of approval on the action of the government even though the official action overtep limit impoed by the Supreme Court on the ue of uch law. Far more diturbing i the tendency of endlely detaining people in jail, without even framing charge and continuing to deny bail to the accued on what appear to be flimy ground. The entire mechanim of the National Human Right Commiion, which through it tate commiion, wa expected to retrain tate excee, appear either defunct or co-opted. CONCLUSION Terrorim ha been the bigget problem today that threaten the baic right of human exitence and development of a nation. Thi paper argue that violation of human right i a major caual factor of terrorim. Conequently, the fight againt terrorim hould not only focu on military mean, but hould alo addre the worldwide lack of repect of human right. A clear civil reaction i needed. Furthermore, it alo how that there i a dangerou tendency to legitimize human right violation under the pretext of combating terrorim. However, the war of terrorim i a ecurity concern, but i alo a human right concern. Conequently, it ought to be purued with full repect for international law and human right. All nation tate have a dual obligation to maintain human ecurity and to promote international human right. Freedom, human right and ecurity have to be realized imultaneouly and baic human right may not be diluted under the pretext of combating terrorim. Government mut repect the agreed norm governing the protection of human right, when dealing with thoe upected of involvement in terrorit act. REFERENCE Da, Atin k. (2010), Combating Terrorim and Protection of Human Right-Striving URL: /article /COMBATING-TERR ORISM-AND- PROTECTION-OF-HUMAN-RIGHTS - STRIVING-2689.ap#.VeAM2Pmqqko FIDH Report (2005), Counter-Terrorim veru Human Right: The Key to Compatibility URL: United State. International Council on Human Right Policy (2008), Talking about Terrorim Rik and Choice for Human RightOrganiation (ICHRP)URL: b.int/ite/reliefweb.int/file/reource/4b BC4BAE FBC-Full_Report.pdf John Wilon and P.V.Ramana (2007), Terrorim and Human Right ORF POLICY BRIEF (7). URL: li cybrief/.../tr_ Karacaulu, Nilufer (2006), Security and Globalization in the Context of International Terrorim Ululrarai Hukuk ve Politika Cilt 2, (5) URL: df. Office for Democratic Intitution and Human Right (2007) Extradition and Human Right in the Context of Counter-Terrorim OSCE, URL: Office of the United Nation High Commiioner for Human Right (OHCHR) (2008), Human Right Terrorim and Counter-Terrorim Human Right Fact erie No. (32) URL: publication/factheet 32EN.pdf Schorlemer, Sabine v. (2003), Human Right: Subtantive and Intitutional Implication of the War Againt Terrorim EJIL (14) URL: ejil.oxfordjournal.org/content/14/2/265.full.pdf. Sykiotou, Athanaia P. (2011), Terrorim and Human Right Cuaderno Contitucionale, No.62,URL: file:///c:/uer/sony/download /Dialnet- TerrorimAndHumanRight pdf Srivatava, Kavita (2011) Human right and civil libertie Seminar 625 URL: 14 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:09-14

17 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:15-18 ISSN: CONCEPT OF CLOTHING AND DRESSING SENSE AMONG ADOLESCENTS UNDER CHANGING SCENARIO 1 : Correponding Author ABHA SINGH 1 1 DEPTT OF EDUCATION CMP DEGREE COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD,U.P.,INDIA ABSTRACT Clothing i worn atify the contradictory need for modety the deire for attention and, protection. Clothing and dreing ene i very important to hape one peronality perfect clothing and dreing develop elf repect elf eteem and elf acceptance in a peron. Adolecent i the tranitional tage between childhood and adulthood. Adolecent develop elf identify and their focu hift for elf improvement.in thi paper i have try to undertand the concept of clothing and dreing ene among adolcent in the contemporary time fae. KEYWORDS: Clothing, Dreing, Adult, Globalization The finet clothing made i a peron kin, but of coure, ociety demand, omething more than thi Mark Twain.Clothing i worn to atify the contradictory need for modety the deire for attention and protection. We wear clothing for protection, utility and tatu. A peron i normally judged by the clothing he or he wear. Clothing enhance the appearance of afor peron. A good appearance i importance for everyone but adolecent are more conciou for their clothing and dreing. Clothing ha it own non verbal communication language. Clothing reflect and expree one peronality. Clothing and dreing ene i very important to hape one peronality. Perfect clothing and dreing develop elf repect, elf eteem and elf acceptance in a peron. CONCEPT OF CLOTHING AND DRESSING SENSE IN PRESENT SCENARIO Appearance matter a lot for everyone not only for adolecent. In preent ociety clothing, dreing and appearance matter a lot., It reflect one peronality a well a occaion and one profeion too clothing and dreing reflect tradition and one culture alo. A good dreing ene can do magic. That why Honore de Blazac aid carelene in dreing i moral uicide. At firt ight a peron i judged by hi clothing and dreing. ADOLSESCENTS AND DRESSING SENSE Adolecent are the tranitional tage between childhood and adulthood. Adolecence i very delicate and crucial period in one life becaue in thi time adolecent undergo or uffer from variou mental and phyical change. It aroue many internal conflict. Adolecence period i not only challenging for adolecent themelve but very challenging period for parent too. Parent have to maintain a equilibrium between adolecent mood, demand, behavioral change and rightne. Adolecent period i divided into three tage early tate (12-14 yr) middle tate (14-17 yr) and late tage (17-19 yr). A they grow from early tage to late tage they become more conciou about their appearance. They develop elf identity and their focu hift for elf improvement. The udden and rapid phyical and mental change make them very elf conciou and enitive about their dreing and clothing they reemble themelve with hero/heroine. FACTOR AFFECTING CLOTHING AND DRESSING SENSE In the age of globalization many factor affect clothing and dreing ene of adolecent.

18 SINGH: CONCEPT OF CLOTHING AND DRESSING SENSE AMONG ADOLESCENTS UNDER CHANGING... MOST INFLUENCING ARE Different Culture 1. Rural 2. Urban 3. Metro Citie Social media and Internet Magazine and book Identify themelve with film and T.V actor/actre a a role model Social tatu and pretige. Family value and ocial acceptance. A GOOD DRESSING SENSE IS A good dreing ene i cloth and dree according to 1. Occaion 2. Weather 3. Profeion 4. Time 5. Place (School, Office, Market etc) 6. Area (Rural/Urban/Metro) INCIDENTS FROM INDIAN SOCIETY Current Situation in India There ha been a rampant increae in the number of rape cae throughout India. Eve teaing and moletation have become common occurrence. Rape cae increae by 873% from 1971 when the oldet cae of rape wa firt recorded by NCRB. (Flugel J.e., 1930) We have uch an ugly tatitic in pite of fact that the mot of the cae of rape go unnoticed due to the ocial tigma attached to it. (Pandey, Oct 2010) The increaing rape tatitic ha alo raied a topic for debate. Are women to be blamed for wearing provocative clothe? 2007 incident when a girl wa openly raped on New Year Eve near the Gateway of India. (Pratibha, 2007) Recent incident in Guwahati where a girl wa publicly moleted in buy place in the city by a mb of around 30 people at around 9:30 pm. The mob of people continued thi act for about 30 minute. (Mahila Kalyan evam Sahaktikaran, 2013) In both the above intance and many more which go unreported we may witne that the girl who are publicly haraed are uually dreed up in hort clothe and what i termed a provocative. In the light of recent event and the increaing number of uch cae, it i pertinent to dicu whether the dreing ene of a woman make her more vulnerable toward thee crime. WHAT ARE PROVOCATIVE CLOTHES Moreover, there are no definite parameter a to what i provocative and what i appropriate they till continue to generic term. However, different group and communitie have given different definition of what i appropriate and what i not. In Mizoram School in 2010 hort kirt (one that don t tart at navel and end below the knee) were banned to promote decency and dicipline by the government Kahmir by Jamiat-e-Ilami (2012) liberty and freedom Aimed mainly at tourit, the party intended that ome tourit, motly foreigner, are een in mini kirt and other objectionable dree that are againt our etho and culture, and unaccepatable to civil ociety. Kahimiri cannot, for the ake of their economy, give up their divine ic value at any cot. Fortunately, the tourim department ingnored the group pleae. The iue i not only retricted to kirt and revealing clothing but even jean and t-hirt have been conidered provocative. In 2011, a khap panchayat in UP Shoram village blamed jean for 16 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:15-18

19 SINGH: CONCEPT OF CLOTHING AND DRESSING SENSE AMONG ADOLESCENTS UNDER CHANGING.. provoking eve teaing and encouraging young couple to elope. In 2012, Women and Child Department (WCD), Haryana branded jean and T- hirt a indecent. The circular ent out to employee aked women to wear a ari or a alwar Kaameez and tay indecent wetern dre. It may be concluded here that not only revealing clothe but all wetern clothing ha come into dipute. SOME STATEMENT OF RESPONSIBLE In the word of Karnataka women & child welfare miniter C.C. Patil women hold know how much kin they hould cover. He tated that incident like rape and exual harament can be attributed to the decline in moral value in men indirectly caued by women dreing provocatively. Dineh Reddy, The DGP of Andhra Pradeh made a tatement which wa widely televied tatement were he balamed the rie in rape cae on women wearing fahionable clothe. He aid the police could be nothing to deter rapit, a long a women provoked men by wearing fahionable clothing Eve teaing i very old concept. The reaon behind it increae i hort dree worn by women. Thi in turn intigate men. Wa what the Trinamool Congre MP, Chiranjit Chakrobaorty had to ay. Ladkiyan Der Ratt akele Ghar Se Bhar Na Nikle Delhi etc. Chief Miniter Sheela Dixit Surpriingly all thee and more comment came from the people who are reponible to protect and erve our nation. Intead of condemning thoe who commit uch heinou offence people are raiing finger at the women who become the victim of uch crime. SOME PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS Effective communication with adolecent. Building healthy ocial kill in adolecent. Healthy parent adolecent relationhip development. Denying women the right to dreing i a exit approach and hould be trictly dealt with by more tringent legilation. Dreing with care i very important. We can t change mentality of whole Society over night. Copying or follow the trend of fahion i not correct. So wear which make you comfortable, powerful, and proud and reflect truly yourelf. Clothe will ay a lot about you, about your lifetyle and peronality o chooe intelligently, wear confidently and look graceful. CONCLUSION It ha been 65 year ince we gained independence and it i a hame that we till having thi dicuion. No doubt women hould feel free to chooe what they wear. The contitution of India guarantee every citizen the freedom of expreion under Article 19 and the Right to Peronal libery under Article 21. Both thee article in it mot tringent interpretation would encapulate a right to peron to chooe hi/her clothing. Denying women the right to dreing i a exit approach and hould be trictly dealt with by more tringent legilation. REFERENCE (2012, Augut 15). India Today, Flugel J.e. (1930). The Pychology of clothe., London,. Mahila Kalyan evam Sahaktikaran. (2013, Sep). Chanakya. Pandey, G. C. (Oct 2010). Mahila Aarakhan. Pratiyogita Darpan. Pratibha, P. (2007). Bhartiya Stri Daha evam Diha. Yojna. Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

20 SEMINAR & CONFERENCES National Conference on Social Tranformation and Media : Realitie and Challenge' Conference 2nd to 3rd October 2015, Jaipur, Rajathan, India Webite: Contact peron: Dr. Arti Sharma The preent conference ha been planned to achieve the following objective: 1.) To analyze the role of media in forming public opinion. 2.) To debate whether media i reinforcing the gender tereotype. 3.) To undertand the impact of ocia Deadline for abtract/propoal: 15th Augut 2015 Check the event webite for more detail. 7th International Conference on Language in Shakepeare: Communicative, Rhetorical, Aethetic on 8, 9 & 10 October 2015 Conference 8th to 10th October 2015,Rohtak, Haryana, India Webite: Contact peron: Prof. SPS Dahiya The rhetorical and aethetic ue of language in which Shakepeare again excel all other writer are equally or more important even in the corporate world, leave aide the other equally or more important ector of our life. Organized by: MD Univerity Rohtak Deadline for abtract/propoal: 31t July 2015 Check the event webite for more detail. International Academic & Reearch Conference India 2015 Conference 9th to 10th October 2015,Vijayawada, Andhra Pradeh, India Webite: Contact peron: Conference Chairman In Support of UNESCO' 70th Anniverary Celebration with the encouragement of UNESCO, thi conference bring the Academic & Reearch Community a broad platform for reearch & knowledge haring with a world cla preentation experience & networking. Organized by: IMRF India Deadline for abtract/propoal: 20th September 2015 Check the event webite for more detail.

21 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:19-22 ISSN : DEVELOPING LIFE SKILLS THROUGH TAXONOMY FOR FUTURE GENERATION B B SINGH 1, SANGEETA SINGH 2 1 FACULTY OF TEACHER EDUCATION, RBS COLLEGE AGRA, U.P. INDIA 2 SCHOLAR, FACULTY OF TEACHER EDUCATION, RBS COLLEGE AGRA, U.P. INDIA ABSTRACT I dont thing it i good that we are perceived a different. It i important we were perceived a much better If being different i eential to doing that then we have to do that, But if we could be much better without being different, that i be fine with me, I want to do much better! I don t care about being different, but we will have tobe different in ome way to be much better. ( Steve Job) Education in the ociety poee a greater value a it provide opportunity to the individual for the development of educational kill. Now-a-day more and more awarne i een in the tudnet, teacher, tudent-teacher and parent toward development of different educational kill. Thi i in fact a reult of their realization about the neceitie of educational kill related to different area of their interet KEYWORDS: Taxonomy, Skill, Generation, Education. Skill development i a life long proce. It i a proce that help individual to grow and mature, learn to have confidence in one own deciion and dicover ource of trength within and outide oneelf. The concept of kill ha been ued in education ince long with a much broader meaning. Almot all curriculum deign are expected to delineate kill-related objective. In fact kill ha been a over worked term in education. It ha been indicriminately applied and variouly referred to a mechanical kill. intellectual kill. emotional kill, perceptual kill, creative kill, language kill, cientific kill, mathematical kill, laboratory kill, baic kill, life kill, peronal kill and o on. Some kill appear to develop naturally and ome do not develop automatically but through environment. Where a ome kill are development through learning and practice and it i very trong medium for kill development. It i a realized fact that promotion of educational kill among the learner by variou mean will lay foundation for a better education 1 : Correponding Author ytem and a healthy ociety for tomorrow. It eem that with the ocio-economic and technological development, the film have been conidered a the tronget medium not only for entertainment but alo for atifying the educational need of the ociety. To live healthy and happy life an individual need to be kilful. Thee kill, an individual develop through hi life experience. A correctly aid that life i ongoing learning proce. From the childhood till the death of an individual, he ha different experience and through thoe experience he learn to life life. Sometime, he might fail to cope with the ituation which might affect hi life. The ociety teacher the child how to live life but then alo there i difference in the learning of the child becaue of difference in the amount of kill poeed by the child. The behaviour of an individual i guided by thee kill. WHO ha carried out reearche on individual life and identified ten core kill. A thee kill are related to an individual life, the

22 SINGH AND SINGH: DEVELOPING LIFE SKILLS THROUGH TAXONOMY FOR FUTURE GENERATION World Health Organization (WHO) ha given name to thee kill a Life Skill. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) (1997), Life Skill are living or abilitie for adaptive and poitive behaivour that enable indidividal to deal effectively with demand and challenge of everyday life. The definition given by the WHO ha pointed out that it i an ability which help an individual to decide hi behaviour a per the requirementof the ituation in poitive way. In ome ituation, thee behaviour might be adapted by an individual a per requirement of the ituation. Thee life kill are eential for the development of the apect of an individual. In the Cognitive Skill. Critical Thinking Skill, Creative Thinking Skill, Deciion Making Skill Creative Thinking Skill, Deciion Making Skill and Problem Solving Skill, Deciion Making Skill and Problem Solving Skill are covered. In the Social Skill, Self Awarene Skill, Interperonal Relationhip Skill, Empathy Skill and Effective Communication Skill are covered which focu ocial apect of an individual life. Wherea in Negotiating/Coping Skill, kill which i required to cope with the ituation are covered vi. Coping with Emotion Skill and Coping with Stre Skill for better life of an individual. Thee life kill are interrelated and interdependent. It i difficult to develop any life kill without the help of other life kill thee life kill need to be developed. The education i on way through which thee life kill of an individual can be develop. For developing thee life kill, education need to be more experimental rather theoretical. A experimental learning provide change to an individual to think and react a per the requirement of the ituation which facilitie development of hi life kill. After learning, it i important to know the level of development in an individual about each kill which i poible through the taxonomy of life kill. The reearcher deal with different apect of life kill. LIFE SKILLS Life kill are abilitie for adaptive poitive behaivour that enable individual to deal effectively with demand and challenge of every day life. Life kill are abilitie that enable individual to deal with conflict, problem, emotion tolerance, preure, diappointment, relationhip and tre. WHICH SKILLS CAN BE LISTED AS LIFE SKILLS Through there are variou opinion about which kill can be included under life kill. The reearcher find it uitable to lit the content given by WHO 1995 under the aforeaid category. Effective Communication Self awarene Deciion-making Problem-olving Creative thinking Critical communication Inter peronal relationhip Empathy Coping with Stre TAXONOMY OF LIFE SKILL Coping with emotion There could be almot infinite number of way of claification of life kill. The reearcher ha attempted to claify the outcome of individual behaviour auming the change that could occure, once the individual are given an opportunity to practice the kill. Thi taxonomy ha been logically developed, keeping in mind the knowledge, kill and attitude domain, and moving from imple change to complex one. Claification for life kill can be done into ix categorie. They are following. 20 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:19-22 Life Skill

23 SINGH AND SINGH: DEVELOPING LIFE SKILLS THROUGH TAXONOMY FOR FUTURE GENERATION (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) Knowledge Learning about an iue through reading, litening, watching video/movie, facing a real life incidence and them recalling it. Interpretation Individual try to relate their knowledge with other incidence, try to undertand the meaning, interpret it and compare how other. Application Individual would ue the knowledge and undertanding in a new concept/ituation. Trie to apply what wa learned in the claroom ituation. Evaluation Individual would make judgement about deed and action. Valuing Individual demontrate believe or di believe in value, phenomenon, object, peron. May create hi own unique value ytem. Adaptation The well developed and well accepted kill will be adapted, be more often utilized. Cognitive Cognitive Affective Pycho moter CONCLUSION Knowledge Interpretation Application Evaluation Valuing Adaptation Above Six Category alo hown in above diagram. The life kill are eential for an individual better life. And the development of thee life kill require eriou effort by education. By developing thee kill, education i trying to achieve it objective of wholitic development of child. To develop the life kill in an individual, it i eential to know the taxonomy of each life kill, a it i the bae for further plan of action for developing life kill. REFERENCE WHO (1997), Meaning of Life Skill, in Retrieved on December, Goyal, D. R. : Taxonomy of Educational Skill, CASE, MS Univerity, Baroda, Gujrat, Bloom, B. S. (ed.), (1956): Taxonomy of Educational Objective. The Claification of educational goal. Handbook-1, New York, Longman Green and Co. Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

24 SINGH AND SINGH: DEVELOPING LIFE SKILLS THROUGH TAXONOMY FOR FUTURE GENERATION Taneja V. R(1974).: Educational thought and practice., New Delhi. Sterling Publiher Pvt. Ltd. Franci M (2007) Life kill education. Retrieved from cutom earch/changing mind. org/guet article/pdf. Life Skill education Retrieved from cutom earch/education in life kill /document/who/geneva/ 22 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:19-22

25 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015: ISSN : A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOME PERSONALITY FACTORS OF WORKING AND NON WORKING WOMEN SARITA RANI 1 1 HEAD DEPTT OF PSYCHOLOGY, HANDIA PG COLLEGE HANDIA ALLAHABAD, U.P. INDIA. ABSTRACT The preent tudy aim to compare ome peronality factor of working and non working women. A ample of 100 women 50 working and 50 non working houewive were elected. They were teted on 16 Peronality tet. Reult how that working women tend to core higher than non working women on factor A,B,C,E, F, G, H, N,Q1,Q.2 and Q3. Thu reult how that working women are found to be good natured, eay going, ready to cooperate. They like occupation they are quick to grap idea fat learner and intelligent.they are emotionally mature. KEYWORDS: Peronality, Factor, Working and Non Working Women Recent time have een dramatic change in the traditional ociety of India. Our family, ocial attitude and behavior are undergoing a erie of change. The advent of indutrialization, ocioeducational advancement and the tranformation of ociety from an agrarian rural economy to an urban indutrial one, uhered in a new era of role and definition of women' work. The old older, which confined women to the home ha been or i in the proce of being replaced by a new one. The modern women are eeking newer and wider horizon. They now tarted playing an important role in many walk of life. Many women are demanding new option for career and houehold reponibilitie. By taking up employment, women have to play a dual role a houe wife and earner. in type of peronality from non working women. The invetigation into uch difference ha both peronal a well a ocial ignificance. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the tudy wa to tudy ome peronality factor of working and non working women. SAMPLE A ample of 100 women 50 working women working in different field nuring, teacher, bank and inurance and 50 non-working women were taken from Allahabad city. TOOLS 16 peronality Factor tet form A Indian adaptation by S.D.Kapoor wa ued to ae the peronality. MODEL Subject were given 16 P. F. Tet to fill Factor A B C E F G H I L M N O Q1. Q2. Q3 Q4 Mean Today' working women are expected to be an inpiring companion of her huband proficient in the care of children and able in the handling of family budget. It may be aumed that women up and coring wa done with the help of manual. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Table I- Show the mean core obtained by working women in different Factor A B C E F G H I L M N O Q1. Q2. Q3 Q4 Mean engaged in different type of profeion may differ 1 : Correponding Author

26 RANI: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOME PERSONALITY FACTORS OF WORKING AND NON... peronality factor- Factor -Table II- Show the mean core obtained by no working women in different peronality factor- Table I how that working women got high core on factor A B C E F G H N Q1 Q2 and Q3.It how that working women tend to be good natured, eay going, ready to cooperate, attentive to people. They are kindly and adaptable. They like occupation, dealing with people. They readily form active group. Working women are quick to grap idea, fat earner and intelligent. They are emotionally mature, table, and realitic about life, unruffled, poeing ego trength. They are found aertive, elf aured and independent minded. They were active, talkative, frank, and expreive. They are found dominated by ene of duty, perevering, reponible. They are ociable bold ready to try new thing then thick kinnine ' enable them to face wear and tear in dealing with people, they are polihed, experienced, worldly, hrewd. They are often hard hearted and analytical they have intellectual unentimental approach to ituation. They tend to be more well informed more inclined to experiment in life generally and more tolerant of inconvenience and change. They are temperamentally independent and cotumed to going their own way. Working women got low core in factor I L M O and Q4,. It how that working women' are concerned about other people, a good team worker. They are practical, realitic reponible. They are anxiou to do the right thing, alternative to practical matter. They are atified not frutrated. Table II how that non working women got high core on factor I L M O and Q.4. It how that thee women are found to be tender mended, artitic, fatidiou, and feminine. They are ometime demanding of attention and help impatient, dependent, and impractical. They dilike crude people and rough occupation.they lend to low up group performance. They are elf opinionated and intereted in internal life. They are uually deliberate in their action. They are elf motivated, imaginatively creative, and concerned with eential they are found moody. Non-working women got low core in factor A B C E F G H N Q1 Q2 and Q3. It how that they are found to be tiff and cool. They are emotional and annoyed. They tend to give way to other and they are conforming. They are hy. They tend to be low and impeded in peech and in expreing themelve, diliked occupation with peronal contact prefer one or two cloe friend to larger group. They are imple, entimental and eaily pleaed and content with what come. They are cautiou and compromiing in regard to new idea. They tend to oppoe and potpone change, are inclined to go along with tradition, are more cone native in relation and politic and tend not to be intereted in analytical, intellectual thought.they prefer to work and make deciion with other people, like and depend on ocial approval and admiration. REFERENCES Allport, GW: (1996) Pattern and growth in peronality. Newyork, Holt, Rinehart and Winton. Anand V: ( ) Study of effect of mental health on occupational tre of higher econdary chool teacher. Perpective in Pychology Reearche, 19 and 20.(1` &2) Arrey, R.D.etal. :(1994). Peronality and individual difference 17 (1) : Bowlloy TR :(1967). Peronality role in large family. Child Development Manualfer the 16. Peronality Factor, Publihed by Pychocentre, New Delhi Roim. LR: Peronality & Indevidual difference Singh, Arun Kumar: (2002) Advanced General Pychology, Moti Lal Banarida New Delhi. 24 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:23-24

27 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:25-28 ISSN : THE ROLE OF NGO S IN PROMOTING WOMEN ENTERPRENEURSHIP VIJAY KUMAR SINGH 1 1 ASSISTANT PROF. DEPTT.OF ECONOMICS, TD PG COLLEGE JAUNPUR, U.P., INDIA ABSTRACT Entrepreneurhip i emerging a an important avenue in gaining economic independence for women. In lat two decade (in pot-liberaliation era), the economic reform coupled with looening of ocial retriction ha further provided an impetu to women to become entrepreneur. According to the current trend mot of the emerging women entrepreneur are in mall and micro enterprie. A curory look at their ituation highlight a number of major challenge faced by them. Thee challenge can be broadly claified a: lack of awarene, lack of information, difficulty in acceibility of finance, lack of eay acce of entrepreneurial training and pot training upport, lack of market and network upport, lack of elf-confidence and managerial kill etc KEYWORDS: NGO, Women, Enterpreneurhip, India An NGO or a Non Governmental Organization i an aociation that function for the benefit of civil ociety. Thee group belong to the civic or community ector a they do not repreent any form of government or private intitution. Unlike buine companie, NGO operate on a non-profit bai imilar to a charity. Mot NGO are funded by grant given by a pecific foundation or entity. Thi mean than any fund generated by the organization are re-aborbed to further the aim of the initiative. Other common name ued to refer to NGO include non-profit organization, independent ector and civil ociety organization. NGO addre humanitarian iue through careful utilization of their grant. They focu on development project to upport and ait people in ociety. NGO are conequently active in a broad range of area. They can be community pecific or international Many international NGO are involved in major humanitarian concern uch a campaigning againt human right abue like Amnety International, or providing medical upplie and ervice like Medicine San Frontier. In thi way, the objective of NGO may differ dependent on the type of work they do. For example, an NGO may be geared toward, reearch, relief, ervice proviion, advocacy or participation oriented program. Thee project are managed and implemented to aid and advance local people. They promote awarene, educate and inform. Regardle of the type of field an NGO may be in, they hare a common purpoe to do good in the world. LIST OF SOME FEMALE ENTERPRENEURS OF INDIA 1. MeenaBindra, Founder of India larget readymade ethnic-wear brand Biba, 2. Manju Bhatia, Founder of loan recovery company Vauli, wa born in a buine family in Indore. 3. RajniBector, Founder of food empire Cremica, wa born in Karachi and then moved to Delhi with her family. 4. NirmalaKandalgaonkar Founder of vermi-compoting tool provider VivamAgroTech, grew up in mall-town Maharahtra and decided to launch a rural venture after her children reached chool age. 5. RanjanaNaik, Founder of Swan Suite, grew up in a family of engineer, doctor and teacher, 1 : Correponding Author

28 SINGH: THE ROLE OF NGO S IN PROMOTING WOMEN ENTERPRENEURSHIP 6. Leela Bordia, Founder of pottery art firm Neerja International, grew up in Calcutta in a family which trongly upported ocial work. 7. Han Qui Huafounded label acceorie firm Guangzhou Guanyi Garment in China. Even a a teenager he would ride her bike to ell cake in village, 8. PremlataAgarwalfrom Jamhedpur became a mountaineer and climbed Mt. Everet at the age of 48 the oldet Indian woman to have achieved thi feat. 9. ParuJaykrihna, Founder of chemical giant Aahi Song won, grew up in a Jain family in Ahmedabad. 10. Patricia Narayan got into a love marriage at the age of 19, but her huband turned out to be an abuive alcoholic. 11. SudehmaBanerjee began her career a a teacher in Calcutta but one day dicovered that her huband wa having an affair with her own friend 12. JauShilpi, one of the few women culptor in India, grew up in an entrepreneurial family in Ahmedabad, and had an artitic flair right from chool. One day, 13. DipaliSikand, Founder of Le Concierge, grew up in Calcutta. She wa active in politic, 14. BinapaniTalukdar, Founder of Aam handicraft trader Pany Export, grew up in Aam. She herelf began to make decorative handicraft, 15. Ela Bhatt,Founder of SEWA which now ha 1.7 million elf-employed women, grew up in Surat and joined the Textile Labour Aociation (TLA). She married a textile worker on, which her family initially oppoed. 16. Shona McDonald, Founder of wheelchair company Shonaquip, grew up in South Africa. In thee prominent ladie only Ela Bhatt related to an NGO Sewa Thi how that NGO i important for Indian ladie but ha le important in itelf. Sewa which i now ha 1.7 million elf-employed women, grew up in Surat and joined the Textile Labour Aociation (TLA). She organized network for elf-employed women in the informal ector, and wa inpired by the international dimenion of thee labour iue after overea viit. She turned adverity into opportunity when political controvery over Dalit reervation led SEWA to leave TLA. SEWA regrouped and et up cooperative and microfinance upport. Ela Bhatt went on to win the Magayay Award, Padma Shri and Padma Bhuhan. The NGO emerge a a viable and important medium to upport and promote women entrepreneur, but only few number of NGO in India are trying to help women entrepreneur at variou level. To name a few, the AWAKE, the ICECD and the FIWE etc.thee three prominent NGO in thi field providing ervice to women entrepreneur for more than 15 year. A mentioned above he aociated with few leading NGO centre during hi networking in the profeional life and rendered very ueful ervice in rural & remote area. Aiting and working with needy and underprivileged i one of it high interet and paionate area; a he feel that the ervice rendered to uch people and making their life beautiful and happy i omething like God work and he get delighted when he ee the happine among thoe to whom he helped. He ha acquired excellent kill in training, demontrating, implementing, empowering and imparting kill at gra root level with full impact and he i known and recognized among NGO center for uch paionate and high quality work. Some of the NGO with whom he aociated are a below, AWAKE AWAKE i a not-for profit, Non- Governmental Organization, etablihed in 1983, with the miion of 'Empowering Women through Entrepreneurhip for Economic Development'.It i an ISO accredited organization, totally devoted to Entrepreneurhip Development among women both in rural and urban area ofindia.awake ha a unique approach of Entrepreneur guiding Entrepreneur through voluntary effort of ucceful women entrepreneur by couneling, training, buine incubation, mentoring and peer group upport. AWAKE i a regitered ociety and exempt from 26 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:25-28

29 SINGH: THE ROLE OF NGO S IN PROMOTING WOMEN ENTERPRENEURSHIP Income Tax under Section 12A and 80G of the Income TaxAct,India. AWAKE i a recognized body in the Policy Advocacy forum of Government of Karnataka and Government of India. AWAKE i a proud recipient of both National and International award. Mr. Chetan L. Hanchate wa retainer conultant for the organization on all their food proceing activitie to activate and crytallize entrepreneurhip in food proceing ector among women entrepreneur from both urban and rural area. During hi aociation he offered variou kind of ervice required for making entrepreneur among underprivileged. He alo extenively worked in all the training program like kill development, empowerment,edp and eminar, workhop and training eion in among rural ladie and crytallized everal home and cottage cale food indutrie of varied kind like Ready to eat, ready to cook, ready to prepare food in wet, dry, baked and fried format from pice, condiment, cereal, pule, fruit, vegetable, milk, baed product and other raw material which are available in their region. CPF i intrumental for etting up of a innovative yet unique food proceing incubator facility houing pilot level variou food proceing machine at Awake which i furnihed with all the pre requiite of food indutry tandard and licene which facilitate apiring women entrepreneur to etablih their product and brand producing through thi incubator and then launch their own food indutry of appropriate ize with full adminitrative and technical upport of CPF / Awake. The aid concept wa recognized worldwide and wa adopted & replicated in many countrie including in India. The whole concept wa coined by CPF and today Awake i been awarded on national and international level many time to houe, manage; promote uch innovative food buine incubator. INITIATIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION BANGALORE IDF i a non-profit, ecular trut etablihed in 2001, by development profeional with domain expertie in utainable agriculture, rural banking, ocial mobilization, entrepreneurhip promotion and management in ervice ector. The learning and inight of working a a graroot organization i dieminated by functioning a a reource organization in reearch, mentoring, training to intitution in rural development, micro finance, banking, livelihood and governmental department. Networking with knowledge organization in the developmental ector, it i contributing to advocacy on iue for the welfare of the common people, utainable agriculture, climate change and natural reource management.idf i working with rural and urban poor, mall, marginal and oral leee farmer, laborer, women, youth and Dalit. In it quet for Empowerment of Under-privileged, IDF i partnering with imilar Civil Society Organization, Community baed organization (CBO), Government, Bank, Public and Private Corporate, Foundation, and Network at local, national and international level. The Executive Board which conit of mature and enthuiatic project executive implement the policie and programmer. Specific interdiciplinary team are contituted for pecific project and programmer.idf net work: It i an internal network of organization upplementing and complementing IDF. IDF Financial Service Pvt Ltd i the Poor community-owned microfinance organization providing primary financial ervice to financially excluded women and farmer, building their credit hitory and facilitating their direct linkage to the bank.gramya TS Pvt ltd i the dedicated marketing organization for providing marketing upport to product of SHG and the mall producer. Synergy to Solution (S-2-S) provide ervice to NGO and CBO on management development and mentoring. Cumulatively IDF and it linked organization have a workforce of about 700.Intitution of poor: IDF ha promoted and i mentoring five Women SHG Federation, UNNATI UNNATI wa formed by Shri. C. Mohammed a retired State Civil Service Officer of Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

30 SINGH: THE ROLE OF NGO S IN PROMOTING WOMEN ENTERPRENEURSHIP A&N Iland in 2000 which i working in the field of Rural Development, Social Welfare and elf employment in partnerhip with Rajiv Gandhi Foundation, New Delhi, UNICEF, RahtriyaMahilaKoh, New Delhi, NABARD, AWAKE, Care India, Centre for Proceed Food, Food and Extenion Unit, Minitry of HRD, Agriculture Technical Management Agency (ATMA), Department of Social Welfare, Rural Development, Indutrie, Animal Hubandry, Agriculture etc. of A&N Adminitration and carried out variou promotional, awarene program.the main achievement of UNNATI are a under:- All round development of children in partnerhip with UNICEF and Social Welfare Department and reduced the mal-nutrition tatu from 47% to 27%. Which wa a record achievement appreciated by UNICEF.The capacity and kill of all anganwadi teacher of Andaman andnicobar Iland(561) were improved by arranging quality training.organized 27 motivational program for elf-employment, 261 Self Help Group were formed and were given training for capacity building in partnerhip with RahtriyaMahilaKoh,NewDelhiand NABARD.27 Self Help Group were arranged loan from different financial intitution.14 training programme for capacity building and kill-up-gradation in food proceing wa organized in partnerhip with Rajiv Gandhi Foundation,New Delhi.30 Farmer Interet Group were alo formed in partnerhip with ATMA and they were aited to undertake income generation activitie beide training in food proceing. Unemployed youth cooperative ocietie were alo formed by UNNATI in aociation with A & N State Cooperative Union and they were aited to get work from Govt. Department.Working for the welfare of tribal youth in aociation with Nicobari Youth Tribal Council and organied 5 workhop innancowry group of iland for implementation of NREGA and advocacy for tobacco control.organized 30 NREGA workhop in different Panchayat for general awarene of NREGA in aociation with DRDA and Ditrict Adminitration. 18 training programme were conducted in Animal Hubandry, Dairy Farming and fiherie related activitie in aociation with A & N Adminitration. Organized following health related meeting/awarene program in aociation with health depart & PRI CONCLUSION The article focue on elementary and important iue of entrepreneurhip of the women in any economy, but it i fined that very limited number of NGO work for the promotion and help of women entrepreneurhip in India. Preently NGO facing limitation while performing their activitie. In future it i hope they would be very helpful, profeional and intereting in the field of women entrepreneurhip. REFERENCES Koyalainen, Anne: elementaryand important iue of enterprenurehip and women in any economy, chool of Economic Univerity of Turko, Finland Sharme, Suman: An overview of the entrepreneurhip a a mean to economic empoverment of Indian women. Dayal Singh College (Evening), Univerity of Delhi. Trevian, Italo: Future reearch on the relative dimenion of women entrepreneurhip. Department of Economic and management univerity of Trento. Villa, Paola: The women entrepreneurhip and economic activity. Department of Economic univerity of Trento. 28 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:25-28

31 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:29-31 ISSN : NEED OF VALUE ORIENTED EDUCATION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE RUKHSANA BEGHAM 1 1 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPTT.OF ECONOMICS, S.R.D.A. GIRLS PG COLLEGE, HATHRAS,U.P.INDIA ABSTRACT The word Education ha a very wide connotation. The concept of education i like a diamond which appear to be of a different colour when een from a different angle. For the development of Human reource Education a an empowerment right, education i the primary vehicle by which economically and ocially marginalized adult and children can lift themelve out of poverty, and obtain the mean participate fully in their communitie none of civil, political economic and ocial right can be exercied by individual unle they have received a certain minimum education.in preent reearch paper i have try to eek the neceity of value oriented education for the development of human reource. KEYWORDS: Value, Education, Human Reource, Development We think that education i important and valuable becaue without learning the world would function more poorly. The benefit of education are endle.gandhi ji peak of Education a- By education I mean an oil-round drawing out of the bet in the child and man body, mind and pirit. In the word of dowry Education i the development of all thoe capacitie in the individual which will enable him to control hi environment and fulfill hi reponibilitie. NEED FOR VALUE ORIENTED EDUCATION The national policy on Education (1986) highlight the urgent need for value education in view of the growing eroion of eential value and increaing cynicim in ociety with a well deigned ytem of curriculum it i poible to make education a forceful tool for the cultivation of deirable ethical, piritual and ocial value. Education hould foter univeral and eternal value. Value education hould help to eliminate, obcurantim, religiou finalim violence, uper ituation and fatalim. Education which inculcate univeral and eternal value like compaion, coverage, honety, tolerance and truthfulne etc. will help in developing balanced individual and in creating a human ociety. 1 : Correponding Author MEANING OF THE TERM VALUE A value tand for ideal men live for. Value are part and parcel of the philoophy of a nation and that of it educational ytem. They are the guiding principle of life which are conducive to all round development in the word of John Dewey: The value mean primarily to prize, to eteem, to appraie, to etimate, it mean the act of cherihing omething holding it and alo the act of paing judgment upon the nature and amount of value a compared with omething ele. KINDS OF VALUES Value are of variou kind and named according to their pecification. 1. Aethetic value in accordance with art, dancing, painting dramatization, muic etc. 2. Spiritual value concerning pirit a oppoed to matter. 3. Moral value relating to ethic. 4. Social value concerning ociety. EDUCATION AND NEED FOR INCULCATION OF VALUES The Kothari commiion ha rightly oberved The expanding knowledge and the

32 BEGHAM: NEED OF VALUE ORIENTED EDUCATION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE growing power (cience) which it place at the dipoal of modern ociety mut, therefore be combined with the trengthening and deepening of the ene of ocial reponibility and a keener appreciation of moral and piritual value In calculation of deirable value in the pupil i felt eential for meeting out the crii of character. In the ituation that rapidly developing, it i equally important for u to give a proper value- orientation to our education ytem. VALUE ORIENTED THOUGHTS FROM THE RELIGIOUS SCRIPTUNES FROM HINDU SCRIPTUNES - Do good to humanity. - Enjoy your own wealth and covet not the wealth of other. - Earn wealth in a righteou way - Shun crookedne. - Live in a pirit of friendle with all. - You hall honor your father and mother. - You hall not kill. - You hall not commit adultery. - You hall not teal. - You hall not bear fale witne againt your neighbor. - You hall not covet your neighbor wife. - You hall not covet your neighbor good. CHRISTIANITY - Be honet in exchange of thing. - Do not acquire another ubtance wrongfully. - Do not ell inferior and low quality thing. - Do not bribe. - Do not be unjut to other. ISLAM - Truth i higher but till i truthful living. - There can be no worhip without good action. - God eye of mercy full on thoe who take care of lowet. - The life of peaking God grace i not to be of idle myticim but of active ervice done in the midt of worldly relation. SIKHISM - Have right undertanding. - Have right thought. - Have right peech. - Do right action. - Earn right live hood. - Do right effort. - Have right mindfulne. - Cultivate right concentration. BUDDHISM - Have right faith. - Have right knowledge. - Have right conduct. JAINISM - Wealth and rank are thing men deire but unle. they are obtained in right way they may not be poeed. - Free kindly toward everyone but be intimate only with the virtuou. - When you ee a man of worth, think of how you may emulate him. - When you ee one who i unworthy examine your own character. Here we find that Noble qualitie give peace of mind, widepread, fame add to one greatne, practice of truth give eae and concentration of mind give trength. Perform noble deed, develop intellect and purity your mind. There i no virtue like benevolence and no meanne like oppreing other. There i no kinhip except that of devotion. Depite cate kinhip lineage, piety, reputation, wealth, phyical trength of hi family accomplihment and ability a man lacking in devotion i not more worth than could without water, cultivate the firmne of mind and contentment, cultivate the pirit of forgivene under all circumtance devote your mind to virtue and oberve abtinence from the entertainment of inful thought. 30 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:29-31

33 BEGHAM: NEED OF VALUE ORIENTED EDUCATION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE In every religion we find the value of controlling of anger, brotherhood, duty fullne, incerely honetly work. By thee value a peron become real human being otherwie, he jut like an animal o good example of human reource i the man who i gifted with value and make able himelf by the value. VALUE ORIENTED PROGRAMMES A. Acivity programme for developing value: Following are the important activitie to be undertaken in the chool in thi regard: 1. Community prayer in the chool. 2. Cleanline programme in the chool 3. Community ervice programme in fair and fetival. 4. Firt aid programme. 5. Celebration of national day and fetival. 6. Drama,etc.depicting value 7. Social ervice programme in fair and fetival. Emphai hould be laid on the unity of all religion, harmony among communitie and national integration. C.Peronal example The mot important apect of the programme i that the teacher hould et example of good conduct and behavior which the tudent may imbibe in themelve. Latly it may be oberved that a pecial reponibility for creating a value-oriented environment lie on the V.I.P, leader of all hade and all thoe peron who matter in different walk of life. In fact, by and large, thee are the peron reponible for the eroion of value. They mut et highet tandard of ethical morality. REFERENCES Agrawal, J C; Theory and principle of Education Vika publihing houe pvt.ltd. Chakrawarty,Mohit: Modern iue in Education, Krihka Publiher /ditributor - New Delhi. Pathak,P D :Bhartiya Shikha aur vaka mayayen. Vinod puhtak mandri, Hopital Road, Agra. B. Talk: Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

34 Indian Journal of Society and Politic (An official organ of Winome India Educational Trut) Regitration Form: Memberhip Editorial Office: Dr Dharmendra Pratap Srivatava Chief Editor, Indian Journal of Society & Politic C/O Dr Sriprakah Singh, 507/1 Church Compound, Sahadatpura, Mau India - Webite: Mobile No , I wih to enrol myelf a.. member of Indian Journal of Society and Politic and given bellow my particular. I hall agree to abide by your rule and regulation. Name (Block Letter)... Date of Birth... Educational Qualification... Preent Deignation.. Area of Interet. Mailing Addre(Block Letter) Country.. Potal Code... Tel No..Mob.No id. Detail of DD : Name of the Bank... DD No Dated For R/US$...in favour of Indian Journal of Society & Politic Payable at Mau. Dated Place. Signature of applicant NATURE OF MEMBERSHIP Period of Nature of Indian Foreign Memberhip Memberhip Annual Subcription Individual R 400 US$50 Intitutional R 1000 US$100 Life Subcription Individual R 4000 US$1000 Intitutional R 8000 US$4000 All the payment hould be made through Bank Draft only in the name of Indian Journal of Society and Politic payable at Mau.

35 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:33-36 ISSN : H kkjr e a yk dra= dh ijaij k %,d lef dr foopu vt ; flag 1 1, lk0 i zk Qlj] jk t 0 k k L=] gf.m ;k i h 0th 0 dk yt ] g f.m ;k ] b yk gk ck n ¼m0iz 0½] Hk k jr ABSTRACT iz tk ru = ] Lor a= rk ] l e kur k v ks j U ;k ; dh l al FkkR ed iz r hd l e> h tk u oky h O ;ol Fkk d k,d l k/ ku v ks j l k / ; Hk h gs A e ku o l H ;r k d k b frg kl x ok g gs ] fd bl d h j{ kk d f y, fo o ;q ) y M+ tk r jg gs aa ea ; wu Ld k u iz tkru = l l E c fu / kr v kn kk Za d ck j e a t k [ kk t d h ml l o g ml h i fj. kke ij igq pk fd vf /kd rj f o} ku iz tkru = dk mf pr vks j vk n kz jkt uh frd rf kk l ke kftd l ax Bu ek ur gs aa vn~ Hkq r jg L; gs kkl dh ; O ;ol Fk k d Lo: i ea Y kk dr a= kr ed i) f r u gk u d ck otwn Hkk jr d k l E iw. kz b frg kl y kd rak f= d e wy ; ka l Hk jk i M+k gs A iz Lrq r k k/ k i= e a bl j gl ; d k mn~?k kf Vr dju d k iz ;kl f d; k x; k gs A KEY WORDS : ykd r a=] mn kj okn ] Hkkj r iz tkru = dkjh j ktuh frd i) fr v Fkok fl ) ku r ugha gs A og bl l cl dq N vf/kd gs A og olrq r%,d th ou iz.kk yh gs A og l kekf td rf kk us f rd thou n kz u gs A ;g,d,l h O ;olf kk dk uke gs ftl ea vke yk xk a dh Hkh Hk kxh nkjh gk vks j m ud l q [k l e` f) dk Hkh /;k u fn ;k tk;a l Hkh dk kkl u e a LoRo dk Hkku gk A rfkk j ktk vks j iz tk dk f ohkn l ns o d fy, l ek Ir g k tk ;A o viuh kf Dr i j vi u f y, l okz Rre dy ;k. k d h fl f) dj l da A yk x ka l Hk h ;g vi{kk d h tkrh gs fd mu d ân; e a {kek ] l fg.kq rk ] l ok] ij kid kj] fojk / kh n` f Vdk.k d iz fr vk njhkk o ekuoh ; O ; fd rro d iz fr l E eku o l e> ks rk dh iz d` fr vkfn Hkko fo eku gk aa y k dra= kkl u dk,d : i gh ugha jkt ; ] l ekt dk :i Hkh gs,d vkn kz ],d thou ewy ; Hkh gs A vbkj goha krkc nh e a yk dru = dk doy jktuh frd vf kz ekuk tkr k FkkA ml dk Lo ra= rk r Fkk iz frfu f/kro d iz kd` frd v f/ kdkj ij vf /kd cy FkkA mu uhl oha k rkcnh e a jktus f rd ykdru = dk doy jktuh frd vf kz ekuk tkr k FkkA ml dk Lo ra= rk r Fkk iz frfu f/kro d iz kd` frd v f/ kdkj ij vf /kd cy FkkA mu uhl oha krkcn h ea j ktus f rd ykdru = ea l ke ftd rfkk vk ffkz e rro Hkh l e kfo V dj fn; k x; ka ve fjd k ea nkl k a dh eq fdr ¼186 5½] :l ea v) Z nkl ka dh eq fdr ¼1861½ r Fkk mnk jokn ] ek Dl Z okn vks j jkt ; l ektok n dk mn;& b u l cl bl /kkj. kk dh iq f V gq bz fd U ;k;i w.kz vfkz ru = rfkk o xz fo ghu l kekftd O ; olfk k d fcuk erk f/kd kj ij v k/ kkf j r ykd ru =,d <dk l yk gs A ¼oekZ ]2003% 662½ chl oha k rkcn h ea f k{k k d iz l kj rf kk eukf ok ku d fodkl u bl fl ) ku r dk y kdfiz ; cu k fn; k gs fd jktuh frd ykd ru = dh l Q yrk d fy, K ku dk l koz HkkS e iz l kj vfr vko ;d gs v ks j ukx fjdk a d O ;fd rro dk fue kz.k yk drkfu = d vk/ kkj ij fd; k tkuk pk fg,a nwl j kcnk a ea ;g fo okl fd; k tkrk gs fd ykdru = dh l Q yrk d fy, gea, l uk xfjd k a dh vko ;dr k gs ] t k l a ;eh g k ftue a vi u dk fofhku u iz dkj dh l ke kft d xfr fof /k ;k a d vuq dwy cuku dh {ker k gk ] ftud h fo o dh l el;k vka e a O ;kid # fp gk ] tk mnkl hu Fkk HkkX;o knh u gk ] cfy d Lor% LQ wf rz l keq nkf;d dk ;Z dyki ea dk ;Z Øe dh rhoz rfkk fø ;k k hy {ke rk j[k r gk aa vr% o rz eku e a ykdra= dk,d iz dkj d k / kez ekuk tk u y xk gs ] og l ekt vks j jktu hfr d l E cu /k ea,d iz dkj dk ewy ;kr ed n` f Vdk.k cu x; k gs ] og,d,l k / kez gs tk euq ; dk bl <ax l iq ufuz ek.k dju k pkg rk gs ] fd og e kuoo knh rfk k l ` tukr ed v FkZ ea ijk FkZ oknh cu l da ;fn ge y kdr a= dh bl O ;k[ ;k dk L ohdk j dj ya vks j ml i kjli fjd l g;k x rf kk l keatl ; dk,d fl ) ku r eku y a rk Hkkj rh; l ald` f r dh ije i jk, ml dk Bkl v k/k kj cu l dr h gs vks j ml d iw jd fl ) gk l drh gs A ^ ^ ;gk eq > v/ ;kr eok n rf kk vkr eok n dh J Brk iz nf kz r dju dh rr o kkl= h ; l el ;kl iz ; ktu ugha gs A es a bz oj rfk k vkr e k d vfl rro d l E cu /k e a 1 : Correponding Author

36 fl ag% Hkk jr e a yk dra= dh i jaijk grq kkl= h ; rdkz a ea ugh a m y> uk p kgr ka e jh l el ;k rk d oy j ktuh frd gs A es a ;g f n[kku k pkgr k gw fd Hkkjrh ; l ald` fr d e wy fo pkj y kdru = h ; n kz u d fojk /k h u gha gs ] cfy d o, d,l eu rfk k,d,l h fpu ru iz.kkyh dk ik k.k d j l dr gs a tk yk dru = d i{k dk cy iz nk u dj l da¼oekz ]2003 %664½ bl d fy, v ko ;d iz rhr gk rk gs ] fd Hkkj r ea ykdr a=,o a ykdrk fu = d l alfkk vk a ij l a f{kir n` f V ikr fd;k tk;a Hk kj r ea iz tk ru = dh ije i jk % dq N fo}kuk a d k e r gs ] f d Hkkjr e a ek= u` iru = dk gh iz pyu Fkk ] ftu jkt ;k a dk iz tk ru = l e> k tkrk gs o o klro ea tu jk T; ;k K k fr&j kt; FkA bl er d vuq l kj ek yox.k vks j ; ks /k ; x.k dk ekyo v ks j vks / k ; iz tkru = u gha oj u~ ekyo v ks j vks /k ; ¼K kfr½ jk T; gs A iju rq ;g er Bhd ugh a gs A ;fn g e eku Hkh y a fd eku o o ;ks /k ;x. k ;k K k fr ;k Fkh rk Hkh bl ckr d i; kz Ir iz ek.k gs fd budh jkt ; O ;ol Fkk iz tkru = kr ed FkhaA ;g fuf oz okn fl ) gs fd x.k dk vfkz,d fof k V jkt& O ; olfk k gs ] tk u` iru = l furku r fofhku u gs A e/; iz n k d dq N O ; k ikfj ;k a l nf{k. kk d,d jktk l iwn k ] fd vk id n k ea dks u jktk jkt ; djr gs a rk mu gk au mrrj f n; k fd egkjkt gee a l dq N,l n k gs a] t gk jktk d k j kt; gs ] fdu rq v ks jka d n k e a x.kru = gs A,d ts u xz U Fk dk m) j. k l eha phu gk xk ftl ea dg k x; k gs fd ts u l k/kq, l n k ea u t k; tgk jkt k u g k ; k tgk ;q ojkt dk j kt ; gk vks j tgk vk il ea ym+ u ok y nk jktkvk a ¼}S jk T; ½ dk jkt ; gk vf kok tg k x.kjk T; g ka bu nk m) j.kk a l Li V gs fd x.k dk,d fuf pr os /kkf ud vfkz gs vks j bl l,l jkt ; dk ck /k gkr k gs fd tgk v f/kd kj,d O ;fd r d gk Fk ea u gkd j x.k v Fkok vud O ;fd r; k a d gk Fk e a g krk Fk ka Bhd bl h vf kz ea l a?k kcn dk iz ;k x fd; k tkrk Fk ka vr% tc l S dm+ka eq nz k, gekj l keu gs a ftu ihj d N k V y[kka ea vks /k ;] ekyo vks j vtq Z uk;u jktk vka dk ugh a o ju~ ml d x. k dk my y[k gs rk ml l Li V fl ) g krk gs fd mudk rkr i ;Z tu ;k tk fr l g h ug ha o ju~ x. k ;k ykdru = j kto ;ol Fkk l gs ftl dh vkj l md r eq nz k, tkjh dh x ;h FkhA¼vY r dj] 2001%7 9½ eq nz k y[kka v ks j if jhkkf kd kcnka d vf rfj Dr iz kphu Hk kjr ea j ktru = l fhku u iz dkj d iz tkru = ka dk v flrro fl ) dj u d fy, gek j ikl l e&l kef;d ; wuk uh y[kd ka d f ooj. kka d k cgq ewy ; iz ek.k Hkh gs A dq N ykx bu iz ek.kka d k l af nx/ k l e> r gs aa¼iz l kn%168& 169½ o dg r gs a fd ; wuku h bf rgkl dk jka u tcjnl rh Hkkjr h; j kto ;olf kk dk vi u n k e a iz pfyr O ;ol Fkk l feyk u dh p Vk d h gs A ;g rdz fof p= gs olrq r% ;w uku h b frgkl y[kd ka u iz kp hu Hkkjr e a u` iru = vks j vu d iz dkj d iz tkru = n kuk a n[k FkA o Lo ;a ykd ru = d l efkz d F k mud y [kka l fl ) gkrk gs fd mu gk au f HkU u iz dkj d j kt ;ka dh fofhku ur k dk cm+h l w{erk l v/; ;u fd ;k Fk ka vkae h vks j iq : u fl du nj dh v/ khurk Lohd kj dj yh rk fl du nj dh v/ khu rk Lohdk j dj yh rk fl du nj u viuk thr k gq vk cgq r cm+k Hkw& Hkkx ml dk iz nk u dj fn; k] ;w ukuh bf rgkl dk j cm+ h l ko/ kku h l dg r gs a fd ml iz n k ea iz tkru = kr ed jkto ;ol Fkk F kha¼es dfdz My% 115½ ; wuk uh y[k dka u r k xz ke ; k kl u dk my y[k Hkh ugha fd; k gs A fq d dk ;g er gs fd xz hd y[ kdk a }kjk o f.kz r iz tkru = N kv h& N kvh f j; kl rka vfko k bdd& nq Dd u xj Fk tk e x /k ts l c M+& cm + l kez kt ;k a d vm+kl & im+ kl ea jg r gq, vks j fdl h iz dkj viuh Lok;Rr k dk cuk ; j[k l dr FkA¼ fq d%137½ okl ro e a ;g er Hkh Bhd u gha gs A, d rk fl du nj d l e; ea iatkc e a dk bz cm+k l kez kt; Hkh u Fkk ] nwl j ml l e; d iz tkru = kr ed j kt ; j ktk vka }k jk kkfl r j kt; ka l dgha v f/ kd fol r` r vks j kf D roku FkA vhkh rd ge u bu jkt ;ka d fy, iz tkru = kcn dk l keku ; iz ;k x fd; k gs A vc gea budk iz d` r Lo:i f uf pr d juk gs A dq N y[kd budh kkl u l alfkk dk do y K kfr vf kok tu dh l alf kk cr kr gs aa dq N nwl j ml dk mp p t ur U = l e> r gs a] dq N,l Hk h y[kd gs a t k b uea fo kq ) iz tkru = n[kr gs aa dq N y[kdka dh eku ; rk gs fd bu ga iz tkru = ;k ykd ru = dguk Bhd u gha gs D ;k afd b uea l kj vf /kdk j l k/k kj.k turk d gkf k ea ugha oj u~,d N kv l mpp oxz d ykx ka d g kfk ka e a jgr FkA ge tkur gs a fd pks / k; ka e a kkl u l w= 5000 O ;f Dr ;ka dh ifj k n ea Fk k ftue a l iz R ;d d fy, j kt ; dk,d gk Fkh nuk t:jh FkkA¼eS dfdz My%18 1½ 34 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:33-36

37 fl ag% Hkk jr e a yk dra= dh i jaijk a a a a a a a Z a a a a a vlrq ;g Li V gs fd bl jkt; d veh j ;k mpp oxz d l nl; gh gk r Fk ] ft uea,d&,d g kfk h n l du dh l kef;z Fk ha tul k/kk j.k dk jk T; d kkl u ea dk bz gkfk u F kka bl ea dkbz l ang ugh fd vktdy iz tkru = dk tk v F kz gs ml vfkz ea rk iz kph u Hkkjr d ;ks /k ; ] k kd ;] ek yo vks j fy PN fo x. kjk T; ykdru = ugha dg tk l dra vk /kq fud dky d vf/ kdka k yk dru = jkt ;k dh Hkk f r iz kp hu Hk kjr d bu x.kj kt; ka ea kkl u dh c kx Mkj l ke ku ; tu rk d g kfk ea ugh Fkh fq j Hkh ge bu ga iz tkru = dg l dr gs aa¼vy rdj% 81½ jktu hfr d iz ek.kh kwr xz U Fkk d vuq l kj iz tkru = jkt; og gs ] ftl ea l okz Pp kkl u vf/ kdkj jktru = dh Hk k f r,d O ;f Dr d gk Fkk ea u gkdj,d l ew g] x.k ;k if j okj d g kfk ka ea gk ] ftl d l nl;k dh l a[ ;k pk g de gk ; k vf /kda bl iz dkj l jnkjru = ] mppt uru = vks j iz tkru = l Hkh ykdru = dh J. kh e v kr gs aa bl h iz dkj iz kp hu jke ], Fkal ] LikVkZ d kfk t e/ ;dky hu c f ul ] l a;q D r u hnj ys.m vks j ikys.m l Hkh iz tkru = eku x ; gs a] ; fi bue l fdl h ea Hkh vk /kq fud ykd ru = d l c y{k.k o rz eku e u Fk A e/; ;q x ea o ful d iz tkru = ea dks afl y dh l ekfir d ckn er kf /kdk j F kkm+ l jbz l ka d gkf k ea jg x ;k Fkk vks j bu i j Hkh,d N k V l xq V dk cm+ k iz Hkko j grk Fkk i ju rq ml pq uu dk v f/kd kj Hkh cgq r Fkk M+ gh ykx ka d k F kka v k/ kq fud dk y ea Hkh ve fjdk e y k[kka fuxz k fp jdky rd vi u vf/ kdkj ka l oaf pr jg ] baxys.m ea Hkh 19oha l nh d e/; rd ik WdV ckj k ik ; tkr FkA ft ud l g kj l j nkj yk x ftl pkg ml fuokz f pr dj l dr FkA¼o g h]82½ v ks j vhkh rd g ky flovtj ys.m ea fl= ;k erk f/ kdkj l oaf pr Fkh a] ftl l ml n k dh vk /k h tu rk pq uko e Hk kx ugh y l drh FkhA vlrq kk L= h; vks j, fr gkfl d nku ka vk /kkj ka l iz kphu Hkkj rh ; x.kj kt; iz tkru = dg t k; a x ml h iz dkj ts l iz kphu bvy h vks j ;wu ku d jk T; iz tkru = dg tk r Fk A bu jk T; ka ea kkl ukf /kdk j,d g h O ; fd r vfko k eq V~ Bh Hkj FkkA os kk yh dk fypn fo x.kjk T; vktdy d nk ftyk a l c M+k u F kk fq j H kh ml d kkl d o xz ea 7707 vkn eh Fk ] tk jk T; d l al Fkki dk a d oa kt Fk vks j ftud k jk tk dh iv~ oh dk vf/ kdkj FkkA mrrj h Hkk jr d cgq l a[ ; d x.k ka ea kkl dk a d c kj ea ^ jkt k* in oh d k O ;o gkj djr FkA¼ kkcj Hkk ;%6-7- 3½ ; iz k ;% e wy l al Fkkid oa kka d oa kt FkA ; fi exl Fku ht u fy[k k gs fd p ks Fkh krkcn h bz 0iw0 ea Hk kjr ea,d i je ijk iz pfy r F kh f tl d vuq l kj iz tkru = dk fodkl jkt ru = d ckn e kuk tkrk F kka mdr r F; dh iq f V iz k phu Hkkjrh ; x.k jkt ;k a d fo /k ku,oa ml dh U ;kf ; d O ;ol Fkk l L i V g kr h gs A _Xon d v fu re l wdr ea iz kf kz uk dh x; h gs fd l fefr dh eu =.kk,deq [kh gk] l n L;k a d e u Hkh ije ijkuq dwy g k v ks j fu.kz ; Hkh l oz l E er gka l Hkk&l fefr iz tki fr dh nq fg rk, vks j l al na l Hkk p ; k l fef r pork a iz tk ;r nq Z fgrjks l afo nku A ;u l a xpn % m iekl f k{kk& pk: on kfu fir j% l ax r kq A ¼vFkoZ c n% ½ jktuh fr k kl= dh kc nkoy h dh n` f V l l Hkk ] l fefr] l axr ] l al n egro iw.kz ewy kcn gs ] l Hk k] l fefr dk iz tkif r dh nq fgr k dguk budk f no ; opz l l Hkwf kr ek uu d l ek u gs vfkkz r ;gk eu ro ; gs fd l alfkk vka ea ; Fkk&l al n,oa U ;k ;i kfydk ea ge l n~ ok.kh dk vkj ; yd j os f k V~ ; iz kir d j l dr gs A l U nhkz o ek Z ] o h 0 ih 0% vk /kq f ud H kk jrh ; jk t uh f rd f puru] y{eh uk jk ;.k v xzo k y] v k xjk ] 2003] no df pn~ n k k x.kk /k h uk % df pnz k /k h u%a vo nk u k rd ] 2] v jk ;f.k o x.k jk ;f.k o tqo jk ;f.k o nk Tt f.k ok o jtt f.k ;k f o #(jttf.k o ka vk pjax lw= ] v Y rdj], 0, l 0% i zk ph u H kk jrh ; k k l u i )f r] f o of o k y; i zdk k u] o k jk.k lh ] 2001] i z lk n] cuh % LVV es ad f Ø May] v ydtamlz b uo t u f Q d % lk k y dkf M kal b u uk F kz o LVuZ b f.m ;k ] k k c j ek ; ¼;w0eh ½ ea f y[k k g S f d jktk o {k f =; ; k Cn i ;k Z ;ok ph g SA, f j;u] v /;k ;&9A Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

38 SEMINAR & CONFERENCES Monk Prayoghala Seminar on Reearch in Social Science Seminar 29th to 29th November 2015,Mumbai, Maharahtra, India Webite: Contact peron: Kimberly Rodrigue The eminar will howcae undergraduate, potgraduate, and doctoral reearch in the ocial cience in India. It will engage with wide-ranging contemporary topic in the ocial cience and provide a forum for academic exchange for Indian tudent Organized by: Monk Prayoghala Deadline for abtract/propoal: 1t October 2015 Check the event webite for more detail. International Extenion Education Conference Conference 27th to 30th January 2016,Varanai, Uttar Pradeh, India Webite: Contact peron: Kalyan Ghadei Thi conference i being organied to invite worldwide cholar on Agricultural Education and Extenion to hare their expertie and experience for future model of extenion teaching and ervice. Organized by: Department of Extenion Education,BHU,Varanai Deadline for abtract/propoal: 15th October 2015 Check the event webite for more detail. 1t International Congre on Human Right & Dutie Conference 10th to 10th December 2015,Berhampur, Odiha, India Webite: Contact peron: Organizing Secretary Thi i 1t INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND DUTIES going to be organized in India. Total intake 80 with continent wie quota. The organizing committee invite original reearch paper from the intellectual around the world. Organized by: Yadam Intitute of Reearch Deadline for abtract/propoal: 15th October 2015 Check the event webite for more detail.

39 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:37-40 ISSN : ft yk/ kh k vksj u kx fj d lel ;k;a& eq n~ n v ksj pq u ksfr ;k fxj h kpun ik.m; 1 1 v /;{k ] jk t uh f r f o Kk u fo Hk k x], l 0Mh 0ih 0th 0 dk yt ] eb&yk j no f j;k ] m0iz 0] Hk k jr ABSTRACT u k xf jd l el ; kvk a d h l q uokbz ] l ek / kku,o a kkl u& iz k kl u d i z f r uk xf jdk a d f o okl d k c u k ; j [k uk t urk af= d k kl u O ; olf kk ea iz R ; d l j dkj dk iz eq [k mn~ n ; gk r k gs A Lo ra= r k d i pk r t u vkd ka{k kv ka e a r hoz o` f) r Fk k yk d l odk a d drz O ;,oa m Rr jnk f ;Ro d fo Lr kjhd j. k d dkj.k xz keh.k, oa l ke kftd i fj fl Fkf r ;ka e a O ;k id if jorz u gq vk gs i ju rq vkt Hk h xz keh.k {k = dh v f/ kdk a k tu rk fuj{ kj ] :f <+o knh rf kk v kf FkZ d, oa l k ek ftd n` f V l m i f{ kr gs A l e kt e a O ;ki r b u fo ker kv ka d v f LrRo ea j g r gq, vi u d rz O ; ka, oa mr rjn kf ;Ro ka d k l Q y rk iwoz d f uoz gu d juk y kdl od ka d l e{ k,d cgq r cm +h pq uks r h gs A iz L rq r k k/ k i= e a t u l el ;k vk a d l U nhkz e a fty k/ kkh k d h Hk wfed k d k ij h{k. k d ju dk iz ;kl fd ;k x ; k gs A KEYWORDS: t urk ] t ul l e;k; a] ftyk /k kh k ]Hkz Vkp kj,d ykdrk af= d kkl u O ; olfkk e a uk xfjd k a rfkk iz k kl u d e /; fo okl dh tk Hkko uk vi f{k r gs ml ea fu ju rj fx jkov v krh tk jgh gs A vke ukx fjd d eu e a ;g Hk kouk iwj h rjg? kj dj xbz gs fd iz kkl u l dkbz Hkh dk;z l q fo/kk& kq Y d vfk ok iz Hkko kky h fl Q k fj k d v Hkko e a u gha djk ;k t k l drka l jdkjh v f/ kdkf j;k a,oa d ez pkf j; ka d iz f r tu l keku ; d e/ ; O ;kir vfo o kl d dkj.k kkl u d }kj k l ap kfy r f ofhku u fodkl kh y ; ktu kvk a d l E ;d fø;ku o ;u d fy, u kxf jdk a l vi f{kr l g ;k x ugha fe y ikrk gs A if j.kke r% i;kz Ir / kujk f k O ; ; dju d ckotwn Hkh fod kl ;kt uk,a l kfkz d ifj.kk e n l du ea vl efkz gk tk rh gs aa vr% vkt vko ;drk bl ckr dh gs fd uk xf jdk a e a iz kkl u d iz fr fo o kl dh Hkkouk c<+ k; h tk; rf kk m uea l jdkj } kjk l ap kfyr fofhku u fod kl ;kt ukv ka d iz fr tu vfhk:f p tk x` r dh tk;a ;g d k;z rhkh l E Hko gs ] tc iz k kl u,o a tuiz frfu f/ kx.k tuf gr d iz fr l aonu k hy gk a rfk k ukx fjd dy ;k. k d fy, nk uka l kf k feydj d k;z dju dh l ald` fr fod fl r dj aa fdl h Hkh l ekt fo k kdj ykdrk af= d l ekt dk eq [ ; mn~ n ; tu rk dh iz l U urk] l U rk k rfkk dy ;k.k gk rk gs A ; g o klr fodrk gs fd k kl u dh kfd r tur k dh l e` f) ij f uhkz j djrh gs ] t u l arq f V ij gh tu ra= dh l q j{kk r F kk LFk kf ;Ro vo yfe cr gs A iz R ;d iz dkj dh iz kkl dh ; O ;olf kk ea ewy l el;k ; g jgh gs fd tul ke ku ; dk iz kkl fud vf/ kdkf j; ka r Fkk dez pkfj ;k a l og O ;og kj ug ha fe y i krk gs ] ftl d o g oklro e a gdnkj g kr gs aa iz kkl fud l kik u ea l cl uhpy Lrj dk dez pkj h] f tl dk ukxf jdka d l kfk fuju rj l E idz jgr k gs ] o g bud iz f r O ; okg fjd] mrrjn k; h] l ao nu khy rfk k f k V ugha cu l dk gs A og u kx fjd l el ;k vk a d l ek/kk u e a d kbz :f p ugh a j[krk gs ] ftl l iz kkl u d iz fr tu& vl U rk k ea o` f) gkr h gs A¼iz l kn]199 6%73& 74 ½ ukx fjd l el ;kv ka d k l ek/k ku iz tkr kaf= d kkl u iz.kky h ea e groiw.kz f cu nq gs ALora= rk d i pkr f k{kk d iz l kj d dkj. k ukx fjdk a d l adq fpr n` f Vdka. k ea i fjo rz u vk ;k gs vks j iz kkl u l y k xka d h vi{kk,a c <+ xbz gs aa fof /k d kkl u rf kk O ;ol kf ;d l ok d fodkl d ifj.k kelo:i yk dl odk a dh l R ;fu Bk d l E cu /k ea v ke uk xf jdk a dh l kp ea O ;kid if jorz u v k;k gs A vk/ kq fud ;q x e a uk xf jd kkl dh; dez pk fj ;ka l ; g vi{kk dju y xk gs fd o tu&l keku ; d l kfk viu iz kkl dh; drz O ;k a dk i wjk djr l e; be kun kj if j Jeh l {ke] l gk uq Hkwfri w.kz ] f k V rfk k mf pr O ;o gkj d jaa¼f jik VZ ] Hk kjr l jdkj]19 96%01½ ykd dy ;k. kdkj h jkt ; dh vo/ kkj. kk d dkj.k l jd kj d dk ;k Z a ea v R ;f/ kd o` f) gq bz gs ] ftl l ukx fjdk a d ns fud thou ea iz kkl u dk glr{ ki c< + x; k gs A iz kkl u d h l el rjh ; i fjf /k d vu rxz r 1 : Correponding Author

40 ik.m ;% ft yk/ kh k vks j ukx fj d l el;k ;a fofo /k iz dkj d dk ;Z vi f {kr gs ] ts l O ;ol k ; xr ykbl U l ka dk f uxz r d ju k] v ko ;d ol rq vka d k forj. k dju k] tudy ;k.k d dk;z ts l l ok] f k{k k] LokLF ;] l Q kbz ] ;kr k;k r v kfn dh O ; olf kk] cs ad ka,o a chek dez pk fj ;ka d fy, Hkf o ; fuf /k v kfn l q fo /kk vk a dh O ;olf kk r Fkk O ;f Dr xr l E ifrr dk vf /k xz g.k dj uk br ;kf na l jdkj } kjk b u o` grrj nk f;ro ka dk Lohd kj dju d Q ylo:i iz k kl dh ; fø; kvk a ea c gq r vf /kd o` f) gk x ;h gs A oklro e a tgk dgha Hkh kfd r rfk k fodkl dk fuo kl gk rk gs ] ogha ml d nq #i ;k x d h l E Hkkouk Hkh fo eku j grh gs A fo k kd j mu ifjf LFk r;k a e a tc mud k mi; k x nq yz Hkrk fu ;U =.k rfkk ykd fu f/k d O ; ; dju d n cko d h i` BHkw fe e a fd;k tkrk gs A iz kkl f ud vfhkdj. k d ckgj vi hyh ; O ;olf kk r Fkk uk xfjd l el ;kv ka d fu okj. k d vh kko ea iz k kl dh; vf /kdk fj ;k a rfkk dez pk fj ;ka d }kj k euekuh dj u d fo k ; ea tul k/kkj. k dh /kk j.kk mrrjk Rrj etcw r gkr h xbz gs A ; fi fodfl r ykddrk af= d n kk a ea jkt uhfrd n y] nc ko l ewg] ehfm ;k br ;kf n iz k kl u dk f u;fu = r d ju ea egroiw. kz Hkwfedk fuhkk r gs a rf kkf i Hkk jr e a ; g ru = vhk h rd fodfl r n kk a d l eku iz Hkkodkjh u gha cu l dk gs A bl fy, ;g y kdl od ka d vkp j.k d k fu; fu = r dju ea iw. kz :i l l Q y ugha gk ik jg k gs A iz kkl dh; Hkz Vk pkj u kx fj d dfbukb ;k a e a o` f) dk,d egroiw.kz dkjd gs A kkl u }kjk f ur uohu nk f;rok a d k Lohd k j dj yu d dk j.k iz kkl fud iz fø ;k cg n tfv y gk x bz gs A iz kkl u d fofo /k Lrjk a ij v f/ kdkf j; ka,oa dez pkf j;k a d k i ;kz Ir l Rrk rfkk Lof oodh vf /kdk j iz nku fd ; x; gs a ] y fdu vf/ kdka k dez pkf j; ka e a l e> nkjh rf kk p fj= cy dk vhkko gk rk gs A iz kkl dh; fohkkxk a dh dk;z i) fr tfvy] ck f> y,oa folr` r gku d dkj.k bue a dk ;Z dju dh vuq f pr iz o` frr iu iu yx h gs A vkt d ;q x ea HkkS f rd olrq v ka d k Lok fer o thou d k ije y{; c u x; k gs A HkkS frd okn /ku,oa vkf FkZ d l Rrk l mr iu u gku okyk l E eku ] l ewg] H kfd r,oa l fø; vklf kk, a vkfn ea fu ju rj o` f) g k jg h gs A Q ylo:i t hou d l Hkh {k= ka e a Hkz Vkp kj fu r uohu Lo: ika ea iz dv g k jgk gs A iz k kl fud e kh ujh ea Q S yk ;g Hkz Vk pkj rf kk vf/ kdkf /kd / ku deku dh ykyl k uk xfjd l el ;kv k a ea o` f) d fy, iz eq [k : i l fte enk j gs aa bl d vfr fjd r iz kkl f ud l axb u dh tfvy rk] fu ;ek a dk dbkj rk i woz d vuq l j.k ] nq :g dk ;Z i) fr] iz kkl dh ; vax ka ea l eu o; d k vhk ko rfk k tul k eku ; d iz f r mudk vf k Vrk iw.kz O ; ogkj ukx fjd d fbuk b; ka e a o` f) d fy, l keku ; r; k mrr jnk ;h gk r gs aa ftl dk iz kkl u }k jk iz Hkko h l ek/ kku ugha fd; tku d d kj.k turk vuq f pr rjhd v iuk dj vi u mn~ n ; ka dk iw.kz dju dk iz ;kl dju y xrh gs ] ftl l dkuwu& O ;ol Fkk dh LFkki uke a ck /kk, a mr iu u gkr h gs a] tk t u fonz k g dk dkj.k c urk gs A ukx fjd l el; kvk a dh iz d` fr vf/ kdka kr% tuin Lr jh ; gk rh gs v ks j vud fom+e c ukv ka d ckotwn v ke uk xfjd ka dk ft ykf/ kdkj h d ur` Ro ea iw. kz fo okl gk rk gs A fty ea l jdkj dk iz eq [k iz frfuf/ k gku d dkj.k fty k/ kh k k k l u d egroiw.kz y{;k a dk iz kir dju d fy, iz eq [k :i l mrrjnk ;h gk rk gs A og l E iw.kz ftyk iz kkl u d k iz R ;d Lrj i j uk xf jd fgrk a d iz fr l ao nu khy rfkk mrrjn k;h c ukdj ukx fjd l el ;kv ka d l ek / kku dk iz ;kl dj rk gs A fcz fv k k kl u dky ea ftyk f /kdkj h d iz eq [k fu;kedh ; dk;k Z a ea f ty d ng krh {k= ka dk Hkz e.k dju k Hkh kkfe y Fk k] ftl l og uk xf jd dfb ukb ;ka l vo xr gk l d rfkk r n~ uq l kj ml d fuokj.k d f y, vko ;d dk;z okg h dj l da fty kf /k dkjh d t uin Hkz e.k d l e; fty k iz kkl u l l E cfu /kr fohkk xk a d of j B vf/ kdkj h Hkh ml d l kfk m iflf kr jgr FkA bl fy, ukx fjd l el; kvk a d l ek/kk u d fy, eks d ij ftyk /kh k d } kjk l E cfu / kr fohkk x,oa ml d v f/ kdkj h dk fun Z f kr dj fn ;k tkr k FkkA ftykf /kd kjh d }kj k bl rjg tuin Hkz e.k l t gk,d rjq uk xf jdk a dk viuh l el; kvk a d l ke /kk u ea gk u oky v uko ;d foye c rfk k iz k kl dh; Hkz Vkpk j l jkg r f eyrh Fk h] ogha nwl jh rjq vkij kf /kd fø;kd ykik a i j Hkh vadq k yxrk Fk ka Lora= rk d i pk r tudy ; k.kdkj h jkt ; dh LFkki uk u fcz f V k ;q x d ftyk /kh k dh Hkwfedk,oa ml d dk ;kz a ea O ;kid ifj orz u fd ; gs aa ftyk Lrj ij vc ml fod kl vk ;q Dr dh Hkwfedk dk f uoz gu dju k im+rk gs A¼eq [kkik /; k; ]1997% 699½ iz tkr a= h; kkl u O ;olf kk ea ftyk /k h k dk vc vi uk v f/kd ka k l e ; tuin ea f of k V O ;f Dr ;ka o du nz rfkk jkt ; l jdkj 38 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:37-40

41 ik.m ;% ft yk/ kh k vks j ukx fj d l el;k ;a d uq ekbu nka d Lok xr e a gh O ;rh r dju k im+r k gs ] ftl l tufgr dk dk ;Z iz Hkkfor g kr k gs A bl fy, iz kkl fud l q /kkj v k; k x u viu iz fr on u ea dgk gs fd ftyk/ kh k dk fof k V O ;f Dr; ka d vk xeu d l e; mifl Fkr jgu dh vf uok ;Z r k l eq fd r fey uh pk fg, rkfd og f u; kedh ; dk; kz a dk l q xerk iwoz d l E iu u dj l da ftyk/kh k dk uk x fjd l el;k vka d l ek /kk u d fy, fty d l q nwj xk ok a ea f kfoj yx kdj tu rk d l el;k vk a dh tk udkj h iz kir dju h p kfg, rf kk ;Fk kl E Hko ogha jk f= fojke H kh djuk p kfg,a ftyk /kh k }kjk fd; x ;, l Hkz e.k l tuekul e a iz kkl u d iz fr f o okl d h Hkk ouk c <+ xh rfk k ft yk/ kh k dk ukx fjd df Bukb ;k a dk ut nhd l tku u r Fkk ml dk fujkd j.k dj u el g k;r k fey xha bl fof /k dk viuk u l tg k,d rjq l ekt foj k/ kh rro ka ij fu;u =.k LFkk fir dj u ea enn fey xh] o gha nwl jh rjq viu v /khu LFk vf /kdk fj; ka d H kz Vkpk j l E cu /kh eukf odkj ka d k n wj dj u e a Hkh og d kq h gn rd l Q y gk l dx ka ftyk /kh k d }kjk uk xf j d l el;k vka d Rofjr fu nku d fy, rg l hy,oa Fkku k fnol k a d vk; ktu d k iz ; kl vr ; f/k d l jkguh ; gs ] y fdu ; fpu rk d k fo k ; gs fd tufgr d h l el; kvk a d l ek/kk u d fy, v fr egr oiw.kz ftyk f/kd kjh d b u iz ;kl ka d iz f r Hkh fty k iz kkl u d vu ; vf /kd kfj ;k a,oa dez p kfj ;k a d }k jk e k= vks ipk fjdr k dk gh fu okz g fd;k tk j gk gs A ;g h dk j.k gs fd te hu l E cu /k h,o a vu ; iz dkj d f ookn ka dk ydj uk xf jdk a ea v kil h dvq rk?k Vu d ct k; fu ju rj c< + j gh gs vks j vk ; fnu ekj ihv r Fkk [kw u& [kjkc ts l h?kvuk,a gk j gh gs aa ;g l R ; gs fd r gl hy,oa Fkkuk fnol d v k; ktu dk iz Hkkoh c uku d fy, kk l u Lrj l Hkh dk bz xe Hkhj igy ug ha gk jg h gs A rg l hy fnol dk vk; ktu iz R ;d ekg gk rk gs ] ftl e a f ctyh] iku h] l M+d ] xz keh.k vapy ka e a flf kr pdek xk Z a l fgr vud l el ;kv ka dk xz keh.k t urk d }kj k iz Lrq r fd; k tkrk gs A dekc k ;gh f LFk fr kg jh uk xf jdk a dh Hkh gkrh gs A y fdu ukx fjd l el;k vk a dk oklrfod l ek/ kku bu vk; ktu ka l gk rk ugh a f n[k kbz im+rk v ks j tu fgr d uke ij iz kkl u d }kj k dh tku okyh l elr dok ;n O ;FkZ fl ) gk jgh gs A oklro ea kkl dh ; iz ;kl d foq yr k d ihn,d iz eq [k dkj.k iz kkl fud vf/ kdkf j; ka,oa dez pk fj ;k a ea tul el ;kv ka d l ek /kk u d iz fr mn kl hur k gs A tufgr d l ecu /k ea mud h v:fp d dkj. k gh o rgl hy fn ol,oa F kkuk fnol ts l iz kkl dh; vk; ktu ka e a Hkk x ugha yr gs a] ftl l uk xfjd ka d k viuh l el ;k vka d l e/k ku d l E cu /k ea fuj k k g ku k im+rk gs A vf /kdk fj; ka d h v uq iflfk fr, oa tul el ;k vk a d Rofjr fun ku e a foq yrk d d kj.k gh,l vk; ktu ka l tu rk d k f o ok l mbr k tk jg k gs A iz k;% ukx fjdk a dh ;g f kdk ;r jgrh gs fd mu gk au v ud ckj, l v k; ktu ka d e k/ ; e l iz kkl u d l E eq [k viuh l el; kvk a l l E cfu /kr f kdk; rh i= f n; ] yfdu mud k vkt rd f uj kdj.k u gha gk l dka t u l el;kv ka d l e k/k ku d iz fr iz kkl u dh bl h mnkl h urk l vke turk e a xgjh fu jk k k dk Hkko?kj dj x ;k gs v ks j ml d gha l Hkh U ;k ; dh me ehn fn[kkbz u gha im +rh gs A,l h flfk fr ea kkl u dh ea kk d vuq :i ukx fjd l el; kvk a d l ek /kk u d fy, f d; t ku o ky dk;k Z a dk iz Hkk oh,o a l kf kz d cuku g rq ftyk /kh k dh Hkwfedk vr ;U r egroiw.kz gk tkrh gs A og tuin Lrj ij,l vko ;d d ne m Bk l drk gs ] ftl l uk xfjd l el;kv ka d l e k/k ku d f y, v k;k ft r r gl hy, oa Fkku k fnol l kfkz d ifj.k ke n l daa olrq r% ukxf jd dfbuk b;k a d f uokj. k d f y, kkl u }k jk l ap kfy r vud e groiw. kz,oa t ufg r dkjh ;kt uvk a d h foq y rk d ihn,d iz eq [k dk j.k b u ; ktu kvk dk t urk d e/; O ;k id iz p kj& iz l kj dk vhkko Hkh gs A ftyk /k h k d }kj k fty ea bl d f y, O ;kid iz pkj& iz l kj,oa tuvfhk: fp tk x` r djd ukxfjd df Buk b;k a d fuok j.k d fn k k ea my y[k uh; dk ;Z fd ;k tk l drk gs A ;fn o g Lo; a tul el ;kv ka d l ek /k ku d iz f r l aonu khyr k dk iz n kz u djr gq, fu ; fer : i l tul el;v ka dk l q uu r Fkk ml d iz Hkko h f ujkd j.k grq l E cfu /kr fohkk x d k fun Z f kr dju d l k Fk gh Ro fjr,oa fu i{k ful rkj. k d fy, l E cfu /kr v f/ kdkf j; ka o dez pkfj ;k a dk mrrjn kf ;Ro l q fuf pr dj n rk fu p ; gh bl dk tuekul ij l dkjkr ed iz Hkko im+ xk rfk k {k= h; uk xf jd fu%l adk p Hkko l vi uh N k Vh& cm+h l el;kv ka d l ek/ kku d fy, iz kkl fud vk ;ktu ka,o a mik ;k a ij fo o kl dju yx a xa ft yk /kh k }k jk Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

42 ik.m ;% ft yk/ kh k vks j ukx fj d l el;k ;a ukx fjd l el; kvk a d l ek /k ku,oa ft yk iz kkl u,o a turk d e/ ; fo eku nw j h dk de djd ukx fjd vl U rk k dk fu ;a f= r fd ; k tk l drk gs A bl l tul keku ; ea iz kkl u d iz fr fo okl dh Hk kouk e a o` f) gk xh Rk Fkk kkl u dh iz R ;d u hfr ;k a,o a dk ;Z Øek a d l apkyu ea ft yk/ kh k dk turk l vif{k r l gk;k x fey l d xka l U nhkz i lk n] dkf ydk ¼1996½% k k l u i kk l u pya ;F k k Fk dh vk j] d c h ji af kh lo k fo ki h B] y[k uå f ji kvz v k WQ f n LVMh Vh e vk Wu d.vªk y v k WQ, -v k j-lhv k Wu f jmªl y v k WQ f lf Vt Ul ] xz o Ult ¼1996½ H kk jr ljdk j] ub Z f ny yh eq [k ki k /;k ;] v k kd % pf Utax jk y vk WQ n f Mf LVªDV ef tlvªv] v k b Z -t-i h-, -] ubz f ny yh ] tq ykb Z ] flre cj 1997] laldj.k XLIII ¼3½ 40 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:37-40

43 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:41-46 ISSN : iap k;rhj kt % miy fc/ k;k,oa lel ;k;a iz r ki flag j kor 1 1 jk t uh f r f o Kk u] jk tdh ; efgyk Luk rdkÿk j eg kf o k y; xkth iq j ¼m0iz 0½Hk k jr ABSTRACT L ok /k hur k vku n ky u d h iz j d ' k fd r i w.kz L oj kt ; dh Hk kou k d k e wrz,oa O ; kid :i izn ku dj u d m Ì ' ; l l af o /k ku }kj k Hk kjr ea y k d rkaf = d j kt O ; ol Fkk d h LF kk iuk dh x ;ha y kd ra= j kto ;ol Fk k dh,d i) f r gh u gh a gs ] iz R ;q r ; g,d l o kz Ÿ ke fod kl 'k hy n'kz u rf kk tho u; ki u dh,d J" B i) f r Hk h gs A yk dra= tur k dk t urk }kj k r Fkk t ur k d fy, 'k kl u gs A yk dr a= dk ; g e wy v k'k ; bl h cq fu ;k nh /k kj. kk i j v k/ kk fjr gs fd ' kkl u d iz R ;d Lr j ij jkt dk ;k Z a,oa f odkl x fr fof /k ; ka ea v ke t urk dh v f /kd kf /kd Hkk x hnk jh g k] ' kkl u t u l ge fr v ks j tu vk o'; dr kv ka i j v k /kk fj r gk] ' kkl u l el r t ur k d h l q [k l q f o/ kk,o ml d l okz ax h. k f odkl ea l g k;d g k f tl l n ' k d f o fhku u H kk xk a e a j gu o ky h vke tur k d k L o'k kl u dh okl rf od vuq Hkwf r g k l d a v ks j Lo jkt ; vu rr% l q jkt e a i fj of rz r gk l da] y kd ra= dk ;g l o kz Ÿ ke fo pk j n' kz u v iu okl rf od L o:i d k iz ki r dj u d f y, l oz iz Fke yk dr kaf = d f odu nz h dj. k dh ek ax dj rk gs A ;g h o g mik ; gs ftl d } kj k f ofh ku u {k = ka e a j g u o ky h t urk d h j kto ; olf kk e a iz R ; {k ] iz Hkk oh, oa v f /kd kf /kd l gh kkf x rk l q fu f' pr d h tk l dr h gs A iz L rq r k k/ k i= e a Hkk jr e a yk dr kaf= d fod Unz h dj. k d ewrz Lo :Ik i ap k ;r h jkt d h mi yfo /k ;k a,oe l el ;k vk a ij iz dk k Mk yk x; k gs A KEYWORDS: y kdr a= ] ykdrk af= d f odu nz hdj.k ] ia p k;rh jkt ] ykdrk af= d fodu nz hdj. k d l oz J" B ek /;e d :i ea orz eku i apk ;r hjkt dk viuk fo'k "k egro gs A Hkkjr e a fo ek u orz eku iapk ;r h jkt l al Fkk vka u fodu nz hdj.k d h iz fø; k dk O ;kid ] ok Lrfo d,oa iz Hkkoh cu ku dk l okz f/ kd eg Roiw.kZ dk;z fd ;k gs A Hkkjr e a xz ke ia pk ;r ka dk bfrgkl dkq h iq jkuk gs ] iz k phud ky] e a vkil h > xm+ ka dk Q S l yk iapk ;r a gh djr h Fkh ] iju rq vaxz th jkt d tek u e a iapk ;r a /k hj& /kh j l ekir gk x; ha vks j l c dke iz ku rh; l jdkja dju yxha Lo ra= rk iz kfir d ckn ykd rka f= d fodu nz hdj.k v ks j f odkl dk;z Øek a e a t urk dk l g;k x y u d mì '; l iap k;rh jkt d h 'kq :vk r dh x; ha orz eku ia pk ;rhj kt e gkr ekx ak /kh d h xz ke Loj kt; dh /k kj.k k ij vk /k kfj r gs A l afo/ kku d v uq 0 40 e a dgk x ;k gs fd jk T; i ap k; rka d k l axb u dj xk ] xk /kh th dh dy i uk rfk k l af o/ kku dh e wy Hk kouk dk l kdkj :i iz nku dju d /; ; l ia pk; rhj kt dh 'kq :v kr dk J ; i a0 to kgjy ky u g : dk gs ] m udk d guk Fk k fd xk oka d y k xk a dk vf /k dkj l ks aiuk p kfg,] m udk dke dju n ka pkg o g tkjka x yfr ;k dj a] bl l 1 : Correponding Author?kcjk u dh t:jr ugha ] iapk ;r ka dk vf /kdk j nk ] 'kkl u v ks j tur k d c hp dh nwj h de dj u r Fkk xz keh.k fodkl dk u baz fn'k k nu d /; ; l u g: th dh igy ij l u~ 1952 ea l keq nkf;d fod kl dk;z Øe iz kje Hk fd;k x ;k] fdu rq ;g dk;z Øe viu ewy mì ' ;k a dh iz kfir ea foq y j gk] bl dh foq yrk dk ewy dkj. k ;g Fk k fd bl l l jdkjh e gdea dh r jg p yk; k x ;k vks j xk o d fodkl d ct k; l keq nk f;d fod kl dh l jdkjh e' khu jh d fol rkj ij gh T; knk tkj fn ;k x; ka,d ve fjdh y[kd j ugkmz c afm Dl fy[k r gs a fd l keq nkf;d f odkl dh l cl cm+h detkjh ml dk l jdkjh Lo:i v ks j urk vk a dh y Q kth Fk h],d rjq bl dk;z Øe d l w= /kkj tu rk l vk x vk u dh vk 'kk djr Fk ] nwl j h v kj mud k fo'okl Fkk fd l jdk jh dk;z okg h l gh u rhtk fu dy l drk gs ] dk ;Z Øe turk dk p yku k Fk k y fd u o c uk, Å i j l tkr FkA¼j ugk MZ ]1964%2 66& 83½ l k eq nkf;d fodkl d k;z Øe d l e;,l k vuq Hko fd ;k x ;k fd yk x ka dh l ghkkfx rk d fcu k xz ke h.k l eq nk; dk iq u fuz ekz.k l E Hko ugha gs vks j ;g l ghkk fx rk doy ia pk ;rh jkt l al Fkk vka d ek/ ;e l gh iz kir dh tk l drh gs A¼feJk]1 991%3 ½

44 jkor% iap k; rh j kt% m iyfo /k ;ka, oe~ l el;k ;a olrq r% yk dra= d vuq :i tu l ghkkf xrk c<+ ku rfk k xz keh.k f odkl dh vfu ok;z vko' ;drk vk a dk n` f" V xr j[kr gq, ia pk ;rhj kt dh 'kq :vkr l cl ig y 2 vdvw cj d k jktl Fkk u ea dh x ;h ] /khj & / khj Hkkjrh ; l a? k d vu ; jk T;k a u Hk h v iu ; gk iapk ;r hjkt l al Fkk vk a dk xb u fd ;ka iz kje Hk l gh ;g ekuk x; k fd ia pk; rh j kt l alfkk, a Bhd iz dkj l dk ;Z ugha dj jgh gas ] ; fi l rd d bud dk;z dky dk mr Fkku dky dgk tk ; rf kkf i 1965 l 1969 dh d k; kz of/ k dk Bg jk o dky, oa l dh dk; kz of/ k dk gkz l dky dgk tkr k gs A ia pk ;rh jkt d iz fr mi {kki w.kz euk o` fÿ k d dkj.k ye c l e; rd fofhku u jk T; ka u viu ; gk iapk ;rh jkt l alf kkv ka d pq uko ugha djk ; ftl l ; l alfkk,a fuf" Ø ; g k x; ha 1977 ea v 'kk d eg rk l fef r dh fjik VZ ea b u l alfk kvk a dk u ;k :i n u d h fl Q k fj'k a dh x; h fdu rq mu g a fø;k fu or ug ha fd ;k t k l dka 1983 d c kn iapk ;r hjkt l alf kkv ka d th oudky ea iq u jk n; iz kje Hk gkr k gs A 1985 ea MkW0 t h0ch0d 0 j k o dh v /;{ krk e a fu;q D r l fe fr u u hfr fu ;ktu vks j dk ;Z Øe fø;ku o ;u d fy, ft y dk vk/ kkj c uku rfk k ia pk ;rh jkt l alf kkv ka e a f u; fer pq uk o djku dh fl Q kfj'k dh] 1987 ea ia pk; rhj kt l alf kk vka d h l eh{kk,oa mud l q /kkj d mik ;k a grq l q > ko nu d fy, MkW0 y{ehey fl a/ko h l fefr u xz ke ia pk ; rka dk vkr ef uhkz j cuku d fy, mu ga v f/ kd vkf FkZ d l al k/ku iz nku dju dh fl Q kfj'k dh Fk h] ebz ea jktho l jdkj }k jk orz eku ia pk ;r hjkt iz.kkyh dh dfe ;ka dk nwj dju d fy, 64 okw l a fo /kku l a'kk / k u fo /k ;d y kdl Hkk ea fop kjk FkZ j[kk x ;k tk ik f jr ugha gk l dka jktho xk /kh dh ia pk ;r hjkt dy iu k d vuq :i l E iw.kz Hkkjr ea iap k; rhjkt dk ydj l ajpu kr ed,d:irk yk u,oa iap k; rh l alfk kvk a dk vf /kdk f/kd ' kfd r'k kyh cuk u d /; ; l l afo/ kku e a 73okW l a'kk/ ku 1993 ik fjr dj iapk ;r h jkt l alfkk vk a dk l aos /kkf ud eku ;rk iz nk u dh x; h gs A bl l aos /kkfud l a' kk /ku }kjk l afo /k ku e a v/ ;k; 9 f tl ea 16 vuq PN n rf kk 11 oha vuq l wph tkm + nh x ;h vuq 0& 243[ k }kj k jkt; ka e a r` Lrjh ; ia pk ;rh l alfkk vka d x Bu dk iz ko/ kk u fd; k x ;k ] l cl f upy a a a a a q a a q Lrj i j xz ke ia pk ;r e /; orhz Lrj ij { k= ia pk ;r rfkk fty k L rj ij ftyk ia pk ;ra iz f r i k p o"kz ckn iapk ;r ka d f u; fer pq ukok d l kfk&l kfk iap k; rka e vuq kfr d fy, mud h l a[ ; k d v uq ikr ea LF kku vkj f{kr dj e fgy k vka d fy, Hk h,d f rgkbz vkj{k. k dh O ;ol Fkk dh x ;h gs A i ap k; rka dh foÿ k O ;olf kk d l kf k&l kfk i g y dh rq yuk e m udh 'kfd r; ka ] vf /kdkj ka,o dk;z {k= ea O ;kid o` f) dh x; h gs A 11oha vuq l wph ea 29 fo"k ;ka d k ia pk ;r ka d vf/ kdkj {k= e j[k k x;k gs A buea f"k ] Hkwf el /kkj ] pdcu nh ] Hkw fe l aj{k. k] y?kq fl apk bz ] i ;ty iz cu /ku ] i'kq ikyu ] nq X/k fodkl ] eq xhz ikyu ] erl ; m k x ] l kekftd o kfud h] y?kq mr ikn u] [k kn~ ; l Ldj.k ] [kknh] xz ke v ks j dq Vhj m kx ] xz ke h.k vk okl ] bz /ku ] pkj k] l M+d] iq y ] tyekxz ] f o rhdj.k] xjhc h mi' keu dk;z Øe] iz kfk fed r Fkk e k/; fed f'k{k k] rduhd h iz f'k{k.k o O ; ol kf ;d f 'k{kk] iz ks <+ f'k{k k r Fkk vuks ip kfjd f' k{kk ] iq Lrdky ;] l ka L frd fø ;kdyk i] cktkj o ey ] L oklf ; du nz vks j vks "k /kk y; ] if jokj dy ;k.k ] l ekt dy ;k.k br ;kf n iz eq [k fo"k ; my y[ku h; gs aa i ap k; rh jkt dh miy fc /k ;k rf kk H kwf edk gekj n 'k e a iap k; rhj kt l al Fkkv ka dh 'kq :vkr dk,d,f rgk fl d?kv uk dgk x;k gs A ia pk ;rh jkt l vf /kd iz 'k al k cgq r gh de l alfkk vk a dk iz kir gq bz gs A iz k0 jt uh d kb kjh d v uq l kj ^ ^ bu l alf kkv ka u u; LFkku h; ur kvk a dk tu e fn ; k gs tk v kx pyd j jkt ; vks j du nz h; l Hkkvk a d fuokz fpr iz fr fuf /k ;k a l vf/ kd iz Hkko'kky h gk l dr gs a] dk axz l ] Hkktik v ks j vu ; n yk a d jkt urk bu l alfk kvk a d k l e> u yx gs a ] vc o jkt; fo /k kue.my d ctk; iap k; r l fe fr vks j ftyk ifj"kn ka dk rjt hg n u yx gs **A¼dkBkj h]19 70%137 ½ bu l alfkk vka u n'k d j ktuh frd v k/kq f udhdj. k vks j l ekthdj.k ea egroi w.kz Hkw f edk dk fu okz g fd;k gs rfkk g ekjh j ktuh frd O ;o LFkk e a tu fgll nkj h e a o` f) djd xk ok a ea tk x:drk mr iu u dj nh gs A¼vkbZ tih,l ]1972%1 00½ Hk kjr ea i ap k; rhjkt d k jktuh frd n` f" V l egro c<+rk tk jg k gs ] jktuh frd ny ia pk ;rk a d pq ukok a ea l fø; Hkw fedk vn k dj u yx gs a] ia pk ;rk a dk j k" Vª h; vks j jkt ; L rj d h jktuh fr dk vk /kkj ekuk t k u y xk gs ] jktu hfrd ny 42 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:41-46

45 jkor% iap k; rh j kt% m iyfo /k ;ka, oe~ l el;k ;a vks j mud ur k ;g egl wl dju y x gs a fd yk dl Hkk vks j f o/k ku l Hkk pq uk oka ea l Q yrk iz kir dju d fy, iapk ;r l al Fkk vk a ij dct k fd; k tkuk vi fjgk ;Z gs aa¼ts u o vu ;]1996%58 9½ l jiap ka iz /k kuk a] Cyk Wd iz eq [kka rfkk ftyk v / ;{kk a d :i ea xz keh.k u r` Ro fodfl r gk jgk gs ] iap k; rh l alf kkv ka d ek/ ;e l l E idz l w= dh jktuh fr dk fodkl gq vk gs ] xk o ftyk a o jkt; ka d eq [ ;ky; ka l tq M+u yx gs a] iapk ;r h l alf kk,a,oa ur` Ro xk o ka dk jktu hfr l tk M+u dh egroiw.kz dm+h l kf cr gq, gs a] bu l al Fkk vka d ek/ ;e l v uq 0 fr] fin M+ h tk fr,o a e fgyk vk a e a u ;h pr uk d k f odkl,o a mudh egrodka{kk e a o` f) gq bz gs A u; ia pk ;rhj kt l ije ij ko knh i ap k;r ka dk vol ku ] xz keh.k xq Vk a dk jktu hfrd j. k] j kt; vks j ftyk L rjh ; jktuh frd 'k fdr ;k a,oa j kt uhfrk k a dh xz ke h.k v pyk a ea?kq l is B] iz Hkkod t kfr ;k a d iz Hkko ea o` f) ] jk T; rfk k ftyk Lrj h; jkt uhf rk ka d k l arq fyr dju d f y, LFkku h; jktu hfrk k a dk tu e] LFk kuh ;,o a xz ke h.k l ektka ea H kks frdo knh > q dkoka dk vh ;q n ; gq v k gs A¼iapk ;r l an k ]1980% 14½ iapk ;r h jkt dk n' k ea ykdr a= dh iz ;k x'kk yk d :i e a LF kkf i r fd; k x; k gs ] ; l a LFkk,a iz tkra= dh iz Fke i kb'k ky k;a gs a] b ud ek /; e l ukx fjdk a dk ' kkl u d k;k Z a dh tk udkjh gk rh gs ] ukx fjdk a dk v iu j ktuh fr d vf/kd kjk a d iz ;k x d k K ku gk rk gs ] l kfk gh m uea uk xfjd xq.kka dk fodkl dju ea Hkh ; l alf kk,a l gk ; d gkrh gs A ia pk ;rh jkt Hkkjr dk Hkko h ur` Ro rs ;k j dju] fo/ kk ;dka,o a eaf= ; k a dk iz kf kfed K ku] vuq Hko, oa iz f'k{ k.k iz n ku d jrk gs ] ftl l o xz keh. k Hkkjr d h oklrf od l el;k vk a l vox r gk r gs aa LoLF k ykdrk af= d ije i jkv ka d h LFkki uk d ju ] 'k kl u l Ÿ kk e a vf /kdk f/kd tuek ul dh iz R ;{k Hkk xhnk jh ] xz ke ok fl ;ka dk l k oz tfud fo"k; k a vks j fodkl dk; kz a dh tku dkjh] y kdrk af= d l axb uk a d iz fr mud h :p h tk x` r djuk ] L Fkku h; l el; kvk a dk LFk kuh ; Lr j ij fujkd j.k djuk br ;k fn egro iw.kz dk;k Z a d :i ea iap k; rka d h Hkwfedk fnu iz f rfn u c<+ rh tk jg h gs A ia pk; r jkt l alfkk ;a du nz r Fkk jk T; l jdkjka dk L Fkku h; l el; k vka d H kkj l gy dk dj rh gs aa iz tkrkfu = d f odu nz hdj.k dh bl O ;ol Fkk ea 'kkl dh; l Ÿ kk f xuh pq uh l al Fkkv ka ea u jgd j xk o dh iapk ;r d dk ;Z drkz vka d gkfk ka e a p yh tk rh gs A fuf' pr g h ia pk; rhj kt O ; olfkk e a l al nh ; ykd ra= dk xk o& x k o vks j?k j&?k j rd igq pku a dk,d egroiw.kz vfhk ;ku bl n 'k ea py jgk gs ] tk yk dra= d m TToy Hkfo" ; d h f n'k k ea j pukr ed iz ;kl gs A n'k dh t urk bu l alf kkvk a d e k/ ;e l 'k kl u d djhc igq p tk rh gs ] tu rk vks j 'kkl u ea,d nwl j dh dfb ukb ;ka dk l e> u dh Hkko uk is n k gk rh gs ] nku k ea ije ij l g ;k x c <+rk gs ] tk xz keh.k mr Fk ku d l kfk&l kfk yk dra= dh etcwrh vks j l Q yrk d fy, ije v ko' ;d gs A ia pk ;rh jkt O ; olfk k l xk oka e a jktuh frd o iz 'k kl fud l a LF kkvk a d c kj ea l e> d k fodkl gq vk gs ] ftl d dk j. k xz keh.k tu b u l alfk kvk a ea l fø ; l ghk kf xrk d fy, vkd f"kz r gq ; gs aa ykdrk af= d fodu nz hd j.k dh bl iz fø;k ea l kekthdj.k d nks j l xq tjr gq, O ; fdr ;k a d c hp turkfu = d ewy ;ka d fodkl l vf /kdk jka d iz f r p ru k c<+h gs A erk f/ kdkj p ru k b l h l keku ; p ruk Lr j dk fof' k" V Lo: i gs A iap k; rj kt O ;o LFk k u u do y xz keh.k ka d e kufl d f odkl ea ;k x nku fn ;k gs ] vfirq xk o ka d HkkS frd fod kl e a Hkh dkj xj Hkw fedk fuhk k; h gs S A¼tS u o vu ;] 1996% 589½ iap k; rh j kt l al Fkk vka u xz keh.k {k= ka dh ewyhk wr vko ';drk vk a dk iwj k dju d l kfk&l kfk bud fy, vu ; vu d v k/ kkjhkw r l q fo /kk vk a dk Hkh folrk j fd; k gs A ;Fk k f'k{kk o Lok LF ; l q fo/kk ] i;ty o fl a pkbz dh O ;olf kk] f"k l q /kkj,o a mu ur'k hy c ht] [kkn br ; kf n] fo q rhdj.k ] l M+d,o a iq y fuekz.k ] xan u kyk a dh l Q kbz ] l koz tfud forj. k iz.kkyh d l eq f pr l ap kyu ea l g; k x] l a pkj O ; olf kk] fucz y o xk az d f y, v kokl fuekz.k ] dq Vhj,oa y?kq m k xka d k iz krl kgu br ;kf n dk;kz a d ek / ;e l xk o d fodkl dk ek xz iz 'klr fd;ka bl d v frf jd r l ekt d detkj ox kz a ts l fo/k ok] o` ) ] fuj kfj r] viax ] iz k frd,o a ns oh; v kink l iz Hkkfor y k xka dh l gk;rk d jd v ud tu dy ;k.kdk jh dk ;Z fd; gs aa fofo /k dk ;Z Øeka,o a ;k tuk v ka dk l apk yu dj xz ke h.k {k= ka ea jk tx kj d vol jk a ea Hkh o` f) dh gs A f'k{k.k l alfkk vka d h 'kq :vk r l fl Q Z l k{kjrk dk iz fr' kr g h ugha c< +k gs cfy d xz keh.k O ;f Dr; ka d f opk jk a o ewy ;k a ea Hkh i fjo rz u vk ;k gs A ia pk ;rh jkt O ;o LFk k d y kx w gku d ckn xk ok a ea l kek ft d cq jkb;k a dh l ekfi r d fy; Hkh,d ok rkoj.k fu fez r gq vk gs ] ftl d vu rxz r e` R ;q Hkkt] n gt iz Fkk ] N q vkn w r] c ky fook g] u'k k[kk jh] Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

46 jkor% iap k; rh j kt% m iyfo /k ;ka, oe~ l el;k ;a efgyk vr ;k pk j ts l h l el; kvk a d f ujkdj.k dh fn'k k ea dk ;Z fd; k x ;k gs A i ap k; rh jkt dh d fe ;ka vks j l el ;k,a %& orz eku i ap k;r hjkt dk ud kjkr ed fcu nq ; g gs fd bl ea jktu hfrd nyk a dh Hkwf edk dk Li" V ugh a fd;k x ;k gs A bl h iz dk j iapk ;r jkt l alf kkv ka vks j LFkku h; uks dj'k kgh d ch p l E cu /k l w= rk d ck j e a iapk ;r jkt v f/k fu ;e pq Iih l k/k gq, gs A l cl cm+h deh iapk a,oa l jia pk a d fy, l k{kjrk dh ck /; rk gvk nu dh gs A uohu ia pk ;r jkt d vu r xz r U ;k; iapk ;r ka dh O ;ol Fkk ugha dh x ;h gs A ia pk ;rh jkt l alfkk vka d k l 'kf Drdj.k,oa m udh l Q yrk j kt l jdkjka d h bpn k ij f uhkz j gs A D;k afd ia pk ;r ka d ftu vf /kdkj ka rf kk d k; kz a dk my y[k l afo /k ku d h 11 oh a vuq l wph e a fd ;k x ;k gs o dk;z l afo /kk u dh jkt ; l wph e a jk T; l jd kjk a d Hkh gs aa ia pk ;r pq uko ka e a jktuh frd nyk a dh l fø; rk c<+ tku l nycu nh] xq VcU nh vks j ny xr jktu hf r dk x k ok a e a iz l kj gq v k gs A iapk ;rk a dk egro c< + tku l vc j k" Vªh ; rf kk jkt; L rjh ; jkt uhf r dh l elr cq jkb; ka ts l tkfro kn] l E iz nk; okn ] HkkbZ Hkrhtko kn] jkt uhf rd] vkff kz d Hkz " Vkpk j] v ijk /khd j.k] nk nkf xj h] c wfkds i pfj ax ] fgal k] v LoLF k iz fr} fu nrk br ;kf n iap k;r ka dh j ktuh fr ea Hkh iui jgh gs aa vu /k l efkz u v ks j fo jk /k d fy ; fojk /k ts l h udkjkr ed iz o` fÿ k;ka f odfl r gk rh tk jgh gs a] ftl l iapk ;r h jkt O ;o LFkk dk ykhk v ke turk d otk; dq N pq fuu nk yk xk a vks j oxk Z a rd l hfer gk rk tk jgk gs A xk o d yk xk a u iapk ;r h l alfkk vk a d pq uko ea i ap ije 'oj dh ifo= Hkkouk dk Hkq yk fn ;k gs ftl l iapk ;rh l al Fkk vka dk /kjkr y gh Mx ex ku y xk gs A n'k d fofh ku u LFkk uka ea gq, iapk ;r h pq uko dk fo'y"k.k dju ij ;g iz dv gq vk gs fd xz keh. k ernkr k ;k X; re dk;z dr kz vka dk pq uu d ct k; tk fr o /k ez d vk /kkj ij er nku d jrk gs ] pq uko e a vf/ kdka' k ern krk : fp u gha yr v ks j ern ku du nz k a rd igq pu dh rdy hq Hkh ugha d jra dbz ckj me ehno kj enr kvk a dk f ofhku u iz dkj dk iz ykhku n dj er [kjhn yr gs ] er nkr k xq VcU nh d vk /kkj ij ernku djr gs a ftl l xk o dh tur k xq Vka e a fohkkft r g k tkrh gs vks j xz k eh.k,drk rf kk l nhk kou k dk iz cy vk? kkr i gq pr k gs A iapk ;rh jkt dk y dj fin y 48 o"k kaz dk vuq Hko f o'k"k mrl kgo /kz d ugh a jgk gs ] ; l alf kk; a xz keh. k tur k ea u bz vk' kk v ks j fo 'okl is nk dju e a vl Q y jgh gs a A ; i; kz Ir [kn dk f o"k; gs fd iap k; rhjkt dk mu yk xk a l l eq fp r O ; ogk j ugha fey k gs ftud gk Fk ea n'k dh jktuh frd 'k fdr dh ckxm kj gs ] ol rq r% tcr d xz keh.kk a ea pru k ugh a vkrh rc rd ; l alf kk ;a l Q y ugha gk l drh gs aa orz eku ia pk ;rhj kt d l k eu fo ek u l el;k vk a ea l cl iz eq [k l el;k l Ÿ kk d oklrfod g LrkU rj.k dh gs D;k afd iap k; rk a dk l Ÿ kk vks j v f/kd kjk a d glrku rj. k dk dk ;Z jkt ;ka dk l ks ik x ;k gs ] fofhku u jkt; vi u tg k iap k; rka dk fdru h ek= k ea rf kk fdl :i ea l Ÿ kk vks j vf /kdk j l ks ir gs a ;g m udh bpn k ij f uhkz j gs A ia pk ;r a L ok; Ÿ k 'kkl u d h ' kf Dr'k kyh bdkb; ka rhkh cu l dr h gs a tc iz j.k k f up y l r j l 'kq : gk vks j mp p Lr j d oy ek xz n'kz u d ja ] jk T; l jdkja bu l alf kkvk a dk vi u vkn 'k ikyu dk,tu V ek= u l e> aa l r~ r tkx: drk ykd ra= dk ewy ; gs ] vf'k{k k,oa fu /kz urk tk x:d rk d ekxz e a c k/ kd g kr h gs ] bl d dkj.k xz keh. k tu rk viu l adh. kz nk;j l Å ij ugha mb i krh gs ] Q y Lo:i u rk xz keh.k ur` Ro dk l eq fp r f odkl g k jgk gs v ks j u gha l koz tfud fo"k; ka d iz fr tur k e :f p c<+ jgh gs ] i apk ;r h j kt dh l Q yrk d ek xz ea n y xr j ktuh fr Hk h,d c k/ kk gs ] iap k; r fn u iz frf nu j k tuhfr dk vk[kk M+k cu rh tk jgh gs a] N kv h& N kv h ck rka dk y dj ia pk; rk a ea > xm+ gq vk dj r gs a] xq VcU n h gk rh gs ftl dk xz keh. k fodkl ij cq jk iz Hkko im+ jgk gs A fodkl,o a tu dy ;k.kdk jh dk ;kz a d fu" i kn u grq Lora= foÿ k O ;o LFk k dh deh iapk ;rk a d l e{k 'kq : l gh jgh gs ifj.kke Lo:i bu l alf kkv ka dk ' kkl dh; v uq nkuk a ij gh thfor jgu k im+ rk gs ] i ; kz Ir vk ffkz d l al k /ku ka d vhkko ea ia pk ;r a l 'kdr g k dj xz keh.k mr Fkk u d dk; kz a ea iz Hkko h Hkw fedk ug ha fuhkk ik jg h gs aa bl d vfr fj Dr jktuh frd tk x:drk dh deh] fodkl dk ;kz a dh mi{k k] Hkz " Vkp kj] deh' ku[kk jh] iz 'kkl u,oa fu okz fp r tu iz fr fuf /k ;k a d ch p mf pr l g ;k x d k vhkko ] fodkl ; ktuk vk a rf kk dk ;Z Øeka dh t kudk jh dk vhkko v kfn l el ;k ;a xk o d l okz axha. k,oa l arq f yr fodkl e a ia pk ;rk a dh Hkwfe dk dk fu" iz Hkko h cu k n rh gs A ¼xkL okeh ]1985 %08½ l q > ko, oa fu" d" kz %& 44 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:41-46

47 jkor% iap k; rh j kt% m iyfo /k ;ka, oe~ l el;k ;a Hkkjr xk oka dk n'k gs ] n'k Q yxk& Q wy x k tc ml dh vkr ek d :i e a xk o dh iz xfr gk A xk ok a dk l okz axha. k fod kl iap k; rka dh l Q yrk d }kj k g h l E Hko gs ] iapk ;rk a dh l Q yrk,oa l 'k fdrd j.k d fgr e a xz keh.k xq VcU nh d k l EkkIr dju k gk x k] iap k; rk a d pq uko ea e rnku dk vfu iok;z,o a ern ku u d ju okyk a dk n f.mr dju dk iz ko/kk u g ka ernk rk viu er dk mi; k x tk fr o /kez d ctk ; ; kx ;] bz ekunk j,oa l koz tfud fgr dh Hkko uk j[ku oky O ;f Dr ;ka d i{k ea dj aa bl n` f" V l ernkr k dh euk o` fr e a fodkl fd ;k tk ;A iafm r u g: th u dgk Fkk fd es a iapk ;r jkt d iz fr iw.kz r% vk'k kfu or gw ] ia pk ;r hjkt l alfkk vka dh l Q yrk d h daq th xk ok a d gtkj ka yk[kk a ernkr k gh gs a] cl vko' ;d rk gs m udh e uko` fÿ k ;k a dk l q /kkju a dha tur k iap k; rhjkt l al Fkk vka ea v iu iz frfu f/k ;k a dk ml h n` f" V l pq u ftl n` f" V l ge ejht d fy, Mk DVj pq u r gs aa ernkrk dk iz eq [k dÿ kz O ; gs okv nuk] bz ek unkjh l ok V nuk v ks j l e> nkjh l ok V n uka bl :i e a xz keh.k ern krk vk a ea i; kz Ir :i ea tk x:drk is nk dh tk; A iap k;r ka dh foÿ kh ; gkyr l q /kk juh g k xh bl grq 'kkl dh; v uq nku d v frf jdr ia pk ;rk a d f y, dq N vk ; l z kr ka dh O ;olf kk dj uh g kx h] l oz l E efr l ik fjr ia pk; rh iz Lrko,oa f u;e ka dk os /k kfu d 'kfd r iz nku dj mud fø;ku ;ou grq i;kz I r iz 'k k l dh; l g ;k x d h O ;olf kk dh tk;] v f/kd kfj ;k a,oa d ez pkfj ;k a dk iapk ;r ka d l g;k xh,oa i Fk iz n' kz d d :i ea d k;z dju k pkf g,a iapk ;r iz frf uf /k ;ka d fy, l k{kj g ku k v fuo k;z dj fn; k tk; ] bl l l k{kjrk dk Hkh iz krl kgu iz kir g k xk rfkk fuokz f pr g ku d m i jku r mud iz f'k{k. k g rq l eq fpr O ;olf kk dh tk; ] tul a[ ;k fu;a=. k dk iz krl kfgr dju dh n` f" V l doy nk ; k nk l de cppk a d gk u ij gh O ;f Dr dk pq uko ym +u dk vf/ kdkj fn ;k tk ;] i ap k;r ka dh ' kfd r] vf /kdk j,o a dk;k Z a dk Li" V :i l f u/ kkz j.k gk ] xz keh.k fook nk a,o a > xm+k a dk fu ivkj k dj u d fy, 'k fdr l E iu u U ;k ; iapk ;r dh O ;ol Fkk dh tk ; tk nk"kh i{k dk 'k kjhf jd,oa v kf FkZ d n.m n l da] ia p k;rh jkt l alf kkv ka d iz fr jkt; l jd kjk a rf kk ml d LFkku h; v f/ kdkf j; ka dk mnkl h u gku k iapk ;r ka d fy,?kkrd gk xk ] jkt ; l jdkjka ] mud rduh fd v fhkdj.kk a,o a fty kf /kdk fj; k a dk ia pk ;r h l alf kkv ka dk e kxz n'kz u d j mudk l eq fp r l g;k x,o a iz krl kgu iz n ku djuk gk x ka vf /kd kjh o xz dk in vgad kj o ox hz ; mp prk d h [kk [kyh /k kj.k kvk a dk R ;k x dj tul od d h Hkwfed k vi ukuh gk xha vxj LFk kuh ; vks j ftyk Lr j d vf /kd kjh c M+ l kg c okyk :[k viu ku dk iz ;k l djaxa r k ia pk; rh jkt vku nky u dk Hkh"k. k l el ;kv ka dk l keuk djuk im+ xka bl d vfr fj Dr xz keh.k fodk l ea ia pk; rk a dh Hkw fedk vks j l Q yrk i j cq jk iz Hkk o Mkyu okyk?kk rd rro Hkz " Vkpkj gs vr % bl i j vadq 'k j[ku d fy, l kek ftd vkfmv dh iz Hkk o'kk yh O ;O klfk k dh tk uh pkf g, i apk ;r k a dh vk ; vks j O ;; d k O ; k id foo j.k xz ke l Hkk dh vke cs Bd ea j[k uk vfu ok ;Z dj fn ;k t k; ] f odkl dk;k Z a dh xq.koÿ kk,oa l k oz tfud /ku d l nq i; k x dh tk p grq xk o d y k xk a dh, d l fefr xf Br d h tk ;] fodkl,oa t u dy ;k. k l l E cfu /kr dk ;k az,oa m u ij O ;; dh x ;h / kuj kf' k dk e nokj fooj. k ia pk ;r Hko u d ivy i j [kq y rks j l v a fdr dj fn ;k tk ; r kfd xki uh ;rk dh vkm + ea foÿ k h; vf u; fer~ rk dju dk vol j u fe y l da bl iz dkj ia pk; rk a d dk ;kz a e a ikjn f'kz rk yk uk t:jh gs A ;fn ia pk ;r jkt ea f o eku dfe;k a dk l e; j gr nw j u gh fd; k tkrk gs rk ftl rjg Hkkj r ea yk dra= d h l Q yrk ij l okfy ;k fu'kk u [km+ gk j g gs a os l g h iapk ;r ka d l anh kz ea Hkh gk xk vks j y kdr kaf= d fo du nz hdj.k rf kk x k ok a d fodkl d ek/ ;e l n' k d fodkl d h ck r dy iu k ek= jg tk ; xha olrq r% gek jk ykd ra= bl ewyhkwr eku ;rk ij vk/ kkf jr gs fd 'k kl u d iz R ;d Lr j ij tur k 'kkl u dk;k Z a,oa fod kl xf rfo f/k ;k a ea vf /kd l v f/ kd gkf k cavk ; vks j Lo a; jkt d ju dh fte en kjh > y bl ewy eku ;rk dk okl rfod :i nu dk l okz Ÿ ke l k /k u iapk ;r hjkt O ;Ok LFk k gh gk l drh gs A jk" Vªh ; u r` Ro dk,d nwjn f'kz rki w.kz dk;z F kk iapk ;rh jkt dh L Fkk iuk ] bl ea Hkkj rh ; jkt O ;olf kk dk fodu nz hdj. k gk jg k gs vks j n'k e a,d l eku LFkk uh; Lk alfk kvk a d fue kz.k l ml dh,drk Hkh c<+ jg h gs A¼dkBkj h]1 970%132 ½ xz keh. k ykx u d oy dk ;Z Øeka d fø;ku o ;u e a g h Hkk x y a vfirq mu g a vi uh v ko' ; drkvk a vks j l el ;k vk a d fo"k; ea Lo a; gh fu.kz ; y u dh Hkh 'k fdr iz ki r g k ] ykx vi u pq u gq, iz fr fuf / k;k a d ek /;e l L Fkk uh ; uhfr ;k a dk fu /kkz j.k dj a vks j viuh v fuok ;Z rk vka,o a ifjf LFk fr ;ka d v uq :i vi u dk;z Øe dk yk xw dj a Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

48 jkor% iap k; rh j kt% m iyfo /k ;ka, oe~ l el;k ;a ftl l n' k dh tm+ ka rd yk dra= dk iz o'k l E Hko gk l d rfkk vk e ukx fjd dk Hkh ykdr kaf= d Lo jkt ; dh oklrf od v uq Hkwfr gk l da H kkjr ea iz tkra= dk Hk fo"; bl ckr ij f uhkz j djrk gs fd xz keh.k t urk dk 'kkl u l fdru k vf /kd iz R ;{k vks j l tho l E idz LFkk fir g k i krk gs A iapk ;r a gek j j k" Vªh ; tho u dh jh<+ gs a] f ny yh ea fdru gh cm+ fo' k"kk,oa vuq Hkoh yk x cs Ba gk a fdu rq Hkkjr d l q q nwjorhz xz ke h.k {k = ka ea ia pk ;r a gh Hkk jr dh pky cu k; ax ha olrq r% ia pk ; rhjkt dh l Q yrk ij g h Hkkjr ea tura= dk Hk fo" ; f uhkz j djr k gs A i ap k;r hjkt dk ewy m n~ n' ; xz ke h.k f o dkl d iz ;kl ka,oa tu rk d chp rk yey L Fkk fir dj uk gs bl ewy mn~ n' ; dh iz kfir turk d l dkjkr ed l g;k x] fodkl dk; kz a d iz fr ml dh :f p,o a t kx:dr k rf kk ia p; k; rh l alfkk vka ea ml dh l fø; Hkkx hnkj h l gh l E Hko gk l drh gs A ; fi ia pk ;rhj kt l alfk k vka d Hkk jrh ; l afo/k ku dk f gll k cu tk u l vc dkbz Hkh ia pk; rk a dk f n; x ; vf /kd kjk a] nkf ; Roka,o a f oÿ kh; l k/ kuk a dk mul N hu u gha l da xk rf kkfi i apk ;r ka dh fuju r j l Q yrk rfk k m udk xz keh. k Lo'kkl u d h l 'kd r bdkbz dk :i n u d fy, l aos /kk fu d iz ko/k ku gh i ;kz Ir ugh a gs bl grq u dkjkr ed iz o` fÿ k;k a i j dk jxj vadq 'k yxkdj ia pk ;rh jkt d iz fr 'kkl u ] iz 'kkl u,oa vke tuekul e a l dkj kr ed l kp d f odkl dh vfr vko' ;drk gs A bl iz dk j ia pk ;rk a d h j pu kr ed] l fø;,o a iz Hkko h Hkwf edk l gh ge kjk ykd ra= f uju rj fodkl dh vk j vxz l j gk x k rf kk ml dh cq fu; kn Hk h etcwr g k xh] ia pk; rhj kt gh l al nh ; tur a= dh vk/ kkj f'ky k vks j i apk ;r a m l d ijh{k.k,oa iz f' k{k.k LFky gs aa l anh kz f ej k ],l 0, u0]¼1991½% i apk;rh jk t % i 'k k l u dk f o dunz h dj.k 64oka la'k k /k u f o /k;d ] jk t xk j l ek pk j 26 t uo jh &01 Q jo jh ] 1991 i z Hk kdj xk Lo k eh ¼1985½ jk Tk LF kku ea i apk ;rh jk t ] jk Tk LF kk u i f =dk t ;i q j Kothari, Rajni%1970% Politic in India Panchayat Sandeh, New Delhi Oct. Nov. 1980, Rein hard, Bendix (1964): Nation Building and Citizenhip, New york The Indian Journal of Political Science, Jan- March 1972, ts u,o a Q fm+;k %¼1996½% The Govt. & Politic of India, Z वव भ जप र मह सव एव स हय सम लन d k k h fgunw fo ofo k y; ok jk.k lh leid ० सद नद श ह, समवयक, भ जप र अ ययन क!, कल स क य, क श हद ववव$य लय 46 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:41-46

49 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:47-50 ISSN : H kkjr vksj n f{k. k,f'k;kbz { k= h; lg;k x l axbu ¼ lkdz ½ l R;Un z d q ekj xks r e 1 1 l g k ;d i zk Qlj] jk t uh f r fo Kk u f oh kk x]j h f 'ko k i h 0th 0dk yt ] rjg h ] di rk uxat ] v kt ex<+ ABSTRACT u oe cj e a ^ ^ nf{ k.k, f'k ; k ea { k= h ; l g ;kx f o"k ; i j ckax yk n' k u, d nl rko t rs ;kj fd; k tk l al Fk kid n 'k ka d k H kt k x ;ka bl nlr ko t e a ml f o'k ky l E Hkk ouk d h vkj l? ku :i l / ; ku fn yk ;k x; k] t k {k = h ; l g ;k x d f y, iz k Ir FkkA l kf k gh m u ykh kka d h vk j H kh /; ku vkd f"kz r f d; k x; k tk l kewf gd,oa O ;f Dr xr : i l { k= d n ' kk a d k iz kir gk ra bl {k= d n ' kka d e / ; iz k jfe Hk d fo p kj fo e'kz e a bl c kr ij Hkh t kj fn ; k x; kk fd iz L rk for { k= h ; l g ; kx v kil h fo 'okl,oa, d nwl j dk l e> u g h l g k ;d u gha g k c fy d l k oz HkkS fe d,dr k] { k= h ; v[k.mr k], d nwl j d d ke e a v gl r{ki r Fkk ik jli fjd y khk d fl ) ku r ka i j L i" V :i l v k / kkf jr gk A ;g dy i uk dh x bz fd ; g l g ; kx d v k ff kz d] l kek ftd vks j l k ald` f rd {k = k a e a / k h j& /k hj v k x c <+x aa l kdz vi u m nn ;k a dh iwf rz e a d gka r d l Q y g k i k; k gs ] ml d l E eq [k d ks u dks u l h pq uks f r ;ka gs a iz L rq r iz i= e a bu gh a r F; ka dk mn?kk fv r dj u d k iz ;R u fd ;k x ;k gs A KEYWORDS: {k = h; l g ;k x] { k= h ; l ax Bu] nf{k. k, f k; k] l k IVk ] l k Vk a a a a a a a vkt ftl {k= d k nf{k.k, f'k; k d k u ke fn; k tkrk gs ] ml dh,f rgk fl d igpk u fgu nq Lrk u d gh :i ea j gh gs A orz ek u ea nf{ k.k,f 'k; k uks l E iz Hkq jk" Vªk & Hkkjr ] ik fdlr ku] ckax ykn 'k] Jhyad k] uik y] Hk wvk u] ekynho ] oekz ] vq xk ful rku ea fohk Dr gs A HkkS xk fyd vks j l kald` f rd n` f" V l n f{k.k,f 'k; k,d vnhkq r :i l fof o/ krk iw.kz { k= gs A nf {k.k, f'k ;k d iz R ;d n'k {k= vks j t ul a[ ;k ] Hkk"k k v ks j /kez e,d nwl j l fhku u gs A Hkkjr bl {k= d k l c l cm+k n 'k gs A i kfdlr ku nf{k.k,f 'k ;k dk nwl jk r Fkk ckax ykn 'k rhl jk cm+ k jkt; gs A Hkkjr u v iuh fo n'k u hfr ea n 'k d fud V im+k fl ;k d l kf k e /kq j l E cu /kka d k l ns o m Pp iz kfkfed rk nh gs ; f i tokgj y ky u g: dk n` f" Vdk.k fo 'otuh u Fkk rf k kfi mu gk au im+ kl h n'k ka d l kfk es = h l E cu /k ka ij Li" V cy fn ;k Fk ka J hyadk vks j oekz Hkh fcz fv' k l kez kt ; dh iz 'kkl f ud O ;o LFk k e Hkkjrh ; mie gk} hi d l kfk?kfu" B :i l tq M+ jg gs aa u doy bu nk n' kk ea c M+h l a[ ; k Hkkj rh ; v iz okl h fuokl djr Fk ] og ka d vk ffkz d l kald` frd tho u e vl jnkj Hk wfed k Hkh f uhkkr Fk A Hkkjr n f{k.k,f' k; k dh, d du nz h; ' kfd r g S vks j bl { k= d vu ; n' kk a dh vi {kk vf /kd fod fl r jk" Vª gs A nf{k. k,f' k; kbz {k = dk eq [ ; jk" Vª gk u d dkj.k bl {k= dh l q j{kk ] v k ffkz d fod kl vks j LF kkf ;Ro dh fn'k k ea Hkk jr dh eg rh Hkwfedk gs A Hkkjr d fcu k bl {k= dh l elr xfrfo f/ k ;ka vl Q y gk l drh gs A l kfk g h ml { k= d?kvu k Øeka l Hkkj r vi u vkidk vyx ugha j[k l drka v ks kfxd fodkl ] O ;ki kfjd {kerk] vk; kr& f u; kz r] mu ur iz ks kfxdh r Fkk vu r fj{k fok ku vk fn d {k= ea Hkkj r vu ; nf{k.k,f 'k; kbz n'kk a dh rq yuk e a v xz.kh gs A ikfdlr ku dk N km+dj c kdh l Hkh n'k fdl h u fdl h :i ea Hk kjr ij f uhkz j gs A Hkkjr u Hkh e rhkn k a d ckotw n nf{ k.k, f'k ;kbz n'kk a d l k Fk l ns o g h es = hiw.kz O ;og kj fd ;k gs vks j v kil h f ookn ka d k 'kkfu ri w.kz <a x l gy dju dh ig y dh gs A n f{k.k,f'k ;kbz {k= h ; l g; k x l ax Bu ¼l kdz ½ dh LFk kiuk d l kfk Hkkj r rfk k nf{k.k,f 'k ;k d vu ; n' kka d e/ ; {k= h; l g; k x dk l w= ikr gq vka bl dh LFkki uk dk 1980 d n'kd dh ] bl {k= ea] l cl egroiw. kz?kvuk crk; k x ;ka bl dh LF kki uk dh i` " BHkwfe e a {k= h ;,dhdj.k d h vo /k kj.k k gs A ;g,d,l h iz fø ;k gs tk fdl h {k= d vud jk" V ªk a dk,d nwl j d l kfk l kewfgd fu.kz ; O ;ol Fkk e a t km+ n rh gs A l kdz d l alfkkid l nl ; ¼n'k½ & Hkk jr ] ikfdlr ku ] ck axyk n'k ] Hkw Vk u] Jhyad k] ui ky r Fkk ekynho gs A bl n f{k.k, f'k ;k d vu rjkz " Vª h; l E cu /k k a ea,d, fr gkfl d f odkl ;k?k Vuk e kuk t k l drk gs A l kdz dh LFkkiuk dk iz Lrko 1977 ea rr dky hu 1 : Correponding Author

50 xks re% Hk kjr vks j n f{k.k,f k ;kbz {k= h ; l g ;k x l ax Bu ckaxyk n'k d jk" V ªif r ft ;k &mj&jge ku u fd ;k F kka uok fnr ckaxy kn' k e a LF kkf ;R o vks j ' kkfu r d h LF kki uk dh bpn k r Fkk ogka d h tu r k dk l uk ru fu /kz urk vks j nq [k l mckj u d fo pkj l jk" Vªi fr ft ;k& mj&j geku u {k= h ; l g ;k x d fo pkj dk iz l kj fd ;ka ; g dgk tkrk gs fd c kaxyk n' k dh v ku rfjd nq nz 'kk d k / ;k u e a j[kr gq, vkf FkZ d l g; k x d {k= h; l a xb u dk l q > ko fn; k x; k F kka E ;kae kj o v Q xkfu Lrku n f{k.k,f' k; kbz n'k gs iju rq vcrd l kdz d l nl; ugh a cu ik, gs A uoe cj 1980 ea ^ ^ nf{ k.k, f'k ;k e a {k= h ; l g ;k x f o"k; ij ck axykn 'k u,d n Lrko t rs ;kj fd ;k t k l a LFk kid n'kk a d k H ktk x ;ka bl nlr kot ea ml fo' kky l E Hkkouk dh v kj l?k u :i l /; ku f nyk ;k x;k ] tk {k= h; l g; k x d fy, iz kir FkkA l kfk gh mu ykhkk a dh vkj Hkh / ;ku v kdf"kz r fd ;k x ;k t k l kewf gd,o a O ;fd rx r :i l {k = d n ' kka d k iz ki r gk ra bl {k= d n'kk a d e/ ; iz kjfe Hkd fo pkj fo e'kz ea bl ckr ij Hkh tkj fn; k x ;k f d iz Lrkf or {k= h ; l g;k x vkil h fo'okl,o a,d n wl j dk l e> u gh l gk ;d ug ha g k cfy d l koz HkkS fed,dr k] {k = h ; v[k.m rk],d nwl j d dke ea v glr{k i rf kk ik jl ifjd ykhk d fl ) ku rka i j Li" V :i l v k/ kkf jr gk A iz kje Hk ea bl u 11 {k = ka dk ifjf pfu g r fd ;k g S ftl ea l nl; jk" Vªk a }kj k ikjlif jd l g;k x dh 'kq :vkr dh tk l drh gs A nwj l apkj ] eks l e fok ku ] ifjgo u] t gktj kuh ] d` f"k vuq l a/kk u] i ;Z Vu ] l a;q D r m +e] cktk j dk fo Lrk j] os K kfud vks j iz ks kf xd l g;k x] 'ks {k f.kd,oa iz kfo f/ k d l g;kx v ks j l kald` frd l g;k x bl {k= d nwl j n 'kka u ckaxy kn' k d iz Lrko dk ikjl ifjd ykhk vks j j k " Vªh; fgr d f opk jk a d vk/ kkj ij l ef kz u fd ;ka c kax ykn' k l E Hkor L oa; Hkkj r l vf /kd ykhk iz k Ir d ju k p kgrk Fk k mu fook n fcu nq vka ij ftul n ku ka n' k l E cfu /kr Fk A Hkkj r d nwl j im+k l h n' kka dh Hkh Hkkjr l dq N ikjlifjd l el;k ; Fk ha m udh Hkh ; g vk'k k Fk h fd f }i{kh ; O ;olf kk d eq dkcy bl l Hkkjr l v f/k d vpn k O ;ogk j fey xka l el ;kvk a d iz fr {k= h; n` f" Vd k.k d k fo'kq ) f}i{kh ; ;k vu rj kz " Vª h; n` f" Vdk.k d eq dkcy vf/ kd iz Hkko 'kkyh e kuk x ;ka Hkkjr v ks j ikfdl rku vkje Hk ea, l fdl h l axb u d iz fr mrl kfg r ugh a FkA vu rr% 8 fnl E cj 1985 dk <kdk f' k[kj okr kz ea l kdz dh LFkk iuk gq bz A LFkk ;h l f p oky; d kbek. Mw ¼u iky½ ea LFkk fir d ju dk fu.kz ; fy ; k x ;ka l kdz dh l alfk kx r O ;olf kk ea l cl iz eq [k gs & l axbu d n 'kk a d 'kkl uk /;{k ka d okf" kz d l E eyua l kdz dh <kdk e a LFkki uk d i' pkr nwl jk f' k[kj l E eyu ckaxy kn 'k e a 1986 ea gq v k Fk ka bl d ck n fofhku u l nl ; n 'kk a ea f'k[kj l E ey u v k;k ft r fd, tkr jg gs aa n{kl ¼l kdz ½ d eq [ ; m í '; tk p kvz e a mfy yf[k r gs f ue ufy f[kr gs % & 1& nf{k.k, f'k ;k d y k xk a d dy ;k.k dk vk x c<+ kuk ] mud t hou L rj e a mu u fr djuka 2& bl {k= ea vkf FkZ d] l kek f td,oa l kald` frd mu uf r,oa fod kl dh x fr dk rt djuka 3&l kewfgd v kr efuhkz j rk dk iz krl kgu n uk v ks j ml etcwr dj uka 4& ikjli fjd f o'okl ] l e> nkjh r Fkk,d nwl j d h l el;kv ka d k l q y> ku dh iz f Ø;k e a ; k xnku nu ka a 5& vkf FkZ d l kekftd] l ka Ld` frd] rdu hdh vks j os K kfud {k= k ea ikjl ifj d l gk; rk dk iz krl k fgr djuka a 6& vu ; fod kl 'khy n 'kk d l kfk l g ; kx ij c y nuka 7& vu rjkz " Vªh ; ea pk a i j v i u ik jli fjd l g ;k x d k etcwr dj uka 8&l eku mí '; oky vu rj kz " Vªh; vks j {k= h ; l a xbu l l g;k x dj uka n{ kl ¼l kdz ½ dh l aj pu k,o a d k;z l kdz dh dk;z fo f/ k e a b l d l Hkh n' kk a d 'kkl uk /;{k ka ] fon 'k e af= ; ka r Fkk fon 'k l fpo ka dh iz R ;{k l ghkkfx rk gs A l cl uh p d Lrj ij dbz rdu hdh l fefr ;ka gs ftud h j puk l kdz d dk;z Øeka dk dk;kz fu or d ju ] rf kk foù k h;,oa iz 'kkl dh ; fu fgr rkv k a dk / ;ku ea j[kr gq, l g ;k x d { k= ka dk f u'p ; djuk gk rk gs A rduhdh l fefr ea l nl ; n' kka d vf/ kdkj hx. k r Fkk fo' k"kk k ' kkfey gk r gs A bl dh,d LFkk ;h l fe fr gkr h gs tk l eu o; dk ;k Z dk y[kk& tk[ kk j[k rh gs r Fkk l al k/ku tq Vk rh gs A l kdz dh,d ea= hif j"kn Hkh g kr h gs ftl ea l nl; j k" Vªk a d fon' kea= h 'k kfey g kr gs A bl dk dke uhfr f u/ kkz j.k ] 48 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:47-50

51 xks re% Hk kjr vks j n f{k.k,f k ;kbz {k= h ; l g ;k x l ax Bu l g;k x dh iz xf r vkf n dk y[kk& tk[ kk djuk gs vks j LFkk ;h l fef r dh fl Q kfj 'k ka dk j ktuh frd Lohd` f r iz nku djrk gs A bl d vf rfj Dr iz kfo f/ kd l fefr o dk;z l fef r Hkh gs A bl dk l fp oky ; e a dkbek.mw ea L Fkk fir fd; k x; k gs A fodfl r vks j /kuo ku mù kj,d vk j r Fkk vy ifodfl r ¼ fodkl ' khy½ vks j fu/ kz u n 'k nf{ k.k d : i ea l al kj dk nk v kf FkZ d Hkkxk a ea fohk kftr fd, gq, gs A 'khr ;q ) dh la?k"kkz R ed jktuh fr d LF kku ij vc {k= h; l g; k x Q y& Q wy jgk gs A nf{k.k,f 'k ;k ea {k = h; l g;k x d egro ij fvii. kh dj r gq, us U l h ts Vyh u fy[kk Fkk fd ^ ^ nf{k. k,f'k ;kbz {k = h; l g; k x l a xbu ¼l kdz ½ v iuh& viuh Hkz kfu r;k a vks j v iu vfo' ok l l mij mbd j {k= h ; l g;k x dk iz Fke iz ; kl gs A bl dk mí '; n f{k.k, f'k ;k d yk x ka d vkf FkZ d f odkl dk iz krl kgu n u d f y, l kewfgd iz ; kl djuk gs A l al kj dk 'kk ;n d kbz Hkh vu ; {k= b ruk vfod fl r ugha gs ftru k dh nf{k. k,f'k ;k vks j r` r h; fo' o ea Hkh dkbz,l k n 'k ugh a gs tgka br uh v f/kd fu /kz urk vks j tul a[ ;k d k,l k folq kv gka l k Fk g h ;g Hk h l R ; gs fd fdl h Hkh vu ; {k= ea Hkwx ky ] l H ;rk r Fkk tkrh ; Hkk"kk ;h if jiz {; e a bruh v f/ kd l ekurk Hk h ugha gs A l kdz dh l el;k Hkkjr v ks j ikfd Lrk u d jk" Vªh ; v ge ea rkye y mr iu u dju d h Hkh gs A D ;k a fd ikfdl rku l kdz p kvz j ea fu"k /k gk r gq, Hkh] f }i{kh ; iz 'uka ij l kdz eap ij fop kj dju dk cy n rk j grk gs A fq j Hkh l kdz l bl {k= d yk xk a d k d kq h vi{ kk gs A 1985 e a l kdz dh vks i pkf jd LF kki uk d i 'pkr vq x kfu Lrku ] bz jk u o oekz l l g ;k x l axb u e a 'kkfe y gk u fy, ckr ph r dh xbz iju rq mu d mù k j m Rl kgtud ugha FkA iju rq Hkkjr dh :f p vq xkf ulrk u o oekz l kdz e a 'kk fey dju dh Fk ha D; kaf d ikfdl r ku e/ ;,f'k ;kbz x. kjk T;k a rfkk bz jku dk blykeh j kt; ka d laxb u d fy, rs ;kj djuk p kgr k Fk ka tgka rd oekz dk iz 'u gs rk og 1997 vk f'k ;ku nf{k. k iwoz, f'k; kbz jk" V ª dk l ax Bu e a 'kkfe y gk x; ka, l h f LFk f r ea l kdz d folr kj gk u dh fudv H kfo" ; ea d kbz vk ' kk fn[k kbz ugh a n rh gs A Hkkjr vks j ikfd Lrk u dh jk tuhfrd l el; kvk a d dkj.k u doy Hkkj r ik fdlrk u l E cu /kka ea ru ko cuk jgk oju~ l k dz d d k; kz ij H kh foij hr iz Hkko im+k gs A m/ kj Hk kjr vks j ckax yk n'k ikjl ifjd O ;k ikj d h vk/ kkj f'ky k ckaxy kn' k d HkwriwoZ jk" Vªi f r ft;k& mj&j geku u j[kh FkhA vr% og n'k nf{ k.k,f'k ;k e a {k= h ; l g; k x d fodkl d f y, df Vc) gs A uiky dh 'kkl u O ;olf kk ea 1990 e a if jorz u gq v ka og vl hfer jk tra= d LFk ku ij l aos /kk fud jktr a= cu x ;k vks j ml u cgq nyh ; yk drk af= d l jdk j dh LFkki uk d ha u iky dk fodk l bl ckr ij d kq h dq N fuhkz j djr k gs fd ml fo x r dbz o"kkz ea Hk kjr l tk l gk;rk f eyh gs og ml dk fdr uk iz Hkkoh mi ;k x djrk gs A uiky vks j Hkkj r d l gdkfjr k& vk /kk fjr l E cu /k l kdz dh l Q yrk d fy, cgq r l g k;d gk l dr gs A tgk a Hkk jr vks j HkwVku rfk k Hkk jr& ek ynho l E cu /k cgq r e/kq j jg gs og ka tkrh ; l el;k u Hkkjr Jhyadk l E cu /k ka ea dq N dvq rk mr iu u dj nh gs A Hkkjr u Hkw Vku d fodkl ea v xz.kh Hkwfed k f uhkkbz gs rf kk bl N kv l n 'k l i w.kz l g ;k x iz ki r fd; k gs A H kkjr Jhyadk l E cu /kk a dh e/kq jr k l nf{k.k,f'k ;k e a {k= h; l g;k x dk fu 'p ; gh cy f eyx ka vu rjkz " Vªh ; O ;kik j O ;olf kk ubz pq uks fr ;k a dk l keuk dj jgh gs A vr% ea l kdz n'kka u viu fy,,d nf{k.k, f'k ;kbz oj.; O ;k ikj l e> ks rk (SAPTA) l E iu u fd ;k tk v kx pydj nf{ k.k,f'k ;k ea eq Dr O ; kikj dk ek xz [kkyu dk dk ;Z djxka nf{k.k,f'k ;k e a o j. ; O ;k ik j l e> ks rk djr l e ; ; g vk'kk O ; Dr dh x ;h Fkh fd 21oha l n h d iz F ke n 'kd ea n f{k.k,f 'k ;k d k eq Dr O ;kik j {k = cu tk ; xk rc ts l k fd iwoz iz / kku ea= h u jfl a gk jk o u v k'kk O ; Dr d h Fkh fd n f{k.k,f' k; k ea l hek 'kq Y d jf gr (Zero Cutom) O ;k ikj gk u y x xka Hkkjr h; fo n' k O ;kik j l alfkku d iz kq l j fot ;k dbh d vuq l kj ^ ^ fo' o O ;kik j ea nf{k. k,f' k; k dk Hkkx fuju rj d e gk rk tk jgk gs A** vu rjkz " Vª h; O ;k ikj d {k = ea nf{ k.k,f' k;k dk l al kj d vu ; l Hkh {k = ka l fin M+k ik ;k x ;k gs AbU gha iz ;kl ka d vu r xz r f nl E cj 1995 ea ubz fny yh ea l kdz n'kka d fo n' k eaf= ;ka r Fkk f on' k l fpok a dh cs Bd gq bz A budk mí '; nf {k.k,f'k ;k oj.; O ; kikj l e> ks r dh vks i pkf kjdr kvk a dk iwj k dju k F kka bl ckr d f y, iz ;kl o krkz gq bz fd 21oha l nh d iz Fke n'kd rd o j. ; O ;kik j d LFk ku ij nf{k.k,f'k ;k bz eq Dr O ;kik j {k= (SAFTA) dh O ;olf kk gk l da bl h Øe ea vk x pydj t w u 1996 e a n f{k.k, f'k ;kbz fodkl dk"k dh v ks ipk fjd LFkki uk dh xbz A ftl dk mí '; F kk l kdz n' kka dh fo dkl ifj ;k tuk vka e a {k = h; Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

52 xks re% Hk kjr vks j n f{k.k,f k ;kbz {k= h ; l g ;k x l ax Bu Lrj ij i wath f uo' k dk iz k Rl kgu fn ;k tk l daa i ju rq,l k dq N l E Hko ugha gq vka D;k afd i kfdl rku o ckaxyk n'k n ku ka u ;g eka x djuh vkje Hk dj nh fd iz Hkkoh v kf FkZ d l g; k x rhk h l E Hko gk l d xk tc fd jktuh frd foo knk a dk l ek/k ku igy dj f y;k tk ;A vkx pyd j Hkkj r& ikd d chp ea dk jf xy ;q ) u nf{k. k,f'k ;k ea eq D r O ;k ikj dh vk' kk ij iku h Q j fn; ka l kdz d k Hk fo" ; % a a a a a {k= l g;k x dh mi ;k f xrk dh vc l elr fo'o Lohdkj dju y xk gs A f dl h Hkh ok Lrfod {k= h ; l g;k x d fy, ; g vko' ; d gs fd bl d fy, iz ;kl l jdkjka d L rj ij rk fd, gh tk;a l kf k gh fo fhku u n'kk d yk x ka }k jk Hkh ik jl ifjd l g; k x vks j fe= r k dk iz krl kg u fn ;k t k; A tcrd nk uk n 'kk d e/ ; fo'okl mr iu u u gha gk rk ] l jdkj t uer rs ;kj dju ea l gk;r k ugh djrh vks j ykx ka d ik jli fjd l E cu /k e/kq j ugh gkr rc rd Hkkjr & ikd d chp ^ ^ cfyz u dh nhokj** f xj x h ugha vks j {k= h; l g;k x iz Hkkoh u gha gk l dxka oklro ea dbz jktu hfrd ] vkff kz d] /k kfez d,o a iz tkfrx r dkj. kka l bl d l nl;k a dh ik jlif jd iz fr}fu }r k cuh jg h dq N l q fuf'pr? kvd gs ftud dkj.k n f{k.k,f'k ;k ea {k = h; l g; k x dh iz fø ;k iz Hkkfor gq bz gs ts l & {k = h ; vl a rq yu v ks j Hk kjr dk Hk;] u` ao'k l E cu / kh r u ko] fofhku u jktus f rd ifjdy iuk,a] ik jli fjd v fo'okl vk fn gs A dq y feykdj ikjl ifjd vl g ;k x,oa Hkk jrh ; o pz Lo eq [ ; :i l nf{ k.k, f'k ;k e a l g ;k x dh iz xf r u gk u d fy, fte e nkj gs A l kdz d l keu dbz c k/k k,a gs rfk k bl dk Hkfo" ; l el;k xz Lr gs A,l k iz rh r gk rk gs fd bl d xq.k vks j 'kfd r d eq dkcy T; knk gs aa l keku ; jktu hfrd l q j{kkr ed vo/k kj.k k d fc uk rfk k l g;k x d iz eq [k {k= ts l O ; kikj v ks j m k x dk bl d dk ;Z {k= l ckg j j[k dj rfkk bl d dk ;Z l apkyu d fy, / kujk f'k l axz g dk, fpn d j[kd j olrq r l kdz d l g ;k x h iz R ;uka dk dkq h detk j c uk fn ;k gs A,l ea l kdz D;k m iyfc /k d j l drk gs \ bl ea d kbz l an g u gha fd l nl; jkt ; v kff kz d iz 'u dk dkq h egro n r gs A rk Hkh l kdz d dkj. k bu n 'k ka e a cgq r vkf FkZ d f odkl ugha g k i k; k gs A a a a a q vxj bl iz ; k x d k l Q y gku k gs r k ;g vko ';d gs fd {k= h; l g; k x dk f u. kz ; yu dh iz fø ;k e rf kk gj n' k d fodkl dh ;k t ukvk ea iz eq [k LFkk u n uk im+ xka bl d v frf jdr fo 'o d e keyk e,d etcw r,oa l l a;q Dr nf{ k.kh,f 'k; k tk u, fo' o Øe dh yydkj dk l g l d] dk cuku dh cm +h dy iuk vko' ;d gs A a a a q bl iz lax ea tk egroi w.kz v ks j eks fyd ckr gs og ;g gs fd,d nf{k.k,f 'k ; k pru k dk mr iu u fd ;k tk;a [kkl rks j l bl {k= d ykx ka ea tk ekuo dh l a[ ;k Hk kx gs A fo'o i fjn` '; dk n[ kr gq, v kt t:jr bl ckr dh gs fd, l h ifjfl Fkf r; ka cuk bz tk; ftl ea n f{k.k,f' k; k e {k= h ; l g; k x c <+ l da r kfd fo'o 'kk fu r v ks j iz x fr d k l E Hko fd; k tk l daa bl l U nhkz ea l Hkh foo knk dk l ek/kk u v ko' ;d gs iju rq Hkkjr& ik fdlr ku l E cu /kka e l /kkj iz kfkf ed vko' ;drk gs A rhkh {k= h ; l g; k x l E Hko gk xk ] oj.; l e> ks rk l Q y gkxk r Fkk eq D r O ;kik j {k= d fy, ek xz [kq yxka l U nhkz [k Uuk ]c h0, u0%¼2003½% v Urjk "Vªh; l E c U/k ] f o dk l i f Oyf kax g k ml ] ubz f ny yh ] dk Sf k d ] ih 0Mh 0 % 2004] v Urjk Z "Vªh ; l E c U/k ] dy ;k uh i f Oy k lz ] ubz f ny yh i ar]i q "i 'k % 21oha 'k rk Cnh ea v Urjk Z "Vªh ; l E c U/k ] Vk Vk es d xz kf g y] ubz f ny yh [k Uuk ] oh 0, l0 o f yik {k h v jkm+k % H kk jr dh f o n'k uh f r] es Mo q Dl Mk V dk e The U.P. Journal of Pol. Science. - Combined Iue 2006 & 2007 dq ek j] egunz ¼2010½% v Urjk Z "Vªh; jk t uh f r] f k o yk y v xz ok y,.m dai uh ] 50 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:47-50

53 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:51-54 ISSN : M fo M bzl Vu dk jkt uh fr d O;oL Fk k f l)kur %,d fo 'y " k. k vj foun d q ekj Jhok LRko 1 ] vt ; flag 2 1 v f Lk LVaV i z kq lj ¼jk t uh f r'kk L=½]ug : xz k e H kk jrh fo 'of o+ k y; b yk g kc k n] m0i z 0]H kk jr 2, lkf l, V iz kq lj ¼jk t uhf r'k kl=½ g af M ;k ih 0th0 dk yt ]b ykg k ck n]m0iz 0 ABSTRACT ; f n fdl h fl ) ku r dh mi ;k f x rk fo" k; {k = e a m l d ; k x n ku d v k /k kj ij v kad h tk ; rk f u f' pr gh rq y ku kr ed jk tuh fr d { k= ea b Z LV u d j ktu hfr d O ;o LF kk fl ) ku r d k cgq r e gro iw. kz L Fk ku gs A bl fl ) ku r d k vk /k kj ;g fo pkj gs fd j ktu hf rd O ; olf kk, d v f /kd folrk kj iw. kz O ;ol Fk k f tl l ke ku ; :i l ge l ke kft d O ;o LFk k dg r gs ] d k,d egro iw. kz Hk kx gs ftl ea j k T; ] j k" Vª l jd kj ;k bl l a iz R iz R ;{k :i l a l E c) vu ; j ktu hf rd lax B u l fe e fyr gk r gs aa iz Lrq r kk / k i= ea b Z LV u d O ;ol Fk k fo y k.k fl ) ku r dk iq u % f o y f kr d ju dk iz ;kl f d; k x; k gs A KEYWORDS: M fom bz LVu] j ktuh frd O ;olf kk] iz fr l ahkj.k ikl ] fuo k ] f uxz r olrq r% O ;ol Fkk dh v o/k kj.kk ij vk /kk fjr l keku ; O ;o LFk k fl ) ku r dk iz kjfe Hkd iz ; k x 1920 e a tho'kkl= h oku ovz yaq h }kj k fd;k x ;k Fkk ftl u ;g dgk F kk fd O ;olf kk vr% fø ;k'k hy rroka dk,d l ewg gs A bl d ck n bl fl ) ku r dk iz ;k x e kuo' kkl= ] l ekt'kkl= ] euk fok k u l gkr gq, j ktuh frfok k u e a 'kq : gq vka 1953 e a M fom bz L Vu u O ;ol Fkk fl ) ku r d l ekt'kkl= h ; v/ ;; uk a e a iz ;k x l iz Hkkfo r g kdj The Political ytem iq LRkd fy[k h ftl ea mu gk au dgk fd o g l Hkh l kekf td fok kuk a dk,d l w= ea fijk r gq,,d fl ) ku r fuekz.k dk iz ;kl djax A ; fi fd bl d iwoz bl fl ) ku r d jktu hfr 'kkl= e a iz ;k x dk jk cvz evz u vks j V ky dkv ikl Z U l u Hkh cgq r iz krl kgu fn ;k Fkk fdu rq ewy r% o l ekt' kkl= h Fk vks j jktuh fr'k kl= l mudk l E cu /k xks.k FkkA ; Fkk FkZ ea MfoM bz LV u iz Fke j ktuh fr 'kkl= h F k ftl u jkt uhf r dk Li" Vr ;k,d O ;ol Fkk d :i ea f o'y" k.k fd ;k A l keku ;vf kkz a e a O ;ol Fkk o Lrq vka, oa rrok a dk,d l adyu gs tk dq N fo'k "k l ajpuk rd l E cu /kk a ea,d nwl j l tq M+ k gs vks j dq N iz fø;kv ka d vk /k kj ij,d nwl j dk iz Hkkf or djrk gs A bl h iz dkj jktuhfrd O ;olf kk dk rkr i ;Z jktuhf r d O ;olfkk d f ofhku u rrok a ;k Hk kx k ea l q O ;o LFk k l f y;k tk l dr k gs A ;gk l q O ;olfkk d k ;g vfkz gs f d jktuh frd O ;ol Fkk d fofhku u va xka d iz frek fur l E cu /kka ea,d f u; ferr k fo eku jgr h gs A j ktuh f rd O ;ol Fkk dk bz Lora= bdkbz ugh gk rh gs cfy d l ekt O ;olfk k dh vud mio ;o LFk kvk a ts l vk ffkz d] l kald` frd] /kk fez d br ;k fn ea l,d gs A ; fi fd jk tuhfrd O ;ol Fkk vu ; m i O ;olf kkv ka l vf /kd Lo k;ù k gh u gh g krh vfi rq mu g a vkn 'kdkj h fu. kz ; nu ea H kh l efkz gkr h gs A MfoM bz LVu j ktuh frd O ;ol Fkk d h if jhkk"kk dj r gq, fy[ kk gs fd] ^ ^ fdl h l ekt e a v ar% fø;k vk a dh, l h O ;o LFk k dk tk ml l ekt ea ewy ; ka d k v kf /kdk fjd vka ovu djrh gs ] v FkkZ r o k/ ;dkj h uhfr ;k a dk fu /kkz j. k djr h gk] jkt uhf rd O ;o LFk k dg k tkrk gs A c kn e a bz LVu u jktuh frd O ;olf kk d h bl ifjhk k"kk d k vks j v f/ kd Li" V dju d f y, ; g Hkh fy[kk fd j ktuh frd O ;olf kk L o;a e a,d if jiw.kz l R Rkk gs tk ml i; kz oj.k ;k ifj o'k ftl l og f?k jh gq ;h gkr h gs ] ftl d Hkhrj og dk ;Z djrh gs ] L i" Vr% i` Fkduh ; jg rh gs A tcfd vke.m vks j iko y jktu hf rd O ;o LFk k dh if jhkk"k k djrk gq, fy[kk gs fd jk tuhfrd O ; olfk k l bl d vax ka d h va rfuhkz j rk v ks j b l d i;kz oj. k e a fdl h u fdl h iz dkj dh l hek d k ck /k gk rk gs A v ax ka dh fuhkz jrk dk Li" V djr gq, vke. M u f y[kk gs fd^ ^ ikjlif jd f uhkz jrk l g ekjk vk'k ; ;g gs fd tc fdl h O ;o LFk k ea fdl h va x d xq.k k ;k y{k.kk e a dk bz ifjorz u gk rk gs r k bl dk iz Hkko vu ; l Hkh va xka ij vks j l E iw.kz O ;ol Fkk ij im +rk gs A 1965 ea bz LVu u vi uh nwl jh iq Lrd A fromework of political Analyi ea mu iz eq [k 1 : Correponding Author

54 JhokL ro v ks j fl ag% Mf om bz L Vu dk j ktuh frd O ; olf kk f l ) ku r %,d fo y k.k iz R ;;k a dk iz LFk kfi r fd; k ftl d vk/ kkj ij,l k l keku ; fl ) ku r fuf ez r fd ;k t k l d vks j viuh rhl jh iq Lrd A ytem Analyi of Political Life ea mu iz R ; ;h <ka pk a dk O ;ogk j ea iz ;q DRk d jd vkuq Hkkf od fl Fkf r;k a i j yk xw dju dk iz ;kl fd ;ka bz LVu d jktuh frd O ;o LFkk fl ) ku r dk fo'y"k.k dja r k Li" V gk rk gs S fd ml d jktuhfrd O ;olf kk d h i fjhkk"k k e a nk c kra eq [ ;:i l mh kjrh gs A igyh& ewy ; vks j n wl jh v f/ kdkfjd fu.kz ;A ;g ka ij ewy ;ka l bz LVu d k rkr i;z fdl h us f rdrk ;k us frdewy ; ka l ug h gs S oju~ mu HkkS frd vko' ;drk vk a l ftudh t:jr g j O ; fdrk dk gs A ts l f'k{k k jkt xkj f pf drl k vkokl vkfna o klro e a HkkS f rd l al k/ku dh vko ';d rk l Hkh dh gk rh gs fdu rq ;g Hkh l R ; gs fd l Hkh dh HkkS frd vko'drk,a iwj h ugh g k l drh gs aa ;gka ij bz LVu d h eku ;rk gs fd l ekt d fodkl Øe ea ft ruh vko' ;drk, a gk rh gs a ml l de l al k/ku gk r gs a bl fy,, d O ;ol Fkk dh vko' ;drk gkr h gs ftl l fd m iyc/ k l al k/ kuk a dk l ekt e a ykx ka d e /; m fpr fo rj.k fd;k tk l da ;f n,l k ugha gk xk rk yk x ij Lij l a?k"kz jr jg x a v ks j l ekftd thou dhkh Hkh ' kka friw. kz ugh gk l d xka pw afd O ;ol Fkk dh vko' ;drk m fp r forj. k d fy, gkrh gs A bl fy, bz LVu u ^ ^ vk f/k dkfj d** 'kc n dk iz ;k x fd; k gs A ;g ka vkf /kdk fjd 'kcn ea ok /;d kjh vf kz Hkh fu fgr gs A v FkkZ r O ;olf kk tk fu.kz ; y xh ml dk ikyu dj uk l ekt d l Hkh yk xka d f y, v fuok ;Z gk xka MfoM bz LV u u viu jk tuhfrd O ;OkL Fkk fl ) ku r dk Li" V dju d fy, vi uk fuo 'k& fuxkz r ekwmy ftl vk xr& f uxz r EkkWMy H kh d gk t krk gs ] iz Lrq r fd;k gs viu bl fl ) ku r d vk/ kkk j ij bu gk au fo'o dh fodfl r v fo dfl r vks j fodkl 'kh y jktuh frd O ;ol Fkk vka dk vks j mudh l el; kvk a d k l e> u dk iz ;kl fd ;k gs A bz LVu dh eku ;r k gs fd nq f u;k dh dk bz Hkh jktuh frd O ;o LFkk gk og f uokz r ¼'kwU ; ½ ea dk ;Z ugh djrh gs v firq ml dk,d i;kz oj. k gk rk gs ftl l O ;olf kk iz Hkk for gk rh jg rh gs ; g i ;kz oj. k n k iz dkj dk gk rk gs a i gyk& var% l ek th; i;kz oj.ka ftl ea ml l ekt d v kff kz d l kekftd l kald` frd ig yw r Fkk ml l ekt d O ; fdrk l fe efyr g kr gs a ft uea Lo; a O ;o LFk k flfk r gk rh gs,o a nwl jk cfg%&lk ekth ; i ;kz oj.ka ftl l a vu rjkz " Vªh ;] jkt uh rd l kekftd O ;ol Fkk, a l fe efyr gk rh gas A bz LVu dk ;g ekuu k gs fd O ;olfk k dh bu nkuk a i; kz oj.k l fu jarj ikj Lif jd fø;k g kr h jgrh gs A bl d ckot wn O ;o LFkk bl i ;kz oj.k l v iu dk fhku u j[kr h gs D;k fd og l E iw.kz l ekt d fy, ewy ;ka dk v f/ kdkji w.kz vk oavu djrh gs A a a bz LVu ; g ek ur gs fd nq fu;k dh iz R ; d jktuh frd O ;ol Fkk ea rh u egroiw.kz l a? kvd l fu u fgr gkr gs ftul jktuh frd O ; olfkk l fø ;rk iz kir djr h gs A j ktu hf rd O ; olf kk d f uo' k % bl ea bz LVu u O ;fd r; ka d h ek ax ka vks j m ud l efkz u dk l fe Ekfy r fd;k gs A e kax k d :i ku rj. k d h iz fø; k % bl l vk 'k ; mu rj hdk l g ft ul jktuh frd O ; olfk k vi u l efkz u o l k /ku ka dk iz ;k x dj r gq, O ;f Dr ;k a dh ekax ka d k Lo hdkj ] vl ohdkj ;k l a'k kf /k r djr h gs aa j ktu hf rd O ;o LFk k d fu xz r % bl l rkr i;z 'kkl dka o vf /kd kfj ;k a d m u fu ;ek a vks j fu. kz ;k a l gs tk l ekt dk iz Hkkfo r dj r gs aa bz LV u ; g ek ur gs a fd tc,d ckj fu; e cu tkrk gs rc og fq j l fuo' k dk iz Hkkfor dj rk gs vks j rr i'p krk~ iq u% fu;e o fu.kz ; d :i e a f uxz r gk l keu vkr k gs vks j ; g iz fø;k pyrh jgrh gs A bl iz fø;k dk bz L Vu u iz f r l E Hkj.k ikl ¼Feed Back½ dh l ak k nh gs A bl l a O ;olf kk e a x fr'k hyr k ouh j grh gs A bz LVu viu ekwmy e a jkt u hfrd O ;o LFk k d fuo' k d vu rz xr nk ck rka dk my y[k fd; k gs as A eka x a vks j l efkz ua bl d vuq l kj ;fn O ; olf kk ea fl Q Z ekax a gh g as vks j ml dk l efkz u ug h gs r k eka x vi u vki gh l ekir g k tk ; xha e ka xka dh iwfrz d fy, jkt uhf rd LFkk f;ro t:jh gs vks j jkt uhfrd LF kkf ;Ro rhkh l ahko gs a tc O ;o LFk k dk l efkz u fey rk j ga e kwx a vks j l efkz u jktuh frd O ;ol Fkk d ikl l ekt dh vkj l vkr gs S aa 52 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:51-54

55 JhokL ro v ks j fl ag% Mf om bz L Vu dk j ktuh frd O ; olf kk f l ) ku r %,d fo y k.k bz LVu d vuq l kj ;g vko ';d gs fd ge 4. dvks rh iz fø; k }kj k eka xk a d k fo' k"k l el; kvk a f uo 'k l Rr kr ed:i ku rj. k f u xz r ekwx ka o l efkz u jktuh frd O ;olf kk uhfr u.kz ; d k;z U o; u tkudkj h iz fr l E Hkj.k vu ;O ;ol Fkk,a i;kz oj. k ifj.k ke iz frl E Hkj. k viuh vko' ;dr kvk a dk n [kr gq, ek ax j[k xa fdu rq jktuh frd O ;o LFk k dh vi uh {kerka, v ks j l hek,a gkr h gs aa ekw xk a d vf /kd gk u l O ;olf kk d Å ij vfr fj Dr Hkkj im+ l drk gs ftl l O ;olf kk V wv Hk h l drh gs A,l h fl Fkf r l c pu d fy, O ;olf kk fuo 'k }kjk vk ;h gq ;h l Hkh ekax ka dk iwjk ug ha djrh vks j,l h rdu hd fodfl r d jrh gs a ftl l e kaxk a d k f u;e u fd ;k tk l da vks j O ;olf kk d l arq yu dk cu k; k tk l daa bl fq Y Vj iz.kky h dg r gs A bz LVu u bl ^ xv dhf ix a Q ad'ku* d k uke fn ;k gs A ekax ka dk fu ;eu dju okyh fof/k ;k a dk bz LVu u p kj O ; kid l ao xkz e a j[kk gs & 1. ekax k dk O ;o LFk k ea iz o'k djr gh l hek ij ^ }kj cu nh O ;olf kk* } kjk jkd k tkrk gs A 2. ekax ka dk l e> kcq > kdj vfk ok ncko M kydj bruk fodh. kz dj fn ;k t k; fd o dkq h detkj im + tk,aa 3. cgq r l h e ka xka dk ;g d g dj fd o l ekt dh l keku ; l ald` fr l ey ugh [kk rh gs aa vu ; O ;ol Fkk,a,o a i; kz oj.k e cny k tk l drk gs A bz LVu u jktu hfrd O ;ol Fkk d fu o'k ka d :i ea e kax ka d l kfk l efkz uk a dk Hkh l fe ef yr fd; k gs A bl dk er gs ftr uk O ; kid l efkz u gk xk O ;olf kk dk mru h gh etcw rh fey x h t c l efkz u U ;q ure LRkj l uhp fx j tkrk gs ] fdl h Hk h O ;olfk k d fy, [krj k mr iu u dj l drk gs jkt u hfrd O ;ol Fkk l efkz u ij ncko dh flf kfr d k l keu k dju d fy, vud mik ; dke ea yk l drh gs A og viu l aj pukr ed rrok a ea ifjorz u djd ] iz f rfu f/ k iz.kkyh dk cnyd j] ny O ;olf kk dk u; k :i ndj ;k pkg r k l afo /kku dk cny l drh gs A bl d vy kok jktu hfrd J ; n dj l efkz d Hk.Mkj cu k l drh gs ] l efkz dka d k iq jld` r Hkh Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015: djrh gs A jktuh frd O ;ol Fkk d iz Hk ko'kk yh gk u dh eq [ ; dl ks Vh ;g gs fd og l ekt d fy, D;k dj iku d h f LFk fr ea gs A ; gka bz LV u dh fu xz r dh l ady iuk vr ;U r m i; k xh gs a 'kkl dka, oa vf /kd kfj ;k a d fu.kz ;,o a vkn 'k fu xz e gs A fuxkz e u doy ml O ;kid l ekt dh?kvuk vka dk iz Hkkfor dj r gs a cfy d bl iz fø;k e a oa mu l Hkh f uo' k ka dk iz Hkkfor Hk h djr gs a

56 JhokL ro v ks j fl ag% Mf om bz L Vu dk j ktuh frd O ; olf kk f l ) ku r %,d fo y k.k a a S a a a a a a tk,d d c kn,d djd j ktuhf rd O ; olfk k e iz o' k djr gs aa bl bz LVu iz fr l Hkj.k ikl ¼iq u% fuo 'ku iz fø;k½ dg rk gs A ;g,d xfr 'khy iz fø ;k gs ftl d ek/ ;e l viu dk ;kz d l E cu /k ea i ;kz oj.k dh iz frfø; k O ;ol Fkk d ikl b l :i ea vkrh gs fd ml n[kr gq, og viu ck n d O ;og kj d k cny l drh gs A ;g l wpuk m u vf /kdk fj ;ka d f y, vf /kd egroi w.kz gkr h gs ftudk dk ;Z O ;ol F kk dh vk j l fu.kz ; y u dk gkr k gs A bl pøh ; iz f Ø;k dk O ;ol Fkk dk iz o kg iz fr:i.k ¼flow model ½ d gr gs aa f u" d"kz %& bz LVu d bl fl ) ku r ea ; fi fd dq N dfe;k n [kh t k l drh gs A ts l fd bl dk e kwmy O ;olf kk dh dk ;Z dkjh iz fø ;k dk my y[k rk djrk gs fdu rq bl ea t k vk /kkjh kwr rr o gs A ml i j / ;k u u gh nrka eka x vks j l e FkZ u O ; fd r;k d gk r gs fdu rq bl ekwmy e O ; fdrk ;k dk v/ ; ;u l fe ef yr u gh gs A ;g ekwmy Ø kfu r v ks j l kek ftd ifjorz u ka ij Hkh / ;ku ug h nrka bl h iz dkj bl dk j kt uhfrd O ;ol Fkk vka d k vu ; mio ;o LFk kvk l L ok ;Ù k ek u yuk Hkh mf pr ugh iz rhr gkr ka bl dh,d de h ; g Hkh gs fd fuo 'k ¼e kax o l efkz u½ v ks j fuxz r ¼fu.kZ ;k a½ dk os K kfud fo' y"k. k u gha gk l dr k gs A yfd u bl r F; d k vu n[kk ug ha fd; k tk l drk gs fd bz L Vu u ftl l e; ;g fl ) ku r iz frikf nr fd ;k Fk k ml l e; ;g, l k igyk e kwmy Fkk ftl u l E iw. kz O ;olfk k ij viuk / ;ku d fu nz r fd; k vks j O ;OkL Fkk d xr ; kr ed foy'"k.k dk ek xz iz 'klr fd;ka bl u ; g cr k; k f d O ;olf kk e x fr'k hyr k fdl iz dkj vkrh gs A bl ea LFkk f;ro o i fjorz u fdl a a a a a iz dkj vkr k gs A bl fl ) ku r l O ;olf kk dh {ke rk o l kefkz dk Hkh irk y xrk gs A l cl cm+h bl fl ) ku r dh fo'k"k rk ;g gs fd ;g f dl h fopkj /kk jk l l E c) ugh gs bl l elr iz dkj dh O ;olfk kvk d fo' y"k. k,oa rq yuk grq iz ;q D r fd ;k tk l drk gs A,l 0ih0 o ekz u bz LVu d ekw My dk ewy ; kadu djr gq, fy[ kk gs fd ] bl ekwmy e l E iw.kz jktu hfrd O ;olf kk i j / ;k u d fu nz r fd ;k tk rk gs rfk k ml ea g ku oky ifj orz uk r Fkk xr ;kr ed rkvk ij / ;ku fn ;k tkr k gs A ;g ekwmy O ;o LFk k ea i fjorz u vks j L Fkk f;ro ds l vkrk gs bl vkj H kh / ;k u nrk gs rfkk bl d }k jk iz LFkkf ir iz R ; ;k o iz fof /k ;ka vks j v o/k kj.k kvk d ek / ;e l l E iw.kz jkt uhf rd O ;olf kk dk rq yuh ; voy kdu l ahko gs A l U nhkz Almond, G & G. Powell(1966): Comparative Politic: A Development Approach', Boton, Little Brown and Co. Ball, Alen, R(1971): Modern Politic and Government', London. Mac Millan, Eaton, Devid(1965): A Framwork for Political Analyi, 'New Jerey, Englewood Cliff, Printice-Hall, 'k j.k ] i jekr ek % rq yuk R ed jk t uh r] f eh uk {k h i zdk 'k u] f ny yh A Verma, S.P.(1975): Modern Political Theory, "Vika Pub. Houe New Delhi, xuk ]lh 0o h0¼1994½% rq yuk R ed jk t uhf rd,oa jk t uh f rd lalf k,a] k f o dkl i 0 g k ml f nyyh ] 54 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:51-54

57 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:55-58 ISSN : H kkjr e a vyila[ ; d vksj H kkjrh; lafo /kku e a vyila[; d ka g rq vur fuz fgr j{k ki k; &,d fo y k. k iou d q ekj flag 1 1 kk/k Nk =] jk t uhf r k k L= fo Hk kx ]g f.m ;k i h 0th 0dk yt ]b ykgk c k n] m0i z 0] Hk k jr ABSTRACT iz L rq r k k/ k i= Hkk jr e a vy il a[ ;d v ks j Hkk jr h; l af o/ kk u ea m u d l E cu / k ea f d; x ; j{k ki k ;ka d l E cu / k ea gs A o klr o e a vy il a[ ;d ; k cgq l a[ ; d d h vo /k kj. kk ewy r% j k Vª h; gs ] ;g l k if {kr l ady i uk gs ];g,d l ka[ ;dh ; l ady i uk gh u gh gs cfy d,d j ktu hf rd l ady i uk gs A bl l ady i uk d jk tuh frd j.k u g h bl,d l e L; k d : Ik ea [ km+k fd ; k gs A H kk jrh ; l af o /kk u d f ue kz.k e a iz eq [k Hkwf ed k f uhkk u o ky MkW 0 Hkh ejko ve cmd j u vy il a[ ;d kcn dk O ;k[ ;k f ;r dj r gq, d gk Fk k fd ß bl kcn dk bl re ky do y m u r duh dh : Ik l vy il a[ ; dka d k baf xr d ju d f y, ugh a gk r k gs ] c fy d m u l H kh vy il a[ ;d ka d k t k rd uhd h :I k l vy il a[ ; d ugh a gs fdu rq l ak Ld` f rd : Ik l vy il a[ ;d gs a] d fy, H kh bl re ky fd ;k tk uk Pk kf g,a ol rq r% vy il a[ ; d ;k cgq l a[ ;d l e wg dk fu /k kz j.k Hk h viu v k i e a, d tfv y iz u gs ] t gka r d Hkk jr dk iz u gs Hk kj rh ; l af o /k ku H kk k k,ao / kez d v k /k kj ij vy il a[ ;d d f u /k kz j.k dh?k k k.k k d jr k gs A Hk kjr ts l n k t gka i je ij k,ao v k/ kq fud rk d k fe J.k ik ;k t kr k gs ] ogk a mi jk D r nk u k g h v k/ kk jka i j vy il a[ ; dka d h jkt uhf r e a,d e groi w.kz Hkwf ed k gkr h gs A f o k kd j /k ez d h cgq r gh e groi w.kz Hkwf ed k gs A bl h d kj. k l ; gka / kk fez d vy il a[ ; d ; k /kk fez d l eq n k; kcn d k b Lre ky ij Lij,d nwl j d :I k e a fd; k tk rk gs A KEYWORDS: Hk kjr ] l af o/kk u] vy il a[ ;d] /kez f uji {krk Hk kj r ea vy il a[ ;d a a a a olrq r% vy il a[ ;d ; k cgq l a[ ;d l ewg dk fu/ kkz j.k Hkh viu vki e,d tfvy iz u gs ] t gka rd Hkkjr dk iz u gs Hkkjr h; l afo/k ku Hkk k k,ao /kez d vk/ kkj ij vy il a[ ;d d fu / kkz j.k d h? kk k. kk d jrk gs A Hkkjr ts l n k tgka i je ijk,ao vk /kq fud rk dk fe J.k ik;k tk rk gs ] o gka mijk Dr nk uk gh vk /kk jk ij vy il a[ ;dk dh jkt uhf r e,d egroi w.kz Hkw fedk gk rh gs A fo k kdj /kez d h cgq r gh egroiw. kz Hkwfed k gs A bl h dkj.k l ;g ka / kkfez d vy i l a[ ;d ;k / kkf ez d l eq nk; kcn dk blr eky ij Lij, d nwl j d :Ik ea fd;k tkrk gs A Hkkjr ea vy il a[ ;d dkbz u ;h vo/ kkj. kk ugh a gs A iz kphu dk y l gh Hk kj r ea vy il a[ ;d fdl h u fdl h :Ik e a l ns o l f uok l djr jg gs A ; g vks j ckr gs fd foz fv k dk y l iwoz ;gka tkrh ; iz tkrh ; ;k l kald` frd vk /kk j ij fdl h Hkh l ewg d fg rka d h j{kk dh ckr dhkh ugh a mb ha ;g ka l ns o l erkewyd l ekt dh LFkk iuk o ml cuk ; j[ k u ij tk j jg ka Ika0 u g: u viu,d od ro ; ea bl vkj l adr djr gq, dgk Fkk fd ß v kt Hkkj r dh l Hkh iz eq [k l el;k foz fv k kkl u l mith gs v ks j c<+h gs A vY il a[ ;d l el;k Hkh mu ea l,d gs Aß ; gh dk j.k gs fd n k dk vkt knh feyu d c kn tc l afo/ kku dk fuekz.k gk u yx k rk vy il a[ ;dk a d fg rka d iz fr ia0 ug: cgq r l pr jg vks j l afo /kk u d var xz r mu g l q jf{kr djok ;ka Hkkj r ea vy il a[ ;d dh ckr d ja rk l afo/k ku e a dbz L Fkk uk a ij vy il a[ ;d kc n dk iz ;k x fd;k x; k gs fdu rq bl dh dkbz Li V ifjh kk kk u gha n h x; h gs A l keku ;r; k ;gk a m l vy il a[ ;d ekuk tkr k gs ftl dh v iuh fo k k Hk k kk] fyfi ; k /kez gs vks j ftl dh l a[ ;k vu ; Hkk kk fy f i ;k /kez d yka xk a l de gs A dj y f k{k k fo / k; d 1957 e a vy il a[ ;d kcn ij mb fook n dk f uivk jk dj r gq, mpp re U ;k ;ky ; u vy il a[ ;d kcn dh O ;k[ ;k djr gq, Li V fd;k Fk k fd ß /kez ] H kk kk fyf i d v k/ k kj ij oxhz d` r,l k l ewg ftl dh tul a[ ;k jkt ; dh tul a[ ;k d 50 iz fr k r l de gs ] vy il a[ ;d l ew g d gyk; x kaß 1 : Correponding Author

58 fl ag % Hkk jr e a vy il a[ ;d vks j Hkkj rh ; l afo /kk u ea vy i l a[ ;dka grq vu rf uz fgr j{kk i k;%,d fo y k.k a a a a a a a a Z Hkkjr e eq flye fl [k bz l kbz oxz dk /kk fez d vy il a[ ;d o xz d :Ik ea e ku ;rk nh x; h gs A gyk afd cks ) vks j ts u /kez d k v Y il a[ ;d oxz d : Ik e eku ;rk nu dh e ka x m Brh jgh gs i j l afo /k ku e bl fgu nw /kez dh,d kk[k k d :Ik ea eku ;r k n h x ;h gs bl h dkj. k bud v uq ;k f; ;k dk vy il a[ ;d o xz u gha?kkf kr fd ;k x; k gs A bl d fy, l afo /k ku d vuq PN n 25 d Li Vhdj.k 2 dk l anhkz yuk mfp r gk xka bl e dgk x ;k gs fd v uq 0 25¼2½ d mi[k am ¼[k½ e f gu nq vk d iz fr fu nz k dk ; g vf kz yxk ;k tk ; xk fd bl d vu rxz r fl [ [k ts u ;k cks ) /kez d ekuu ok y O ;fd r; ka d iz fr f unz k gs vks j fgu nq vka d h /kk fez d l alfkk vka d iz f r fun k dk vfkz rnuq l kj y xk ;k tk; xka Hkkjr,d / kez fuji {k jk Vª gs vks j l afo/kk u dh iz Lrkouk ea gh bl rf ; d k j [kka fdr dj fn ;k x ;k gs A bl dk vk k ; ;g gs fd Hkkjr dk dkbz j kt/ kez ugh a gs A Hkkjr l jdk j ; k ml dk dkbz fohk kx u rk fdl h /kez fo k k dh LFk kiuk dj l drk gs vks j u gh fdl h /kez dk fo k k :I k l i k k. k dj l drk gs A Hkkj rh; l afo/k ku fue kz rkvk a u l ek u rk r Fkk U ;k ; i j v k/ kkf jr ykdrk af= d x.kj kt; dh i f jdy iuk dh FkA o Hkk jr ts l fofo /krk oky jkt ; ea Hkk k k;h vks j /kk fez d vy il a[ ;dk a dh l el;k ;ka l iwjh rjg if jf pr Fk A l afo/k ku l Hkk e a vy il a[ ;d ka d eq n~ n ij x ahkhj p pkz ;a gq ;ha FkhA dq N l nl ; /kk fez d vk /kkj ij uk xf jdka fdl h iz dkj dh fj ;k ;r a f n; tk u d fo jk /kh F k rfk k bl jk Vª dh,drk d fy, gk f udkjd eku r Fk A tcfd dq N vu ; l nl; vy il a[ ; dka ea kq j{kk dk Hkk o rfk k mue a l afo /k ku d iz fr fu B k dk Hkko is nk dj u d f y,,l k iz ko /kku l afo /kk u ea fufg r dj uk pkgr F ka l afo/k ku l Hkk e a cgl d nks jku l j nkj gq dq e fl ga u dgk Fkk fd ß cgq l a[ ;dk a ij,d xahkhj mrrj nkf ;Ro gs fd o n a[ka fd vy il a[ ;d kq jf{k r e gl wl dj a mu g a Lo;a dk vy il a[ ;d ka dh flfk fr ea j[kdj mudh vk kad kvk a dk l e> uk p kf g,a l q j{kk dh l Hkh eka x a ml h vk k adk ij vk /kk fjr gs ] tk vy il a[ ;dk a d eu ea vi uh Hkk k k ] fyf i vks j uks dfj; ka d l E cu /k e a gs Aß a a Hk kj rh ; l af o/ kk u e vy il a[ ;dk g rq vu rf uz fgr j{ kk ik ; %& Lafo /kk u ea vy il a[ ;dk a d fgr ka dk l ajf{k r j[ku grq dq N iz ko/ kku fd; x; gs aa bue a l dq N,l iz ko/kk u gs a tk iz nku rk l Hkh ukxf jdka dk fd; x; gs a fdu rq mudk ykh k vy il a[ ; dka d k vf /kd feyr k gs A l kfk gh l afo /kk u dq N fo k k iz ko/kk u Hkh bl oxz dfy, djrk gs A b u l keku ; r Fkk fof k V iz ko /kk uk a dk fue ufy f[kr fcu nq vk a d v ar xz r l e> k tk l drk gs %& 1& v uq 0 14 % Hkkjr e a jg u ok y iz R ;d O ;fd r dk fof /k d l e{k l ekurk r Fkk fof/ k;k a d l eku l aj{k.k dh xk ajvh nr k gs A 2& vuq 0 15 % Hkkjr ea jgu oky fdl h uk xf jd d l kfk /kez ] e wyoa k] fya x] tkf r ;k tu e LF kku d v k/ kkj ij fohk n d k iz fr k / k djr k gs A tcfd vuq 0 1 5¼ 5½ ea f k{k.k l a LFk kvk a ea vuq l wfp r tkfr ;ka ] tutk fr ;k a rfk k l kekftd o ks f{ kd n` f V l fin M+ gq, uk xf jdk a d iz o k l aca /kh mic a/k l vy i l a[ ;d l alfkk uk a dk eq D r j[kk x ;k gs A 3& v uq 0 16 % ;g v uq 0 dq N vioknk a dk N km +dj ykd fu ;kt u ea vol j d l ekurk dh xk ajv h nrk gs A v uq 016¼ 2½ d vuq l kj yk d fu; ktu e a do y / kez ] ewyoa k ] tkf r fya x ]tu elfkk u ;k bue a l fdl h d vk/ kkj i j HknH kko u gha fd; k tk; xka vuq 0 1 6¼5 ½ bl dk viokn iz Lrq r dj rk gs Abl d vuq l kj fdl h /k kfez d ;k l kaiz nkf ;d l alfk k d d k;z dyki l l ac fu /kr d kbz in/k kjh fdl h fo k k /kez ;k l aiz nk; dk gk l dr k gs A a a a mij k Dr iz ko/ kku l e Lr ukx fjdk d fy, gs ftl dk iwjk ykhk vy il a[ ; dka dk Hkh fe yrk gs A bl d l kfk gh Hkk jrh ; l afo /kku vy il a[ ;dk d fgr ka dh n` f V l dq N fof k V iz ko /kk uka d h Hkh O ;ol Fkk d jrk gs A 1& v uq 0 2 5¼1½ % bl vuq 0 d vuq l kj Hkk jr d iz R ;d O ;fd r dk y kd O ;ol Fkk l nkp kj ]Lo klf ; rfk ewykf /kdk j d vu ; Hkk xka ea fofg r mi ca/ kk a dh l hek vka ea jg r gq, va r%dj.k dh L ora= rk vks j viu Lohd` r /kez dk vc k/k :Ik l eku u ]vk pj. k dj u] vks j iz pkj dju d k l eku :Ik l v f/kd kjgk x ka ;g vf /kdkj ; fi fd l Hkh dk l eku :Ik l fn;k x;k gs fdu rq bl dk vf /kd y khk vy il a[ ; dka dk gh feyr k gs A 2& v uq 0 26 %bl d varxz r iz R ;d / kkf ez d l aiz nk; ;k ml d fdl h vuq Hkk x dk /k k fez d l alfkk vk a dh L Fkki uk 56 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:55-58

59 fl ag % Hkk jr e a vy il a[ ;d vks j Hkkj rh ; l afo /kk u ea vy i l a[ ;dka grq vu rf uz fgr j{kk i k;%,d fo y k.k a vks j ik k. k ]/k ez fo k;d dk ;kz d iz ca/k u] l E ifrr d vtz u rf kk Lok fero r Fkk ml l E ifrr d k fof /k d vuq l kj iz kkl u dj u dk vf/ kdkj iz n ku fd ;k x; k gs A 3& v uq 0 27% bl d va rxz r fdl h fo f k V / kez ; k /kk fez d l aiz nk; dh v fhko` f) ;k ik k.k e a O ;; dj u d fy, dj nu l Lor a= rk iz nk u dh x ;h gs A 4& v uq % ;g vuq 0 jk T; f uf /k l iw. kz r% ik f kr fdl h f k{kk l al Fkk u e a / kkf ez d f k{k k dk iz fr k /k djrk gs A vuq 0 2 8¼ 2½ d vuq l kj fdl h U ;kl d v/ khu LFkk fir f k{kk l alfk ku ea / kk fez d f k{kk nh tk l drh gs A v uq 0 28¼2 ½ jkt; l e ku ;rk iz kir ;k l gk ;rk iz kir f k{kk l alfk ku e a /kk fez d f k {kk ; k /kk fez d mi kl uk e a Hkkx y u d h Lor a= rk iz nk u djrk gs A 5& vuq 0 29 % ;g vuq 0 vy il a[ ;dka dk fo k k l aj{k.k iz n ku d jrk gs A bl d v ar xz r jk T; vy il a[ ;d l eq nk; d Å ij viuh vk j l dkbz nwl jh l ald` fr v f/k jk fir ugh a dj l drka mu g a v iuh fo k k Hkk kk fy fi l ald` fr dk cu k; j[ku dk vf /kdkj gk xka l kfk gh jkt ; }k jk ik f kr ;k l gk;r k iz kir fdl h l alfkku e a fdl h dk /kez Hkk kk tkfr o a k d vk/ kkj i j iz o k l oa fp r ug ha fd ;k t k l drk gs A 6& v uq 0 30 % bl vuq 0 d varxz r l Hkh vy il a[ ;d oxk az dk viu h f k{k.k l alfk k vka dh L Fkki uk vks j ml d iz kkl u dk vf /kd kj iz kir gk xka vks j o viu h Hkk kk fyfi o l a Ld` fr dk iz Pk kj iz l kj dj l dx aa 44o a l aos /kkf ud l a kk /ku 1976 }k jk v u q 0 30¼1d ½ ea dgk x; k gs fd ;fn jkt ; fdl h vy il a[ ;d l eq nk; d f k{k.k l al Fkk u dh dk bz l aifrr vf /k xz ghr dju k p kg xk rk ml bl d,ot ea i w. kz ykhk nu k gk x ka bl d vykok v u q 0 3 0¼2½ jkt; }kjk f k{k. k l alfkk vk a dk l gk;rk nu ea / kez ;k Hkk k k d vk /kkj i j fohk n dk iz fr k/ k djr k gs A a 7& v uq % bl vuq 0 d vuq l kj fdl h ukx fjd dk f uokz pd ukek oyh e l f E efyr dj u d fy, / kez ]oa k ] tkf r fya x vfk ok bu ea l fdl h d vk/ kkj ij fohkn ugha fd ;k tk ; xka 8& v uq % bl d varxz r jk Vªi fr dk ;g y xr k gs fd ;f n v kaxy Hkk jrh ; l eq nk; d iz fr fu f/k ;k a dk ykd l Hkk e a Ik ;kz Ir iz frf uf /kro u gha f eyk gs r k o g bl l eq nk; d nk iz frf uf /k ;ka d k uke fun Z f kr d j l drk gs A bl h iz dkj dh O ; olfkk jk T;i ky d fy, H kh funz f kr gs A og jk T; d h fo /kku l Hkk e a v uq d var xz r,d vk axy Hkk jrh ; d k euk u; u dj l drk gs A Hkkjr h; l a fo/ kku Hkk kk ;h vy il a[ ;dk a d fy, vyx l iz ko/k ku dj rk gs A l afo/k ku d l k roa l a kk /k u 1956 }kj k var% LFk kfi r v uq ¼d½ e a jkt; ;k ml d LFkku h; iz k kf /kdkj h dk ; g drz O ; fu/ kkz fj r fd; k x ;k gs fd o g Hkk kk; h vy il a[ ; d ox ka d ckydk a d k f k{k k d iz kfk fed L rj i j ek r` Hkk k k ea f k{k k l q fo/ kk miyc /k djku dk iz ;kl dj xkaj k Vªi fr dk bl l aca/k ea j kt; k a dk vk o ;d fun Z k n u d k Hkh iz ko/ kku fd; k x ;k gs A bl d vfr fj Dr vuq ¼[k ½ Hkk kk;h vy il a[ ;dk o xk az d fy,,d fo k k v f/ kdkj h dh O ;olf kk Hkh d jrk gs ftl jk Vªi fr f u;q D r dj xka ;g vf/ kdkj h Hkk k k;h vy il a[ ; d oxk az d j{ kki k; ka l l E cfu /kr fo k ;ka dk vu o k.k dj v iuh fji kvz jk Vªi fr dk iz Lrq r dj xka bl d vyko k vy il a [ ;d oxk az d fgr ka dk l ajf{kr o m udh l el; kvk a ij /;k u nu grq Hkkj r l jdkj u 1978 e a,d jk Vª h; vk ;k x dk xb u fd; k bl vk;k x d k 1992 e a,d vf/ kfu ;e }k jk l aos / kkf ud ntkz iz nku fd ;k x;k bl vk; k x ea,d v/ ;{k d vykok N g vu ; l nl ;k a dk j[kk x ;ka v k;k x d k eq [ ; dk;z l a?k rf kk jk T; l jdkj ka d v/ khu vy il a[ ;dk a d fodkl dh iz xfr dk ewy ; kadu dju k gs A ;g vy il a[ ;d ka d l kekftd] vkf FkZ d rf kk ks {kf.kd f odkl l l acfu /k r fo k ;ka d k v/ ; ;u dj ml ij l jdkjk a d k mi ;q Dr l q > ko Hkh n rk gs A l okz Pp U ;k;k y; Hkh viu vud fu. kz ;ka e a ; g Li V dj pq dk gs fd vy il a[ ;dka d k v iuh f k{k.k l alf kkv ka dh LFkki uk o iz kkl u dk vf /k dkj gs A o viu h f k{kk o l ald` fr dk iz pkj iz l kj dj l dr gs aa U ;k;k y; u ;g Hkh ekuk gs fd f gu nh jk Vª Hkk kk d iz pkj iz l kj grq vuq e a f n; x ; fu nz k ij jkt ; bl r jg l vey u gha d j l drk ftl l vuq 0 29 vks j 3 0 }k jk iz nrr vf /kdkj ka ij dk bz pk V igaq pa bl iz dkj mij k Dr v/ ; ;u l ;g Li V gkr k gs f d Hkk jr,d,l k jk Vª gs tgka vy il a[ ;d k dk l aos /kk fud :Ik l iwj h r jg l aj{k.k iz kir gs A o u doy viu h f k{ kk o l ald` f r d l alfkk u LFk kfi r dj Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

60 fl ag % Hkk jr e a vy il a[ ;d vks j Hkkj rh ; l afo /kk u ea vy i l a[ ;dka grq vu rf uz fgr j{kk i k;%,d fo y k.k l dr gs ] oju~ ml d iz pk j iz l kj dh Hkh mu g a iw jh vktkn h gs A ;gh fo k k rk Hk kjrh ; l ald` fr dh vewy ; /kjk gj gs A l anh kz tk Ul ] ek Wf jl % n xo eaz V,.M ik Wf yf VDl b u b f.m ;k o lq ]nq xk Z nkl % Hk k jr dk laf o /kk u k ek Z ] c zt f d k kj % H kk jr dk laf o /kk u%, d i f jp; dk Bk jh ]jt uh % Hk k jr ea jk t uh fr 58 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:55-58

61 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:59-66 ISSN : e fgy k l k fdr dj.k dk L o : i ¼H kkj r d fo k k lan HkZ e a½ iad t fr okj h 1 1 v f llvuv i z kq lj]jk t uhf r k kl= f o H kk x]mh0, 0o h 0i h 0th dk yt ]Xkk j[k iq j] m0iz 0] Hk k jr ABSTRACT iz k ph u d ky l y dj v ktrd uk jh dh fl Fk fr ea f o fhku u i f jorz u gq, gs a os fnd dk y e a u k jh iwt ;u h ; F kh o g ifr d l k Fk l elr / kk fez d fø ;kd yk vka e a l ghk kf xr k d k fu ogz u djr h Fk ha fdl h Hk h j k V ª d h l H ; rk,oa l al d` fr dk fu ekz.k r Fkk f odkl ea e f g yk d k ;k x nk u cgq r e groiw. kz g kr k gs A ;f n g e os fnd dky l i woz vks j c kn d b f rgkl i j n` f V ikr d ja r k ful an g uk jh dk g h l ald` f r dk u hao M kyu d k J; tk rk gs A v kt dh p dk pks a/ k tgk a HkkS frd d y xk o ea f o yk fl rk d k g h iz eq [k e kud j ek uor k d l Hk h v kn k kz vks j ewy ;k a dk r kd ea j[ kdj dnk pj.k ka d h l h ek Hk h i kj d j pq dh gs A bl l e ; bl iz okg dk j kd u e a u kj h,d vg e Hkwf ed k f uhkk l dr h gs A iz Lrq r kk / k i= e a f of o/ k dky[ k.mk a e a u kj h d h fl Fk fr dk j [kk afd r dj r gq, ml d l kf Drd j.k dh v ko ;d rk o f LF kfr ij iz dk k Mk yk x ;k gs A KEYWORDS: os f nd dk y] ef gyk l k fd rdj.k ] l gh kkf xrk ] ;a= uk ;Z Lrq iwt ;ar ] j eu r r= norka ;= S rklrq u i wt; r] l okz Lr= k Q yk fø; k%a ¼euq Le` fr%3%56& 5 7½ vfkkz r~ tgka u kjh dk ml d ifj okf jd] l kekftd] j ktuh frd ] /kk f ez d rfkk jk Vª h; fofg r vf/ kdkj ka l l E ek fur fd;k tkrk gs og h n ork fuokl djr gs aa jkt f kz euq u v i uh d` fr euq Le` fr ea efg yk efgek d k e.mu fd; k gs A vk me v ga drq j ga ew /kkz Mâeq xz k foo kp uha eenuq Øraq i fr % l g kuk ;k mik pj r~ A ¼_Xon& 1 0@15 9@2 ½ es a /otk d l eku K kuo rh vks j es a fl j d l eku iz eq [k gw A _Xon d bl ea= dk vkr el kr dja rk K kr gk rk gs fd ;gk a i j efgyk l k fdrd j.k iw. kz,oa Li V :i l n` f Vx k pj gkrk gs A l ang dh d kbz vko ;drk u gha gs A?kk k k] eq nz k] vi kyk ] efgy k l kfdrd j.k dk g h i;kz ; jgh gs A ;kk oy D ;& x kxhz l aokn Hkh e fgy k l kf Drdj. k l ifj p; d jrk gs A iz kphu dky l yd j vktr d ukjh dh flf kfr ea fo fhku u i fjorz u gq, gs a os f nd dky e a uk jh i wt; uh ; Fkh og i fr d l kfk l el r /kk fez d fø;kd ykv ka ea l ghkkfx rk dk fuo gz u djrh FkhA fdl h Hk h jk Vª dh l H ;rk, oa l ald` f r dk fu e kz.k rf kk fodkl ea efg yk dk ; k xnku cgq r egroiw. kz gk rk gs A ;f n ge os fnd dky l iwoz vks j c kn d b f rgkl ij n` f V ikr dj a rk ful an g ukjh dk gh l ald` fr dk uhao Mkyu dk J ; tkrk gs A v kt dh pdk pks a /k tgka HkkS frd d yx ko e a foyk fl rk dk gh iz eq [k eku dj ekuo rk d l Hkh vkn kk Z vks j ewy ;ka dk rkd ea j[kd j dnk pj. kka dh l he k Hkh ikj dj pq dh gs A bl l e; bl iz okg dk jkd u e a ukjh,d vge H kwfed k fuhk k l drh gs A a if p eh l H ;r k d d kfy nkl ks Dl ih ;j u r k ^ geyv* uked Iy dh 146o ha iaf Dr e ukj h dk f oo k rk dh l ak k n Mky h] ^ ^ etcwj h rq E gkjk gh uke u kjh gs ** tcfd Hkkjr u u kjh dk gh l E iw.kz kfdr dk Lkz k r dgk]a ^ ^ ;k noh l oz Hkwr kq kf Dr :i.k l aflfk rk** tgk a,d vkj os fnd l ald` fr u ukjh dk no h ekuk ogh nwl jh vk j bl ykeh l ald` fr ea ukj h dk iz tu u dk l a;a= rf kk f oykfl r k dh db iq ryh eku k x ;ka 1 : Correponding Author

62 frok jh% e fgyk l kf Drdj. k dk Lo:i Hkkjrh ; l ald` fr u efg yk d k no h dgdj ml ^ cch* chc h ts l dq frl r vkjk ik a l nw j j[kk ogh a Hkkjrh ; ukj h dk Hkk jr u ekrk dgdj i wtk] ^ ^ eku ;r bfr ek rk** ftl ek u l E eku fn; k tk ; ml e krk d h l ak k nh tk rh gs A nwl jh r jq ukjh dk ir uh d gdj ifr d i ru l c pku dk n kf;ro l ks aik ]^ ^ irukr~ = k ;r bfr ir uh**¼l ekuq Hkw fr%22 ½ t k i fr d k iru l c pk yrh gs ml ir uh d gr gs A iq u% iq = h dgdj firk d ujd ts l ikik a dk u V d j u dk v f/ kdkj fn ;ka a ^ ^ iq = % ujdkr fir ja = k; r ;k l k iq = h**¼ogh]22 ½ iz u mb rk gs fd D ;k e fg ykvk dk iq : kka d l eku l e> k tkrk gs \ bl dk mrrj gekj Hkkjr ea rk l cl igy fi rk dh vi{k k ekrk d k nl xq uh J V crk f n; k Fkk] ^ ^ firq nz kxq.kk e krk vks j xks j o.kk fr f jpp r* ¼ogh]2 2½ bl fy, gek jh l ald` fr u u kjh dh v kj bl h n` f V l ml e fgy k dgdj l E ekfur fd ;ka ^ ^ efg;r iwt ;r ;k l k efgy k **¼ogh]2 2½ bl h iz dkj, rj ; cz kã.k ukjh d k iq : k d l eku vf /kdkj ndj ml dh l [kk d in ij iz fr Bk dh x ;h gs A mi fu k nka e a Hkh ukjh dk iq : k d l eku gh J Brk nh x;h gs A L= h iq : k nkuk a,d gh o` {k i j cs Bu o ky i{kh gs vks j nk u ka d ey l gdkf jrk vks j l ks gknz l gh fo o dh flf kfr gs A vkbz 0oh0 g kuz j fy[ kr gs f d ^ ^ oks ) dky ea ukjh d h n kk e a if jorz u v k ;ka u kjh d k iwoz or hz dky dh vi{kk v f/k d l E eku gku y xk uk fj; ka d LF kku ifjorz u d l k Fk&l kf k iq : kka u u kfj ;k a d k nq cz y l e> dj ml d vf/ kdkj o dk;z l hek ij glr{k i djuk iz kje Hk d j fn ;k ] if j. kke Lo:i,d,l k l e ; vk; k tcfd u kfj ;k a dh l he k?kj dh pkg jnho kjh rd l hfer g kdj jg x; h if jok j ea du ; k dk tu e v kq Hk ekuk tk u y xka** egkhkkj r e a my y[k feyr k gs fd doy o gh /kk fez d l aldkj l E iu u dj l dr Fk ] ft udh ifr u;k a FkhA ;gh a rd ugh a dg h& dgh ij rk /kk fez d l aldkj k a d vol j i j ir uh dk fir k d l erq Y ; Hkh e kuk x ;k gs rfkk ; g Hkh dgk x ;k gs f d ;fn?kj e a uk jh ugh a gs rk? kj ]?k j u gha dgk tk l drk] vir uhd O ;f Dr dk ;K l E iknu dk vf /kdk j ug ha Fk ka¼fl ag ]2010%1 7& 18½ l keu r ;q x e a ukjh dk HkkX ; k d :i ea n[k k tku yx ka bl ea jkgq y l ka d` R ;k;u ¼fgU n h dko ; /kk jk Hkwfedk i` 0 18 ½ d fop kj gs ^ ^ l keku ; thou e a tur k dk viu h l q U nj ym+fd;k a dk os /k F kk vos?k :i l jfuo kl ea Hktu d f y, H kh rs ;kj jgu k im +rk Fk ka fdruh gh tx g rk uo fo okfg rk d h iz Fk e j kr H kh l keu r d fy, vkj f{kr FkhA¼ ogh]1 8½ l keu r dky vks j iz kphu dky ij n` f Vikr fd;k tk, rk Li V gk rk gs fd tg ka l k eu r ;q x e a ukjh HkkX ;k l e> h tk rh Fkh ogh iz k ph u dky e a ^ ^ ukj h rq e doy J) k gk ] fo okl jtr uhk ix ry e a ih; w k l z kr l h cgk djk] tho u d l qu nj l ery ea*** oklro ea i ks jkf. kd dk y e a mudk LFkku f u p ; gh J) k d k du nz Fkk nor k Hkh m ud fu dv f k kq :i e a vkuu n d k vuq Hko djr F ka fdu rq /kh j& /k hj blyk e dk i nkiz.k Hkkjr e a gq vk ry okj d oy ij [kq uh /k ez dh LFkk iuk e kkfu r d ek xz e a dka V fo[k j fn ;A tk u kjh iq : k dh J) k dh d U nz Fk h ud kc d ds n gkd j j g x;ha iq : k ekufl drk u ml /kk fez d dk;k Z d l kfk&l kfk?kj l ckgj tkd j Je,oa jkt xk j ijd dk;z dju ij Hkh vadq k y xk fn ;ka gq De ¼v k n k½ dh rkeh y u gk u ij mu ga e kjk ihv k tk u y xka ; gka rd n.m d h ij kdk Bk vax ea x rd g k x ;ha iq : koknh l k p mu g a cgq fo okg rd igq apk fn ;k ] bl iz dkj ykpk j ukjh dk LF kku J) k dh txg k k k.k u y fy ;k A eq xy dky d iru d l kfk gh fcz fv k dky dk v kxeu uk fj; ka d fy, Hkh }kj [kk y fn ; vks j dbz c kj iq u% l gxy ] l jktu h uk;m ] y{e h o kbz ] l q p rk d` iykuh ] de yk ug: vks j bfu njk xk a/k h ts l h f kf{ kr ukf j;k a u j ktuh fr d {k = e a nlrd n nha vf kkz r~ fcz fv k dky ea Hk kjr h; u kjh iz kphu uk jh dh rjg l kek ft d] vkf FkZ d] jktu hfrd,o a /kk fez d {k= k a ea iz frf Br g ku yxha oklr o ea ; g l gh gs fd ^ ^ efgykv ka d h flf kf r gh n k d L o:i dk fuf pr d jrh gs A* *¼frokjh% 39½ mijk Dr dfk u dk vk k ; ; g gs fd fdl h n k dh efg ykv ka dh fl Fkf r vpn h gs rk ; g e kuk tk, fd ml n k dh flf kfr vpn h gk xha fo o e a pkg fdl h iz dkj dk ykd ra= g k ;k l ekt dk Lo: i gk ml dk l okz.kh.k fod kl rhkh 60 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:59-66

63 l ahko tc ml ea efgy k cjkcj gh l g; k xh g k xh efgyk vk a gh l ghkkf xr k vkt gh ugha cfy d os fnd,o a iz kphu dky ka ea Hkh my y[k uh; jg h gs A mek& kad j l hrk&jke jk/ k& d`.k] ghj& jka{kk ] k hjh& Q jg n br ; kfn uke /kk fez d {k= ka ea iz ekf. kr gs A og h f cz fv k dky e a Hkkjrh ; e fgy k; a j ktuh frd ] l kek ftd] /k kfez d,o a ikfjo kfjd l e ktka ea viuk iq u% iz fr Bk iz kir d jrh gs A Hkkjr e a ef gyk vka d h [kk bz gq bz iz fr Bk dk l q /kkju d fy, Hkkjrh ; l ek t l q /kkjd jktk jke ek gu jk; u l ekt l q /kkj vku nk yu pykd j efgy kvk a d flfk fr ea l q /kkj dk iz ;R u fd ; gs A ftl dk ifj.kke ; g gq vk fd Hkkj rh; e fgy k,a v cyk l ^ l cyk* cu x ;h gs A vkt dkbz Hkh,l k {k = ugha gs ftl e a Hkkjr h; u kjh u ^ iz cyrk* v ks j iz [kjr k l viuk vf Lro LFk kfi r u gh a fd;k gs A jkt k jke ek gu jk ; u 1918 e a l rh iz Fkk d mu uewyu d fy, fo[ ;kr v ku nkyu vkje Hk fd ;k ] vks j 1829 ea rr dkyh u xouz j t ujy yks MZ fofy ;e os afvd u fof u;e 17 d vu r xz r l rh iz Fkk dk vos / k?kk f kr dj fn ;ka bl n` f V l d o kz dk Hkkj r d l ekftd bfrg kl ea,d egroiw.kz o kz ekuk tk l drk gs A fu%l ang jkt k jke ekg u jk; u fgu nw fl= h ;k a dk l rh dh dq frl r iz Fkk l eqdr dju d fy, / kez ;q ) pykdj vej d hfrz iz ki r dj yha¼oekz ] 2 008%86 ½ jktk jke e kg u jk ; f gu nw fl= h ;k a dk mrrjk f/ kdkjh dk vf /kdk j nu d i{k e a F ka mrrjk f/ kdkj d vk/ kq fud fo f /k l fl= h ;k a d l kfk tk vu ;k ; gk rk F kk ml dh jk tk jke ek gu j k; u dvq vkyk pu k dh mu g kau 1822 ea,d fo) kr kiw.kz y[k fy[kk ftl dk k h kz d Fkk ^ ^ ekwmuz,u Øk pe. V vkw u,u ku V jkb V~ l vkw o Q he Y l,dks fma x Vq n fgu nw yk W vkwo bu g fjv U l ** ¼fgU nw mrrjk f/ kdkj ij vk /k kfj r fl= h; ka d iz k phu v f/kd kj d k vk /kq fud v frøe. k½ bl y[k ea mu gka u ; kk od ;] ukjn ] dky ;k ;u ] fo.kq ] o` glifr ] O ;kl vkf n fo }k u /kez k kl= h ;ka d k m) r fd;k vks j cry k; k fd iz kp h u /kez kk L= h; ka d e rkuq l kj ifr } kjk N km+h gq bz l E ifrr ea L= h dk viu iq = d l eku Hkk x fey rk Fkk vks j iq = h dk,d pks Fk kbz A¼ogh] 92½ bl h iz dkj Lokeh n ;kuu n u ukjh dh xfj ek dk iz cy l ef kz u fd ;k vks j fgu nw l ekt e a iz p fyr fop kj dk [k.my fd ;k fd ukjh iq : k d l eku ug ha frok jh% e fgyk l kf Drdj. k dk Lo:i gs ] ml iz d` fr u g h kjh j] LoHkko] ;k X; rk rf kk k fdr d n` f V l iq : k l fhku u crk; k gs v ks j fhku ur k ml iq : k dh HkkWf r g ; c ukrh gs A Lokeh th dk e u ekr` kf Dr d iz fr vknj l ifjiw. kz Fk k o L= h t kfr dh iw.kz Lora= r k d idd i{kikr h F ka vr% mu g kau fl= ;ka d l kek ftd th ou ij yx vuq f pr iz frcu / kk a dh fuu nk dha fl= ;ka d nh ughu n kk l m ij mb ku ea n ;k uu n u thou& Ik ;Z U r dkbz f kf Fky rk u vku nh mu gk au inkz & iz Fkk dk fojk /k r Fkk L= h f k{kk d k iq jtkj l ef kz u fd;ka mu g kau viu xz U Fk ^ l R ;kfkz iz dk k* ea fy[k k ^ ^ tk rq e fl= ; ka d on i<+ u dk fu k /k d jr gk ] r k og rq E gkjh eq [kz rk Lo k;z rk vks j fucq Z f) rk dk iz Hkko gs A¼voL Fk h]2009 %124½ bl h rjg foo dkuu n ] x ka /kh ] u g:] vkf n fo}k uk u Hkh efg yk l k fd r dj.k g rq v iu fo pk jka l Hkkjrh ; l H ;r k,oa l ald` fr d fy, v ko ;d crk ;ka fcz fv k dky d v fu re pj. k ea gh Hkkjr ea dbz l ekt l q /kkj dk;z Øe kq : gk x ; Fk ftl dkj.k vkt kn Hkkjr e a efgy kvk a dh flfk fr ea l q /k kj vk,a cky fookg ] cgq foo kg vks j l r h iz Fkk ts l h d bz iz Fkk vka ij jkd y xk nh x ;h F kha bl d Ik pkr~ vkt kn Hkk jr dk l afo/k ku dk f uekz.k gq vk ft l ea efgy kvk a d c grj h d fy, dbz egroi w.kz iz ko /kk u fd; x, Q ylo:i efgyk vk a dh l kekftd vk ffkz d o jktuhfrd fl Fk fr e dkq h l q /kkj n [ku dk vk ;ka ukjh d O ;f DrRo d k iw.kz vfh ko ;f Dr feya bl dyh dk l q eu cu u d l q vol j f eya uk jh tc n` < + l adfy ir gk rh gs ] rk J h l nq xkz l r / kez dh j{k kfkz vks j noh l egk noh ] egkdky h Hkh cu tkrh gs A¼val kjh%6 7½ e fgyk l k fdrd j.k d h f n kk e a efgyk& iq : k opz Lo dh l ek fir d fy, nk uk a o xkz a dh l djkr ed Hkkxh nkjh l a?k kz l q y> ku rfkk l a?k kz dh l ekfir i j k kaf r dh L Fkk i uk ts l fo k ;k a ij fya x l ekurk d fy, l efu or :i l l fø; gkd j dke djuk v fuo k;z gk x ka¼dq ekj%3 5½ orz eku l e ; e a l E iw. kz fo o ea ef gyk vka dk vflrro,d l adviw. kz volf kk ea xq tj jg k gs A ; nfi iz R ;d n k ea efgy kvk a dk vf/ kd l v f/kd Lora= rk,oa l q j{kk d fy, iz ;R u fd ; tk jg gs bl d ckotw n fo o ea, l k dkbz LFkk u ugha gs ] tgk ij efg yk, a viu vk idk l q jf{kr eg l wl dj jgh gkaa vxj Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

64 frok jh% e fgyk l kf Drdj. k dk Lo:i erkf /kdk j fd ckr fd; k tk ; rk o kz 1918 ea baxys.m ea ef gyk vka dk ok V n u dk vf /kd kj iz nk u fd ;k x; ka ;g h dke n k o kz o kn 26 v xlr 1920 dk vef jdk e a fd ;k x; ka¼fl ag ]2009%1 37½ Ý kal,o a dbz ;wjk ih ; n k ka ea ; g vf /kdkj cgq r foye c l iz ki r gq, tcfd Hkkjr e a ;g v f/ kdkj l afo/kk u yk xw d l kfk gh iz nku dj fn; k x; ka Hkkjrh ; l afo/ kku d Hkk x 15 d vu rxz r vuq PN n 326 Hkk jr d l elr ukxf jdka dk ftudh m ez 18 o kz ¼igy 2 1 o kz Fkk½ gk x ;h gs p kg a og fdl h tkf r] /kez ] f ya x rfkk l E iz nk ; d D ;k a u g ka erkf /kdk j dk iz ; k x dj l d r gs A Hkkjrh ; l afo /kk u ea e fgyk l kfdrd j.k g rq dq N laos /kk fud iz ko /kk u,oa fo k k d kuw u l e;&l e; ij v ko ;drkuq l kj cuk, x, gs A Hk kjr h; l afo /kk u fuekz.kdù kk vk a u ys af xd v l ekurk vks j Hk nhkko l cpko grq Hkk jrh ; l af o/k k u ea dq N vuq PN n ka d k l ekfgr fd;k gs tk bl iz d kj fue u fyf[ kr gs & a a a q a a a a a q a a q a vuq PN n 14& dkuwu h l ek urk dk vf /kd kj iz nku dju ka vuq PN n 15& vu ; olrq v ka d l kfk&l kf k fy ax d vk /k kj i j Hk nhkko ] ghu rk] fo k k r;k l kekftd l eku rk d v U rxz r jkt ;k dk efgyk vk d fy, fo k k iz kfo/ kku cuku dk vf/ kdkj iz nku fd ;k x ;k gs A vuq PN n 16& vk ff kz d l ek urk d vu r xz r jkt xkj d h vol j ka dh l e k urk iz nk u dju ka jkt; } kjk L= h iq : kk d L oklf ;,oa k fd r dk l jf{kr j[k u d f y, v iuh l koz tfud u hfr ¼vuq PN n 39 bz 0 r Fkk,Q ½ vuq PN n 42 & dk ;Z dh e k uoh; n kk,a rf kk efgyk vk d f y, ek r` Ro jkg ra vuq PN n 44 & l eku uk xf j d l afgrka vuq PN n ¼51,& bz ½ efg ykvk d l E eku d fo ijh r iz Fkk vk d k R ;k xu k iz R ;d ukx fjdk dk Hkwyew r drz O ;A efgyk vk d fo:) vijk /kk a] fg al k vks j HknHkko d eke yka dh l uo kbz d fy, efgyk iq fyl dfez ;k vks j efgy k vf/ kdkf j ;ka dh fu ;fq D r d iz ko/k ku fd; x, gs r kfd ngt d dkj.k eks rk a] l l jky d h iz rkm+uk ; ks u& vi jk/ k] jk tx k j ea HknHkk o d ekeyk ij kh?kz,oa l g kuq Hkwf rioz d dk ;Z okgh d h tk l da D; ka fd a a a a a q a q a a a efgyk vk dh uh fr f uekz.k vks j kkl u iz fø ;k e l fe efyr dju d fy, 64oa l afo/ kku l a kk / ku vf/ kfu ;e,oa iap k; rk e L Fkku 33 iz f r k r dju d fy, ia pk ;rh jkt v f/ kfu ;e 1993 vfl rro ea vk x; k gs A bl d vf rfj Dr l jdk j }k jk e fgyk l kfdrd j.k d f y, Hkk jrh ; ef gyk vka dh flf kfr e l /kkj mudk L okoye c h c uk u d f y, iq j ku vf /k fu ;ek ea l a kk / ku r Fkk u; vf /k fu ; e ikfj r fd ; x; ts l & 1- fgu nw fo okg vf /kf u;e ] eq flye fo okg vf /kf u;e ] iz l wfr l fo/kk vf /k fu; e] l eku oru vf /kf u;e ] 1976 e efgy kvk vks j iq : kka dk,d ts l d ke d fy, l ek u Hkq xrku dh O ;olf kk dh xbz gs A 5- ngt f u k /k v f/ kfu ;e ] vus frdr k fu okj. k v f/k fu ;e] efgyk vk d vhk nz iz n kz u f uokj. k v f/ kfu ;e ] l rh fu okjd v f/k fu ;e] bl d vu rxz r l rh iz Fkk dk xks jo kfu or dj u okyk d fy, 01 l 07 o kz dh l tk dk iz ko /kk u fd;k x ;k gs A 9-?kjyw f gal k l c pko d fy,? kj yw fgal k fuok jd vf /k fu ;e] os /kkf ud mik ;k a d v frf jd r Hkkj r e a vud efgyk dy ;k. kdkj h dk ;Z Øe pyk ; x ; gas A fo xr dq N n kdk a l e fgy kvk a d dy ;k.k d fy, l jd kj } kjk my y[ku h; d ne m Bk, x; gs a tk l jk guh ; gas A vll h d n kd ea ef gykv ka d fo dkl,oa ucc d n kd e a l q j{kk] nk f;ro,oa l kf Dr dj.k d fy, Økaf rdkj h ifjorz u fd ; x,a Hkkj r dh l jdkj Lora= rk iz k fir d ckn l gh efgyk l kf Drd j.k d fy, iz frc) jgh gs ] bl d fy, l jdkj }k jk l e;&l e; ij ef gyk vka d l kekftd] jkt uhf rd] vkf FkZ d fodkl d fy, dk uwuk a dk fuekz.k fd ;k x;k gs A Hkkjr l jdk j u e fgy k l kf Drdj. k dh f n kk ea l cl iz eq [k iz ;kl o kz 2001 dk efgy k l kfd rdj.k?kkf kr fd ;ka ftl d r gr igy h ckj j k Vªh ; l kfdrd j.k u hfr dh? kk k.k k dh xbz A bl d iwoz l u 1985 ea Hkk jr l jdk j d ekuo l al k /ku fod kl ea= ky; d v/ khu efg yk, oa ck y fod kl foh kkx dk 62 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:59-66

65 xbu fd ;k x ;k F kk tk efg ykvk a cpp ka d fodkl dh n[k j[ k d fy, u kmy,ta l h d :i e a dk ;Z djrk gs A ;g fohkk x vi u nk f;ro ka dk fu oz gu rhu L ok;= l axbuk a ¼1½ jk V ªh ; l ekt dy ;k.k ckmz ¼2½ du nz h; l ekt dy ;k.k ck MZ ¼3½ jk Vªh; efgy k dk k rfkk,d l aos /kkf ud l alf kk j k Vªh ; e f gyk v k; k x d e k/ ;e l djrk gs A Hkkjr ea efgy k l k fd rdj.k dh f n k k e a,d vfhkuo iz ; kl fgu nw mrrjk f /kdkj l a k k /ku vf /k fu ;e 2005 ikf jr djd fd ;k x; k A?kjyw mr i hm+u l l q j{kk l aca/k h v f/ kfu ;e d k jk Vª i fr dh Lo hd` fr fl re cj 2005 ea fey xbz A bl d l kfk l afo /kk u d vuq PN n 40 ea f n; x, fu nz kk a d v uq ikyu e a l al n }k jk 73o ka,oa 74oka l af o/k ku l a kk / ku 1992 ikfjr fd;k x; ka bl d rgr xz ke ia pk ;rk a rfkk ux j ikf ydkv ka e a Øe k% vuq PN n 243 ¼? k½ }k jk v kjf{ kr rfk k vuk jf{kr dk;z o xz dh efgy kvk a g rq 33iz fr k r vkj{k.k d h O ;olf kk dh x; h gs A jk Vªi fr u 4 tw u 2009 dk l al n e a vi u Hkk k.k e dg k F kk fd o xz ] tkfr vks j fya x d vk /kk j ij vud iz dkj dh otz ukv ka l ihfm+ r efgy kvk a dk iapk ;r e a 50 iz fr kr v kj {k.k d Q S l y l vf/ kd efgyk vk a dk l koz tfud {k = ea iz o k dk vol j iz kir gk xka rnk uq l kj eaf= eamy u 27 vxl r 2009 dk l afo/k ku dh /k kjk 243?k dk l a kkf /kr dju dk iz Lrko dk vuq ekn u dj fn ;k rk fd iapk ;r d rh uka L rj d l hvk vks j v /;{ k d 50 iz fr kr in efg ykv ka d f y, vkjf{ kr fd; tk l daa iapk ;rh jkt ea= h 26 uoe cj 2009 dk yk dl Hkk ea l af o/k k u ¼110oka ½ l a kk /k u fo /k ;d i k fd ;ka iapk ;r h jkt O ;ol Fkk d pyr ukjh l kfdrd j.k dk Hk h vr ;k f/ k d cy fn; k gs vks j ml h d pyr fl= ;k a dh j pukr e d Hkh c<+h gs A vkt xz keh.k efgyk Hk h l elr dk uwuk a dk tkuu y xh gs A og vi u vf/ kdkj ka dk tk urh gs vks j ml d fy, ym+u dk Hkh rr ij gs l kfk g h og vi u vf/ kdkj ka dk c[kwc h fuo gz u dj jgh gs ef gykv ka d l k fdrd j.k dh f n kk e a,d dne vkx c<+r gq, Hkkjr l jdkj u 27 v xlr ] 2009 dk,f rgk fl d igy djr gq, iapk ;r ka e e fgy kvk a dk vkj{k. k 33 Q hl nh l c< +k dj 50 Q hl nh dju dk iz Lrko dk eatwj h n nha f c gkj] e/ ; iz n k] jktlf kku ] frok jh% e fgyk l kf Drdj. k dk Lo:i fgek py iz n k v ks j mrrj k[k.m ea efgy kvk a dk 50 iz fr kr vkj{ k.k dh O ;ol Fkk igy l g h yk xw gs A a a a a a a a l afo/k ku d 73o l a kk /ku mi jku r vuq PN n 243 ¼?k½ ¼1½ d vu rxz r ;g iz ko/k ku fd ;k x; k gs fd iz R ;d ia pk ;r ea vu wl wf pr tkfr ;k v ks j vuq l wfp r tutkfr ;k d fy, L Fkk u v kjf{k r jg ax A,l vkj f{kr LFkku ka d h l a[ ;k ;Fk kl k/ ; ml h vuq ik r ea gk xh tk fd ml iap k;r e iz R ;{k fu okz pu l Hkj x;a LF kku k dk vuq ikr gs vks j ml dk f u/kkz j. k ml {k= dh ml dh tul a[ ;k d vk/ kkj ij fd ;k t k, xka, l L Fkk uka dk iz R ;d iap k; r ea pø kuq Øe l voafvr fd; k tk, xka [k.m ¼1½ d v/ khu vk jf{kr LFk kuk e l,d f rgk bz LFkku v uq l wfpr tkf r; ka,oa tutkf r; ka d h f L= ;k d fy, vkj f{kr jga xa bl [k. M d v /k hu vkj f{kr ink dk fofhku u ia pk ;r ka ea pøkuq Øe l vkoafv r fd, tku dk iz ko/k ku gs A iz frcu /k ;g gs fd jkt ; e a vuq l wfpr t kfr ;k a] vuq l wfpr tut kfr ;k a vks j fi N M+ oxkz d fy, vk jf{k r iz /kku ka d ink a dh l a[ ;k dk vuq ikr iz /kk uka d dq y l a[ ;k l ; Fkk kd ; o gh gk x k] t k jkt ; d h v uq l wfpr tkfr ;ka dh ;k jk T; dh v uq l wfpr tutk fr ;k a dh ;k jkt; d fin M+ o xk Z dh tu l a[ ;k dk vuq ik r jkt ; dh dq y l a[ ;k l gs A ;g Hk h iz k o/kk u gs fd l ke ku ; l hvk a ij v uq l wfpr tk fr; ka ] vuq l wfpr tutk fr ;ka ] fin M oxkz d O ;f Dr ;k a v ks j efg ykvk a dk pq uk o ym+ u l jkdk ugha t k l d xk] yfd u vkjf{ kr l hv ij l aca f/ kr oxz gh pq uko ym + l drk gs A l Hkh iapk r;k a e a fin M+h t kfr ] vuq l wf pr tkf r] vuq l wfpr tut kfr dk v kj{k.k n u d l kfk gh efgyk vk a dk,d frgk bz l hv ka i j vy x l vk j{k.k dh O ;olf kk dh xbz A ef gykv ka d fy, vkj f{kr l h V ij iq : k pq uko ugh a ym+ l dx k A yfdu l keku ; l hv ij efgyk,a pq u ko ym+ l dr h gs A l Hkh l alfkk vk a d v/ ;{k in d chp Hkh vkj{k. k dk iz ko/k ku gs rhuk a Lrjka ij v/ ;{kk a d,d frgk bz in efg ykv ka d fy, vkj f{kr g ka xa ia pk ;r h jkt l alfkk vk a ea efg ykv ka d k 33 iz fr kr v ks j vc 50 iz fr kr vkj{k.k n u l o jktuh frd :i l l k Dr gq bz gs A vc o u fl Q Z viu vf/ kdkj ka d iz fr tkx:d gq bz gs cfy d l ekt d fgr ea m fp r Q S l y Hkh y jg h gs A o kz 2006 e a 50 Q hl nh vkj{k. k n u d k dk ;Z fc gkj Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

66 frok jh% e fgyk l kf Drdj. k dk Lo:i l pydj jktl Fkk u] fge k py iz n k] mrr jk[k.m Hkh igq ap pq dk gs A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a + a 01- ;g l gh gs fd efgy k,a vi u iz frfu f/ kro dk l afo/k ku ea f u/ kkz fjr U ; wure 33-3 iz fr kr l vf /kd dju e l {ke ugh gs A dukz V d ea 45 iz fr kr fuokz f pr in efgyk vk d ikl gs A vks j mrrj iz n k e 45 iz fr kr ftyk i apk ;r d h v/ ;{k ef gyk, gs A ml h iz dkj rfey ukmq ea Hkh xz ke iapk ;r ka d v / ;{kk dh 36 iz fr kr l h Va e fgy kvk d i k l gs A 02- iapk ;r jkt l al Fkk vk d ek / ;e l c M+h l a[ ;k ea l ek ftd mn~ n ;k dk c<+ko k n u ea jkt ;k dk efgyk l kf Drdj.k d eq n~ nka d iz fr t kx:d fd ;k tk l drk gs A rk fd,l h uhfr ;k vi uku ea vk, ifj.k kek ea iap k; rh jkt ea efgykv ka dh Hkwf edk e deh u v k tk,a 03- l afo/k ku e ef gykv ka d fy, vkj f{kr l hvk d jkv ku d k iz ko /kk u rk gs iju rq bl ea bl ck r dk my y[k u gha gs fd jk V k u l igy l h V fdr u dk;z dky rd vk jf{kr j[ kk tk,a l hvka dk,d dk;z dky v Fkok nk dk ;Z dk y vfko k jkt ; fo /k kf ;dk }kjk j kt ; fo f/k ea fd; x ; iz ko /kk uka d vk /k kj ij vf/ kd dk;z dky d fy, vk jf{kr j[k k tk l drk gs A fofhku u jkt ;k ea vy x& v y x jhf r; k viu kbz tk jgh gs A vks j vud j kt ;ka ea vy x& vy x uh fr ;k fop kjk /kh u gs A bl dkj. k l ] l hvk dk,d dk ;Z dky l vf /kd d fy, vk jf{k r dju d k fody i gs iju rq ;g jkt ; fo/ kkf ;dk dk r ; djuk gs fd l hv fdru dk;z dky rd vkj f{kr j[kh tk,aa 04- iapk ;r ka ea vk j{k.k d ek /; e l e fgyk vk dk l kfdrd j.k d k i gyk vko ;d dn e gs i ju rq bl grq vu ; dbz mik ; fd, t k u vk o ;d gs ts l & (i) iapk ;r h jkt l alfk kvk d ctv ea efgy k?kvd ; ktu kvk dk iz k o/k kua (ii) Lo;a l gk ;r k l ewgk ¼,l -,p-th ½ d l kf k l E idz A (iii) i;kz Ir iz f k{k. k vks j { kerk fo dkl A (iv) jktuh frd nyk dk e fgyk me ehnok j [km dju d fy, iz krl kfgr dju ka (v) tc efgyk, iapk ;r h jkt iz.kkyh ea in ij fuokz f pr gk tk, rk bl d fy, dk;z dky iwj k dju dk vol ja a a (vi) xz ke l Hkkv ka vks j o kmz l Hkkvka ¼ vfk ok l ed{k mi xz ke l Hkk e ap½ ea m B kbz tk jg h ef gyk vka dh l el;kv ka v ks j iz kfkfed rkv ka ij fopk j d fy, ef gyk l Hkk,a vks ja (vii) xz ke l Hkk vks j mixz ke l Hk k eap ij efgy k Hkkxh nkj h d f y, vy x d kj ea (viii) U ;k;k y; ea iz ko /kk uka d mi ;q Dr cpko vks j l E c) eq n~ nka ij fof /k l E er Li Vhdj. kk dh eka x djr gq, iap k;r h jkt iz.kkyh ea v / ;{k dk in vk jf{k r j[k tku dk U ;k; ky ; ea pq uks rh nh xbz gs A iapk ;r ea ef gykv ka dk 33 iz fr kr vks j fq j 50 Q hl nh vkj{k. k f eyu d ckn vc l al n ea Hkh 33 Q hl nh vkj{k. k gk u tk j gk gs A D;k afd ia pk ;r e a ftl rjg l efg ykv ka d h H kkx hnkj h c< +h ml h rj g l l al n ea Hk h mudh Hkk xhn kjh c<+k u d h dk f k k d h tk jgh gs A bl rjg n[k rk v xj i ap k;r l ;g kq :vkr u gq bz rk ;g d ne l al n r d igq ap i k, xk] ;g d guk eq efdu ugh a Fk ka okl ro ea f o o Lrj ij ef gyk vka d h 33 Q hl nh l al nh ; Hk kx hnk jh dh vo /kk j.kk 1995 e a l a;q Dr jk Vª dh ohft ax ea gq bz pks F kh fo o ef gyk dkaý l l vk ;ha bl e a dg k x ;k gs fd ykd rka f= d l alfkk vka ea l de l de 3 3 Q hl nh e fgyk Hkk xhn kjh gku h pk fg,a eu ekg u fl ag dh l jdkj u 6 e bz 2008 dk 108 l afo/ kku l a k k /ku f cy ykd l Hkk d ctk; jkt;l Hkk ea i k fd; ka vu rjkz Vªh ; L rj i j e fgy kvk a dh n kk l q / kkju d fy, l u~ 2001 ea dbz o kn fd ; x; ] bl o kz dk efgyk k fdr o kz d :i e a?kk f kr fd; k x; ka ek uo nq O ;Z Okgkj rf kk o ; ko` fù k d n eu d fy,,d v fhkl e; 2 fnl E cj dk l a;q Dr jk Vª }kjk va xhdk j fd ;k x; ka Hkkjr dk l afo /k ku v uq PN n 23¼1½ d vu rxz r ekuo dk nq O ;kz ik j dk fo k / k djrk gs A bl ea efgy kvk a dk Ø;& f oø; H kh kkfe y gs A¼, vkj vkbz 19 62% 53 ½ fdu rq vkt Hk h ef gyk vka d k [kjh n& Q jk[r tkjh gs,d rktk vuq l a k k d vuq l k j ^ ^ gfj ;k.k k d eok r ft y ea > kj[k.m l er dbz jkt ; ka l ym+ fd; ka dh rldj h tkjh gs A¼v kmv yq d]2009% 33½ bl iz dkj efgy kvk a d f o:) gku oky vijk /k dh r F; ijd tkud kjh jk V ªh ; vij k/ k fjdk MZ O ;wjk a ubz fny yh d iz dk ku ] ^ Økbe bu bf.m;k* }k jk 64 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:59-66

67 frok jh% e fgyk l kf Drdj. k dk Lo:i iz kir fd ; tk l dr gs A d vkdm +k d v uq l kj efgyk vk a d fo:) g ku oky vij k/k iz fro kz 3-3 iz fr kr c<+ j g gs A du nz l jdkj d h ^ ef gyk vka d fo:) vi jk/ k ij iz Lrq r dh xbz,d f j ikvz d v uq l kj Hkkjr e a iz R ;d 54 e huv ea,d ef g yk dk c ykr dkj gk rk gs A bl iz dkj l fn; ka l?kk j ; k ruk v ks j l a= kl > yu d ckotwn efg yk,a orz eku os f od ifj n` ; ea H kh viuh egroiw.kz mi flfk fr ntz djk jgh gs A l kekftd] jktuh frd] vkf FkZ d] os K kf u d,oa rdf udh d l k Fk ks f{kd {k= e a Hkh viu h ij p e ygjk jgh gs A vkt tc i wj fo o ea efgy k vka d k iz o k l Hkh {k= ka ea gk jgk gs A?kj l l al n rd] ikf jok fjd nkf ;Ro l vfkkz r~ & x` g dk;z l jktxk j rd ifjok j l l jdkj rd] xk ao l kgj rda ; ef gyk, a ;ks u& vi jk /k d ck otwn viuk drz O ;, oa nkf ;Ro bz ekunkj h l fuhkk u e a iq : k l dgh vk x gs A Li V gs fd ef gyk l kf Drdj. k dh fn kk e a l cl cm+ k jk Mk efgyk vk a ea f k{kk v ks j tkx :drk dh deh gh gs A ; fn efgyk vk a dk f kf{ kr cuk fn ;k tk, rk o v iu l kekftd o j ktuh frd v f/ k dkjka d iz fr tk x:d g k tk,xha viu k ifk xz g.k l ack/ ku e J herh iz frhkk noh i kfv y u d gk F kk fd ^ ^ es f k{kk d iz f r iwj h rj g l iz frc) gw vks j pkg rh gw fd dkbz Hkh O ;f Dr pkg a og L= h gk ;k iq : k] y M+ dk gk ; k ym+d h v k/ kq fud f k{kk l oaf pr u jg aa ej fy, e fgyk vk a dk l kfdrd j.k f o k k :i l egroiw.kz gs D ;k afd es a l e> rh gw fd bl l jk Vª dk l kdr c uku e a en~ n fey xha¼f= i kbh ]2008% 198½ efgyk l kf Drdj. k dh l a dy iuk vk fn dk y l jgh gs A,d f opk j/ kkjk d :i ea bl dk voyk du djuk rfk k tu l e kt e a tu vku n kyu d : i e a bl dk fol rkj u; k gs A v kt ;g fo k ; j k Vªh ; g h ug ha cfy d l e&l kef;d vu rjkz Vªh; fo k ; cu x ;k gs A ukjh vkt fo k k l ewg d : i ea vu rkz jk Vª h; Lrj i j viuh fo f k V ig pku l ek t d iz R ; d {k = ea cu k j[kh gs A pkga o g fo k; l ek ftd] jktu hfrd ] vk ffkz d] /kk fez d] ikf jokf jd ;k vu rkjkz Vªh ; Lrj ka ij cu l axbuk a d h g h D; ka u gkaa vkt iq u% ek uo l H ; rk, oa l ald` fr d fod kl d fy, ; g egl wl fd; k tk jg k g S fd efgy k l kf Drdj.k d k LFk kfi r dju d f y, l jdkjh xs j l jdk jh vks j O ;f Drd L rjk a i j ok Lrfod l ady i vks j iz ;kl fd; tku dh vko ;d rk gs A efgyk l kf Drdj.k dk v FkZ mu g a v kf FkZ d :i l LokoyE ch ] vkr efo okl h d l kfk&l k Fk viuh l djkr ed l kp d }k jk v i uh vf Lerk dk c uk ; j[k aa rkfd og f o k; i fjfl Fk fr; ka ea Hkh iz frli /kkz d fy, l {ke l kfcr gkl l da,oa fodkl dk ;k Z ea viuh l ghkkfx rk dk,l k iz fr fu f/ kro dk ifj p; n ftl l Li V gk l da fd iq : k,oa efgyk e a dkbz fohknd j[kk ugha gs A,d l k Dr efgyk dk fu.kz ; y u dh iz fø;k e a l kdr :i l f gll k yuk pk fg,a bl d fy, vk o ;d gs fd ys a fx d HknHkko,o a ghu rk dk l ekir fd ;k tk,a a a a a q a bl iz dkj efg ykv ka d h xfj ek v ks j m ud vflrro vks j mud v flrr o dk cuk ; j[kuk vkt l cl cm+h pq uks rh gs l jdkj }kjk e fgyk vk d l kfdrd j.k dk yd j fofh ku u dy ;k.kdkj h ;kt uk,a cuku vks j l fo/ kku e mu ga ;Fk V l aj{k. k iz nku d ju d ckotw n vkt Hkh u kjh d k kk k. k Lrj ij g k j gk gs A bl dk l cl egroiw.kz dkj. k iq : k dh ekufl d L rj,oa euk o` fù k ea vki f{kd c nyko u vku k gs A iq : k efgyk vk d v i{kk eku fl d :i l nq cz y gkr k gs A ;g ckr, ky h ekw. V x~ e viuh d` fr ^ ^ n u pq jy l ihfj;k Wfj Vh vkwq f oeu** ea fy[k h gs ^ ^ fl= ; ka viuh H kkou kvk dk o dke dju nrh gs ft ud fy, o cuh gs ] v ks j bl f y, e kufl d :i l iq : kka d h vi{k k vf/ kd LoL F; jgr h gs aa a vu rr% tc rd e fgyk dk l ekt d iz R ; d {k= kka ea dk ;kz dk J ; ugh fey xk,oa fu.kz ; y u d k vf/ kdkj dk okl rfod k fd r ugha fey x h rc rd efgyk l k fd rdj.k d y{; dk iz kir u gha fd ;k tk l drk gs A lan HkZ euq Le` f r* 3&56&57 _ Xon & 10@159@2 J h nq xkz li r k rh ] xh rk izl ] xk j[k i q j v xlr 2010] l ek uqh kwf r* v Urjk Z Vªh ; k k /k if =dk * v yk i hc k x] b yk gk ck n] f p=dq V g al ] lw;z no % mi U;k l dk j prq jlu d uk jh ik = k ek Z ] xtk uu% iz k ph u H kk jrh ; lk fg R ; ea uk jh ] Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

68 frok jh% e fgyk l kf Drdj. k dk Lo:i ;k no ] o h junz f lag ¼2010½% 21oh a l nh dk ef g yk l k f Drdj.k % f efk d, oa ;F k k Fk Z v kexk i f Cyd k Ul ] f ny yh f ro k jh ] v k0i h 0 % H k k jrh ; uk jh % o rz ek u l el;k, a, oa H k ko h l ek /k k u o ek Z ] o h 0i h0¼2008½ % v k /kq f ud Hk k jrh ; jk t uh f rd f puru y{eh ujk ;.k v xz ok y v o LFk h ], 0ih 0¼2009½ % Hk k jrh ; jk t uh f rd f o pk jd y{eh ujk ;.k v xz ok y] v Ulk jh ], 0, e0 % ef g yk v ks j ek uo kf /k dk j T;kf r i z dk k u t ;i q j dq ek j] Ek uh k % ^^efg yk l k f Drdj.k n k k, oa f n k k ** e/k q j c q Dl ] f ny yh f lag ]f u kkar ¼2009½%H kk jrh ; ef gyk,a, d l ek ft d v /;;u v kexk i f Cyd k Ul ] f ny yh ] v DVwc j] 2010 dq : {k=] i ` 0&01 Z Z z, 0v k j0v kb ce cb jk t c g k nq j c uk e yh xy jee c Salj, 0v kb 0vk j] 1953 d yd Ùkk 522] o k lq no c uk e f erry v i zs y] 2009 v k mvyq d ] i `0&33 f =i k Bh ] e/kq lwnu ¼2008½% ef g yk f o dk l, d ewy ;k ad u] v kexk i f Cyd k Ul ] f ny yh ] xz h ;j] t ez u ¼2005½ % cf /k ;k L=h *] jk t d ey i zdk k u] ub Z f ny yh 66 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:59-66

69 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:67-72 ISSN : e fgy k l k fdr dj.k d cn yr vk;ke % iap k;rka ea ef gy kv ka dh Hkwf edk me k k ad j f=ikb h 1 1 v f llvav i z k Qlj] jk t uh f r kk L= f o Hk k x]oq ) Luk rdkr rj] dq khuxj] m0i z 0]H kk jr ABSTRACT e fg yk bz oj dh vuq ie d` fr vks j iq : k iz e dh l ghkk fx uh gk dj uot ho u d k l ` tu d jr h gs ] f tl dk ek uo l ` tu ea g h u gh a oju~ l ekt, oa jk Vª fue kkz.k e a Hkh e groi w.kz LF kk u gs A n k dh v k /kh vkc knh e fgy kv ka d h gs ] ; fn og l c y g kx h a r k v k /k h nq fu ;k v o ; gh i fj of rz r g kx h a fdl h H kh fo dfl r l ekt d f ue kz.k ea L = h,o a iq : k nk uk dh l ghk kf xr k v fuo k ;Z gs A ftl iz dk j fdl h H kh i fjo kj d h [ kq k gky h,oa r j Ddh v ks j l q [k kkfu r i fr ir u h d v kil h l w> & c w> l g ;k x v ks j {k er kvk a i j f uhkz j djr h gs ] ml h iz dk j fdl h Hkh j k V ª dh l e` f} v ks j ml dk f od kl u kj h kf Dr dh H kkx h nkj h vks j l g ;kx i j v k/k fj r gs A Hkk jr h; l ekt dh v kj fe Hkd l aj p uk e a f L= ; ka d h H kwf edk vi{ kkd` r c jk cj d h fn[ kkbz n rh gs ] e uq Le` fr d gk x; k gs fd ** ;= uk ;Z Lrq i wt ;U r j eu r r= no r k%** vf kkz r tg ka u kj h d h i wtk d h t krh gs o gka n o r k fuo kl dj r g S A e fgy kv ka d h fl Fk fr l ek t ea f tru h e groiw. kz l q}` < +, oa l E ek utu d gk r h gs ]m r uk gh l e kt mu ur l e` } o etc wr gkr k gs aaa KEYWORDS: e fgy k] e f gyk l kf Drd j.k] ia pk; rh j kt] efgy k l kf Drdj.k d fofhku u vk ;kek a i j ifj ppkz v ka dk nks j vkt Hkh l oz = tkjh gs A tk egroiw.kz l edk yhu foe kz v ks j vku n kyu dk fo k ; gs A bud cgq r l egro iw.kz vk;ke ka e a l,d gs ] jktuh frd vk ;ke l a[ ;k d h n` f V l n[ kk t k, r k efgyk,a l E iw.kz ek uo tk fr dk vk /kk fgll k gs ] v ks j iapk ;r ka e a mud k vk j{k.k ekax u dk b frg kl dkq h iq jkuk gs A l u~ 1920 ea x ka/k h th u dgk F kk fd vktkn h vks j iz tkru = rc rd v/kq j gs ] tc rd l ekt d fin M+ rcd dk vf/ kdkj ug ha fey tkrka l afo/k ku d vuq PN n 14 d vu rxz r efg ykv ka dk jktuh frd] vk ff kz d] l kek ft d {k= e a f of /k d l e{k l eku vol j nr gq, v uq PN n 15 e a dgk x ;k fd fyax d v k/k kj i j efg ykv ka d l kfk fdl h Hkh iz dkj dk HknHkko ug ha fd ;k tk; xka olrq r% l ekt Hkh d fdl h Hkh Hk kx d h k fd r dk vkadyu bl ck r l fd ;k tk l drk gs fd m udh jktuh frd fu.kz ; f uekz.k iz fø;k ea fdru h l ghk kf xrk gs ; fn olrq f LFk fr n[k rk ef gyk vka d k j ktuh frd l Rrk iz fr Bku e a l eq fp r iz frfu f/kro ugh a fe y ik ;k l a l n ea e fgyk vk a dk 1@3 iz frfu f/kro n u o kyk f o/k ;d ckj& ckj iz Lrq rhd j.k dh iz fø;k rd gh l hfe r j g tkrk gs A tc rd jktuh frd fu.kz ; f uekz.k iz fø;k ea efg ykv ka dh l eq fpr Hkk xhn kjh l q fuf pr ugha gk tkrh rc rd 1 : Correponding Author efgyk l kf Drd j.k l E Hko ugha gk l dx ka bl h ifjiz { ; ea 73 oa l a k k /ku } kjk iapk ;rh jkt dh L Fkk iuk ml egroiw.kz f{k frt dk mn~?kkv u djrk gs ] ftl l,d rjq r`.kewy Lrj i j efgykv ka dk j ktuh frd iz frfu f/kro l q fuf pr gk rk gs ] r k nwl jh rjq ykd ru = dk l q n` <+hdj.k g krk gs A¼fl ag] 2012%97½ Lokeh foo dkuu n u mf pr gh d gk Fkk fd **t c rd e fgy kvk a d h f LFk fr ea l q /kkj u gha gk x k rc rd fo o dk dy ;k. k ugh a gk l drk fdl h Hk h i{kh dk,d ia[k l mm+u k l E Hko u gh a gs A¼;ktu k]20 14½ vr% ia pk ; rka dh uoh u O ; olf kk u mudk m M+u d fy, nwl jk ia[k iz nku djr gq, i gyh ckj ef gykv ka d fy, b u l alfkkv ka e a,d f rgkbz vkj{k. k dk iz ko/ kku fd ;k x;k gs A ftl l vk /kh vkck nh dk vf /kdkj n u l E cu /kh eks u Øk fu r dk l w= ikr gq vka D ; k gs e fg yk l kf Drd j.k l kfd rdj.k,d cgq v k ;keh /k kj.k gs ] v ks j bl dk l E cu /k yk xk a dh l k ekftd m iyfc /k ;ka vk ffkz d vks j j ktuh frd l ghk kf xrk l tq M+k gk rk gs A ef gyk l kfdrd j.k dh dk bz l koz HkkS fed ifjhkk kk ug h gs fofhku u v/ ;; uk a y{ ;ka v ks j {k= d vk /kk j i j l kfdrd j.k dk if jhkkf kr fd ;k x ;k gs A l oz iz Fke du ;k dh jkt/ kku h us jkc h ea 1885 ea vu rjkz Vª h; ef gyk

70 f= ikbh% efg yk l k fdrd j.k d cnyr v k;k e % ia pk ;rk a ea ef gykv ka d h Hkwf edk l E eyu ea ef gyk l k fdr dj.k dk i fjhkk f kr fd ;k x; k bl dk r kr i;z gs **ef g ykvk a dk iq : kka d cjk cj os /kkf ud] jktuh frd kkj hfj d] eku fl d] l kek ftd,o a vkff kz d {k= ea mud i fjok j l eq nk; l ekt,oa jk Vª dh l kald` frd i` BHkwfe ea f u.kz ; yu dh Lo k; rrk gs A efgyk vk a dk mudh {ker k mudh LorU = rk,oa eq fd r dk ck /k djk r gq, br uk l kdr cu k n uk fd o O ;fd rx r,oa l kekftd n ku k Lrjk ij fu. kz ; yu dh iz fdz ;k ea l ghkkx h cu l d O ;kidr k ea bl dk vfhkiz k ; l Rrk iz fr Bku ka,oa t hou d l Hkh {k= k a e a ef gykv ka dh l k> nkjh l gs A l kfdrdj.k,d l r~ r iz fø;k gs ] ftl da fue u igy w gs A a a a a a a cnyko yk u dh {kerk ij l dkjkr ed fop kjk dk gku ka Lo;a d h {ker kvk d iw.kz fo dkl dk efg ykv ka dk vf/ kdkja O ;fd rx r,o l ke wfgd gk y krka e f u.kz ; y u d h {kerk v kuka Lo;a d iz frfu f/ kro o Lo ;a d l U nhkz ea fu.kz ; y u dk vf /kdk ja Lo;a d iz Hkk oka d k dhkh u l ekir gk u o kyk fod kl iz fø;k e v ko ;d :Ik l l fe efyr d juka Hkkjr l jd kj }kjk o kz 2001 d k e fgy k l kfdrd j.k d o kz d :Ik ea euku dk fu.kz ; yr gq, l kfk gh l kfk efg yk l kf Dr dj.k uhf r dh?kk k.k k dh x; ha 8ekpZ 2010 dk efg yk,oa cky fod kl eu = ky; dh vk j l j k Vªh ; e fgyk l kfd rdj.k fe k u dk kq HkkjE Hk fd; k x ;ka l kfk g h foxr o kz 2009 e a 110o a l afo/k kfud l a kk /k u dk ds fc uv u eatw jh n nh ftl d rgr e fgy kvk a d f y, i ap k ;rk a e a vkj{k. k 50 iz fr kr gk t k; xka bl l os /k kfu d l a kk /k u d l kfk gh fuokz f pr iz f rfu f/ k;k a dh l a[ ;k e a v f/kd l vf /kd o` f) gku dh l ahkkouk gs AQ yl o:ik ia pk; r pq uko e a efgyk vk a dh Hkk xhn kjh l q fu f p r :i l c<+ x h ;g dne efgy k l kf Drdj. k dh fn k k ea,d B kl igy gs ] vks j ftl d vpn ifj. kke gekj l k eu vk j g gs A I kap k ;r jkt dk vf kz iz kphu Hk kjr h; b frgkl d vud dky[ k.mk ea yk drk fu = d ewy ;k a ij vk/ kkf jr i apk ;r h jkt O ;olf kk dk Li V :Ik fo eku jgk gs A iap k; r dk ewy vfkz gs ] ik p yk xk dh l Hkk^ ^ iapk; rh jkt dh iz j.kk ije i jk xr ia p ije o j l gh feyh gs A iapk ;r cm+k gh iq j kuk ' kcn gs ] ml d l kfk çk phu rk dh f ebkl tq M+h gq bz gs A v kt ge ft l iap k;r 'kc n dk ç ;k x djr gs a ml iap k;r 'kcn dh O ;q R ifù k l ald` r Hkk"kk d 'kcn ia pk ;ru l gq bz gs ] f tl dk 'kkfcnd vf kz gs & xk o d y k xka } kjk pq u gq, ik p v knf e; ka dh l Hkk ;g 'kcn ml i) fr dk l w pd gs ftl d }kjk Hkk j d vl a[ ; xz ke yk d j kt ;ka dk ' kkl u pyr k FkkA¼ xka /kh% 77½ ik p ia p vfk kz r~ ije' oj i k pka ia p tc,d l kfk d kbz f u.kz ; n r Fk rk og ije 'oj d h vkokt ek uh tkrh FkhA Lo ru = rk d Ik p kr ia pk ;rk d iq uz xb u e a f o k k : fp yh x;h xk /kh th d i gy ij Hkk jr d l afo /k ku d v uq PN n 40 e a kkf ey fd ;k x; k A ; gk my y[k uh ; gs f d l afo/ kku d iz Fke iz k:ik ea bl dk k kfey ug h fd ;k x ;k FkkA¼tktZ ]2003%1 5½ 2 vdvw cj] bz - dk jkt LFkku d uk xks j fty e a rr dkyhu ç /kk uea= h ia 0 tokgj y ky u g: u f= &Lrjh ; ia pk ;rh jkt O ; olfkk dk n hi çt Tofy r fd;ka bl d c kn fofhku u jkt; ka }k jk bl fn kk e dne m Bk; x; l afo /kk u d 73oa l a kk /k u d vu rz xr bu g l aos / kkf ud :I k iz ki r gq vk vks j l al n rf kk fo /kk u l Hkkvka dh rj g bu g ykdru = dh rhl jh drkj d :Ik ea vi uk ;k x; k A ; fn i ap k ;rh jkt dk l Q y cuk uk gs ] rk ef gyk vka d h Hkwfedk dk udkj k ugh tk l drk ia0 u g: u dg k F kk ; fn turk e a t kx` fr is nk d juk gs rk ef gykv ka e a tk x` fr is nk djk,d ckj tc o vkk x c<+r h gs ]r k,d i fjok j vk x c< +rk gs A x k o vks j kgj vk x c<+r k gs ] rk l kjk n k vk x c <+r k gs A iapk ;r h jk t dh ;k tuk yk drkfu = d iz fdz ;k d ) k jk vf/ kdkf /kd f odu nz hdj.k d k iz ;R u gs ] ; g ;k tuk turk dk viu ekey ka e a iz ca/k d ju dh fte enk jh n u dh fn kk e a,d l kg fl d dne gs S A¼dq :{k= ]2014%18 ½ Hk kj r ea i ap k ;r h jk t iz.k kyh ea e fg yk vk a l l E c fu /kr iz k o/ kk u 73oka l afo /kk fud l a kk /k u Hkkj rh ; j ktuh fr vks j l aos / kkf ud fod kl ea ml egroi w.kz fou nq dk mn~?kkv u dj rk gs ] t gk l Hkkjrh ; jktus f rd O ; olfk k e,d u ; ;q x dh kq :vk r gk rh gs A efgy kvk a d fy,,d frgk bz vkj{k.k d iz ko/kk u l jkt us frd o l kekftd O ;ol Fkk e,d eks u dz fu r dk l w= ikr gq vk 68 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:67-72

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72 f= ikbh% efg yk l k fdrd j.k d cnyr v k;k e % ia pk ;rk a ea ef gykv ka d h Hkwf edk vkx c<u dk eks dk f ey jg k gs ] mud h dgh c krk a dk xk o dh p ks iky l ydj l al n d xfy; kjk a rd ea xahkh jrk l l q uk t k jgk gs A iapk ;r e a ef gyk d fy, vkj{k. k O ;ol Fkk d k iz ko/kk u l ef gyk l k fdrd j.k dk ek xz iz klr gq vk gs ] bl vkj{k. k O ;ol Fkk d dkj. k gh ef gyk, a vi u?k j d ckgj d ne j[ k dj j ktuh f r ea viu h Hkwf edk f uhkkr gq, {kerk,oa d ks ky d k if jp ; n jg h gs A k k /k i= d v/; ;u d nks j ku vud,l h tkx:d efg yk iz /kk u dk m nkgj.k l ke u vk ;k gs tgk i j e fgy k l jia pk a u iapk ;r ka d dke e a egroi w.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkbz gs A e / ; iz n k d fl gkv ft y d teq uk ryc xz ke dh l jiap J her h xhr k noh d vf kd o vuo jr iz ;kl ka d d kj.k gh ; g x k o u kk eq Dr d : Ik e a iz [ ;kr gk ik ;k gs A v ka/ kz iz n k dh xz ke iapk ;r dkyok dh l jiap Q kfrek ch u fod kl l axb u d ek/ ;e l x k o dk fodfl r o v kr efuhkz j cu k; ka x q tj kr d vk.kn a fty dh fl Lo k i apk ;r dh rlo hj dk t.mj l ekur k o l kekftd cnyk o d :Ik ea n[kk tk l drk gs A vkt iwj x q tj kr e 254,l h xz ke iap k; r gs tg k l ji ap fguy i Vy r Fkk l Hkh o kmz l nl; ij e fgyk,a fu foz jk /k pq udj vk ;h gs A l gk l jia p vks j l Hkh 11 okmz d l nl;k a d in ij 18 l 20 c kz dh ;q ofr ;k dk fct gs ftu g,d cm + l ke kftd c n yko,o a fel k y d rks j ij n[kk tk l dr k gs A g fj ; k.k k d ftyk egu nz x< + Cykd ukju ks y d,d x k o dh l jiap cl ar h no h xz keh.k f odkl dk;k Z dk c<k r gq, ym+fd; ka dk f f{k r dju dk iw.kz iz ;kl d j jgh gs A m r j iz n k clrh fty d xz ke v kek fvf up fodkl [k.m l Y Vkvk d v fr fin M+ xz ke iap k;r k e ekuk tkr k Fkk ] yfd u,d tkx:d ef gyk xz ke iz / kku Jherh l q eu fl g a d igy u ek= 2 o kk Z ea xz ke iapk ;r ij yx f in M+iu d nk x dk gv kdj fodfl r xz ke ia pk ;r dh J.kh ea ykdj [km+k d j fn ;k S S A orz eku l e; e a l kjh Hk ks fr d l q fo/kk xz keh.k ka dk fey jgh gs A x k j [kiq j fty ea 7 3o l aos /k kfud l a kk /ku d ckn l fuju rj ia pk ;r O ;olf kk dh kh kz LF k l alfkk ftyk ia pk ;r in ij ef gyk vka u vi uk o pz Lo dk;e fd;k gs A orz ek u ft yk iap k; r v / ;{k Jher h l k/kuk fl ga d fodkl dk; kz d iz f r tk x:d jgr gq, fty d fodkl d k;k Z dk xf r iz n ku d j j gh gs A dq k hu xj fty d Cykd gkvk x z ke v fg jks y h jktk iz /kku Jher h jh rk v xz oky f tu gku l M+d ukyh fuekz.k ] cktkj d k l q najhdj.k f u/ kz u ckfydk vk a dk fook g] Hk ou fuekz.k ]rky kc dk l q naj hdj. k] xz ke h.k l el ;kv ka d k l ek/kk u djr gq,,d tk x :d efgyk iz /kku d :i ea l keu vk ;h gs A bl d v ykok f ty e a v ud xz ke iapk ;r ka ea ef gyk l jia p gs ] tk viu ur` Ro o Hkkxh nkj h l iapk ;r in ij vkl hu gkdj tur k d fodkl dk ;Z dk c< +k j gh gs A ukjh vkt d cn yr i fj o k e a ftl rjg iq : k oxz d l kfk da /k l da/kk feyk d j iz xf r dh vkj v xz l j gk j gh gs ] og l ekt d fy, xoz,o a l jkguk dh c kr gs A vk t d n ks j dh efg yk, l kekftd] v kff kz d] /k kfez d] jktus frd gj Lrj ij iq :"k dk pq uks rh n r gq, viu v flrro d k,gl kl djk j gh gs aa ts l dg jg h gs a rq e ek uk ; k u ek uk es a gw A n[k yk vks j jgw x ha nk n'kd i gy L= h dk jktuh fr e a fu.k kz ;d cu u dk Fk km+k gd jktho x k /kh d tek u e a feyu k ' kq : gq vka os l L= h Lo Iu d k l E Hko cuku dk fo' okl bfu njk xk /k h v iu O ;f DrRo l jki pq dh Fkha ] y fdu m ud L oiu dk B kl vk /kk j fey k iapk ;r h jkt vf /k fu ;e d vu rxz r] ia pk ;r pq ukok a e a mu ga vkj{ k.k ndja fq j Hk h L= h f 'k{kk ] vtz u l E ifù k vf/ kdkj vks j çt uu v f/ kdkj ea Hk nhkko dk f'kd kj gs A e fgy kv ka d l e{k pq uks fr ;k orz eku l e; e a efgy k l kfdrdj.k,d O ;kid k k /k,o a l oz {k.k dk fo k ; gs A vu rj kz Vªh; efgyk o kz euk yu d ckn Hkh D;k e fgyk v iu vf/ kdkj ka d iz fr l t x gs \ oklrf odrk d / kjk ry ij n[kk tk ; rk orz ek u ifj n` ; ea efg ykvk a dh nk rlohj l k eu mhkj d j v krh gs A,d rjq o efg yk, a tk vkj{ k.k O ;o LFk k dk yk Hk mbkr gq, iap k;r ka e a viuh l k Dr l ghkkf xr k ntz djk jgh gs rk nwl jh rjq xz ke h.k {k = ka ea jg u o kyh e fgyk,a i jkoye c h o ijk/ khu dh Hkka fr jgu k vi uh fu; fr eku rh gs A fue u l el;k,a mud mu u fr d e kxz ea voj k /kd d : Ik e a [km+h fn[ kkbz n jgh gs tk f u E ukafdr gs & vk ku rk,o a v f k{ kk& xz keh.k {k= k dh ef gykv ka e a f k{kk dk v khkko gs ftl l o iz kkl f ud f u;e ka,oa 70 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:67-72

73 f= ikbh% efg yk l k fdrd j.k d cnyr v k;k e % ia pk ;rk a ea ef gykv ka d h Hkwf edk jktuh frd iz fdz ;kv ka l v ufh kk gk rh gs A bl fy, viu vf/ kdkj ka dk l e> ugh ikr h A i fj okf jd fu /kz u rk& fu/kz urk d dkj. k ef gyk vka dk ikfjo kj, oa cp pk a d ikyu ik k.k d f y, d` f k dk ;Z o etnwjh ij f uhkz j jguk im +rk gs ] bl fy, o iap k;r dh cs Bdka e a Hk kx ugh y ikr h vks j j ktuh fr l nwj jgu e viu h Hkyk bz l e> rh gs A t kx: drk d k vhk ko vf/kd rj,l k n[k k tkrk gs fd xz keh.k {k= k ea jgu o kyh e f gykv ka e a vf k{ kk d dkj. k tkx:dr k dk vhk ko n [kk tkrk gs A l ke kft d l aj p uk iq : k l rkr ed l ekt d dk j.k xz keh.k d h fl Fkf r nk ;e n tz dh gs ] dk bz efgy k ;fn ia pk ;r pq uko ea Hkk x y uk pkg rh gs rk l ekt d ykx k dk i w.kz l g;k x iz k Ir ugh gk rk ftl l iap k;r h jkt ea mud h okl rfod l gh kkf xrk ugh gk i krha i kf jok fjd l g; kx d h de h& viu ifj okj d l ez Fku l g;k x v fhkiz j. kk v kfn d h deh Hkh efg ykv ka d k grkkrl kfg r d jr gs vf /kd rj efg yk,a l kek ftd eku ;rk vka tur k l e y fey ki ij iz frca /k ] vl q jf{kr o fgl ad o krko j.k d d kj.k bu l a LFk kvk a dh v kj vkdf kz r u gh g k i krha u r` Ro d h {k erk dk vhkk o& iq : k l rkr ed l ekt ea efgyk ur` Ro dk Lohd kj dj ikuk vkl k u ug h gs ;gh dk j.k gs fd e fgy kv ka ea ur` Ro d xq.kk d k fodkl ug h gk ikr ka ys fx ad Hkn Hk ko & xz keh.k {k= ka ea iq : k l ekt dh /kk j.kk gs fd iq = ckgj tkdj dke dj ym+fd; k?kj d dke ts l pq Y gk& pks dk l ahkky d k dke d jaa ; Hkn& Hk ko efgyk vk a dh mu U fr d ek xz ea l cl cm+ h ck /kk gs A l wp u kv ka d k vhk ko ] efgyk l kfdrd j.k d f y, fd, x, l jdk jh iz ;kl,oa ks f{k d l wpuk vk a d vkhkk o d dkj.k xz keh. k {k= k dh efg yk,a vk x u gh c < ik rh A xz keh.k e fgy k l kf Drdj.k d fy, e fgy kvk a o iap k; rh j kt d l E eq [k mr iu u pq uks fr; ka d k l keu k dju d f y, j.k uhf r v iuku d h vko ; Drk gs A efgyk vk a d l kf Drdj. k d fy, mud ek xz e a v ku okyh d fbu kb ;ka dk fuj kdj.k dju k vko ;d gs bl grq dq N iz eq [k l q> ko fue u gs %& j ktu hf rd l fdz ; rk efgykvka dk jkt uhf rd {k = e a vf/ kd l vf /kd l ax fbr o tkx:d gk uk p kfg, o cm+h l a[ ;k ea jkt uhf rd nyka dh l nl; rk xz g.k dj iz Hkkoh cu ku dh fn kk e a v k x c <+ l drh gs A t u vfh k; ku fu.kz ; iz fdz ;k ea efgy kvk a,oa iq : kk dh l arq fyr Hkk xhn kjh d fy, vke jk ; cu ku a grq tu vfhk; ku pyk ;k t kuk pkf g, A j ktu hf rd f k{ kk& iapk; rk a ea e fgy k l nl ;ka dk jktuh frd :Ik l l q f k f{k r gku k vk o ;d gs ]; g jktuh frd f k{kk e a e fgyk vka d vf /kd kj k fd r;k a o dk;k Z rd fl fer u jgd j iapk ;rh j kt d egro o O ;olf kk] Hkkj rh; iz tkru =, oa ml d l afo /kk u d iz d` fr efgyk vk a r Fkk vu ; detk j ox kz d fod kl d fy, fu/ kz fjr f ufr ;k o dk ;Z dz eka rd folr` r gk uk p kfg,a efgyk vk a d fy, jktu hfr d f k{kk ;g Hkh gs fd o viu v kidk ok V n u d fy, l axfbr dj l d pq uko ea [km+h gk l d pq uko iz p k j dj iz R ;kf k ;k a l tckc ryc dj l da l g ;k x, oa, dr k d h Hk kou k efgyk iz fr fuf /k ;k a dk,df= r gkd j bu l alfkk vk a ea dke djuk p kfg,a bu g efgyk vk a l l caf /kr eq n~ nk ij erhk n Hkq ykd j dke djuk gk xka mu g ys fx xa Hkn Hkko]dU ; k Hkz w.k gr ;k?kj y w fgl ka,o a cky vf /kdk jk a l l E cfu /kr eq n~ nk ij,dtq Vrk dk iz nz ku dj uk pk fg,ae fgy kvk a dk l axfb r g kdj fo fhku U k Lrj ka ij viu u VodZ L Fkk fir dju pk fg, rkfd f u.kz ; fu ekz.k o fdz ;ku o ;u e a viu iz Hkko dk blr eky dj l da iz f k{ k.k,oa v f Hk uohd j.k& iapk ;r h jkt ea efgy kvk a dh iz Hkkoh l ghkk fx rk fof k V dq kyr k K ku,oa n` f Vdk.k dh eka x djrh gs A bl fy, O ;oflf kr iz f k{k. k,oa v fhkuo hdj.k d h v ko ;D rk gs ] rk fd ef gyk, a orz eku flf kfr ;k a dk cn yd j l al k/kuk a,oa l Rrk d iz ;k x ) kjk efgyk l kf Dr dj.k dk kh? kz rk l l E Hko cuk l da i ap k; rk a e tk x:d rk d fy, fo fhku U k iz f k{ k.k d U nz k d h H kwf edk& jktuhfrd ny k dk Hkh efgy k l ghkkf xr k dk c<+ kr gq, vf /kd l vf /k d LFkk u n uk pkf g,a l ap k j l k /k uk a f ef M; k, oa d h Hkwf ed k& doy e fgyk vkj{k. k g h e fgy k l k fdr dj.k d k l ahk o u gh cuk l drh efgy k iz fr fuf /k f k {kk l wpu k,o a K ku d Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

74 f= ikbh% efg yk l k fdrd j.k d cnyr v k;k e % ia pk ;rk a ea ef gykv ka d h Hkwf edk Z a ek/ ;e l gh viu dk ;k,oa nkf;rok dk l ahkky l drh gs A iz ks <+ f k{k k v fhk ;ku& efgyk l ghkkfxr k vfhk ;k u dk c<+ku d fy, iz ks <+ f k{k k dk ;Z dz e d,d iz eq[k Hkkx d :Ik ea xz keh. k {k= k a e viu k; k tkuk pk fg,a iq : k ka d h ek ufl d rk u a i fjo rz u& vkt Hkh efgykvk a dk mr uk vk x ug h vku fn ;kk tkr k ftruh t:jr gs ] xz ke h.k l eq nk ;k a d f nek x e a ; g ck r fobk u dh vk o ; Dr k gs fd efgy k,a fodkl iz fdz ;k e a egroiw.kz ;k xnk u dj l drh gs Aefgyk vk a dk l ekt e a nk ;e nt Z l mckj u d h f n kk e a iq j l ekt d k l e ku :Ik l l g; k x,oa iz ;kl d juk pkf g,a ys fx ax H knh kko d h l ekf Ir d fy, iq : k l ekt d euko` f r e aa l dk jkr ed i fjo rz u yku k gk x k] rhkh ipk ;rk a e a vi uh l k Dr mif LFkf r ntz djk i k; x ha e wy ;k dau 73oa l a fo/ kfud l a kk /k u d Ik pkr iap k; rka e efgyk vk a dh H kwfed k d l dkjkr ed i gyw gs ] tk fd miz ;q Dr of.kz r gs A o gh bl d udkj kr ed i{k dk H kh udkjk ugh t k l drk xz ke iap k;r ka rfk k LF kkuh ; fudk ;ka e a efg ykv ka r Fkk f in M+h tkfr ;k a dk vk j{k.k vks j i apk ;r ea Hkk xhn kjh fu%l n g l Q y dk ;Z gs A tcfd bl d nwl j igyw d k n[kk tk ; rk ia pk ;r h jkt e a e fgy kvk a d k 33 iz f r kr vk j{k.k fn ; tku l efgyk,a xz ke iz / kku ] e ;j ik kz n vkfn i nk i j l q kkfhk r gk rk xbz gs ] iju rq oklr fo drk dq N vks j gh gs A ejk O ;fd rx r v uq Hko Hkh gs ] fd mue a l v f/ kdk kar% fot ;h efgyk,a v iu if r c Vk rf kk fj r nk jk a dh N = N k; k e a viuk dke l ahk kyrh gs ] f efv xa e Hkk x ug h yr h vq l jka l ugh fey rh ft l dk ifj.kke g krk gs ] fd fodkl dk ;kz d k vks j ia pk ; rk d v f/kd kjk a dk l e> ugh ik rha bl fy, e fgyk iz /kku d l Hkh dk ;Z iq : k ifr ) kj k fd ; t kr jg gs A kk /k i= d v / ;; u d nks jku dq N,l h efgy k l jiap dk mnk gj.k g ekj l keu vk ;k tk ia pk ;r d l kj dke viu cvk ifr o fj r nkj ka l g h dj okr h gs A ej x` g tui n dq kh ux j Cykd gkvk xz ke udguh d h iz /kku Jh erh vu kfed k jk; Cy kd di rku xat xz ke l ejk iz / kku Jher h fu ez yk noh v ud,l h e fgy k iz / kku gs ] tk fu j{kjr k d vkhkko ea ia pk ;r d dk ;k Z o vf /kd kjk a dk l e> u gh ikrh gs A Hkkjrh ; ef gyk vka d h rloh j dq N cnyh utj vkrh gs ] v kt jktu hfr ] fo K ku iz ks /kk fxd h] f pfdrl k] [ky] m k x dy k] l a xhr ] fefm ;k l e r gj { k= e a efgyk vk a u g kfk vkte k; k ml dke ;kch fey h,l h dkbz tx g u gh gs tgk uk j h vi uh mif LFk fr ntz u djk jgh gka y fdu bl l q ugjh r Lohj d ihn dq N L;kg gdhdr Hkh gs A N k V kgjk a v ks j xz keh.k bykdk a d efgyk vk a dh flf kfr e a d kbz fo k k ifj orz u ugh gs A cq fu;k nh t:jrk a d l ok y l ydj reke vu ; l q fo/kkv ka rd [kq n gk m if{kr g h ikr h gs Aftl utjnkat ug h fd ;k tk l drka v r% v ko ;d gs fd 73oa l afo /k fud l a kk / ku d ) kjk ftl dz kfu r dk l w= ikr fd;k x; k gs ]ml l Q yrk dh fn kk ea y tku d fy, xz keh. k iq : k rfk k e fgy kvk a d k viuh :f<ok nh eku fl drk r Fkk f in M+h l kp dk R ;k x dj vkx vku k gk xka tc rd efgyk vi u dk Lo jf{k r ugh l e> xh r c rd iz xfr d l kiku ij tkuk e k= dkjh dy iu k fl ) gk xh e fgyk vka d k ;g l e> uk gk xk fd k ju h dh j{kk d ju kj dhkh ugh vk rka f k{kk gh og l cl l k Dr gffk ;k j gs ] ftl d e k/ ;e l efg ykv ka dk l ekt d l Hkh {k = ka ea cj kcj dk Hkkxh nkj c ukr gq, l q j{kk iz nku dh tk; f k f{kr efgyk vk a l gh Hkk jr dk fo dkl l E Hko gs rhkh efgy k l kfdrd j.k o iap k; rk ea efgyk l ghkk fx rk l E Hko gs oukz ia pk ;rh jkt ea ef gy kvk a d fy, 33 iz fr k r vkj{k. k l w;z d l ke u n hid fn[kku ts l k gk tk; x ka l U nhkz f l g ]me k iz rki ao jk t k dq ek j xxz ¼2012½% ef g yk l 'k f Drdj.k d f of Hk Uu v k ;k e] v /;;u i f Cy k lz,.m f MLVªh C;wVlZ u;h f ny yh ;k t uk twu 2014 eg k R ek xk /k h ] ^xz k e Lo jk t *] tk tz ] es F ;w ]¼2003½% H kk jr ea i apk ;rh jk t ] o k.kh i z dk k u k ek ]Z J h uk F k o eukt dq ek j fl g % i apk ;rh jk t, oa xz k eh.k f odk l ] v tq Z u i f Cyf k xa g k ml ] ub Z f ny yh o ek Z ] o h 0 ih 0¼2000½ % v k /kq f ud H k k jrh ; jk t uhf rd f prau y{eh uk jk ;.k v xzo k y vk xjk t uo jh 2014 dq: {k = 72 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:67-72

75 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:73-76 ISSN : e fgy k l k fdr dj.k v Hk; iz r ki flag 1 1 l ek t kk L= f oh kk x]v k j0, l 0d0Mh 0ih 0th 0dk yt ]tks uiq j]m0i z 0] H kk jr ABSTRACT Hk kj rh ; l e kt ea u kj h d k,d e groi w.kz LF kku gs r Fkk ml iz d` f r d h l ` tu khyr k,oa l aj p ukr ed kf Dr d k iz rhd eku k x ; k gs A e kuo vk fne vol Fk k y y dj vkt rd iq : k L= h d l aj{k.k r Fk k uk jh iq : k d iz f r l eiz.k Hkk o j[kk gs A ;g i je ij k d c l iz kje Hk gq bz ]bl d fy, f dl h fu f pr f rf Fk d k my y[ k d ju k l E Hk o u gh a gs ] fdu rq iq : k d h l g pk fj.kh cud j u kjh u l ` f V dk t hou iz nk u fd ;k gs ] ;g orz e ku l R ; gs A f gu nw l ekt e a u kj h dk l E ek u v ks j iz k phu d ky l v k n k kz R ed v ks j e ;kz n k ;q Dr jgk gs A uk jh l oz kf Dr l E iu u k ek uh x ;h gs ] r Fkk f o k ]; k vks j /k u d h iz rhd l e> h x; h gs A o gh uk jh v kt fr jld` r v ks j v iek fu r dh tku y xh gs A l E iz f r u kjh d l kf Drd j.k d h v ko ;d rk l e> h x ;h v ks j vu d f o/ kk vka l m l l kd r dj u d k iz ;kl fd; k t k jg k gs A iz L rq r kk/ k i= e a Hk kj r ea e f gy k l k fd rdj.k d h iz fdz ;k d k j [k kaf dr d ju d k iz ;kl f d; k x;k gs A KEYWORDS: Hkkjr h; l ald` fr] l k fdrd j.k ] efg yk ] Hkkjrh ; l ald` fr ea fl ) ku r iz kje Hk l gh fl= ;k a dk l ekt ea J B L Fkku iz nku fd ;k x; k gs rfkk mu g a l q [k&l e` f) ]K ku vks j kf Dr dk iz rhd ekudj y{eh ]l jlo rh] vks j nq xkz d #i e a iwtk x ;k gs A L= h d iq : k dh l g /k fez.kh vks j l gdfez.kh d #i e a ml dh v/ kkz fa xuh e kuk x; k gs rfkk L= h d fcuk iq : k dk vi w.kz l e> k x ;k gs A vkt l kek ftd tho u e a f L= ;ka dh Hkw fedk vr ;v f/kd egroiw. kz gk x ;h gs A iz tkrk fu = d ewy ;k a vks j O ;f Dr LorU = rk d f o pkj ka dk ck ycky k gk u d ifj.k ke L o#i l S ) kfu rd vk /kkj ij Hkkj rh ; u kjh dk l kekftd cu / kuk a l eq fd r iz kir gq bz ]ftl d fy, ml if p e dh uk jh d h Hk kwf r dkbz uk jh eq fdr v ku nky u ugha djuk im+ ka ge k k j k Vªh ; u r` Ro e a Hkh uk jh ;k a dh l kekftd Hkwf edk d iz fr l tx o l p r jgka u kjh dk l kekftd o jktus f rd {k= ea l eku iz nku fd ;k x ;k gs A Hkkjr ea mu uhl oh a krk Cnh ea jktk jke ek guj k; ]bz oj pu nz fo kl kx j] egf kz n ;kuu n l jlorh ]d k opu nz l u] jku km rfkk vu ; v ud eg kiq : kka u f L= ;k a dk f k{kk n u rfk k l kekftd dq jh fr ;ka dk nw j dju d f y, t k l q /k kj vk U nkyu vz kje Hk fd; k] ml l l ekt ea,d ubz tkx:drk mr iu u gq bz A bl d Q ylo#i cky foo kg ]l rh iz Fkk] ckf ydk gr ;k ] r Fkk cgq ir uh iz Fkk d k fo jk /k c <+u yxka Hkk jr e a,u hcl U V d iz ;R uk a l l u~ 1929bZ 0 ea,d v f[ky Hkkj rh; efgyk l E eyu dk vk ;k tu fd;k x ;ka bl dk mn~ n ; fl= ;ka dk mud l Hkh vf /kdk j fny kuk k k k. k d fo #) mud h j{k k dju k rfkk L= h f k{kk e a o` f) djuk F kka ^ efgyk l kf Drd j.k kcn dk iz ;k x l jdkjh ra= ea gk y e a g h kq : gq vk gs A ; fn ge i hn eq M+dj n[k r k ik r gs fd l jd kjh ;kt ukv ka dh l k p iz F ker% ^ efgyk f odkl ** fq j e fgy k l ghkkx* l xq tjr gq, vc efg yk l k fdrd j.k rd vk igq W ph gs A ; g ge kjh ekufl drk d i fji Do gk u dk mn kgj. k gs A iz u mb rk gs fd efg yk l k f Drdj.k dk v FkZ D; k gs \ &l kfdrdj.k,d eku fl d volf kk gs tk dq N fo k k vkar fjd dq kyr kvk a vks j l kekftd if jfl Fkf r;k a ij fuhkz j djrk gs A bl ea f uhkz ; rk ftl d fy, l ekt e a dkuwu vks j l q j{kk dk gk uk vko ;d gs j ktku k d fujl mckå v ks j dej rk M+ dkeka l eq fdr v kf FkZ d vkr efuhkz j rk, oa mr ik n u {ker k f u.kz ; dk vf/ kdkj ]l Rrk, oa l E ifrr ea iq : kka d l kf k c jkcj h dk gd vks j l k Fk g h, l h f k{kk tk vks j r dk mi jk Dr ckrk a d f y, rs ;kj d ja ]iz eq [k gs A efgyk l kf Drd j.k ij fo pkj djr l e ; gekjk /;k u LokHkk fod # i l efgyk d l kekftd 1 : Correponding Author

76 fl ag% ef gyk l k fd rdj.k flfk fr d h vkj tkr k gs A b l iq : k iz /kk u l ekt dh eku ;rk gs fd ukj h ¼L= h½ iq : kka d fy, gh cuh gs A fdl h cq tq xz d ikwo N q b, vks j vk k hz okn ik b; ]l nk l q gkxu jg k] rj iq = cu j g* A dq y feykdj v k khz ok n feyk iq : kk a dk gha bl iz dkj d ojnk u l gek jk iz kph u l kfgr ; Hkjk im +k gs A bl d v frf jd r vu d xz U Fkka ea ukj h d fu%lo kfkz eu dk fdruk Bl igq Wp l drk gs ;g,d ukjh gh t ku l dr h gs A uk j h l fn ;ka l v Fkd ifj Je da ckot wn v ieku vks j vr ;k pkj l gu d fy, f oo k gs A fin y 50 o kk Z l mhkjh l el;kv ka e a ukj h d tu e yu dk vf /kdk j dk g uu, d iz eq [k l el;k gs A igy uotkr f k kq ]L= h& f k kq dk ekju dh dq iz Fkk l p ydj vc ;g xhkz fya x ij h{k.k vks j L= h Hkz w.k xhkz ik r l vk x c<+dj l a rkuk ar ifrr d fy, ^ iq : k fyax d pq uko vks j fu/ kkz j.k rd igq Wp x ;h gs A bl dh i ;kz Ir N yd o kz 2001 d t ux. kuk d v kdma nr gs tk crk r gs a fd 0 l 6 o kz d vk ; o xz e a iz f r gtk j iq : k& f k kq vk a dh rq yuk ea L= h f k kq ¼ckfyd k½ dh l a[ ;k fin y 20 o kkz ea y xkr kj?k Vrh gq bz 962 l 627 ij vk igq W ph gs A vkt d iz xf r k hy ;q x e a Hkh e fgyk ng t ]gr ;k ; a v ks j ng t d vr ; k pkj d h f kdk j gk j gh gs A vkt Hkh iq fyl,d o kz ea djhc 5000 ngt gr ;k, a vks j y xhkx n gt d ekey ntz dj jg h gs A vkt efg ykv ka d l q j{kk dk iz u fpu ru h; gs A n k Hkj ea iz fr o kz rdj hcu gtkj cy kr dkj dh?kvuk vk a d l kfk&l kf k vx ok dju dh gtkj vu ; ; ks u mr ihm +u dh gtkj v ks j N M+N km+ d h 1100 gt kj ntz gk j gh gs A iju rq ; ntz vijk /k l ekt ea?kf Vr vijk /k ka d ek= 25 iz fr k r v ks j k k fofhku u l ke kftd,o a vk ff kz d dkj.kk a l ntz ugha gk ikr gs ] mu ij Q S l yk gk u ea mudh U ;k ;ky ; ea i kh vks j l q uokbz dh tfv yre iz fdz ;k d dk j.k vr ;v f/ kd foye c gk rk gs A vu rk xrok 15 iz f r kr vij k f/k ;k a dk gh l tk fey ik rh gs ] vks j bl r jg efgyk vf kd if jje d ckotwn U ; k; l oaf pr jg tkrh gs A,l h ckr Hk h ugh a gs fd efgy kvk a d mr Fkk u g rq l ekt ]l jdkj ]dkuw u u dq N Hkh ugha fd; k gs A l 1905 d uotk xj.k dky ea c gq r l iq : k& efg yk l q /kkjo knh mhkj A mu l q /kkjok nh e fgy kvk a e a my y [kuh; uk e gs &l kfo= h ck bz Q wy]ia fmrk ]je kckbz ] Lo.kZ dq ekj h noh vkf na l kfo= h c kbz Q wy u l u~ 184 8bZ 0 ea iw.k ea ym+ fd; ka d fy, igy k Ldwy [kk yka ef gyk l k fdr dj.k dh f n kk ea ;g,d vuk[k k iz ;kl FkkA l Rrj o kz vef jdk dh fl = ;ka u er kf /kdk j iku d f y, ym+k bz ym+ha tkwu LVw vvz fey ig y,l nk kz fud Fk ftu gk au fl= ;k a d erk f/kd kj ]f k{ kk v ks j jkt xkj d iz uk a ij mu g a c jkcjh dk nt kz fnyku dh ckr dha j k V ªh ; efg yk k f Dr l E iu u k uhf r& 2001& Hkkjr l jdk j d eku o l al k/ku f odkl ea= ky ; d efgyk,o a cky fodkl f ohkkx u bl o kz efgyk l kfdrd j.k g rq vu d y{ ;,oa ; ktu k,w fu/ kkz fj r dh gs A bl d y{ ;ka ea ef gyk d iw. kz mr Fk ku grq mf pr okrko j.k dk l ` tu iq : kka d l eku efg ykv ka }kj k gj {k= ea ekuo kf /kdk jka, oa eks fyd Lora= rk vk a dk l S ) kfu rd gh ugha o ju~ O ;og kfjd #i ea mi ;k x fd ;k tkuk] mud h Lok LF ; dh n [khkky f k{kk d k m fp r iz cu /k]j kt xkj, oa O ;ol k f;d ekxz n kz u ]l kek ftd,o a O ;ol kf ;d l q j{kk]l k oz tfud inka,oa vk ffkz d ]l kekftd,oa jkt uhf rd {k= e a Hkk xh nkjh, oa f u.kz ; L rj rd l eku igq Wp ]efg yk& iq : k Hkn Hkko jfg r,oa ef gykv ka d l kfk gku okyh f gal k d mu ewyu grq dkuwu ka dk l ` tu,oa ikyu ]l ke kftd iz Fkk vka dk ef gyk mr Fkku d vuq dwy cu kuk ]fl f oy l ek t vks j [kkl d j fo k k efgyk l ax Buk a d l kfk Hkk x hnkj,oa ml l q n` <+ djuk rfkk fodkl iz fdz ;k ea ef gyk if ji{ ; dk k kfey djuk v fr l jk guh ; gs A vkt d os f od d ;q x ea iq : kka }kj k ia pk ;rk a ea ef gyk vk a dk ck yu u n uk]iz e foo kg d h eku ; rk u ndj l kekft d cfg dk j dj uk]iz e h ;q xy dk e` R ;q dk vkn k n uka mu g a x kwo ;k {k= N km+u d fy, foo k dj n uk efg ykv ka dk mud ekr k& fi rk vfk ok ol q j&l kl dh vu R ; f V u dju nu ka ck fydk vk a dk ykyu& ik yu ] f k{ kk,oa O ;ogk j dh l eku rk dk vf/ kdkj u n uk] iq : kka d k vck /k c kfyd kvk a d l k Fk cykr dkj djuk ]ef gyk vk a d bpn k d fo #) kkj hfjd l E cu /k cukuk ] vi u c pko ea mud k va x& Hka x ]u` ; gr ;k,a dj n uk] mu ga o ;k c uku d fy, fo o k djuk vfko k kk jhf jd cktk jka ea f odz ; dj nu k] ngt iz k fir ]er fhku urk rf kk viu dq f opkj dk cyk r~ Fk kiu e a 74 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:73-76

77 L= h fgal kr ed vkdz e.k ]th f or tykd j m udh gr ;k,a djuka vkt Hk h o.kz O ;o L Fkk d vuq l kj c uk ; x ; kq nz ka,o a uk jh d k f k{k k u nuk l E i frr r Fkk mr ik nu d l k/ kuk a l oa fp r j[k u dk fo pkj dju ki] mudk vkff kz d l kek ftd]l kald` f r d mr ihm +u d juk rf kk vli` ;r k ts l h?k` f.k r nq HkkZ o ukvk a dk iz pyu ea vktkn h d y xhk x 68 o k kz d bfr gkl e a flfk fr ;kw cgq r cnyh gs A e f gyk; a Lo; a fu.kz ; y u d h {kerk o vkr ef uhkz j gk jgh gs A?kj dh pgk jnho kjh e a ds n efgy kvk a e a l ekt d cfu n kk a dk rk M+k gs ]v f k{ kk l ym+h gs vks j vl eku rk v ks j HknHk ko dh ym+k b; ka e a iq : kka d l kfk ye ch nwjh r; dh gs A bl d ckotw n efgyk vk a dh l a[ ;k cgq r d e gs A ;g iwj n k dk gk y gs ]jktu hfr vks j l k ald` frd d ân; LF ky mrrj iz n k gkyr vks j cn rj gs A f in M+ o x Z dh e fgy k l kf Drd j. k ea v kj{ k.k& LorU = rk d ckn Hkkjrh ; l afo /kk u rfk k fofhku u du wuk a d } kjk fl = ;ka d k iq : kk a d l ek u vf/ kdkj feyu l mudh fl Fkfr etcwr gq bz gs A vkt dkuwu d }kjk ck y f ookg dk l eki r dj f n;k x ;k ] fl= ;k a dk fookg& fopn n d vf/ kdkj ]fo /ko k& iq ufoz ok g] fl= ;ka dk ifj okj d h l E ifrr ea iq : kk a d l eku vf /kdk j ]ngt ij dkuw uh iz frcu /k yxk fn ; x ;A e fgyk ; a vo kk k.k dju oky v ks j mr ihm+ u dju oky ifr ;k a d f[kykq dkuw uh dk ;Z okg h ea l {ke gk x ha l ke kft d {k = & orz eku Hkkjrh ; l ekt e a fl= ;k W vi u l kek ftd v f/ k dkjka d iz fr d gha vf /kd tkx:d g k x ;h gs A bu gk au dq iz Fkkvk a,o a :f< +; ka d k pq uks rh n uk iz kje Hk dj fn ;k u rk in Z ea jg uk il U n djrh gs vks j u gh ngt iz Fkk d k /kez d k v ax eku u d fy, rs ;kj gs aa v kf FkZ d { k= & orz eku ea vks kfxd j.k e a o` f) gku l LorU = O ;ol k; v ks j uks djh d vol jk a ea c` f) gq bz A bl n kk ea f L= ;k a dk vkr ef uhkz j vkf FkZ d tho u O ;rhr dju d h iz j. kk nh AfofHkU u vk j O ;ol k; ka e a iz o k dj j gh gs ] mud h l kek ftd o vk ffkz d f LFk fr e a rth l l q /kk j gq vka j ktu hf rd {k= & vc du nzh; ia pk ;r jkt vf/ kfu ;e 1992 d vuq l kj l Hkh j kt ;ka d fy, vko ;d g k x ;k gs fd xz ke iapk ;r ]fod kl ia pk ;r vks j fl ag% ef gyk l k fd rdj.k ftyk ia pk ;r ea fofhku u J f.k; ka d 33 iz fr k r LFk ku l q jf{kr dj fn ; tk ;A Hkk jr ts l cm+ yk dra= e a jk Vªi fr] iz /kk uea= h ]ykdl Hkk v/ ;{k ] eq [ ;ea= h ts l in k ad fy, Hkh fl= ;k a dk f uokz p u gku k mud h jktu hfrd pr uk dk Li V dj rk gs A f k{ kk d {k = & ;g l p gs f d 15 l 20 o k kz l cgq r l h ym+fd;k a u mpp f k{kk iz kir djd iz kkl u]f pfdrl k ]bu thf u;j ]o dhy]v / ;kid rf kk vud nwl j {k= e a vi uh iz f rhkk dk ifj p; fn ;ka ^ ^ L= h f k{kk u fo nz kg dh ml dq Y gkm+h dh / kkj r t dj nh gs ftl l fgu nq l ke kftd t ho u dh tax yh > k fm+ ;ka dk l kq djuk l E Hko gk x ;k gs A** f u d kz q a q a a S w a q vkt dh fl= ;k l kekftd]v kf FkZ d ks {kf.kd ]jkt uhf rd v kfn l Hkh {k = ka ea iq : kka d l eku dke dj j gh gs A m uea f k{ kk dk fol rkj gq vk o /k kfez d fojk /k dj u y xh o ek ufl d #i l l n` <+ gq bz gsa o muea tkx` f r vkbz A ux jh ; rfkk xz keh.k {k = ka e l jdkj }kjk v ud,l f odkl dk;z dz e vkje Hk fd ; x ;A ftu gkau iz R ;{k #i l fl= ; ka dh fl Fkf r ea l / kkj y ku ea ; k xnk u fd ;k gs A iz ks <+ f k{kk d k;z dz e]if jok j fu; ktu ]Loj kt xkj ;k tuk ] efgyk e.my r Fkk efgy k m fe; ka d fy, forrh ; l gk; rk vkf n r jg d dk;z dz e gs A gea bfrg kl rfkk iz Hkkodk jh if jfl Fkf r; k l l h[k yd j b u l Hkh l el;k vk dk os K kfud l ek/kk u g rq l p ru l a? k kz pyku dh vk o ;d rk gs A D;k afd fu ;e dkuw u r k l ) kfu rd # i l y kx gs yfdu O ;o gkf jd #i l ef g yk; v kt Hk h l jf{kr ug ha ekurh gs A efgyk l kf Drdj. k ]e fgy k eq fdr vku nk yuk a vks j n kdk a d vk ;ktd ka l dgk tkuk pkf g, fd efgyk l kf Drdj. k o kz rd dk ok f kz d fji kvz ¼C ;ks jk½ miyc /k D ;k a ug ha gs A o ; Hkh cry k; a ; ktu kvk a o vk; ktu ka dk l okz f /kd ykhk fdl oxz d h e fgy kvk a dk vks j fdruk& fdru k gq v k gs ]D ;ka fd Hk kjr h; efg yk ; aa vkt Hkh cu nuh ; l k thou thu d fy, ck/ ; gs A efgyk vk a d bl n;u h; n kk dk ewy dkj.k D; k gs \ bl dh rg ea ge a tk u l K kr gk x k fd,d l e ; Hkkjr ek r` l RrkR ed FkkA ifjorz uk a dh v kw /kh u ekr` l RrkR ed dk iq : k l RrkR ed l Rrk d #i ea LFkk fir fd; k vks j efg ykv ka ij re ke ik cfu n; kwa yx k Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

78 fl ag% ef gyk l k fd rdj.k nha v kt bu l Hkh d os K k fud l ek /kk u g rq l p ru l a?k kz pyku dh vko ;dr k gs A l anh kz v xz ok y]th 0d0% Hk k jrh ; l ekt ea f L=;k ], l 0c h0i h0mh0 i f Cyd k u g k ml v DVwc j 2001 iz f r;kf xrk f dj.k v k y[k i f jf k V 76 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:73-76

79 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:77-78 ISSN : cnyr k lke kft d ifj n` ' ;,oa mi f {kr o` ) o xz j keku Un flag 1 1 l ek t kk L= f oh kk x] J h nq xkz th Luk rdkr rj eg k fo k y;] p.m o j] v k t ex<+] m0i z 0]Hk k jr ABSTRACT f dl h Hk h l e kt dh ig p ku, oa m l d h xfr 'k hyr k ml d ' kk' or t hou ewy ; i j v k /kk fj r g kr h gs A l ek t d iz eq [k vax H kk" kk ] l al d` fr,oa r g th c g kr g S a mu ga c k Vk ug ha t k l dr k ] cl,d l kfk f odfl r g kr n [k k tk l d rka tg k rd Hk kj rh ; l ekt ea ' kk 'or t hou ewy ; dh c kr gs rk Hk kj r,d c gq l kald` frd,oa c gq Hkk f"kd i je ij kv ka o ky k n 'k gs ] t gk ij iz R ;d l al d` fr ] Hk k"kk,oa r gt hc,d nwl j i j v kf Jr r Fk k,d& nwl j d f odkl d dk j.k gs i ju rq v ke H kk jrh ; l e kt e a ' kk 'o r th ou ewy ; ij l adv izr ;d { k= ea e Mj k j gk gs A iz L rq r iz i= ea t h ou e wy ;k a e a i fj orz u dk,d Lo :Ik c`) o xz d iz f r n` f Vdk.k d k j [k kafd r dj u d k iz ; kl f d; k x; k gs A KEYWORDS: l ke kftd ifjo k] o` ) kolfk k ] kgjhdj. k ] vks kxhdj.k bl l al kj dk 'kk'or fu ;e gs fd ftl u Hkh bl /kjr h ij tu e fy ;k gs vks j vf /kd o" kz rd thfor jgrk gs ] o g o` ) vo '; gk rk gs A o` ) kol Fkk cm+h gh Hk;kog v olfk k gs ] dk bz o` ) ugh a g kuk p kgr k fq j Hkh gku k im+ rk gs ] D ;k afd ;g h 'kjh j/k kfj ;k a dk v ifj gk ;Z e` R ;q d fudv y tku dh l h<+h gs A o` ) kolfkk dk n[kdj gh e gkr ek cq ) dk eu m }f yr g k pq dk F kka ;q okolf kk dk LQ w frz eku 'k jh j o` ) kolfkk e a f'k ff ky gk tkrk gs ] 'kjh j d v ax ka dh dk;z 'khy rk {kh.k gk t krh gs A,l h volfkk ea euq " ; dk nwl jka i j vkf Jr gk uk im+rk gs A vkt d os K kfud ;q x e a vk;q f oz K ku vi u pjek R d"kz ij gs A bl u ch ekf j;k a l ym+ u vks j e` R ;q dk ihn <d yu d xq.k l h[k fy; gs aa i fj.k ker% e uq " ; dh vks l r vk ;q ea o` f) g k x; h gs ] ftl d d kj.k o` ) ka dh l a[ ;k ea mrr jkrr j o` f ) gkr h tk jg h gs A ftl vuq ikr e a o` ) ka dh l a[ ; k ea o` f) gk j gh gs A B hd ml h v uq ikr ea m udh l e L;k ea o` f) g k jgh gs A frjld` r o` ) ka d h vu r oz n uk dh p h[k& iq dkj l q uu okyk dkbz ugh a gs vks j og frjld` r rfk k mi{k kiw. kz thou th u d k ck/ ; gs A¼ n` f" Vdk. k ea Fku ]] v xlr 2009% 3& 4½ vkt d u kfhk dh; i fjo kj e a i fr& ir uh vks j cp pk a d vyko k cw <+k a d k dgh a L Fkk u u gha gs A dk bz cki bl fy, mif{ kr jg rk gs ] D;k afd ml d ikl /ku&l E ifrr o ia 'ku vkf n u gha gs A vks kx hdj.k o 'k gjhd j.k d Q ylo:i o` ) ka dh eq l hcrka e a v iz R ;kf' kr :i l o` f) gq bz gs A dq N cv viu cp pka o ir uh dk ydj 'k gj e a v k l dr g S a vks j x kaok a e a rd yhq dk t h ou thu d fy, viu cw< + eka& cki d k N km + nr gs aa ; g k rd fd 'kgj ka e a f uokl dj jg l e` ) ifjokjk a d o` ) &o` ) kvka dk Hkh mi {kk dk f'kdkj gku k im+r k gs A ftu ifjokj ka e a,d l T;k nk cgq,a gs a o vkil ea n[k k& n[kh djr h gs aa cm+h cgw l kpr h gs fd o` ) l kl &ll qj dh l ok N kvh ok yh dj ] N kvh okyh l k prh gs fd e > yh oky h dj ] ur htk ;g gkr k gs fd bl n[kk& n[kh ea dkbz ug ha dj rh v ks j o` ) ykx vu nj g h dq <+r jgr gs aa ;fn ifjo kj d yk x o` ) ka dk l eq fpr vkn j o Lug na rk o u doy ekufl d :i l cfy d ' kkjh f jd :i l Lo LFk jg gs aa dbz ykx mcd j o` ) ka dk o` ) kje ea N km+ vkr gs a] yfdu ml dk eu r k mi f{k r gk u d ck otwn gk u d ckotwn Hkh ifjo kj ok yka d ek;k ik'k e a c /kk jgrk gs A¼ ns fud tk xj.k ]v ad& 235] tq ykbz 2009%10 ½ gekj i woz tka dk bl ckr dh fpu rk Fkh f d l ekt ea o` ) oxz mif{k r u gk oju~ ml mf pr l E eku fn ;k t k; ] vr% b l fy, mu g kau dbz v kp j.k l afgrk c uk ;h vks j 'kkl= k a e a o` ) ka d iz fr dbz os fnd fu;e ka d k my y[ k fd ;ka,d LFkk u ij fy[kk gs ] ^ ^ firfj iz hfr eku uu iz h ;U r l oz nork** vf kkz r~ firk d iz l U u jgu ij l Hkh no rk iz l U u jgr gs a r k nwl j 1 : Correponding Author

80 fl ag% cn yr l ke kftd i fjn` ;,oe~ mi f{kr c` ) oxz LFkku ij fy[k k gs ] ^ ^ o` ) ka dh 'kq Hkdkeuk ea fty rd igq pk n rh gs A** ; g Hkh fy[ kk gs fd ^ ^ firq % vfi e krk vf/ kdk xhkz /k kj.k rk"k.kkr~ * * vf kkz r fi rk l cm+h ek gk rh gs tk xhkz /kk j.k l ydj c M+ gku rd c V& cf V;k a dk ykyu& ik yu dj rh gs A bl iz dkj tuuh vks j tu ehkw fe dk LoxZ l Hkh c<+dj cr k;k x ;k gs ] ftl l yk x viu o` ) ekrk& firk dh mi {kk u dja v ks j mu ga mf pr vknj&l E eku n u d vfr fjd r mudh l o k&l q Jq "kk djr gs aa c kydk a v ks j ;q ok o xz dk Hkh o` ) ka dh l o k o l E eku d fy, iz fj r djr gq, dgk x;k gs & ^ ^ vfhkoknu 'khy L; fur ; a o` ) k il fou% ] prokf j rl ; o) Z U r vk ;q Z fo k ;'kk cye~ A** vfkkz r~ o` ) k a dk v fhkokn u o mud h l o k dj u okyk a dh vk;q ] fo k ] ;' k vks j cy ea o` f) gkrh gs A¼l an'k] o"kz & 19 ] vad& 12 % 6& 7½ o` ) ykx K ku o vuq Hko d vk /kk j gk r gs a] u ;h ih f<+ ;k mul cgq r dq N l h[kdj l Q y thou& ;kiu dju yk;d cu l drh gs ] bl hfy, l kf k ea m udh mif LFk fr d k v ko' ;d crk; k x; k gs A ;fn orz eku ih<+h vi u c w<+ ek & cki d h l ok o l E eku d j xh rk v kx vk u oky h ih f<+ ;k Hkh ge yk xk a d c w<+ gk u i j ge kjk l E eku d ja xha o` ) k a d f y, dy ;k. kdk jh iz; kl %& ^ ^ o` ) kolfkk dk vc fo 'o Lrj ij,d l kektd] vk ffkz d o ekuo h; eq n~ nk ekuk tku y xk gs A l a;q Dr j k" Vª l a? k u l u~ bz 0 ea vtz U Vkbu k dh igy ij o` ) kolfk k dh l el;k vka ij fo pkj fd; ka 1972 ea l a ;q Dr jk" Vª l a? k dh l kekftd o vk ffkz d l fefr ; wuld k u bl fo" k; ij folr kj l p pkz fd; ka l a;q Dr jk" V ª l a?k u l u~ 1999 dk o` ) ka d l E eku e a vu rjkz " Vªh ; o` ) o"kz?kkf"kr fd;ka Hkkjr o"kz u Hkh l u~ 2000 dk jk" Vªh ; o` ) o"kz d :i e a? kk f"kr fd; ka¼, tuz y vkwq,f 'k; k Q kj MekØ l h,.m M oyie av] oky ;we& 9 ] 228& 22 9½ xs j&l jdkjh l a xbu Hkh o` ) tuka d dy ;k.k d l jdkj d iz ;kl ka ea iw j d Hkwfedk f uhkk jg gs aa n 'k ea v ud,l l a xb u o` ) tuk a d dy ; k.k grq l j kguh ; dk;z dj jg gs aa bue a ^ gy i,t bf.m ;k* dh cm+h Hkwfedk c M+h e groiw.kz gs A j k" Vªh ; Lr j ij ^ g Y i,t bf.m; k* ; g dk;z v iuh 22 0 ifj ;kt ukv ka d ek/ ;e l dj jgh gs A gekj n'k ea o` ) x` gka dh la[ ;k djhc 865 gs A f u" d"kz %& vkt ewy vko ';d rk bl ckr dh gs fd l ekt dh ekufl drk Bhd dh tk;] ml e a o` ) tuka dh l ok dk us frd Hkko Hkjk t k;a vpn k ; gh gk xk fd o` ) ka dh l ok mud?k j ea g h gk ] ;f n m ud cv& c fv ;k x jhc g ka rk o` ) k a d Hkj.k& i k"k.k grq mu ga vkff kz d l gk ;rk nh t k;a ^ l ok gh ije k /kez %*A ;fn o` ) ka dh l U rkua mu g a l eq fpr vk nj vks j l E eku d l kfk j[ka vks j J) k ;q Dr eu l mudh l ok d ja r k o` ) tu Hkko ukr ed :i l l U rq " V o l q [kh jg ax A v kt dk ;q ok o xz bl ck r dk / ;k u j[k fd ;fn o viu ek & cki dh mi{ kk d ja x rk vk x vku ok yh i h<+ h Hkh mud l k Fk ogh O ;og kj dj xh v ks j rc mu g a vl gu h; vu roz nuk > yuk im+ x ka vr% l Hk h yk x o` ) ekrk& f irk dh l ok djd l ekt ea,d LoLF k ije ijk dk cuk ; j[ kaa o` ) kolf kk v l gk; o eekz g r ugh a gk xh vks j ge o klro ea l H ; gk u dk xoz dj l da xa Z l U nhkz v xlr 2009] n` f "Vdk.k eaf u] k o"k &3] vad &21] tq ykb Z 2009]nS f ud tk xj.k ] o "kz&38] v ad &235]] t uo jh 2009]lan'k ]] o "kz &19] vad &12], t uz y v k WQ,f 'k ;k Qk j Mek Ølh,.M Mo yi eav] o k Y ;we&9&2009] 78 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:77-78

81 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:79-82 ISSN : ek/; fed L rj d fo k ff kz ;ka dh ifjo kj d Y;k.k d k;z Ø eka d iz fr vf Hko` fùk ij mudh ysaf xd,oa vkok lh; fl Fk fr dk iz Hkko fn fx ot ; flag 1 1 jh Mj ] f k {k k k k L= fo Hk k x] gf.m ;k i h0th 0 dk yt ] g f.m ;k byk g kc k n] m0i z 0 ] H kk jr ABSTRACT v kt t ul a[ ; k o` f) i j fu ;U =.k LF kkf ir d ju gr q t gk t ul a[ ;k f k{ kk l E cu /k h vu d d k;z Øe l ap k fy r f d, tk jg gs a og ha g e kjh l jd kj vu d ifj ok j dy ;k. k d k;z Øe ka d k l ap k fy r d jrh gs ] ftl dk m n~ n ; k kj hfj d] eku fl d v ks j l k ekf td :i l t hou d iz R ;d L rj d k v PN k, oa xq.koù kk i w.kz Z cu ku k gs A f tl ea e kr` &l q j{k k] c ky Lo kl F ;] i k k.k ] if jok j dy ; k.k ts l dk ;Z Øe l fe e fyr gs aa iz Lrq r kk / k i= ea bu gh d k;z dz ek a d iz f r ek / ;f ed L rj d f o kf FkZ ;k a dh v fhko` fr r o mu dh ys fx d,o e~ v kol h ; fl Fkf r d iz Hkk o dk v / ; ;u fd ;k x ;k gs A KEYWORDS: t ul a[ ;k o` f) ] ifj okj dy ;k.k d k;z dz e] vk okl h; fl Fkf r f k{kk eku o tho u dk J B cuku dk l o kz f/kd egroiw.kz l k /ku gs A f k{ kk iz kir djd gh ekuo J B iz k.kh d :i ea fu[kj rk gs A thou dh mnkù k rk ] mpp rk] l ks U n ;Z,oa mr Ñ Vr k f k{k k d }k jk gh l E Hko gs A f k{kk iz fø ;k d n ks jku iz kir K ku rf kk dks ky d }kjk O ;f Dr viu tho u dh fo fhku u l el; kvk a d k l ek/kk u djrk gs ] viu l kekftd rfk k HkkS frd i;kz oj. k dk mu ur cu krk gs rfkk viu vf /kdk jk a d iz fr l tx jg r gq, vi u d rz O ;ka dk i kyu djr k gs A f k{kk e k= os ;f Drd ] l kek ft d vks j jk V ªh ; iz xf r grq gh ugha a vfirq l H ;rk,o a l alñfr d fodkl d fy, Hkh fu f p r :i l vf uok ;Z gs A f k{k k dk,d iz eq [k mn~ n ; jk Vª h; vkda k{kk vka a,oa vko ;dr kvk a d vuq :i ; kx ; u kx fjd rs ;k j djuk gs A f k{ kk dh jk Vªh ; fodkl ea,d l kd r Hkwfedk gk rh gs rf kk N k= & N k= kvka ea l e;k uq dwy ok afn r vfhk o` fù k;k a] dks kyka ] ewy ;k a] #f p ;ka vk fn dk fod kl djd j k Vª d fy, ;k X; uk xf jd Hkh rs ;k j dju e a viu k ;k xnk u djrh gs A LorU = rk d mijk U r pks al B o kkaz e a Hk kjr u fodkl dh v ud ea ftya l Q yrkiwoz d v ftz r dh gs A vud {k= k a ea jk Vª v kr e fu HkZ j gkrk tk jgk gs ] iju rq tul a[ ;k dh rhoz o` f) u d oy gek j n k oju~ l E iw.kz fo o d l ke u,d xe Hkhj l el;k mr iu u d j n h gs A ;g l oz fofnr gs fd fodkl dk;kz a dh xfr /khe h gku dk iz eq [k dkj.k tul a[ ;k d k rhoz x fr l c<+u k gs A vr% vkt t ul a[ ;k o` f) ij fu ;U =.k L Fkk fir dju g rq tgk tul a[ ; k f k {kk l E cu /kh vu d dk;z Øe l apkfy r fd, tk jg gs a og ha gekjh l jdk j }kj k vu d ifjok j dy ; k.k d k;z Øek a dk l a pkf yr d jrh gs ] ftl dk mn~ n ; k kjh fjd ] ek ufl d vks j l kek ftd :i l thou d iz R ;d Lrj dk vpn k,oa xq.koù k k iw. kz Z cukuk gs A ftl ea ek r` &l q j{kk] cky Lo klf ;] i k k.k ] ifjok j dy ;k.k ts l dk ;Z Øe l fe efyr gs aa i fj okj dy ; k.k dk ;Z Øe % tul a[ ; k vks j fodkl ij vu rjk VªhZ ; l E eyu (ICPD) e a iz tuu LokL F; dk i fjhkk f kr dj r gq, dgk x ;k fd ^ ^,d iz t uu LokL F; d k vfhk iz k; kkjh fjd ] ekufl d vks j l k ekftd :i l thou d iz R ;d Lr j d k vpn k, oa xq.koù kk iw.kz Z cu ku l gs A** vkx pydj bl ea ekr` &l q j{kk] cky Lo klf ;] ik k.k] ifjok j dy ;k.k ts l dk ;Z Øe tkm+ x,a Hkkjr igy k n k F kk f tl u l u~ 1952 e a j k Vªh ; ifjok j fu ;k tu dk ;Z Øe iz kj E Hk fd;ka tk ckn e a ekr`,oa f k kq Lo klf ;,o a ik k.k] ifjo kj dy ; k.k ] dk ;Z Øek a dk kk fey dj u d fy, f o Lrkfj r fd ;k x; ka 1960 d n kd d var rd] d bz uhfr fue kz rkv ka d k ek uuk Fkk fd t ul a[ ;k o` f) mpp nj vk ffkz d fod kl d fy, l cl cm+h ck/kk F kha l u~ 1976 ea tul a[ ;k f k{ kk uhf r viukbz x ;ha ik po h ia po khz ; ifj ;kt uk ¼foÙ k h; o kz 1974& 1978½ ea tul a[ ; k f k {kk Ldwy d i kb~ ;Øe dk 1 : Correponding Author

82 fl ag% ek /; fed L rj d fon~ ; kffkz ;ka d h if jok j dy ;k. k dk ;Z dz eka d iz f r vfh ko` frr ij mudh a w a a w fgll k cu x; ka bl iz dkj 1980 d n kd d n ks jku du nz l jdkj d h v kf FkZ d l gk;r k l if jokj f u;k tu dk;z Øeka dk jkt ; l jdkjk u ykx fd;ka l u~ 1992 ea cgù kjo,oa frgù kj oa l af o/kk u l a kk /k u ea ia pk ;rh jkt v ks j u xji kfydk vka grq f odu nz hñr i fjo kj fu; ktu dk ;Z Øe cuk, v ks j iapk ;rh j kt l alfkk vk ea bl ykx dju,oa fø; kf U or dju g rq vf /k fu ;e cuk, x,a l u~ 1994 e a f yax p; ukr ed xhkz ikr d f y, tu e iwoz funku d nq #i; kx dk jkd u g rq dkuwu l al n ea i kfj r fd ;k x ;ka l u~ 1997 e a iz tuu,o a cky Lo klf ; d k;z Øe (Reprodictve and Child Health Programe) kq # fd;k x ;k Fkk tk vke turk dk O ;ki d vks j,d hñr xq.koù k kijd L okl F; l okvk a dk mi yc/k d jku d fl ) ku rka ij vk /kk fjr FkkA l u~ 2000 e a jk Vªh ; t ul a[ ;k uhf r u,d l exz ] cgq {k= h; n` f Vdk.k,oa tul a[ ;k flf kjhd j.k dh odkyr d ha l kf k gh l u~ 2010 rd fof k V xhkz fuj k/ kdk a d rj hdka d ek /;e l dq y iz tuu {ker k nj (Total Fertility rate) TFR 2.1 iz kr dju d k y{; j[kka orz eku if jokj f u; k tu,oa ifjo kj dy ;k. k dk;z Øeka d vu r xz r nl oha ia po k hz ; ; ktu k ¼2002& 2007½ d rhu O ;k id {k= k a e a iz ; kl fd ;k x ;k tk fue u or gs & 1. xhkz fu jk /kd ka ] fd kk j iz tuu Lo klf ;] v uk ;kl xhkkz olf kk] l q jf{k r xhkz ik r vkfn d fy, xq.koù kki jd l ok vka ij tk ja 2. f k kq v ks j ekr` e` R ;q nj d k de djuka 3. ifjok j dk mud iz tuu y{;ka dk iz ki r dju e a l {ke djuka iz Lrq r v/ ;;u e a if jokj dy ;k. k dk;z Øe l rkr i;z mu ;k tuk vka d f Ø;kU o; u v Fko k fo fhku u iz dkj d m ik ;ka l gs tk gk j gh tul a[ ;k o` f) ij fu;u =.k ] mpp tho u xq.koù kk,o a Lo LF ; l ekt g rq LFkku h; v Fko k jk Vª h; m iøe ka }kj k l apkf yr fd, tk r gs aa iz Lrq r v/ ;; u ea ewy :i l y?kq ifj okj d h l ady iuk dk f y;k x ;k gs A vr% iz Lrq r v /; ;u e a ifjok j dy ; k.k d k;z Øe l rkr i;z tul a[ ;k o` f) ij fu;u =.k dj u v Fkok N k Vk i fjok j j[ku grq p yk, tk jg dk ;Z Øeka l gs A i fj okj dy ; k.k dk ;Z Øeka d iz f r vfhk o` fù k % v fhko` fù k O ; fd r d eu khkkok a v Fko k fo okl k a dk bafx r djr h gs A ; crk rh gs a fd O ;f Dr D; k egl wl djrk gs \ v Fkok ml d n` f Vdk. k D ;k gs a\ ftl d dkj.k og fdu gh a olrq vka ] O ;f Dr ;ka ] l alfk kuk a] ifjf LFk fr ;ka ] ;k tuk vka v kfn d iz fr fdl h fo k k iz dkj dk O ;ogkj dj rk gs A x q M egkn ; d vuq l kj ^ ^ vfhko` fù k fdl h if jfl Fkf r] O ;f Dr ; k olrq d iz fr fdl h f o k k <ax l ] fdl h fo k k l?ku rk l iz frfø ;k dju dh rr ijrk gs **A F kl Z V u egkn; d vuq l kj ^ ^ vfhk o` fù k fdl h euk os K kfud olrq l l E cfu /kr /k ukr ed ; k _.kkr ed iz Hkko dh ek= k gs A** bl iz dkj ifjo kj dy ; k.k dk ;Z Øek a d iz fr yk xk a d iwokz xz g ] n` f Vdk. k] f o pkj g h ifjo kj dy ;k.k dk;z Øeka d iz fr mud h vfh k o` fù k gs A ek/ ;fed Lr j d fo kffkz ;ka d ifj okj dy ;k. k dk;z Øeka d iz fr v fhko` fù k ij mudh tkf rx r flf kfr d iz Hkko d v /; ;u d fy, o jk.kl h e.my d ek/ ;fed Lrj d 800 fo kffkz ; ka d k v /; ;u fd; k x; k tk okjk. kl h e.my ea flfkr fo fhku u ftyk a d ek/ ;fed fo ky ;k a l ;kn` fp N d fof /k l pq u x, FkA iz Lrq r v/ ;; u ea vakdm +ka d l adyu g rq ifj okj dy ;k.k d k;z Øe d iz fr vf Hko` fù k dk t kuu d fy, Mk0 Vh0,l 0 l k /k h,oa Mk0 th0mh0 ke kz }kjk f ufez r ^ ^ ifjokj dy ;k. k dk ;Z Øe, oa tul a[ ;k f k{k k vfhko` fù k ekiuh** d k iz ;k x fd; k x ;k A i fjdy i uk % iz Lrq r v/; ;u ea f ue ufy f[kr kwu ; ifjdy i ukv ka dk fuekz.k fd;k x ;k & 1. fyax Hkn d v k/ kkj i j ek /; f ed Lrj d fo k ffkz ;k a d ifj okj dy ;k. k dk ;Z Øeka d iz fr vfhk o` fù k e a dkbz l kfkz d vu rj ugh a gs A 2. vkokl xr Hkn d vk /kk j ij ek/ ;fed Lr j d fo kff kz ;k a d ifj okj dy ; k.k dk;z Øe d iz fr vfhko` fù k e a dk bz l kfkz d vu r j ugha a gs A 80 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:79-82

83 fl ag% ek /; fed L rj d fon~ ; kffkz ;ka d h if jok j dy ;k. k dk ;Z dz eka d iz f r vfh ko` frr ij mudh ek/ ;fed Lr j d fo kff kz ; ka d ifjo kj dy ;k. k dk;z Øeka d iz fr vfhko` frr l E cu /kh iz nrr ka dk v xz of.kz r rkfyd kvk a ea iz nf kz r gs & l k fj. kh l a[ ;k & 1 ek / ;f ed Lr j d Nk =, o a Nk =k v ka d i f jo k j d Y ;k.k dk ;Z Ø ek a d i z f r vf H k o` f Ùk dh e/ ;ek u] ek ud f o pyu, o a Øk f Urd v uq ik r (C.R.) ek u dh lk f j.kh l ewg l a[ ;k e / ;ek u e kud f o pyu Nk = Nk =k,a mij k Dr l kfj. kh l a[ ;k 1 l Li V gs fd ek/ ;fed Lrj d N k= ka d i fjok j dy ; k.k d k;z Øe d iz fr vfhko` fù k dk e / ;eku ] N k= kvka d ifjo kj dy ;k.k dk;z Øe d iz fr v fhko` fù k d e/; eku l vf /kd gs A fdu rq bu n kuk a l ew gka d Ø k fu rd vuq ik r dk eku -05 l kfkz drk Lrj,oa -01 l k FkZ drk Lrj ij v ko ;d l kfkz drk e kuk a l de gs A vr% d gk t k l dr k gs fd ek/ ;fed Lr j d N k= ka, oa N k= kvka d ifjo kj dy ;k.k dk;z Øe d iz fr vfhko` fù k ea l kfkz d vu rj ugh a gs A bl dk dkj.k l eku f k{kk& nh{kk ] l eku vol jk a dh miyc /krk l ek u vf /kd kjk a dh iz o` fù k],oa u ;h i h<+h e a y?kq ifjo kj dh iz o` fù k dk fo dfl r gk uk g k l drk gs A vr% if jdy iuk l a[ ;k& 1 ^ ^ fyax Hkn d vk/ kkj ij ek/ ;fed Lrj d f o kff kz ;k a d ifjok j dy ;k.k dk;z Øeka d iz fr v fhko` fù k ea dkbz l kf kz d vu rj ugh a gs A** LohÑr dh t krh gs A l k fj. kh l a[ ;k & 2 C. R. e ku.43 l k FkZ dr k.05 L rj i j lk Fk Z d ug ha.01 L rj i j lk Fk Z d ug ha a e k / ;f ed L rj d xz keh. k,o k gj h f o kf FkZ ;ka d i fj okj dy ; k.k d k ;Z Øe d iz f r vfhk o` fù k d h e /; ek u] e kud f op yu,oa Øk fu rd vuq i kr (C.R.) e ku dh l k fj. kh l kfj.kh l a[ ; k 2 l L i V gs fd ek /; fed Lrj d xz keh.k fo kf FkZ ; ka d ifj ok j dy ;k.k d k;z Øe iz f r vfhko` fù k d k e / ;eku ] kg jh f o kff kz ;k a d i fjok j dy ;k.k dk ;Z Øe d iz fr vf Hko` fù k d e/ ;eku l d e gs A bu n ku ka l ewgk a d Øk fu rd vuq ik r dk ek u -01 l kfkz drk Lrj ij vko ;d l kfkz drk ekuk a l vf/ kd gs A vr% dgk tk l drk gs fd ek/;f ed Lrj d xz keh.k,o a,oa kg jh fo k ffkz ; ka d if jok j dy ;k.k dk;z Øe d iz fr v fhko` fù k e a l kfkz d vu rj gs A bl dk dkj.k xk o d h vi {kk kgj ka ea fo fhku u if jokj dy ;k.k dk;z Øeka dh l q yhkrk, oa m yc/kr k rf kk b u dk ;Z Øek a d l E cu /k ea tkudkjh g rq l apkj l k/ kuk a dh iz pq jrk gk l drk gs A vr% ifjdy iu k l a[ ;k& 2 ^ ^ vkokl x r Hkn d Le wg xzk eh.k k g jh la[ ;k e/ ;ek u ek ud fop yu C.R ek u lk Fk Z d rk.05 Lrj ij.01 Lrj ij lk Fk Zd lk Fk Zd vk/ kkj ij ek / ;fed Lr j d fo kff kz ;k a d ifj okj dy ;k.k d k;z Øe d iz fr vfh ko` fù k ea dk bz l kfkz d vu rj ugha gs A** v LohÑr dh tkr h gs A bl dk d kj.k x k o dh vi{kk kgjk a ea fo fhku u ifj okj dy ;k.k dk ;Z Øeka dh l q yhkrk,oa myc /kr k r Fkk bu dk ;Z Øeka d l E cu /k e a tkudkj h grq l a pkj l k /ku ka dh iz pq jrk gk l dr k gs A f u d kz % iz nrrka d l kaf[ ;dh ; fo y k.kk ijku r fue ufy f[kr fu d kz iz kir gq, & 1. fyax Hkn d v k/ kkj i j ek /; f ed Lrj d fo k ffkz ;k a d ifj okj dy ;k. k dk ;Z Øeka d iz fr vfhk o` fù k e a dkbz l kfkz d vu rj ugh a gs A 2. vkokl xr Hkn d vk /kk j ij ek/ ;fed Lr j d fo kff kz ;k a d ifj okj dy ; k.k dk;z Øe d iz fr vfhko` fù k e a dk bz l kfkz d vu r j gs A i fj. kk e %v/;;u d f ue ufy f [kr ifj. kke iz k Ir gq, & Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

84 fl ag% ek /; fed L rj d fon~ ; kffkz ;ka d h if jok j dy ;k. k dk ;Z dz eka d iz f r vfh ko` frr ij mudh ek/ ;fed Lrj d fo k ff kz ; ka d ifj okj dy ;k.k dk;z Øeka d iz f r v fhko` fù k i j mud h ys af xd flf kfr dk dkbz iz Hkko ugha gk rk gs A 2. ek/ ;fed Lr j d fo kff kz ; ka d ifjo kj dy ;k. k dk;z Øe d iz f r v fhko` fù k] mudh vko kl h; flf kfr l l kfkz d :Ik l iz Hkkfo r gk rh gs S rf kk xz keh.k {k= d fo kf FkZ ; ka d h vi {kk kgj h {k= d fo kf FkZ ;k a e a ifjok j dy ;k.k dk ;Z Øeka d iz fr vf/kd / kukr ed vfhko` fù k g kr h gs A v/ ;; u l iz kirk ifj.kkek a d vk/ kkj ij dgk tk l drk gs fd ek /; f ed Lrj d fo k ffkz ; ka d ifjok j dy ;k. k dk;z Øek a d vfhko` frr ea fya x Hkn d vk/ kkj ij dk bz l kfkz d vu rj ugha gs fdu rq xz keh.k,oa kgjh {k= d fo k ffkz ; ka d i fjok j dy ;k.k dk;z Øek a d vfhko` frr e a l kfkz d vu rj gs A l kjka kr% ;g dg k tk l drk gs fd fo k ffkz ; ka d h vfhko` fù k ;ka mudh vkokl h ; flfk frk l iz Hkkfor gkr h gs aa mudk vkol h ; ifjo k mud n` f Vd k.k ka dk iz Hkkfo r djrk gs A vr% orz ek u ifjn` ; ea ifj okj dy ; k.k dk;z Øeka dk iz Hkko kky h cuku d f y, vko ;d gs fd bl fn kk ea fo k k iz ;kl fd, tk, aa f o kff kz ;k a dh vfhko` fù k ;k a dk t ku dj,l ikb~ ;Øek a] f k{k.k& fof /k; ka d k fodkl fd ;k tk, ftl l fo kff kz ;k a ea m fpr n` f Vd k.k dk fod kl gk,oa o ifj okj dy ; k.k dk;z Øeka d mn~ n ; ka dk vkr el kr~ dj l da,o a ml viu t hou e a vi uk dj tul a[ ;k o` f) dh xe Hkhj l el;k d l ek /k ku e a jk V ª dk ;k xnk u dj l da,oa,d vkn kz uk xfjd c u l daa l U nhkz ek S ;Z ]-,l -Mh % ek uo Hkwxk y] k k jnk i q Lrd H ko u] b yk gk ck n lall v k WQ b f.m ;k ] 1991] 2001] 2011 punz k [k j], l -] 1972]% b UQU V ek jf Vf yvh ] i ki q y k u xz kfk,.m Q Sf eyh I ykf uax b u b f.m ;k ] tk tz, yu v uf o u f yf evm ro k dk yh ] v k j-, oa, p- j k h nh ] 2003] ^uk yt,.m, Vh V~ ;wm Vwo k MZ~ l Q Sf eyh I yk f uax c k b ey Vh plz b u n Lykf ed f ji f Cyd vk Q b jk u*] b Z LV ef M V~ jj gs YF k t uz y] f lrec j&uo Ec j] t ula[;k, oa uxjh dj.k 2001] b ykg kc k n if Cy k lz ] b yk gk ck n xq I rk ], l -i h-¼2008½% v k /k q f ud ek i u, oa ewy ;k ad u] k k jnk i q Lrd H ko u] b ykg kc k n 82 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:79-82

85 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:83-86 ISSN : le ko'k h f' k{kk d l ad YiukRed f l)kur vksj n` f "Vdk. k ij iq ufoz p kj j [kk 'kq Dy k 1 ] c` t Un z dq ekj flag 2 1 f o Hk k xk /;{k ] f 'k {kk ladk ;]g f.m;k i h 0th 0 dk yt ] g f.m ;k ]b ykg k ck n] m0iz 0] H kk jr 2 v f llvav i zk Qlj]g f.m ;k ih 0th 0 dk yt ] g f.m ;k ]b ykg kc k n]m0i z 0] H kk jr ABSTRACT l ek o' kh f'k{ kk 'ks f{ kd t xr dk,d c gq r gh l ed ky hu l E iz R ;; gs ] ftl ea f o fhku u iz dkj d f u; kz X; c Pp ka d k l ke ku ; c Pp ka d l k Fk f'k {kk nu d h c kr d gh x ;h gs A bl d ihn rdz ; g fn ;k tkr k gs fd ;f n Diabled Children d k l ke ku ; cp pk a l v y x f'k{k k nh tk ;x h r k m u ea g h ur k d k c k/ k g kx k fd ge vl keku ; (Diabled ½ gs aa bl l F kk M+ i gy dh l kp ; g j gh f d t c f' k{kk e a eu kf ok ku dk dku l I V v k; k rc f 'k{ kk ] f 'k{k kf khz df U nz r gk x ; ha ckyd ka d h : f p] { ker k] ; kx ; rk d v k/ kk j ij f' k{k k dk iz ko /k ku fd ;k t ku y xk A ;g f op kj cgq r g n r d l Q y Hkh j gk gs A iz Lrq r kk / k i= e a fo f k V ckyd ka dk n` f V xr j[ kr gq, l ek o kh f k{kk d l ady iukr ed fl ) ku r ka v ks j n` f Vdk.k ka i j iq u foz Pk kj dh vko ; dr k dk j [k kaf dr fd; k x; k gs A KEYWORDS: l eko kh f k{kk] l ady iuk] fu ;kz X ; cky d orz eku 'ks f{kd ifjo 'k e a f' k{kk ea e uk fok ku dh l ady iuk g h iz kl af xd jgh gs ] D ;k afd bl e a ge ckydk a d O ;og kjk a dk v / ;; u djd ml d O ;ogk j ifjektz u dh dk f'k' k djr gs a rfkk tk ck yd l keku ; ckydk a d l kf k ug ha l h[k l dr mud fy, vy x d{kk] vy x f'k{ kk gk u dh ckr dh tkrh jgh gs ] ftl l tk iz frhkk' kky h cky d gs a mudk l e; tk ;k u gk rfk k tk fdl h Hkh iz dk j l fu ;kz X ; gs a mud k mf pr ] ;Fk kf pr f'k{k k fey l da ftu ckydk a dh cq f) ;k ekufl d {kerk l keku ; ckydk a l vf/ kd gkr h gs mu ga iz frhkk' kkyh ckyd dgk tk rk gs A l keku ; rks j ij iz f rhkk'k kyh ckydk a dk mpp cq f) d vk/ kkj ij if jhkkf"k r fd;k tkrk gs A iz frhk k dk l ke ku ; c ks f) d ; kx ;rk v Fkok fofhku u {k = ka ts l dyk ] l ax h r] u r` Ro vk fn ea fof 'k" V ;kx ;r k d vk /kkj ij Hk h i fj Hkkf"kr fd; k tk l dr k gs A cks f) d n` f" V ¼Intellectual view point½ l iz frhkk'k kyh ckydk a l rkr i ;Z mp p cq f) y fc/k ¼High I.Q.½ ok y ck ykdk a l g krk gs A bl h iz dkj v{ke ckyd ka e a 1- Jo.k {k fr;q D r ck yd ¼Hearing Handicapped child ½ 2- n` f" V v{ke ckyd ¼Viually Handicapped child) 3- cgq y fody kax rk c k yd ¼Multiple Handicapped½ 4- okd~ nk"k ck ydka dh f'k{ kk ¼Education of children with peech diorder½ 5- Hkk"kk fod kj xz Lr c kyd ¼handicapped child½ 6- l aoxkr ed v'k Dr cky dka dh f' k{kk ¼Education of Emotionally Diturbed children½ 7- l kekftd :i l dq l ek ;k ft r ckydk a dh f'k{k k ¼Education of Socially Mal-Adjuted child½ 8- vf/ kxe vl q fo/ kk ;q D r c kyd ¼Learning Diadvantage of child½ bl iz dkj d ck ydka d fy, f'k{kd & 1- fo'k" k iz f'k{k.k iz ki r gk aa a 2- cppk d i Fk& iz n'kz u d fy, l ns o rs ;kj j guk pkf g,a 1 : Correponding Author

86 kq Dyk vks j fl ag % l eko kh f k{kk d l ady iu kr ed fl }ku r vks j n` f Vdk.k i j iq ufoz pkj 3- fofhku u f'ky i ka dh f'k{k k n u dh ; kx ;rk gk uh pkf g,a 4- 'kkjh fjd L oklf ; dh f'k{ kk e a :fp g ku h p kfg,a 5-,l cppk a f' k{kk eu n x fr l iz eiw.kz <ax l nu ea l {ke gk A 6- ekuoh ; v kn'k kz a l i fjiw. kz gka A 7- cppk a dh gj l el ;k dk fuokj.k dju dh {kerk g ka 8- /ks ;Z ] l g u'kh yrk g ku h p kfg, A 9- cppk a dk l E eku d juk pk fg,a 10- eu n cq f) ckydk a dh f'k{k k nu d h fo f/ k; ka d k K ku gka fof' k" V f'k{k k d vu rxz r mu l Hkh i{kka dk l fe efyr fd;k tkr k gs tk fof' k" V c kydk a ij yk xw gkr h gs A ;g f'k{k k 'k k jhfjd ] e kufl d vfk ok iz frhkk'k kyh v Fkok f of' k" V xq.k l E iu u d :i ea ckydk a ij viu k;h tk rh gs A yfdu ;g f of /k l keku ; ckydk a d f 'k{k. k ea ugha vi uk;h tkrh gs A fof' k" V f' k{kk rfk k l keku ; f'k{kk d mn~ n' ; l eku gk r gs a & ts l c ky dka d k mi ;q Dr f' k{kk d ek/ ;e l ekuoh ; l al k/k uka dk mr F kku ] n' k dk fodkl ] l ekt dk iq uf uz ekz.k] uk xf jd fodkl ] O ;kol kf ;d dk ;Z dq 'kyrk vkf n iz nku dj uka fof' k" V ckyd ka dh ;k X; rk ea fod kl dju d fy, f u%'kq Y d,oa mi ;q Dr f'k{kk d iz ko /kk u ij cy nu dh vko' ;dr k gs A mu dh f' k{kk n; k dh Hkko uk] 'kkjh fjd o eku fl d :i l okafn r ka d iq uo kz l rfkk f'k{kd iz R ; d ckyd ea l oz Fkk m fp r xq.k fod fl r dju dk iz ;R u djrk gs A tc ckyd ifjo kj l nwj jgrk gs rk f' k{kd o g O ; fd r gk rk gs tk vf /kdk f/k d l g;k x n rk gs A fof' k" V f'k{k k dk ikb~ ;Øe os ;f Drd vko' ;drk dk / ;k u e a j [kr gq, cuk ;k tkr k gs A D;k afd f of'k" V f'k{k k dk Lo:i l keku ; f'k{kk l fhku u gs ] bl fy, bl l gtr k l igp kuk t k l drk gs ] tcfd l keku ; f'k{ kk dk f'k {k.k l keku ; d{kk a ea gk rk gs A fof'k" V f'k{ kk l al k/ ku ;q Dr d{k ka ] fo' k"k f'k{k k l alfkku ka ;k v kokl h ; f' k{k.k du nz ka ea n h tkr h gs A bl h iz dkj l efu or f'k{ kk ea iz f rhk k'kky h okyd r Fkk l ke ku ; ckyd,d l kfk d{kkvk a ea iw.kz l e; ;k v/kz dkfyd l e; ea f' k{kk xz g.k dj r gs aa bl iz dkj feyuk ] l ek;kt u] l kekftd ; k 'ks f{kd vfko k nku ka dk l efdr dj rk gs A l efu or f' k{kk d k v ku nky u l Hkh uk xfjd ka d h l ekurk d v f/ kdkj dk if gpk uu v ks j l Hkh ckydk a dk f of' k" V v ko' ;drk vk a d l k Fk&l kfk f' k{kk d l eku vol j d :i e a gs A gs & l efu or f'k{ kk e a p kj eq [ ; iz fø;k ;a e groiw. kz 1- ekudhdj. k ¼Normalization½ 2- f'k{kk d h eq [ ;/ kkj k rf kk 3- l eko'k ¼Incluion ½ 4- l alfkk j fgr f'k{ kk ¼De intitutionalization½ 19oha 'k rkcnh e a ve fjd k r Fkk ; wjk i ea via x ckydk a dh fof'k" V f'k{k k grq Øec) iz ;kl gq,a fof' k" V f' k{kk d tu enk rk v f/k dka'k ; wjk i d fpfdrl d FkA y fdu ve fj dk okfl ;k a u l e;&l e; ij 'kk jhf jd :i l ok afn r ckydk a d f y, fo f'k" V f'k{kk d fod kl l l E cfu /kr K ku xz g.k djr jg A ;gk rd fd dq N ve fjdk d fo'k "kk via x c kydk a d f'k{k.k d ck j e a K ku iz k Ir dju ;wjk i tk ;k d jr FkA fof' k" V f'k{ kk d b frg kl ea ;wjk i d iz ;kl vpn dju d l adr fey r gs A yfdu ; g l R ; gs fd egroiw.kz fop kj fo f'k" V f' k {kk d {k= ea ;w jk i l vef jdk x;a vf /kdk a'k ;wjk i r Fkk ve fjdk d fpfdrl d fo' k"kk rf kk f'k{ k kfon ka u fof' k" V f'k{ kk d fodkl g rq viuk& viu k l g ;k x f n; ka Hkkjr dk f in M+ gq, uk xfj dka dk l k ekftd Lrj Å pk mbk u r Fkk mud h vpn kbz d fy, l ei. kz gs A bl fo /k ku d } kjk j kt; l jdkj 'kk jhf jd o ekufl d okafn r ka,oa m udh f pfdrl k l E cu /kh vko' ;drk dk iw jk dju d fy, mrrj nk; h gs A bl mrrjn kf ;Ro ea vi ax ka dh f 'k{kk] O ;ol kf ;d iz f'k{k.k] eukj atu] l ke kftd l q j{kk] uks djh d vol j ] mud k iq uokz l u vkf n Hkh l fe e fyr gs A 84 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:83-86

87 kq Dyk vks j fl ag % l eko kh f k{kk d l ady iu kr ed fl }ku r vks j n` f Vdk.k i j iq ufoz pkj iz kphu ;wuk u,oa j ke l ek t d fo}k uka r Fkk fpfdrl dk a u via xk a d tho u dk l aj{k.k n u d fy, dq N iz ;kl fd;,oa mud fy, fo'k "k LF kku cuk ;A bl l yk xk a d iq jku fo pkj ka e a i fjorz u vk ;ka bl iz dkj dh flf kfr, oa dk ;Z dyki 18oh a 'kr kcnh d vu r rfkk 1 9oha 'kr kcnh d iz kje Hk ea gq, F ka 20oha 'kr kcnh d e/ ; l vf /kd o"kkz a ea ; wjk i ea eks f[kd fo f/k ;k a dk f'k{ k.k {k= ea vk f/k ir ; j gk rfk k ;g v ifjo rz uh ; jgha dkbk jh deh' ku ¼1964& 66 ½ u dgk fd iz kjfe Hkd f'k{ kk dh O ;kid rk d y{ ; ckyd ka d fof' k" V l ewg dh f 'k{k. k {k = ea l Q yrk ij f uhkz j djr gs aa An exceptional learner i an individual who, becaue of uniquene in enory, phyical, encrological, temperamental or intellectual capacity and or in the nature and range of previou order to maximize thi or here functioning level. -Hewett and Forne vf/ kdka' k v/ ;kidk a d k,l ckydk a d k Hkh f'k{k.k d{k e a i <+u k im+ rk gs tk dk ;Z d iz fr xe Hkhj ugha g kr A l ko/k kuu gha j gr ] thou d iz fr m nkl hu gkr ] bud k cq f) Lrj l kek U ; l de gkrk gs A,l ckydk a e a dk ;Z d iz fr : fp ugha gk rh vks j u gh vu ; ckydk a d l kfk l fe efy r g kr v Fko k f'k{k k d {k= ea l Q yrk dh Hkko uk u gha g kr h A vf/ kxe vl ef khz ckyd fo"k ekax h l ewg c ukr gs aa dq N ckydka d k i <+u dh l el;k gkr h gs ] dq N dk fy[ku e a dfbu kbz gkr h gs ] tgk dq N ckyd l e> u rfkk folr` r c krk a e a l el; k dk l keuk d jr gs a rk dq N ckydka dk l e ; O ;r hr dju ea rfk k eku fp= e a fdl h L Fkku dk [kk tu e a l el;k gk rh gs A bl iz dk j bl fu" d"kz ij igq pk tk ldrk gs fd vf /k xe vl efk hz ckydk a dh l el;k vk a dh f o'k"kr kvk a d k l jy rk l ugha crk ;k tk l drka l kek U ; :i l,l ckydka dh l el;k ;a fue uf yf[kr gk rh gs a %& 1- ;kx ;r k Lrj 2- fø;kr ed Lrj 3- vo/k ku l E cu /k h l el; k 4- j v Fko k 'kk jhf jd vax d h fø; kr ed l el;k 5- n` f" V iz R ;{khdj. k l el; k 6- Jo.ka iz R ;{khdj. k l el; k 7- Hkk"kk l E cu /kh l el ;k 8- l kekftd l ao xkr ed O ;og kj l E cu /kh l el; k,a 9- vfhkf oykl l E cu /kh l el ;k, a 10- dk;z l E cu /kh v knr a 11- 'ks f{kd vl ef kz rka l eko'kh f'k{kk bl ck r ij fo'k" k :i l cy nrk gs fd l k eku ; vks j fof 'k " V ckykd ka dk l k Fk&l kf k f'k{kk iz n ku fd ;k tk,a y f du,d O ;ogk fjd l Pp kbz gs vks j,d v /;k id g ku d h otg l bl dk egl wl djrk gw fd l keku ; i fjfl Fkf r;k a ea l keku ; ckydk a d l kfk i<+k uk l E Hko ugha gs A tc rd ge Infratructure ea ifj orz u ugha d j xa mnk gj.k d rks j ij ;fn Jo.k c kf /kr cp pk gk ; k eu n cq f) ckyd gs ml dk l keku ; ckydk a d l kfk fdl rj g l l ek;k ftr d j l dr gs aa bl h iz dkj iz f rhkk'k kyh ckydk a dk l keku ; ckyd ka d l kfk f'k{ kk n h tk ; xh rk iz frhk k'kk yh ckyd ka dk l e; tk;k gkr k gs ] D ;k afr iz frhkk'k kyh ck yd dh 'ks f{kd miyfc /k v f/kd gkr h gs A iz frhkk'k kyh ck yd l kfgr ; ] fok ku] O ; kdj.k ] x f.kr ] bfrg kl ] Hkwxk y vk fn fo"k ; ka ea v /;k id }kjk J " B?kkf" kr gk r gs aa bl fy, g edk bl ij iq ufoz pk j dj uk gh gk xk fd l eko 'kh f' k{kk d dk;z Øe dk ds l vkx c<+k ;k tk,a fu %l U ng ; l ajpuk vpn h ekuo rk dk du nz ea j[kdj yk ;h x; h gs ] bl ij ge l Hkh d k iq u% fop kj dj uk gh gk xka D ;ka fd ; g iz fø ;k l ke kftd nwjh d e dj u rfk k v kil h l g;k x d k c <+ko k n rh gs A bl iz dkj l kekftd l eu o; dk cy feyrk gs rfkk fofhku u ckydk a d l ewg ] l ekt e a cj kcj d Hk kx hnk j cu tkr gs aa l U nhkz Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

88 kq Dyk vks j fl ag % l eko kh f k{kk d l ady iu kr ed fl }ku r vks j n` f Vdk.k i j iq ufoz pkj k ek Z ] v k j, % fo f 'k "V f 'k {k k dk i zk : i k jrunq ] l R ; uk jk ;.k nwc% f o f 'k"v f 'k {k k 86 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:83-86

89 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:87-90 ISSN : orz eku i fj n` ' ; ea c<+r k usfr d ir u v ksj f'k{k k lat ; d q ekj 'kq Dy 1 iz n hi d q ekj 'kq Dy 2 1 i zo Drk ]ch 0,M ], e0, M ]g f.m ;k i h 0th 0 dk yt ]b ykg kc k n]m0i z 0] H kk jr 2, e0, 0 eukf o Kk u]c h 0, M ] g f.m ;k i h0th 0 dk yt ]b yk gk ck n] m0i z 0 H kk jr ABSTRACT v kt d rt h l c nyr i fjn` ' ; e a e kuo u Hk ks f rd txr ea r hoz xf r l f odkl fd; k gs A vkt d k ;q x f ok ku dk ;q x gs v ks j os K k fu d iz x fr vi u f ' k[kj dk N wu o ky k gs A fok k u dk nk; j k br uk c<+k ] fd nq fu ;k fl ev d j eq V~ B h ea v k x ; h v ks j tc f ok ku u n q f u; k d k l e Vk rk th ou d d bz i gy w br u f l ev x ; f d v kt m udk v flrr o g h [ krj e a i M + x ; ka bue a n k i gy w iz eq [k gs a f t uij f odkl d k l okz f/ kd nq " iz Hkko f n[kr k gs ] igy k gs * i; kz oj. k* vks j nwl j k igy w gs us frd rk ; k vku r fjd i ;kz o j.k ;k ek ufl d i ;kz oj.k Hkh dg l dr gs aa b u nk uk gh i gyq v ka i j v kt l E iw. kz e ku o l e kt cq jh r jg l tw> j gk gs A ; k ; w d ga f d nk uk gh i gyq v ka ij vl Q y j gk gs A tgk rd fd i ;kz oj.k dh ck r gs r k bl ij os f 'od Lr j i j iz ; kl p yk, tk j g gs a v ks j fo' k" k r ks j i j Hkk jr e a Hk h i ;kz o j.k l aj {k. k vks j l ao /kz u d k dk ;Z f ofh ku u l jdk jh vks j xs j l j dkj h l al Fkk vk a } kj k p yk ;k t k j gk gs vks j y kx k a dk t kx :d fd ;k tk j gk gs A gekj k nwl j k iz eq [k i gyw gs *us f rd rk* ; k e ku fl d i ; kz oj.k d k ftl d o kj ea f o'k "k rks j i j p pkz dj uh gs A KEYWORDS:ewY ;] us fr drk] os o hdj.k ]us f rd iru vkt gek j l ekt e a us frd rk dk Lrj rt h l fxj rk t k j gk gs ] vks j vx j bl h x fr l f xj kov t kjh jgh r k o g fn u nw j ug ha gk xk tc gekj k eku oh ; l ekt ik'kf od l ekt ea rcnhy gk tk, xka D ;k afd i'kq vks j euq " ; yxhk x l eku iz o` frr d gkr gs a doy drz O ;ck /k vks j us frdrk gh euq " ; dk i'kq v ka l Å ij mbk rk gs A us frdrk e wy ;k a dk iru vkt gekj fy, fpu r k vks j fpu ru n kuk a dk fo"k ; gs A us frd ewy ;ka l gekjk rkr i;z mpp ek uoh ; xq.kka l gs ts l ] d rz O ;ck /k ] f u" Bk ] bz ekunkj h] f'k" V rk ],o a l n kpk j v kfna yfd u v kt thou d iz R ;d {k= e a bu ekuoh ; ewy ;k a dk ir u rth l gk jg k gs vks j O ;o gkj r Fkk vkp j.k e Hkz " Vrk c<+rh t k jgh gs A vkt dk bz Hkh {k= bl iz dkj d iru l vn wr k ugh a jgka jk tuhfr ] / kez ] O ;k ikj ] [ky ] uks djh i' kk vks j ;gk a rd f d f'k{kk egd ek] * ftl ij jk" Vª d fue kz.k dh l cl cm+h fte en kjh jg rh gs * Hkh Hkz " Vkpkj ea M wck gq vk gs A b l us frd ir u vks j Hkz " V vkp j.k d l U nhkz ea,d l P pkbz cgq r xks j dju ok yh ; gs fd] f'k f{kr o xz ea v f'kf{k r o xz dh rq yuk e a iru T ;knk ik; h tk jg h gs A vfkkz r f' kf{k r oxz Hkz " Vkpkj e a rfk k us frd iru ea vf'k f{kr o xz l ehyk a 1 : Correponding Author vkx gs A D ;k ; g f' k{kk d k nq " iz Hkko gs \ D ;k ;g gekj h f'k{kk iz.kky h dh vl Q yrk ugha gs \ D ;k gek jh ' ks f{kd l alfkk, viu mn~ n '; ea v l Q y ugha gas \ fd ftu l alfkk vka d k mn~ n '; j k" Vª d fy, mrre uk xf jdka d k fuekz.k gk uk pk fg, ] o vkt doy mrr e e' khu is n k dj jgh gs a tk T; knk l T ;knk mr ik nu n l d a vks j mudk ca p l da vf/ kd l vf/ kd is l ka dh iz kfi r dh tk l d ;gh iz eq [k mn~ n' ; fn[kk ;h im+ rk gs A D ;k ge doy is l ka l vpn j k" Vª dk fuekz.k dj l dr gs a\ D; k ge vi u v ku oky h ih <+h d fy, fl Q Z is l k N km+ d tk,ax vks j,s l k l ekt tk fd Hkz " V vks j ifrr gka vks j D; k Hkz " V l ekt ea isl ka l l q [ke; thou dh dy iuk dh t k l drh gs ] D ; k mud f y,,d l U rq fy r vks j l E ;d vk pj. k ok yk jk " Vª ug ha pk fg, ] bu re ke iz 'uka d mrrj d h v i{kk vkt ge vi u fo}k uk a l djr gs aa vkt HkkS f rd fod kl dk c kyck yk gs ] iju rq HkkS frd fodkl d l kf k gekj k us frd fo dkl Hkh m ruk gh egroiw. kz gs A fcuk us f rd fodkl d HkkS frd fodkl vr ;U r vkr e? kkr h fl ) gk l drk gs A HkkS frd fod kl rhkh l q [ke; gk rk gs tc ml dk mi ;k x us f rdrk iwoz d fd;k tk ;A v kt ge a miu K ku] dks 'ky ] {ke rk,oa l al k/kuk a d k m i; k x iw. kz r;k us frdr k d nk ;j ea gh djuk pkf g,a vu ;Fk k Hkh"k.k nq " ifj.k ke d fy, rs ;k j

90 kq Dyk vks j kq D yk % o rz eku ifjn` ; ea c<+r k us frd iru vks j f k{kk jguk pk fg,a m nkgj.k d r ks j ij ijek.kq mt kz dk gh ya& ijek.kq mtkz dk m i; k x fo q r mtkz d fue kz.k ea fd;k t krk gs vks j ; gh fo q r }kjk vkt l kj h HkkS frdrk pyk ;ek u gs ] y fd u bl h ijek. kq mtkz }kj k bl d vus frd mi ;k x l u doy ekuo tkf r cfy d l E iw.kz tho t xr d fy, [krjk mr iu u fd ;k t k l drk gs A bl h iz dkj l ge ;g n[kr gs fd ekck by dk mi ;k x l w puk ] f' k{kk ] vks j euk jatu d fy, fd; k tkrk gs rc r k bl dk l nq i;k x gs S A y fdu vkt bl ØkfU r dk mi ;k x vijk /k ] gr ;k] pk jh] MdS r h vk fn vudk a iz dkj d vus f rd d k;kz e a fd ;k tk jgk gs A,d l oz d eq rkfcd ek ckby d mi ;k x l > w B ck yu dh iz o` frr ea dbz xq uk c` f) gq bz gs A bl l ;g iz n f'kz r gkr k gs fd vkt gekj k us fr d fpu ru dk Lrj dkq h fxj pq dk gs A dkbz Hkh l ekt tc,d i {k dk Hkwydj ;k mi{k k dj d v kx c<+ rk gs rk og fodyka x g ku dh flfk fr e igq p tk rk gs A ;g h dkj.k gs fd vkt Hk ks frd fodkl d Q k; n de vks j uq dl ku T ;kn k gs aa ck g~ ; fodkl dk l k /ku vks j ml d vihk k x d f y, us frd :i l etcwr gku k pkf g,a pwafd vkt euq " ; us f rd :i l ifrr gq vk gs bl fy, HkkS frd fodkl dk nq jiz ;k x v f/ kd gk j gk gs A egkr ek xka /k h u iwj k tk j bl ckr ij f n; k Fk k fd *H kks frd fo dkl d l kfk gh l kfk euq " ; dk us frd :i l Hkh l q n` <+ fd; k tku k pkf g,*a bl fy, xk a/ kh th u l okz f /kd fodkl d h ck r ij tkj fn; k Fk ka vkt g ekj us f rd i{k d fod kl dh mi{k k dh tk jgh gs A ;gh dkj.k gs fd vkt l ekt ea vud ka iz dkj d h cq jkb ;ka O ;k Ir gs a ; Fkk Hkz " Vkpkj ] nq jk pk j] cky v ijk/ k] vkr adok n] e fgy k mr ihm+ u] vk fna ; g gek j f x jr f pu ru d Lr j dk gh iz rhd gs fd vkt l ekt e a efgyk vk a dh flf kfr cg n vl q jf{kr gs A iz fr fnu m ud f[kykq mr i hm+u, oa 'kk"k. k dh?kvu k,a c< + jgh gs aa ;g?kf V;k e kufl dr k ugha r k vks j D; k gs ] ; g g ekjh f ud` " V l kp ug ha rk vks j D ;k gs \ e fgyk,a g h f dl h l ekt ea / kez vks j l ald` fr dh l Pph okf gdk gk rh gs a] og h gekj l ekt ea vl q jf{kr, oa Hk ;Hkh r gs aa bl l irk py rk gs fd vkt gekj l ekt dh n'k k v ks j f n 'kk D;k gs A D ;k afd fodkl dk xz kq rk l q jf{kr ekg ks y ea Å pk gk rk gs ] t k Lo; a vl q jf{kr v ks j Hk;H khr gk og gek jh l ald` f r vks j l H ;rk dk fodfl r ds l dj l drk gs A ma pkbz ds l n l drk gs A *Lokeh food kuu n * u dgk gs fd& Þ fdl h jk" Vª d h iz x fr ¼f odkl ½ dk l okz Ù ke Fke kz ehvj og k dh efgyk vk a dh fl Fkr gkr h gs aa ukjh j k" Vªh ; o l kek ftd thouke` r dk du nz gs A n'k d orz eku iru dk eq [ ; dkj.k ;g gs fd ge u ' kfd r dh bu l tho iz fr ekv k a d iz fr vk nj d k Hk ko u gha j[kka t gk ij fl= ;ka nq [ke; tho u O ; rhr d jrha gs a ml dq Vq E c ;k jk" Vª dh mu ufr dhk h ugh a gk l drh gs Þ A us frdrk vks j l n kpk j jk" Vªh ; t hou d v k/ kkj gs aa ukj h iq :"kka dh tu enk= h gs a] tuuh gs a] iq :"k dh cf y" Brk uk jh ij g h fuhkz j djrh gs A v r% iq :"kk a l ; g vi{kk dh tkr h gs fd og ukjh d iz fr vkn j,o a l E eku dk Hkko u d oy iz nf'kz r dj a cfy d ml vkr el kr dj aa jk" Vª h; uotkx j.k dk mn~?k k"k dju oky Loke h th,l h vi{k k jk" Vª d iz R ; d ;q od l d j r gs aa gk tg k rd l ks U n;z ck/ k dh ck r gs rk ml v Loh dkj ugh a fd ;k tk l drk iju rq l ks U n;z ck/k dh v km+ e 'kk"k. k vks j vl E ek u tud O ;o gkj d k ] vi eku tud fl Fkf r dk Lo hdkj ugha fd ;k tkuk pkf g,a D; kafd us frd rk vks j l nk pkj }kjk g h ge ' kkfu r vks j vk uu n dh iz kfi r dj l dr gs aa tk fd gek j th ou dk ewy mn~ n' ; gs A t hou vku rfjd thou l xks.k gs A ;k ge ;w Hkh d g l dr gs a fd ck g~ ; ;k HkkS frd tho u vku rfjd ; k vkfr ed thou dh iz frpn k;k ek= gs A gekjk vku rfjd thou us f rdrk dh m fp r [kq jkd l gh LoL F; jgr k gs vu ;Fk k ge kjk fpu ru nw f"kr g k tkr k gs A nk'kz fudk a u us f rdrk d rhu ew y vk /kk j cr k, gs a& 1 - gekj HkkS frd tho u d Hkhr j,d l ekuku r j vku rfjd,oa v kfr ed th ou fuju rj pky w gs A 2 - og vku rfjd th ou gh ew y thou gs & ogh 'kkl or rfkk l k /; t hou gs ] t c fd ckgj h thou ml dk vlfk k;h l k/ ku e k= gs A ¼'kjhj ek /;e [kyq /kez l k/kue~ ½ 3 - ml vku rfjd thou ea g e l Hkh eks fyd :i l,d gh gs a fhku u ;k vl eku u ghaa vk/ kq fud ;q x d iz eq [k nk'kz f ud,oa l kekftd fop kjd *vk xlr dkev * u us frdrk dk euq " ; dh iz xfr,oa fodkl dk pj e y{; Lo hdkj fd; k gs A v ks j mu gku a ;g d gk fd euq " ; dk us frd rk d iz fr tkx:d fd; k tku k p kfg, A rkfd og Lo ;a dk in vks j l E ifrr d k Lo keh ugha c fy d j{kd l e> A 88 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:87-90

91 kq Dyk vks j kq D yk % o rz eku ifjn` ; ea c<+r k us frd iru vks j f k{kk nk'kz fud er d ck n g e us frdr k dh l ekt'kkl= h ; O ;k[ ; k dj uk pk gr gs aa ge kj l ekt e a ;g l E iw.kz ekuo l ekt e a min 'k l T; knk O ;ogk j dk iz Hkko im +rk gs ; k ;w dga fd o k.kh l T ;kn k vkp j.k dk iz Hkko im +rk gs A ;gh ckr ;g k us f rdrk vks j l nk pkj ij Hkh yk xw gkr h gs A ge a us frd rk dk c<+ok n u d fy, R ; kxi woz d iz ;kl djuk p kfg,a ;g Lor% c<+ ;g vkt d l e; ea Fkk M+k eq f'dy gs ts l & ikuh LokHk kfod :i l u hp dh vk j c grk gs ] Å ij p<+k u d f y, iz ;kl dj uk im+rk gs A B hd os l k g h vkp j.k d l kfk Hkh gs A iju rq vkt gekj l ekt e vkp j.k d t k m nkg j.k m iyc/k gs a o c gn 'kez 'k kj dju oku v ks j f ujk' kk& t ud gs as A u rk ] v / ;kid ] vfhkhkkod ] xq # ] vkf n gekj l Ekkt e jky ekwmy gq vk djr gs aa gekj h ;q ok ih< +h bu gha dk vi uk vkn' kz ekur h gs vks j bud v kpj.k d k vuq dj.kh ;A iju rq vkt gek j urk vka d k vk pj. k fdl h l N q ik ugha gs A,l k dk bz vkjk i ugh a tk bu ekuu h; ka ij u gka,s l k dkbz d` R ; ugha ftl e a ; fyi r u gk aa l al n l ydj xy h dwp rd bu e kuu h; ka d d` R ;k a dh p pkz g ekj l ekt e a tgj cudj?kq y j gh gs A, l k gh jgk r k jk" V ª d bl LrE Hk dk fody i r yk'k k tku yx x ka jg h c kr v/ ;kid d h rk cp pk viu v/ ;kid d k viuk vk n'kz ekurk gs vks j mud O ;og kj dk gh l Pp k O ;o gkj l e> rk gs A ; g ml dh uknk uh gs ] ym+d iu ;k y xko fd og ;g eurk gs fd xq # th dk *l c dq N * vkrk gs ok l oz K vkt ekr k& fir k d ikl l e; ug ha gs vi u cppk a d fy, bl dk Hkh cq jk iz Hkko cppka d fo dkl ij im+rk gs A tk vk x p ydj jk" Vª d uk xf jd cur gs aa vr% ge kj l ekt d fte enkj O ;f Dr ;k a dk vpn vkp j.k d f y, R ; kx iwoz d iz ;kl dj uk pkf g, vks j l ekt ea vuq dj.k h; m nkg j.k iz Lrq r d juk p kfg,a,l k djuk jk" Vª d iz R ;d ukx fjd dk drz O ; g ku k pkf g,a bl d ckn ge us frdrk dh euk os K kfud O ;k[ ;k dja bl l igy g ea vi u b frg kl ij,d utj vo' ; Mkyu h pk fg, A ;w rk us f rd iru dk bfrg kl mruk g h iq jkuk gs f truk fd ekuo dk i ju rq vk/ kq fud ;q x ea us frd ir u dk Li" V,oa O ;kid Lo:i vkt l yxhk x 100 o"kz iwoz n[ku d k fe yrk gs A tc l u~ 1914 e iz Fke fo'o ;q ) d l e; tk Hkh"k.k u j l agkj gq, ml e a bal ku dh d her,d ne [kr e gk x ;ha l k jh e kuor k ne r km+ pq dh FkhA ur k,oa vf /kdkj h viu bz eku [k k pq d Fk,oa vi u v /khu ykx ka l t kuo jka dh Hkk fr i 'k vk u y xa vaxz t bf rgkl dk j,p0 th0 oy l u viu h iq Lrd& bfrgkl dk l kjka'k ¼Summary of Hitory½ e a d gk fd us frd ewy ; ka dk iru fodkl okn d fl ) ku r dk viuku d ck n l 'kq : gq vka iz Fke fo' o ;q ) dk ykx ka ij bru k cq jk vl j im+k fd mudh l g h xyr dh l e> iw.kz r% [kr e g k x; ha jktuh fr] /kez ] l ek t] iguko k] l E cu /k vk fn igyw ij ewy ; ka ea Hkk jh f x jkov n[k u dk fe yh tk bl l igy ug ha FkhA p pz u f odkl okn d uke ij el hgh f 'k{kk vk a dk Hkz " V dj fn ;k vks j y k xka dk ;q ) ea Hkx yu d fy, iz fjr fd ;ka iz Fke fo' o ;q ) d ck n l u~ 1920 d n' kd e a ykx HkkS f rdrk d ihn Hk kx u y x vks j m u i j v ehj cuu dk tq uw u l okj g ku yxk, l tq uwuh g kyk r e a iq jku ewy ;ka, oa fl ) ku rk a dk Bq djk f n;k x ;ka l u~ 1930 d n'kd ea iwj h nq fu ;k e a e gkeu nh N k x ;ha cgq r l yk x xjhc gk x; A vks j dq N gn rd HkkS frdrk ea fx jkov vk ; ha yfd u n' kd [kr e gkr & gk r f} rh ; fo'o ;q ) fn M+ x; k tk igy l Hkh T;kn k Hk; kud F kka l S dmka 'kgj [k kd gk x ; ] pk jk rjq gkykr n ;uh ; Fk vks j ykx iq jk u ol wyk vks j fu;e ka dh u; h O ;k[ ; k v iu vuq l kj d ju y xa uhf r] /kez ] l kekftd l E cu /k O ;k ik j vkfn l l E cfu /kr l Hkh fu;e ka dk rk[k ij j[k f n;k x ;ka es nk u tax e a Q ks ft;k a dk fot ; iz ki r dj u d fy, e ;kz nk ikj dj u dh tk [kq yh N wv nh tk rh Fkh ml vke t hou e a Hk h viuk ;k t ku yx ka ;q ) d ck n p kjk a r jq tk v'kk fu r] c ps uh rfk k ruk o Fkk ml ea us f rdrk f oyq Ir gku y xh vks j yk xk a d ew Y ;ka vks j e ;kz nk dh dk bz dher ug ha j gha a a S a a ;q ) d l e; ykxk ij gj o Dr eks r dk l k;k emjk jgk F kk bl fy, o v iu vje kuk vks j ttckr k dk vatk e n u dk iz ; kl v udka iz dkj l fd ;k dj r FkA ¼ vkj r dkg u d jb dq djeq &rq yl h nkl ½ rek e l fudk u ckn e bl ckr dk Lohdk j fd; k fd Þ ge cnpy u v ks j v us frd ugh Fk yfd u ge djr Hkh rk D;k ] g e tok u Fk v ks j ge k jh eks r dhk h Hkh gk l drh FkhÞ A Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

92 kq Dyk vks j kq D yk % o rz eku ifjn` ; ea c<+r k us frd iru vks j f k{kk bl iz dkj l ge n[kr gs fd tk 'kf Dr vus frd g krh gs rfkk t k vi u vk pj. k l Hkz " V gkrh gs og us frd rk,o a v kpj.k e a viuk fo'o kl [kk pq dk gkr h gs A ml ea t hou ; 'k f Dr; ka d iz fr Hkj kl k u gha jgrka ml d ek ul ivy i j udkjkr ed rk N k tk rh gs rfkk og viu utf j; l g j O ;f Dr e a i ru dk n'kz u djrk gs A ml vi u Hkfo" ; rfkk v iuh dez Br k ij ja p ek= Hkh Hk jkl k ug ha jgrka c l ;gh l ef>, fd ftu n k gs ij ftu n xh u gha d oy yk 'k dk <k jga gs aa dk;z LF ky i j us frd rk d k iz eq [k egro gs Age viu dk ;Z {k= e a L olf ;,oa l E ek utud O ;og kj djuk p kfg,a vkil ea c gr j rkye y,oa l g; k x dk okrko j.k j[k uk p kfg, rfk k viu in,oa iz fr" B k dh xfj ek dk g e'k k / ;ku e a j[ kuk p kfg, ftl l fd ge a l E ;d vk pj. k e a l q fo /kk gk A dbz ckj yk x l g; k xh dh l ykg vlohd kj djr gq, dgr g a fd gea Hk h irk gs l c yfdu es a d grk gq u hfr ;ka dk tk u y u l g h o v kp j.k e a ugha m rj t kr h] bl d fy, iz ; kl dju k im+rk gs A tk ur rk l Hkh gs fd D ;k vpn k gs vks j D ;k cq jk fq j Hk h vpn kbz l nwj h cuh j grh gs A,d ck r bl l U nhkz ea /;k u nu ; kx ; gs ok ; g gs fd no k tku yu l etz nwj u gha gk rk v ks j u gh nok i kl ea j[k yu l A etz rhkh nwj g kr k gs tc ge ml xz g.k dj r gs aa vr% cq jkbz nw j dju d f y, ¼nok ½ mip kj ¼ vfiz ; ½ gk rk Hkh ge a Lohdk j djuk pkf g,a l ald` r ea,d l wfdr gs & 'kkl= k. ;f /kr ; kfi HkoU rq ew[kz % ;L rq fø ;kok u iq :"k% l fo}ku %A vfkkz r 'k kl= k a ij vf /kdk j j [ku oky Hkh eq [kz gkr gs a D;k afd fo} ku r k fø ;ko ku iq :"k gh gk r gs aa vc ge bl iru dk jkdu vks j us frdrk d iz l kj dk iz ;kl fdl iz dkj l dj bl d ck j e a fpu ru d juk pkg r gs aa vks j fo}k uk l vk xz g djr gs a fd l ekt ea c<+r us frd iru l l ekt dk fdl iz dkj cpk ;k t k; r kfd v k u oky h ih<+ h d f y,,d LoLFk vks j l U rq fyr okr koj.k m iyc/ k dj k l da bl ckj ea ejh vi uh jk; gs fd & f'k{k k l ekftd l alf kkv k a dh vxq o k gs vk j bl g h v kx vku k gk x ka f' k{kk dh ftruh Hkh l al Fkk, gs p k g o vks i pkf jd gka ;k vuks ip kfjd mu g a ; fte en k jh m Bku h g k xha f 'k{kk d }kjk gh ge vi u [kk ; gq, xks jo d k iz ki r dj l dr gs aa us frdrk d k c <+ko k n u d fy, ge kjh orz eku f'k{kk O ;o LFk k e a t k iz ;kl f d; t k j g gs a o u kdkq h gs aa vkt do y iz kfk fed ; g mp p iz kfk fed Lr j rd gh U ks frd f'k{ kk dh ck r dh tkrh gs ok Hk h doy dgkfu ;k a d LRk j ija ge a b l f'k{kk d iz R ;d L rj ij ykuk gk x ka f'k{kk dh Å ph l alfkkvk a dk bl ea v kx vkuk gk xka vkt g ekj h vk o';dr k gs fd f'k{k k dh l elr mp pr j l al Fkk, a pkg ok O ;kol k f;d l alfk k,a gk pkg xs j O ;kol kf ;d iz R ;d l alfk k e bl iz dkj d ikb~ ;Øe d h O ;o LFk k dh tk, fd og ka l fudy u o ky N k= jk" Vª d fy,,d f u" Bkok u r Fkk us frd,o a drz O ;fu" B l od c u l da D;k afd t k us f rd f'k{ kk cppk a dk twfu ;j Lr j ij nh tkrh gs cppk ;q ok gkr & gk r ml Hkwy tkrk gs A vks j Hkwy Hkh D ;wa u ml us frdrk dk ikb d oy l S ) kfu rd :i l gh f n;k tkrk gs A ml dh fø;k e a 'kkfe y ugha fd ;k tkr ka vr% v k/ kq fud f' k{kk fonk a l gekjk fouez v uq jk /k gs fd us frdrk vks j l n kp kj dk f'k{kk d iz R ; d Lr j i j fø;kr ed :i l ' kkf ey fd ;k tk uk pk fg, rkfd ge cppk a ea us frdr k vks j l nk pkj dk fodkl fø ;kr ed Lrj rd fd; k tk l da vr% vkt vk o' ;drk gs fd gekjh f 'k{kk O ;olf kk e a iz R ;d L rj ij us frd ewy ;k a v ks j ekuor kokn h n` f" Vdk a.k dk ¼O ;ogk fjdr ks j ij½ fø;kr ed <ax l l ek fgr d h tk ; D ; kafd us frdr k gh f'k{k k dk l cl egroiw.kz i{k gs A l anh kz i k.m;] jk e k d y % mnh ;ek u H k k jrh ; l ek t ea f 'k {k d c ky] jk c VZ % 1914 dh i h <+h c S ye], p th % b f rgk l dh lk jk a'k Sharma, Robin: The monk who oled hi ferrari Shenoy,Preeti: Life i what you make it 90 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:87-90

93 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:91-92 ISSN : oh a 'krk Cnh e a mrrjh Hk kjr dk lke kft d L o : i v f'ou h ;kn o 1 ] 1 b f rgk l fo Hk k x ¼e/;0,o a v k /k qf ud ½]g f.m ;k ih 0th0 dk yt ]g f.m ;k ] b ykg kc k n] m0i z 0] H kk jr ABSTRACT 1 2oh a 'k rkc nh e a m Rr jh H kkjr dk l k ek ftd L o:i iz k jaf Hkd eq fl ye v køku r kv ka d v 'k kaf r, oa Hk kj rh ; vo ;o fl Fk r l kez kt ;k a d iz 'k kl f ud < k p e a vl q n` < +] vl ax f Br r Fk k v ud ka f ol ax f ri w. kz i; kz oj. k d n 'k k ea f gu nw, oa eq fl ye nk fo jk/ k ko kl l al d` fr ;k a d ch p u okf n r l kek ftd pr uk d i fj o'k e a,d fe fj r l kald` frd i ;kz o j.k LF kk fir gk j g k F kk o gha i j Hk ko h uo kf nr l e kt dh l aj pu k dk ;q x viu h mu eq Dr rke ; h vadq fjr Å tkz l E iu u g kr, d l E Hk ko h l k ek ftd l ` tukd kj dk O ; of LF kr c uk u e a l ay Xu F kka v r,o ; g dky Hk kj rh ; b fr gkl ea d o y,d egro iw. kz miy fc /k ;k l E iu u l kal d`f rd f eyu d k l a; kx gh ug ha c fy d l E i w.kz e /; dky hu Hk kj rh ; l ald` fr d k v kbz u k l k iz rh r g kr k gs A vr % ;g 1 2oh a 'k rkc nh bf rgkl ea],d : f pdj ] mn~ Hkwr ] p er dkj h, oa fo p kj. kh ; d ks rwg y l Hkj k ;q x gs A iz L rq r k k/ k i= e a bl h l nh d mrr jh Hkk jr d l k ek ftd Lo: Ik dk iz f rf ofe c r d ju dk iz ;kl fd ;k x ;k gs A KEYWORDS: Hkkjr ] 12 oha l nh ] l kekftd fl Fkf r Hkwfe u l ke kftd O ;ol Fkk rfkk l alfk kvk a d k iz Hkkfor fd ;k ftl d ifj. kke Lo:i l ekt ea Hkwfe ij vk/ kkf jr l kek ftd Lrjk uq Øe dh iz fr" Bk gq bz A pkrq oz.;z O ; olfk k e a Vw Vu r F kk fod U nz hdj.k n` f" Vx k pj gkr k gs Al Hkh o. kkz a d k mi tkfr ;ka ea fohk ktu gq vka tkfr ;ka d h l a[ ;k ea f} xq.ku gq vka vu d ubz tkf r; k cuha vu R ;tk a dh l a[ ; k ea vhkw riwoz o` f) gq bz A vli` ';r k dh Hkkouk ea 'k ks p kpk j d fodkl ] vr ; f/ kd ifo= rk d iz fr v frf jdr l aonuk ] tutk rh ;] i gkm+h rfkk fo n' kh E ypn tkfr ;k a d Hkkjrh ; l ekt ea feyu l vks j okº ; eq fl ye v køku rkvk a l Hkkj rh; l ekt e a mr iu u l kald` frd l adv d dkj.k tkf r;k a ea vr ; f/ kd o` f) gq bz A ukjh dh flfkfr e a voufr f n[kkbz nr h gs A ftl l 12oha ' krkcn h ea mr rjh Hkk jr dk l ke kftd Lo:i,d,f rgk fl d n'kz u] xgu v /; ;u, oa f paru dk fo"k; c u tkrk gs D;k afd ek uo l ekt e a l kekftd l a xbu dh iz kl a fxdr k dk ck /ku eku o cks f) drk] K ku,o a n' kz u d iq.; e a f ufg r jg k gs ] D;k afd e kuo iz k xs frg kfl d dky ea Hkh viu l ew g] > q.m,oa dchyk e a jgr gq, Lo;a ea vi uk,d l axbu f ufez r fd ;k Fkk ft l ea ml dh Lo ;a dh,d l axbukr ed bd kbz Hky gh v l H ;,oa vl kald` frd Fk h] iju rq ml dk ;g l axb ukr ed ny dk l kekftd volf kk dh l ` tukr ed bdk bz Fkh ftl ea ml dk dq N os /kkf ud] fo f/ k& fo /kk u v o'; fuf ez r jg k g k xk ] ftl 1 : Correponding Author ;fn cks f) d fpu ru d :i ea n [ka rk i'kq & if{ k; ka,oa vu ; thoka e a Hkh vkt,d l axbukr ed Lo:i n` f" Vxr gk rk gs A bl h iz d kj eku o viu tho u d iz kjfe Hkd dky ea vk ku h] vcks f) d r Fkk vn k'kz fud,d fpu r u'kh y iz k.k h Hky u gk ] i ju rq ml ea vi u l ewg :i ea ml dk viuk ; g,d l ekt vo '; FkkA iz k;% vc rd iwoz or hz bfrgk l y[ku ea 12 oh a 'krkcn h ea mrr jh Hk kjr d k l kekftd Lo: i dk o.kz u l oz iz Fke fon'k h l Y rur~ dkyhu bfr gkl dkj v yc:uh d` r iq Lrd ^ rgdhdkr&,& f gu n* rfk k ^ feu gkt&mn~ nh u* fl j kt d` r ^ rcdkr&,& ukfl j h* l feyrk gs A tk ml dky d tuthou d k l kek ftd n'kk d k of.kz r djr gs aa l n:mn~ nhu eq ge en gl u futkeh u v iu, frg kfl d fooj. k ^ rkt wy& ekl hj* e a if'p ekrr j Hkkjr tk 12oha 'krkcn h ea Hkkj r dk va x Fkk tk v kt ikfdl rku d l wcka d :i ea iq [kful rku ] cywf plrk u] fl a /k] i f'pe h i a tkc] eq Y rku br ;k fn,oa orz eku vq xk ful rku fl Fkr dkcq y] da /k kj] xtuh vk fn mrrjh Hk kjr d ;k e /; Hk kj r flf kr o rz eku j ktlf kku ] xq tjkr ] l ks jk" Vª ] f onhkz ] d'e hj] i atkc ] fg ekp y iz n' k] mrrj iz n 'k ] e/ ; iz n 'k ] mrrjk apy ] f cgk j] mm+hl k ] caxk y,o a iw okz Rrj Hkkj r dh l kek ftd n' kk d k my y[k fd ;k gs A 12oha 'krkc nh e a mrrjh Hkk jr dk l kekftd Lo:i dh tkudkjh d fy, l elr orz eku mrrjh

94 ;kno % 12oh a k rko nh e a mrrjh Hkkjr dk l k ekftd Lo:i a q q a a a a a ` a Hkkjr dk HkkS x kf yd if jfl Fkf r;k d vuq dwy rh u iz eq [k Hkkxk a& i f' pekrr j l hek orhz l kekftd n 'kk ] e /; Hkkj r,oa iwokz Rrj Hkk jr ea fohk kft r fd;k tk l drk gs A ;g dky,d xgu vfhk: fp is nk djr k gs Hkkj rh; bfrg kl dk ;g d ky l aøe.k dky d u ke l tku k tkrk gs A Hkkj rh ; l kek ft d l E iu urk] l n` <+rk, oa l xfbr l ke kftd volf kk ea uo hu b Lykeh l ald` fr ] Hkkjrh ; l ekt e,d if jo rz u dh iz fø;k d k uo ;q x iz kje Hk fd; ka ftl l l E iw.kz mrrjh Hk kjr flf kr l ekt ea 12 oha l nh d k dk y,d ifjo frz r fn'k ku ukeq [k gq vk ftl l mrr jh Hk kjr h; l ke kftd L o:i i f' pekr rj Hkw& Hkkx l ydj e / ;,oa iw okz Rrj Hkk jrh ; Hkw& Hkk x e ifjo frz r gk u yx k ftl ea fgu nw l kekftd Lo:i blykfed u hfr ] /k ez,oa l ald` fr l l eu o; u gkr gq, Hkh,d cnyko d i kjli fjd feyu dh jkg e vn wr k ugha jgk bl iz dkj l f gu nw eq flye jh fr& f jokt ije ijk ] j gu&l gu br ; kfn ea c nyko,d uoh urk d vkoj. k ea Hkkj rh ; l ald` fr dk,d l gt l E Hkkxh; curk x ;k ftl l l k fgfr ;d,oa dy kr ed 'ks fy ;k e Hkh ifjo frz r <k pk dk l tu l E Hkor% rs ;kj gku yx ka ;gk rd fd blyk fed l al d` fr d iz knq HkkZ o d d kj.k Hkkjrh ; l ald` fr dk i woz dk /kez v / ;kr e] K k u] f'k{ kk br ;kf n e vkew y i fjorz u d h l E Hkkouk, n` f" Vx r gk u yxha blyke dk iz knq HkkZ o,oa f gu nw l kekftd Lo:i dh vfh ko ;atu k n k l a Ld` fr; ka d f eyu ;k l ekx e ij tgk K ku& fok ku ] l kf gr ;& dyk,oa v /; kr e vn wr k ugha jg k] og ha ij iq :"k&l = h l kekftd l axb ukr ed us frdrk ] pfj= ] vkp j.k ] O ;ogk j v kfn Hkh vi fjg kj ifjf LFk fr ;k ifj ofrz r gk u yxh ftl l iw oz l kekftd vkn'kz o kfn rk ' ks yh foj` a[k fy r gk u y xha Hk kjr d iwoz iz /kkue a= h Lo0 ia fmr tok g j yky u g: u vi uh iq Lrd ^ Hkkjr dh [kkt* e a Lo; a dg k fd ^ ^ iwoz orhz eq ge en fcu& d kfl e** d dk y ea blyk fed fl ;kl r d od r fl a/k l y dj fny y h l Y rur d h L Fkk iuk l iwoz Hkkjr h; l kekftd <k p k dgha vf /kd ugha rk dq N vfko k blyk fed /k ez ] iz 'kkl u rfkk v kf FkZ d uhfr l iz Hkkfor g ku y xka cnyr l kekftd Lo:i ea blykfed 'kkl d ka dk vu d df BukbZ ;ka dk l keuk dju k im+ k gk x ka dfbu, oa tf Vy i fj flfk fr ; ka e a l kek ftd l a xbu d k a a a a a a a a a ` fgu nw,o eq flye nk l E iz n k;k d c hp l eu o;dkj h uhfr,oa f of /k rs ; kj dj u dh t:jr egl wl g ku yxha vks j 1 2oha 'kr kcnh d mrrj krrj n'kd ka ea,d uok fnr fgu nw& eq f Lye l ke kf td mu eq Drr k dk ;q x dk dky iz kje Hk gkrk gs A noy L e` fr ea fgu nq vk d eq flye /kez ea / kekz U rj.k r Fkk iq u% iz k;f' pr fo /k ku d }k jk 'kq f) dj.k djd fgu nw l e kt O ;olf kk e l fe efy r gk u dk l k{; iz kir gk rk gs A r R dkyhu l e kt e iq j kuh eku ;rk, Vw Vrh r Fkk u; h eku ;rk, tu e yr h utj vk jgh F kha vuoj r eq flye vk Øe.k d Q yl o:i l elr fgu nw l ekt e u doy l e k t ea c fy d mud / kkf ez d vkff kz d n'kk vk ea Hk h fgu nw l ekt dk foo'k d j MkykA ftl o vi uh v kf FkZ d Hk;ko g vo LFk k l Hk;Hkhr gk dj vo ;o flf kr gk py v ks j vi u H kkoh thou d iz fr l p r g kdj dq N & dqn viuh f gu nq Ro d l kekftd <k p ea orz eku i fjorz u d vuq dwy v iuk Lo;a dk l e kt dk l tukr ed Lo:i d f uekz.k dh vkj iz fjr gq,a bl iz dkj l E iw.kz mrrjh Hkkjr dk Hkkj rh ; l kekftd n' kk i fjof rz r gh u g ku yx k cfy d ikjli fjd fgu nw& eq flye l eu o; dh vk j fol Fkk fir gkr gq, Hkh LFkk fir gk u y xka vr% 12 oha 'k rkcnh dk dky Hkkjr h; l kek ftd <k p ea,d o` gn ifj orz u,o a l ` tuk dk dky Fk k tgk nk l ald` fr;k a dk feyu ] iwoz d jk eu& ds Fk kf yd l ald` f r d fey u l d e per dkf jd ; k vu k[kk Hk h ug ha jgka l U nhkz ;k no ] o h, u, l % l e, DliDV~ l v k WQ f n lklk b Vh b u uk nz u b f.m ;k b u n 12 lupq jh, 0Mh0 Ck k k e],, y% v n~h kq r Hk k jr dq js 'kh %, M f eulvª'k u v k WQ f n l Y rur v k WQ nyg h E k twenk j% v k j lh %, uf l ;UV b f.m ;u f g LVªh,.M f l f o yk bt'k u F k ki j] jkf eyk ¼1978½%, uf l ;UV lk 'k y fg LVªh ] ng yh ] f n b u lkb Dyki h fm ;k vk WQ b Lyk e] f ty n 1&4 yanu 1913&31 b Z 0 J h ok Lro ] vk kh ok Z nh yk y% e/;dk yh u lk ekf t d ] v k ffkz d, oa lk ald` f rd bf rg kl 92 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:91-92

95 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015:93-96 ISSN : t yok;q i fjorz u dk H kkjr h; d` f k ij iz Hk ko ks yun z d q ekj ;kn o 1 1 l g k ;d i zk Qlj&H k wxk y g f.m ;k ih 0th0 dk yt g f.m ;k ] b ykg k ck n] m0iz 0]Hk k jr ABSTRACT i` F oh d m n~ Hk o l yd j vkt rd bl e f uju r j ifj orz u gk j gk gs A ;g i fjo rz u iz d` f r dk f u; e gs A g ekj k o k;q e. My g e kk gy py ;q D r v fl Fkj rk d h n kk e a j gr k gs A ftl d kj. k eks l e,oa t yok ;q e l e ;,oa L Fk ku d l U nhkz e v Y id kyhu l n h? kz dky hu if jorz u gk r j gr gs A bl r jg fdl h Hk h L Fk ku dh eks l e l E cu / kh n k kvk a ea n h? kz dky hu i fjo rzu d k tyo k;q if jo rz u d gk tk rk gs A ;g i fj orz u iz kd` f rd o ek uoh ; dk j.k k l g kr k gs A yf du fin y dq N o kkz a e c<+r h tul a[ ; k] vks k x hd j.k ] ou f ou k k ] if jo gu d l k /k uk e o` f} ] l al k /ku k d k n kg u o H kks f rdo knh n` f V dk. k u t yok ;q i fjo rz u d n j dk iz kd` f rd d kjd ka d l kf k feyd j c <+k ;k gs A ; ty ok ;q i fj orz u Hkwe.My e a vu d l el ;k ;a o i fj fl Fkfr d i fj orz u dk dk j.k c u gs A iz Lrq r k k/ k iz i= e a Hk kj rh ; d` f k ij tyo k;q i fjo rz u d iz Hkk ok a d k v kdyu fd ;k x ;k gs A KEYWORDS: ty ok ;q ] Hkkjr ] d` f k] Ik ;kz oj.k bl tyok;q ifj orz u d iz Hkko l l aiw.kz i;kz oj. k d l kfk d` f k Hkh xz fl r gs A d` f k iw jh rjg l eks l e tyok;q vks j ikuh dh miyc/k rk ij fuhkz j gk rh gs A buea l fdl h Hkh dkjd d cnyu v Fko k Lo# i e a ifjorz u l d` f k mr iknu iz Hkkfor gk rk gs A tyok; q ifjorz u dk iz Hkko vy x& v yx #i e dgha T ;kn k rk dgha de egl wl fd; k tk j gk gs A gekj n k dk l aiw.kz {k= Q y fefy ;u gd V; j gs A bl e l fefy ;u g D V ;j e d` f k dh tkrh gs A vfk kz r n k d l aiw.kz {k= d iz fr kr fgll e [k rh gk rh gs A 2001 dh tux.k uk d v uq l kj iz fr kr yk x jkt xkj d fy, d` f k ij fuh kz j gs A,l h f LFk fr e d` f k,d egroi w.kz?k Vd gs A f tl e fdl h H kh iz dk j dk ifjorz u ;k fx jkov n k dh yxhk x 80 iz fr k r tul a[ ;k dk iz Hkk for dj l drk gs A tyok;q if jorz u,d,l k gh d kjd gs ft l l iz Hkkfor gkd j d` f k viuk Lo# i cny l drh gs A rfkk bl ij fuhkz j y k xk dh [kkn~ ; l q j{kk [k rj e im + l drh gs A v / ; ;u d k mn~ n ;%& iz Lrq r v/ ;; u dk iz eq [k mn~ n ; Hkkj r d d` f k ij tyok ;q ifjo rz u d iz Hkkoka dk i jh{k. k djuk gs A rkfd bl v/ ;; u l iz kir fu d kkz d vk /kk j i j Hkkjrh ; d` f k dk l E Hkkoh l ad V l cp k;k tk l da f of /k ra= & 1 : Correponding Author iz Lrq r v /; ;u ea v oykd ukr ed, o a fo y k.kkr ed fof /k ra= k d k iz ;k x dj r gq ; f}rh ;d L= krk l iz kir vkwadm+ k dk iz ;k x dj tyok ;q ifjorz u vks j d` f k d l E cu /k ka d k foo pu fd ;k x ;k gs A ty ok ;q i fjo rz u v ks j d` f k%&orz eku fo o e a c<+ rh xz hu gkml xs l k d mrl tz u l os f od rkie ku e a o` f},o a tyok;q if jorz u u Hkk jr d d` f k os K kfudk dk fpfu r r dj fn ;k gs A x ekz rh /kjr h dk l cl T ;kn k iz Hkko d` f k {k = ij im+ jgk gs A dki ug x u e a v k;k ft r l E eyu ea d` f k os K kfud Mk0,e-,l - Lo kehu kfk u u Hkkjrh ; d` f k i j tyok ;q ij im+u oky iz Hkkok d ck j e dg k gs fd bl l y xhkx 64 iz fr kr yk xk i j iz Hkko imx k ftud tho u;k iu dk l k/ku d` f k gs vks j l cl cmk Mj [kkn~ ; l q j{kk dk ydj gs A ^ Xykcy Dyk bev fjld bam Dl 2015^ d } kjk tkj h l wph e a Hkkj r Q hyhihal vks j d ack fm ;k d ckn rhl j LF kku ij gs ] t k tyok;q i fjo rz u l l cl T;kn k iz Hkk for gka xa d` f k,oa tyok ;q ifj orz u dk l cl T;kn k iz frdw y iz Hkko l oz gkjk o xz i j im +k gs A f tudh dq y vk ; dk 50 iz fr kr l Hkh T ;kn k f gll k Hkktu ij [k pz gk rk gs A Hkkjr ts l k n k ftl dh v F kz O ;olfk k ewy #i l d` f k ij f Vdh gq bz gs ml e a eks l e dh N k Vh l h gjd r Hkh fdl kuk dh [k rh ij foij h r vl j Mky l drh gs A ewl yk/k kj o kkz gk ;k vr ;f /k d rkie ku ;k o kkz ea dkb Z varj gk b u N k V cm cny k oka l Q l yk a v ks j fdl kuk

96 ;kno % tyok ;q if jorz u dk H kkjrh ; d` f k i j iz Hkko dk Hkk jh uq dl ku mb kuk im+ jgk gs A tyok ;q if jorz u ij va rj l jdkj h is uy d h fjik VZ d v uq l kj Hkkj r nf{k.k,f k; k d l cl d e tkj o iz Hkkfo r n kk a e gs A gkyka fd tyo k;q i fjo rz u d k iz Hkko os f od gs y fd u Hkkjr ts l n kk a dh d` f k vks j iz kd` frd l al k/ kuk ij fuhkz jrk T;k nk gs ftl ot g l n k dh flf kfr [kr [kfygk uka d fy gkt l T;k nk detkj utj v k jgh gs A Hkkjr dh okfez x iz o` frr u rkie ku d c<+ r ik j dk n[kr gq ; [k rj d l adr n fn, gs A bl dk l h/ kk vl j Q l yka dh mit vks j [kkn~ ; l q j{kk ij im+ jgk gs A tyok;q ea gk u ok yk ;g if jorz u gek jh jk V ªh ; vk; d k iz Hkk for dj j gk gs A,d v/ ; ;u d vuq l kj ;fn rkie ku e a 1 l 4 fm x hz l fy l ;l rd o` f} gk rh gs tk [kkn~ ; inkf kkz a d mr i knu ea 24 l 30 iz fr kr rd dh d eh vk l dr h gs A Hkkjr ea pk oy mr ikn u e a rkiek u c<+u l 2020 rd 6 l 7 iz fr kr dh deh gk xh t cdh x gwaw d mr i knu ea 5 l 6 iz fr kr vk yw d mr ikn u ea 3 iz fr kr deh gku d vuq eku gs A tcfd Hkkjr ts l n k dh t ul a[ ;k c<+u l [kkn~ ; ink FkZ a dh ekwa x ea o` f} g k xh if j.kke Lo#i [kk n~ ; l adv gek j l keu,d Hk ;adj l el ;k gk xha tyo k;q if jorz u l u doy Q l yk dh mr i kn drk iz Hkkfor gk xh cfy d mudh xq.korr k Hkh iz Hkkfo r gk xha Q l yk a e a Q wy rk yx xa y fdu m ul Q y ; k rk c gq r de cua x ;k mudh mr ikn drk de gk xha ty ok ;q i fjo rz u dk d` f k ij iz Hk ko& tyok;q ifj orz u l d` f k d fofhku u igyw fue u iz dkj l iz Hkkfor gk l dr gs %& 1 - ty ok ;q i fjo rz u dk Q l yk i j iz Hk ko& a a a aw 2 - d` f k {k= e tyok ;q ifjo rz u d tk l ahkk for iz Hkko fn[k u o ky gs og eq [ ;r% nk #i e g k xa,d rk {k= vk/k kfj r] nwl j Q l y vk/kk fjr v FkkZ r fo fhku u {k+= k ea fo fhku u Q l yk ij vf ko k,d gh +{k= d h iz R ;d Q l y ij vyx& vy x iz Hkk o im+ l drk gs A x gw vks j /kku g ekj n k dh n k iz eq [k [kkn~ ; Q l ya gs bud mr ikn u ij tyo k;q i fjo rz u dk iz Hkko f ue u iz dkj l imx k%& d- x gw i j iz Hkk o& Hkkjrh; x g w dk c kr l e ; 10ñ l 0 xz 0 l 15ñ l 0 xz rfk k idr l e; 20& 25 l 0xz 0 gk uk pkf g,] tyo k;q ifjo rz u l bl Ql y d pdz ij iz Hkko im+ xka xg w ckr l e; l k/k kj.k o kkz ykhkdkj h gs A o kkz ea if jorz u Q l y dk u V d j n xka v/ ;;u k e a i k;k x ;k gs fd ;fn rki eku 1ñ l 0 xz 0 c< rk gs rk mr ik n u 7 fef y; u V u de gk tk; xka rkiek u if jorz u l x gw e a ßjrq vkþ jk x y x tk; xka [k - /kk u i j iz Hk ko%& i. rkiek u o` f} d l kfk / kku d mr ikn u e a fxj kov vku yx x ha ii. vuq eku gs fd 2ñ l 0 xz 0 rk ieku o` f} l /k ku dk mr ik nu dq U Vy iz fr gdv ; j de g k tk ; xka iii. Hkkjr ea dq y Q l y mr iknu dk 42-5 iz fr kr fgll k /kku d va rz xr gs A iv. /kku o kkz vk/ kkf jr Q l y gs bl fy, tyok ;q ifjoz ru d l kf k Ckk<+ v ks j l q [k dh flfkfr ;k a d c<+u ij bl Q l y dk mr i knu x gw l T ;kn k iz Hkkfo r gk x k tyok;q ifjoz ru l d oy Q l yka dk mr ikn u gh ugh iz Hkkfo r gk x k oju mudh xq.korrk ij Hkh U kdkjkr ed iz Hkko im+ x ka vukt ea i k kd rro k a vks j iz kvhu d h deh ikbz tk; xh ftl d iz Hkk o euq ; d LokL F; i j im+ xka mijk Dr nk iz eq [k Q l yka d vfr fjd r n k d h vu ; l Hkh Q l yka d h d` f k i j tyok;q i fjorz u d k iz Hkko udkjkr ed gh im+ x ka 3- ty ok ;q i fj orz u dk j kx o dh V ij iz Hk ko%& tyok;q ifjorz u l dhv o jk xk a dh ek= k c< xha rkiek u] ue h rfkk okrkoj. k dh xs l ks a l iks /kk a]q aq w n rf kk vu ; j k xk.kq vka d iz tuu ea o` f} r Fkk dhvka vks j m ud iz kd` frd k= q vka d vu rl Z E cu /k ea cnyko v kfn nq ifj.k ke n[k u dk fe y xaa xez tyok; q dhv irx ka dh iz tuu {k erk ea o` f} g rq l gk;d gkr h gs A ye c l e ; rd pyu a ok y cl ar ] xehz o ir> M+ d eks l e ea vud dhvka d h iz tuu l a[ ; k viuk tho u pdz iwjk djrh gs A rkieku d cnyko l cs DVhf j; k o Q axl e o` f} gkr h gs A budk fu ;fu = r dju d fy, vf /kd l vf/ kd e k= k e a d hvuk kd 94 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:93-96

97 a iz ;k x fd, tk ;a x tk vu ; nq ifj.k kek d dkj. k cua xa 4 - ty ok ;q i fjo rz u dk fe V~ Vh i j iz Hk ko% Hkkjr ts l d` f k iz /kku n k d fy, fev~ V h dh l ajpuk o ml dh mr i kndr k egroiw.kz LFk ku j[k rh gs A rkiek u c< u l fev~ Vh dh ueh vks j d k;z {ker k iz Hkkfor gk x ha fev~ Vh e a yo.krk c < xh vks j ts o fofo /kr k?kvr h tk; xha Ckk <+ ts l h vkinkvk a l tgk a,d vk j f ev~ Vh d k {kj. k g k xk o gh nwl jh vk j l q [k dh otg l catjrk c <+ tk; x ha l eq nz rvh; {k= ka e a l eq nz Lrj c< u l d` f k Hk wfe y o.k h; g k xha 5- ty ok ;q i fjo rz u d k ty l al k / ku i j iz Hkko %& tyok;q ifjorz u dk l cl T ;knk iz Hkko ty l al k/k uk a ij im+ x k A Tky vki wfrz d h Hk ;adj l el;k mr iu u g k xh rfk k l w [k o ck<+ dh c kje ck jrk e a btkq k gk x ka v /}Z kq d {k = ka ea kq d eks l e vf /kd ye ck gk x ka ftl l Q l yk dh mr ik ndrk ij iz fr dwy iz Hkko im+ xka o k kz dh vf uf prrk H kh Q l yka d mr ikn u dk iz Hkkfo r dj xha rfkk ty òk rk a ij l adv d ckn y eamj ku yx x A v f/kd rkie ku o o kkz dh deh l fl apkbz grq Hkw& ty l al k/kuk a dk vf /kd nk gu fd;k tk ; xka ftl l f/ kj & f/kj Hkw& t y br uk uhp pyk tk ; xk fd ml dk nk g u djuk vkf FkZ d n` f V l vykhkdk jh fl } g k xk ts l k iatkc] g fj; k.kk ] o i f pe h mrrj iz n k d cgq r l f odk l [k.mka e gk jgk gs aa 6 - iz kd` fr d vk ink vk a dk d` f k ij iz Hk ko% Hkkjr e eks l e cnyko dk,d iz eq [k iz Hkko ck<+ l w[kk o pdz okr ts l h v kink vk a d # i ea d` f k ij im + xka n k dk,d cm+k {k= ck< + o l w[kk l,d l e; e gh xz Lr jgrk gs A rv h; {k= k a e a pdz okr d` f k dk u V dj nr k gs A fox r o kkz a e n[k k tk jgk gs bu v kink vk a dh vko` frr ea o` f } gq bz gs A,l ifjorz u ka dk d` f k] L oklf k o thou ;ki u ij iz f rdwy i z Hkko im+k gs A 6 - t yo k;q if jo rz u dk ts o f ofo / krk i j iz Hkk o%&lw[kk ] ck <+ o pdz z okr ts l h vu d iz kd` frd vkin kvk a d l kfk i; kz oj.k v ou ;u l fe V~ Vh dh moz j rk u V g k xh rkiek u dk ifjo rz u ts fod txr > y ug h ik; x k,l e im+& i ks /kk a d Lo klfk ; o iq u% mxu dh {ker k ij im+ xka bud u V g ku l m l {k= ea jgu oky euq ;k a o tkuo jk a ij Hkk jh l adv vk t krk gs D;k afd ; g mud f y, egroiw. kz l al k/ku gs A ts o fofo/krk dh deh ;kno % tyok ;q if jorz u dk H kkjrh ; d` f k i j iz Hkko q l [kkn~ ; l j{kk [krj ea im+ tk; xha d` f k ea ts o fofo /kr k dk yk i e uq ; d fy, l cl [ krj ukd fl } gk xka ty ok ;q i fj orz u d iz Hkk o dk de dj u d dq N m ik ;%& Hkkjrh; d` f k i j ty ok;q ifj orz u l gk u o ky iz Hkkoka d k de dju d f y, vu d egro iw.kz dne mbk u gk a x ] ftl e dq N eq [ ; bl iz dkj gs %& 1 - Q l y mr i knu ea u bz r du hdk a d k f odkl %& tyok;q ifjo rz u d xe Hkhj nwj xke h iz Hkkok dk en~ nutj j[k r gq ;,l c h tk dh fdle k d k fod kl djuk gk xk tk cny r i;kz oj.k d v uq dwy g ka ge,l fd Lek dk f odfl r dj uk g k xk t k vf /kd rk ieku l w[k o ck <+ dh fofhk f kdk vka dk l gu dj u e l {ke gka ge y o.kr k o {kjh ; rk dk l gu dju oky h fdlek dk Hkh bz tkn dj uk gk xka vk u oky l e; e,l h fdlek dh t#jr g k xh tk moz jd vks j l ks ;Z fofdj. k d ek ey e a v f/kd vuq dwy gk a v ud ikje if jd o iz k phu iz tkfr ;kw a,l h eks twn gs mu g a <w Wa<u k gk xk o mudk l a j{k.k d juk gk xka 2 - Q l y l a; kt u ea i fj orz u %ubz Q l y vks j u, eks l e d v uq l kj ge cq vkb Z d l e; e Hkh cny ko yku gk x ] rk fd rkie ku ifj orz u dk iz z Hkko de l de gka Q l yk d ds yu Mj e dq N cnyko y kdj xez eks l e d iz dki l cp uk o ue eks l e dk vf /kd mi; k x djuk gk x ka fefj r [krh o,avjdz kfi ax djd tyok;q iforz u l fui Vk t k l drk gs A d` f k okf udh viuk uk ty ok;q i fjo rz u dh vpn h dk V l kf cr gk xka ;g do y okr koj. k e e ks twn dkcz u dk l k[ku dk dke gh ug h dj xh oju bl l fev~ Vh dh moz jrk c<+ xha 3- ts f od,o a l ef xz r [k r h%&d` f k ea tyok ;q ifjorz u d [krj dk d e dju d fy, ts fod [kr h,d vpn k fody i gs A ft l l xz hug kml xs l k d k fudyu k de gk xk vks j is n kokj e Hk h bt+k kq k gk xka ts fod d` f k e iks /kka d i k k.k d fy, j kl k; fud moz jdk dh t xg xk cj dh [kkn] g jh [kkn ] de ik LV [kkn] oehz de ikl V] u hykg k j ks oky] l w{e thok. kq vk a ts l jkbtk fc ;e],tk V os DVj e kbdkz j kt vks j ekbdkz Mkg tk ij vk /kk fjr [k knk d k blr eky gk rk gs A ftl l xz hug kml xs l ug h f udyrh gs A ts fod d` f k e a dhavk v ks j chekf j; ka dh jk dfkke d fy, d fedy k d Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

98 ;kno % tyok ;q if jorz u dk H kkjrh ; d` f k i j iz Hkko LFkku ij ts fod dhvu k k d dk b Lre ky gkr k gs A os K kfudk d vuq Hko l i rk pyrk gs fd ts fod d` f k i;kz oj. k l dkcz u& MkbZ & v k Dl kbm dk v o kk k.k Hk h djrh gs vks j xz hugk ml xs l k dk mrl tz u Hkh ugh gkr k gs A ts fod d` f k ea mr ik nu o xq.korrk Hk h vpn h j grh gs A a a a a Wa Wa a q a a q q a a a a a w Wa a a a Hkkj rh ; i fjo k ea l ef xz r [kr h Hk h tyok;q i fjorz u l cp u dk,d l Vhd mik ; gs A tyok;q i fjo rz u d n` f Vd k. k l fo fo /krk rf kk Q l yk d l kfk o` {kk o tkuo jka dk l a;k tu cgq r e k; u j[krk gs A vc rc vuq Hkok rfkk v/ ;/ ;u ka e Hkh ;g ik;k x ;k fd tgk l exz rk Fk h og kwa uq dl ku dk iz fr kr de jg k tc fd tgk,dy Q l ka v Fko k d oy Ik kq vka ij f uhkz jrk Fkh o gkwa uq dl ku T;k nk gq v ka [kr h e l exz rk fdl ku dk vkr e f uhkz j cukrh gs A cktkj ij ml dh fuhkz jr k de gk rh gs rfkk df Bu l e; e Hkh ml dh [kkn~ ; l j{kk cu h jg rh gs A D;k fd,d ;k nk xfr fof /k ;k d uq dl ku l iwj h iz fdz ;k u V ugh gk rha d` f k ea l exz rk vfk kz r?kj & Ik kq & [kr d ch p m fpr l keatl; o b udh,d n wl j ij f uhkz jrk gs A vk t tyok;q ifjo rz u l gk u o ky d` f k d uq dl ku d k de dju d l kfk d` f k }k jk fd, tku oky i;kz oj. k iz nw k.k e de h y ku ea Hkh l exz d` f k l gk ;d l k fcr gk jgh gs A bl iz dk j ts fod o l ef xz r d` f k tyok ; ifjorz u d k jk du d l kf k ml d nq iz Hkko l Hk h l jf{kr gs A 4- [ k r k e ty iz cu /k u%& Rkkieku o` f} d l k Fk l kfk /k jrh ij eks twn ueh l e kir gk rh tk; xha, l e [kr ka e u eh dk l aj{k.k d juk vks j o k kz ty dk,d= dj fl pk bz grq mi; k x e y kuk vko ;d gk xk t hjk fvy t ;k kwu ; tq rk bz ts l h rduhdk dk b Lre ky dj ikuh d vkhk ko l fuiv k tk l drk gs A kwu ; tq rkbz d dkj.k /kku vks j x gwa dh d` f k ea iku h d h ek x dh deh n [kh xbz gs A tcfd mit e c<+ krrj h gq bz vks j mr ikn u yk xr 10 iz fr kr rd de gk xbz gs A nwl j fev~ Vh ea ts fod inkf kkz dh c<krr jh Hkh gk rh gs A bl h iz dkj mwa ph D ;k fj ;ka e jkik bz dju k Hkh,d cg rjh u rdu hd gs ftl ea ik uh d mi; k x dh {kerk c<+ tkrh gs A ty Hkjko de gkr k gs A [kjirokj de v kr gs A ykxr de yxr h gs A o ykhk T; knk g kr k gs A okvj km es ute av d e k/ ;e l ge o kkz d ik uh dk l af p r dj fl a pkbz d #i e a mi; k x dj l dr gs A bl l tgkwa,d vkj gea fl ap kbz dh l q fo/k k fe y xh o gha nwl jh vk j Hkwty iq uhkz j.k ea Hk h enn fe y xha f u d kz % tyok;q ifjo rz u d nq iz Hkkoka l Hkk jrh ; d` f k dk cpk u d fy, g ea vi u l al k/k uk dk U ;k ;l a xr blrek y djuk g k xk o H kkjrh ; tho u n kz u dk viukd j gea vi u ikje i fj d K ku dk vey ea ykuk gk xka vc bl ckr dh l [r t#j r gs fd ge a [k rh e,l Ik ;kz oj. k fe= rjhdk dk v gfe ;r n uh gk xh ftul g ea viu h e` nk dh m R ikndrk dk cjd jkj j[k l da o viu iz kd` frd l al k/ k uka dk cp k l daa tyok ;q ifjorz u d dkj. k mr iu u pq uks fr ;ka d if jiz {; ea, l rjhdk dh l eh{k k fd ;k tku k vko ;d gs ftl d }kj k gekj d` kd tyok ;q ifj orz u d dkj.k mr iu u dfbuk bz ;k a dk l ke uk d jr gq ; Q l yk a dk mr ik nu dj l d,oa mu ga l eq fpr ykhk Hkh gk vks j d` f k l mudk e kg Hk ax u gk REFERENCES Achanta, A.N. (1993) An Aement of the potential Impact of Global warming on Indian Rice production, in A.N. Achanta (ed:book), The climate change agenda An Indian Prepective, Tata energy reearch intitute, New Delhi. Agrwal, P.K. (2009): Global climate change and Indian Agriculture: cae tudie from the ICAR network project Indian Agricultural reearch intitute publication New Delhi. Gadgil,.(1995). Climate Change and Agriculture: an Indian Perpective, Current cience, 69, 8, Glaer.,(1995): Environment, Development and Agriculture univerity college London pre London. Jayaraman, T. (2011): Climate change and Agriculture the journal of the foundation for agrarian tudie, vol.1 no.2 ISSN , Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:93-96

99 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015: ISSN : H kkjr e a t ul a[;k fol Qk V,o e~ lel ;k;a lq /khj d q ekj flag 1 1 v f llvav i zk Qlj] H k wxk y f oh kkx] t urk Luk rdkr rj eg k fo ky;] jk uh i q j eå] m0iz 0]Hk k jr ABSTRACT Hk kj r o kz e a f o kky tul a[ ; k rf kk t ul a[ ; k dh rh cz o` f +) d d kj. k tul a[ ; k l al k /k u l arq y u f cx M+ x ; k gs i fj.kk e Lo #i H kk jr e a t ul a[ ; k dh rh cz o` f) d d kj. k v ud kud l el ;k, a n k d l e{ k mb [k Mh gq bz gs aa Hk kjr e o rz e ku tul a[ ; k vk /k kj l hf er l al k/ ku rf kk n ku ka d v l ar q yu dh fl Fk fr l t k H k; ko g flf kf r c ur h tk jg h gs ml g e t ul a[ ; k f olq k V d h flf kf r d g l dr g as A iz Lrq r iz i= e a t ul a[ ;k folq kv,oe~ m l l mr iu u l e L; kv ka ij iz dk k Mky k x; k gs A KEYWORDS: Hk kjr ] tu l a[ ;k ]t ukf /k D; ] tukhk ko l oz ÁFke 1797 bz 0 ea eky Fkl u lal k/k uk ij tul a[ ;k dk ncko L ohdk j fd;k FkkA e ky Fkl d vuq l kj l al k/ kuk d fodkl vks j t ul a[ ;k o` f) e a l kekatl;i w.kz l E cu /k ugha gs ] tul a[ ;k dh o` f) T;kf efr ; vfk ok xq.kkr ed Øe ea gk rh gs t c fd l al k/kuk dk fodkl xf. krh ; Øe l gkrk gs a vfkkz r tul a[ ;k 1] 2]4 ]8] 16]32 ] d Øe e a c< +rh gs tcfd l al k/ kuk ea o` f) 1]2]3 ]4 ]5]6 ]7 ] d Øe ea c<+r gs aa eky Fkl dk fopk j Fkk fd ;f n tul a[ ;k ij ÁHk koh jk d ugha y xk ;h x; h r k tul a[ ;k 25 o kkz e a nk xq uh g k t k; x h r Fkk bl h vuq ikr ea 150 o kk Z ea tu l a[ ;k 64 xq U kk c<+ tk ; xh ] tcfd l al k/k u do y 7 xq uk c<+ xaa Hkkj r ea l al k /ku k ij tul a[ ;k ncko bru k c<+rk tk jgk gs fd ;gk d m iyc/ k l E iw.kz l al k /ku c<+rh gq bz tul a[ ;k d mf pr Hk j.k& ik k.k ea v{ke fl ) gk jg gs aa,l h flf kfr dk tul a[ ; k folq k V dh l ak k nh tk l drh gs A tu l a[ ;k f olq kv dk l E cu /k tukafdd h; l aøe. k dh f }rh ; vo LFk k l gs A tukafdd h; l aøe.k dh f} rh ; v olf kk ea e` R ;q nj rt h l?kvr h gs fdu rq tu e+~ n j mp pre cu h j grh gs ] ifj.k ke Lo:I k rhcz tul a [ ;k o` f) gk rh gs vks j tul a[ ;k f olq kv dh f LFk f r mr iu u g kr h gs A ; fn Hkkjr e a Áfr O ;f Dr v k; v ks j c<+rh gq bz tul a[ ;k d l E cu /k ea v/ ;; u fd ;k t k ; rk Li V gs fd Hk kjr e a ¼Over Population ½ ; k tul a[ ;k vfr jd dh flfk fr gs tk tul a[ ; k fo LQ kv dk l w pd gs A a tc fdl h Án k e orz ek u l al k/ ku d h rq yuk e t ul a[ ;k vf /kd gk t krh gs rf kk Á n k d miyc /k t ux.ku k o kz t ul a[ ; k ¼d jkm + e aa½ t ul a[ ; k o` f) ¼%½ l z kr & tux. kuk iq f Lrdk ¼cenu of india½ 1 : Correponding Author

100 fl ag% Hkk jr e a tul a[ ; k fol Q kv,oe~ l el; k; a l al k/ku ml tul a[ ; k d Hkj.k& ik k.k e a v{ ke gk tkr gs a rk ml tul a[ ;k v frjd d h flfk fr d gr gs aa rkfyd k l Li V gs fd Hkkjr ea tul a[ ; k o` f) dk Øe fu ju rj tkj h gs A LorU = rk d i pk r Hkkjr dh tul a[ ;k o` f) n j c<+h gs A 1951& d e/; pk yhl o kk Z ea n k dh tul a[ ;k dj km+ l c<+dj 84-3 djk M+ ig q p x ;ha 1981& d n kd dh o` f) 1951& 1961 d n k d ea gq bz o` f) l yxhkx 2½ xq u k gk x ;h A 1 951& 1991 d c hp 4 0 o kk Z ea a a a a a LorU = Hkkjr ea djkm+ O ; fd r c<+ x ;A 1981& 1991 d n kd ea tk o` f) gq bz og yxhkx 1901 l 1961 d e /; 60 o kkz ea gq bz dq y o` f) d cj kcj gs A fox r n kd 2001& d chp tul a[ ;k o` f) ea yxhk x 3-6% dh fx jkov n [ku dk fey h gs ] tk Hk kjr l jdkj }k jk tul a[ ;k o` f ) jkdu d v iuk, x ; mik ; dk ifj.k ke gs tk vhkh Hkh mrl kg tud ugh gs A rk fydk l Li V gs fd Hk kjr dh tul a[ ;k e vf r k ; o` f) gq bz tc fd nq l jh rjq Hkkjr dk {k = Q y l hfer j gk rfk k l al k/k uk e m ruh o` f) ugh gk l dh ifj. kke Lo:i tul a[ ;k dk Hkk jh ncko l hfe r l al k/ku k ij cm+ jgk gs Q yr% Hkkj r tul a[ ;k folq k V dh Hk; ko g flfk fr l xq tj jgk gs A ;fn Hk kjr e tul a[ ; k vks j l al k/kuk ea vl arq yu dh flfk fr cuh j gh rk nq if j.k ke Lo:i xj hch ]Hkq [kej h,oa ;q ) dh fl Fkf r; ka mr iu u gka x h A ftl l Ád` fr Lo;a tul a[ ;k dk de dj x ha ;fn e kuo rk dk Ád` f r d fouk k l cp kuk gs rk t ul a[ ;k dk d` f= e fo f/ k; k l de dj uk gk xk r Fkk bl rhcz o` f) nj ij kh?kz rk l vadq k y xku k gk x ka mr ikn u gk j gk gs tk Hkkj h vk /kk j ok yh t ul a[ ;k d fy, v i;kz I r gk jgk gs A Hkkj r ea l al k/ku vi;kz Ir gk jg gs a rk mr ikn u d l k/k uka ij dq N ykx k dk vf/ kdkj c <+ jg k gs ifj.kk e Lo:i dq N fx u pq u yk x l E iu u gk jg gs a rfkk cgq l a[ ;d t ul a[ ;k fo iu u gk jg h gs nq if j.kke Li:i xj hch j[ kk d uh p fuokl dju o kyk dh l a[ ;k ea ful rj o` f) g k jg h gs A Hkkj r ea u do y tul a[ ;k ea o` f) gk j gh gs vfirq tul a[ ;k? kuro Hkh fuju rj c <+r k jgk gs 1921 ea Hkk jr dk tul a[ ;k?kuro 81 O ; fdr Á fr o xz fdeh0 F kk tk l c<+ dj 177 O ;f Dr Á fr o xz fdeh0 gk x ;k r Fkk ea 221 O ;f Dr ]19 91 ea ] 276 O ;fd r] e a 324 O ;f Dr Áfr o xz fde h0 F kh tk c<+dj 2011 ea 382 O ;f Dr o xz fdeh0 gk x ;h gs A bl Ádkj d` f k {k= k a ij tul a[ ;k dk n cko fulr j c<+ rk tk jgk gs rfkk ek uo Hkwfe vuq ikr?kv rk tk jgk gs nwl jh rjq d` f k;ù k j fø;k vka dk fod kl l hfer gs m k x]o ;kik j ts l f} rh; o r` rh; { k= ka ea Áx fr n j eu n gs A LoHkko r% Hkk jr ts l fodkl kh y n kk a dk c<+rk gq vk tul a[ ; k? kuro d` f k {k= ka i j g h i w.kz n cko Mky jg k A rf kk d` f k mr ikn u ij g h v f/kd ka k tul a[ ;k v kf Jr gs A Hkkjr e a d` f k {k= vks j tul a[ ;k o` f) dk v/ ;;u fd ;k tk ; r k 1951 d e / ; 30 o kk Z ea tgk W [kk ku uk d vu rxz r d` f k { k = ka ea 16-7% d h o` f) gq bz ogh tul a[ ;k e a 70% dh o` f) gq bz A vr% 1951 dk vk/ kkj o kz eku fy ;k tk ;k r Fkk 1951 dh tul a[ ;k dk l arq f yr tul a[ ;k eku ya r k 1981 ea c<+ gq, 16-7% d` f k {k= ij fd ; x; t ul a[ ; k f olq k V d dk j. k, oa i fj.kk e tul a[ ; k folq k V d dkj.k,o a ifj. kke vu rz l E cfu /kr gs fq j Hkh tu l a[ ;k folq k V d dkj. k u doy e kuo thou v firq l E iq.kz ekuo ok rko j.k ra= gh fon q C/k gk tk rk gs A tul a[ ;k folq k V d dkj. k Áfr O ;f Dr mr ik nu ea deh gkr h gs ftl l Á fr O ;f Dr vk; ea d eh g kr h gs Á fr O ;f Dr v k; ea d eh d dkj. k tul a[ ;k d Ø ; kf Dr ea deh gk v krh gs A Hkk jr ts l fue ure Ø; kf Dr o ky n k ea d` f k {k= k e a tul a[ ;k dh vár ; kf k r o` f) d dkj.k U ; wu kre [kk ku u mr ik nu i j c<+ h gq bz 70% tul a[ ;k dk fuhkz j djuk g k xkafo xr n kd e a tul a[ ;k o` f) d vuq l kj Hkkjr e a Áfr o kz 1dj km+ 82 yk[k tul a[ ;k c <+ jgh gs ftl d fy, Áfr o kz 1]30 ] 000 vf rfj Dr Ld wy] 30 yk[k u ; ed ku ]1½ d jk M+ Vu [ kk ku u ] 22 dj km + ehvj dim+ k ]50 y k[k vfrf jdr uks dfj ;k a dh vko ;D rk gk xh A br uk vfr fjd r Hkk j o g n k tk igy l gh c jk tx kjh ]x jh ch l = Lr gk ugh mb k l drk gs A bl f y, Hk kjr ea 40& 5 0% yk x ed ku fofg u gs a] cm ux jk ea > ki M+iêh,oa xu nh cfl r; ka e a 98 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:97-100

101 fl ag% Hkk jr e a tul a[ ; k fol Q kv,oe~ l el; k; a as a a a a a a a as a q as a a a a ykx f uokl djr g rfkk xz keh.k {k= k ea Hkh dpp,oa vlokl Fkdj ed kuk ea fuo kl djr gs aa,d r jq orz eku tul a[ ;k dk H kkj nwl jh rjq Áfr o kz c<+r h gq bz tul a[ ;k iw j l arq y u dk vo ;ofl Fkr djrh tk j gh gs bl Ádkj tul a[ ; k folq k V dh flf kfr e d` f k {k= k e deh] [kk ku uka ea deh,oa vkokl k dh fo k k deh egl wl gkr h gs A Hkkjr ea t ul a[ ;k dh folq k Vd f LFk fr d dkj.k [kk ku u,o ik k.k rr oka dh de h gk rh tk jg h gs A LoLFk O ;f Dr d f y, Áf r fnu Hkkt u ea 240 0& 2700 ds ykjh d k v ko ;drk gk rh gs tc fd Hk kjr ts l n k ea Á fr O ; fd r 1500& 2000 ds ykjh d k v ks l r gs nwl jh rjq l a;q D r j kt ; v ef jdk ]dukm+ k r Fkk ;wjk ih ; n k k ea Á fr O ;f Dr ds yk jh dk vks l r gs A bl d vfr fjd r,d LoL Fk O ;f Dr dk 22 v ks al iks f Vd Hkk tu dh vko ;drk g kr h gs fd U rq Hkkjr ea l jdkj }k jk jkl fua x ¼d kv k½ l,d O ;f D r dk 5& 10 vk l [kk ku u fn; k tkrk gs Hkktu e d e ds ykjh r Fkk iks f Vdr k xz g.k dj u l ;g kw d fu o kl h kk jhf jd o e kufl d :Ik l fin M rfk k fofhku u f oekfj ;ka d f kd kj gk jg gs aa Hkkjr o kz ea t ul a[ ;k dk nq ifj.kke ojkt xk jh gs A tul a[ ;k f ol Q kv dh flf kfr l l al k/ kuk ij Hkkj c<+r k tk jgk gs ]vk f FkZ d Áxfr dh n j de gk jgh gs if j.kk e Lo: Ik t ul [ ;k d v uq ikr ea jk tx kj l yhk ugh g k i k j g g A f tl l ÁR ;d t ux. kuk o kz ea c jkt xk jka dh l a[ ;k c <+rh t k j gh gs A ftl dk nq ifj.kke Brain-Drain ¼ ÁfrHkk iyk ;u ½ dh l el; k dk tu e gk rk gs i fj.k ke Lo:Ik n k e cks f) d,o rdfudh d eh g ku yx rh gs A tul a[ ;k fo LQ kv dk l okz f/kd ÁHkko ikfj flfk frd h ra= ij im+r k gs A Hkwry ij ts oe.my e fofhku u ik k.k Lrj d th o l eflfk frdh vo LFk k ea gas A ikfj flfk frd ra= e i ks /k Ák Fk fed mr i knd d g t kr gas D;k fd mu gha e Ádk k l a y k.k d h fø ;k }k jk l ks ;Z f;d Å tkz dk vk gkj Å tkz ea :iku rfj r dju d h {kerk g kr h gs ] bu ga Á Fke ik k.k Lrj ; k Ák Fkfed Lrj vfko k Loi kf k r Lr j dg k tkrk gs A f}r h; L rj kkdkg kkj h thok dk gs tk ç kfkf ed mr i kndk l vk gkj,oa Å tkz xz g.k djr gs aa r` rh; Lrj ij og eka kkg kjh tho gas tk r` rh ; ik k.k L rj d tho ka dk mihkk x djd vk gkj Å tkz xz g. k d jr gs aa prq FkZ vks j vfu re ik k.k Lrj ij l okz g kjh t ho gs a tk l Hkh ik k.k L rjk l vkgk j o Å t kz xz g. k dj r gas A ekuo p rq FkZ ik k.k Lrj ij fl Fkr gs A Omnivore lokz gkj h Autotraph Cornivore Herbivore eka kkgkj h kkd kgkj h ikn i ikfj flfk frd h ra= d iw. kz l arq fyr v olf kk e a g ku d fy, vko ;d gs fd pkjk g h ik k.k L rj dh l a[ ;k e a l arq yu cuk jgaa tul a[ ; k f olq kv dh flf kfr e a ekuo l a[ ;k ea v ÁR ; ;f k r o` f) gkr h gs rfkk o g l okz gkjh gku d d kj.k l Hkh ik k.k Lr jka d k v f/ kdkf /kd mihk k x dju yx rk gs ifj. kke Lo:Ik okr koj. k fo?k Vu ]Ánw k. k] vi{kj. k dh l el; k, mr IkU u gk rh gs S a] ouk a d vf/ kdkf /kd dv ko d dkj. k ou de gku y xr gas ifj.k ke Lo:I k e` nk a vij nu c<+u yx rk gs ] bz /ku d h deh gk u y xrh gs r Fkk o k ;q e.my ea vkdl ht u dh deh gk u y xrh gs A D ;k afd o` {k dkcz u MkbZ vk Dl kbm xz g.k dj vk Dl htu N km +r gas A tc tul a[ ; k f olq kv dh flf kfr d d kj.k l okz gkjh e kuo vu ; i k k. k Lrj ka d k v f/ kdkf /kd mi; k x dj u y xr k gs rk ifjf LFk frdh ra= vl a rq fyr gku yxr k gs ] okr koj. k ea dkcz u MkbZ vkdl kbm r Fkk /kq vwk c <+u yx rk gs Q yr% o k;q e.y dh l el ;k mr iu u gku yxr h gs Anwl jh rjq d` f k mr ikn u c<+k u d fy, dhvuk kd n okv ka o jl k ;u ka d Á ;k x l e` nk Ánq k.k mr iu u gkr k gs A folq kvd tul a[ ;k dh vk ; o thou Lrj mpp dju d fy, ÁkF k fed mr i knu dh rq y uk e a f}rh ;d o r` rh ;d O ;ol k ;ka i j cy fn ;k tk rk gs ftl l igy l g h vl a rq fyr ik fjf LFk frdh ra= Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

102 fl ag% Hkk jr e a tul a[ ; k fol Q kv,oe~ l el; k; a vks kf xdj.k,o a u xj h;d j. k ea o` f) l l el; k vks j fodjky gk tk rh gs A l kfk gh vks kf xd o u xj h; eyok ¼dpj k½ d fol tz u dh l el;k mr iu u gk tkr h gs AvkS kf xdj.k,o a ux jhdj.k l mr iu u eyok u fn; k a,oa ty l z krk a ea fol Z ftr d ju l ty Á nw k.k mr iu u gkr k gs ] ;k rk ;kr d l k /ku c<+r gas ]u xjh ; {k = ka e a tul a[ ;k? kuro c<+r k gs A ftl l /o fu Ánq k.k d h l el;k mr iu u gk rh gs Auxjh ; {k = ka e a v fu ;k ftr tul a[ ;k o` f) d d kj.k xu nh cf Lr; ka¼slum ½] > kimifê ;k a vks j > q Xxh cf Lr ;ka e a o` f) gkr h gs A ftl l uxj h; th ouvl a xf Br ] vf u;k ftr, oa l el; kxz Lr gku yxr kgs ] cm Hk kjrh ; uxjk a dh ; gh l el; k gs Auxjk a e a vks k xhd j.k ea o` f) gkrh gs ] xz ke h.k {k = k ea jkt xk j d vol j fl fer gku d dkj.k cm is eku ij xz keh. k {k= ka l u xjk dh rjq iyk;u g ku yx rk gs ifj.k ke Lo: Ik u xjh ; {k = c<+rh gq bz tul a[ ;k dk Hkkj mb ku e a v{ke gk u yx r gas AQ yr% u xjh ; l el;kv k e a fu ju rj o` f) g k rh jg rh gs A Hkkj r ea tul a[ ;k f olq k V dh o rz eku flfk frl kj h l el; kvk dh tm+ gs A tul a[ ;k fu ;a=.k d mik ; viuk d j kh? kz kfr kh?kz tul a[ ;k f u;a=. k djuh gk xh Al kf k gh mr iu u l el;kvk a d fuo kj.k d mik ; <w< +u g k xaa c <+rh gq bz tul a[ ;k dk dk ;Z dkjh xfr fof /k ;k a e yx kdj gj {k = e mr iknu,o a fodkl dh xf r dk c<+ kdj l el ;kv k l fu nku iku k gk xka 100 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:97-100

103 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015: ISSN : tksuiqj t uin ea t ul a[;k d k 'ksf{ kd Lrj vu kf ed k flag 1 1 v f llvuv i z kq lj¼h kwxk y f o Hk kx½] v k j0, l 0d0Mh 0 i h 0th dkyt tk S uiq j] m0iz 0] H kk jr ABSTRACT f dl h Hk h d` f"k iz /k ku l e kt e a t ul a[ ; k o` f },o a l k{k jr k d` f"k ea i f jorz u d fy, cgq r gn rd m Rrj nk ;h gkr gs A H kw[k e ku o dk dk ;Z d ju dh iz j.k k n rh gs vks j uoh u fo p kj mu g f dz ;k fu or d ju grq iz k Rl kf gr dj r g S aa uoh u fop k jka d f dz ;ku o ; u d f y, ' ks f{k d L rj dk fod kl v ko' ;d gs A fo' k"k :i l g kbz L Dwy Lr j rd dh f'k{ kk ik ; gq, d` "kd tk f d 15& 6 9 o"kz d h v k;q l ewg e a g kr gs ] d` f" k ea ; a= hd j.k,oa iz x fr d h fdz ;k ea v f / kd ; kx n ku d j l d r gs aa iz L rq r kk / k i = e a t ks uiq j tui n e a t ul a[ ; k d ks f{kd Lr j dk v / ; ;u fd ;k x ;k gs A a a a q a a a KEYWORDS: t ula[;k] f k{kk] t ks u iqj tuin t ks uiq j ok jk.kl h d mrr jh H kk x e 25a24* l 26a1 2* mrrjh v{k ka 'kk rf kk 8 2a 7 1* l 85a 5* iwohz n'k kar jk d e / ; Hkk x ea folr` r gs A bl dh l hek,w if'p e ea iz rk ix <,oa b ykgkc kn tui nka ] iw jc e xkthiq j,oa v ktex < tu inka ] mr rj e l Y rkuiq j tuin,o n f{k.k ea Hk nk gh,oa ok jk.kl h tuin k }kjk fufez r gs A bl iz dkj v/ ; ;u {k= xa xk d fo'k ky mitkå tyk < es nk u dk,d Hkkx gs rfkk bl dh l hek,w ek uo f ufez r dq N Hkkx dk N km+dj mrrj if'p e e xk erh,oa nf{ k.k ea xa xk ufn ;k }kj k f ufez r gs A tul a[ ;k d h fo 'k"k rkv k d var xz r tul a[ ;k dk vkdkj ] fo rj.k ] Hkwfe ij Hkkj LFkk uku rj. k] 'ks f{kd Lrj,o a l kekftd vk ffkz d dy ;k.k d dkj. k l fe efy r gkr gs A ; l Hkh dkjd t ul a[ ;k d h v ko' ;drk d vuq :i Hkwfe mi ;k x dk iz Hkkfo r djr gs A fdl h Hkh d` f"k iz /kku l ekt ea t ul a[ ;k o` f},oa l k{k jrk d` f"k ea if jorz u d fy, c gq r g n rd mrr jnk ;h gkr gs A Hkw[k ekuo dk dk ;Z dju d h iz j.kk n rh gs vks j uoh u fop kj mu g fdz ;k fu or dju grq iz krl kfgr dj r gs aa uohu fo pkj ka d fdz ;ku o; u d f y, ' ks f{kd Lrj dk fodkl vk o';d gs A fo'k "k :i l gkbz LD wy Lr j rd dh f'k{ kk ik ; gq, d` "kd tk fd 15& 69 o" kz dh vk ;q l ewg ea gk r gs ] d` f"k e a ;a= h dj.k,o a iz x fr dh fdz ; k ea v f/kd ;k x nku d j l dr gs aa gek j n 'k e a g kbz Ldwy v Fko k bl l vf /kd L rj rd dh f'k{k k iz ki r dk va'k n ku fue u v k;q o xz ea de vfk kz r yxh kx 1 0 iz fr'kr d vkl & ikl r Fkk mp p vk ;q oxz vf kkz r 1 : Correponding Author a a a a a 15& 69 o"kkz d e/ ; d l ewg ea Å pk vf kkz r yxhk x 25 iz fr'kr ik ;k tk rk gs ¼vk> k,oa 1991½ mi jk Dr ea l fue u o xz ea l U ;wu 'ks f{ kd Lrj }kj k d` "kdk e gfjrdz k fu r d iz kf of /kd d iz pkj ea df BukbZ ikbz gs A ;gh ug h] ; g Hkh ik;k x; k gs fd xgw] pkoy xu U kk,oa dikl mr iknd {k= k ea 'ks f{k d Lrj mpp r Fkk th fodk fuokz gd d` f"k oky {k= k ea 'ks f{kd Lrj U ;wu g kr k gs A ftl d if j.kke Lo:i mp p 'ks f{kd L rj ;q Dr {k= k e d` f"k d vk /kq fud iz k fof /k d dk fo'k ky is ek u ij mi; k x gq v k gs tc fd fue u 'ks f{ kd L rj o ky {k= k e d` f"k ea ikje i fjd fo f/ k; ka dk iz ;k x gk rk p yk vk jgk gs A tux.k uk o"k e a tks uiq j tuin e a 'ks f{kd Lrj mrrj iz n 'k,oa jk" Vªh ; Lrj dh rq y uk e a i;kz Ir uh pk i k; k x ;k gs A v/ ;;u l ; g Hkh Li" V g S fd f'k f{kr k dk iz f r'k r l Hkh Lrj ka vfkkz r ] jk" Vªh ;] jkt; ] tuin, oa fodkl [ k.m ij c< jg k gs iju rq bl d c< u d h n j iz n'k, oa jk" Vªh ; L rjk dh rq yuk ea tuin,o a fodkl [k.m Lrjj ij eu n gs A l u~ 1981& 01 dh vo f/ k e a j k" Vª ] mr rj iz n 'k,oa tuin Lrj ij iz fr' kr o` f} de'k% 22-87] 19-90,oa ik;h x ;h gs A bl vof /k ea t uin d fofh ku u fodkl [k.mk ea l okz f /kd ' ks f{kd Lrj ¼3 5-8 iz fr' kr½ tykyiq j fodkl [k.m e a, oa fue uor L rj djat kdyk fodkl [k.m ea F kka 1981& d e/; e a 'ks f{kd Lrj ea rhoz o` f} tyky iq j ] djkdr ] jke uxj c jl Bh efm+; kgw W] fl dj kjk,o a en yh 'kgj fod kl [k.mk e a ik ;h x; ha eu n o` f } l q bfkkd yk] 'kkg xat egj ktx at]

104 fl ag% tks uiq j t uin e a tul a [ ;k dk ks f{kd Lr j l q tkuxat] eq 0 ck n'kk giq j cd' kk] / kekz iq j] jkeiq j ] eq rhx at, oa M khkh fod kl [k.mk ea F kha tc fd cnykiq j,oa [kq Vgu f odkl [k.mk ea ; g nj yxhk x flfk j j gha l u~ 199 1& 2001 dh vo f/ k e a f 'k{kk d Lrj ea rhoz o` f} 'kkg xat ] l q tku xat] eq 0 c kn'k kgiq j ] cd' kk /kekz iq j] jkeiq j, oa eq r hx at fodkl [k.mk ea vafd r dh x; h tc fd l q bfk kdyk ] fl djkjk ] djat kdyk, oa tykyiq j fodkl [k.m k d h l kif{kd flf kfr fl Fkj jg h gs ftl dk rkr i;z ; g gs fd bu fodkl [k.m k ea f'k{k k d Lrj ea o` f} uke e k= dh vfk ok vr ;f /kd eu n jg h iju rq cnykiq j ] [kq V gu] egjkt xat ] en yh 'kag j] efm+; kgw W cjl Bh ] jkeu xj,oa djkdr fodkl [k.m k dh l kif{kd flfk fr u hp py h x ;h v FkkZ r b u fod kl [k.mk ea f'k{ kk dh n j ea o` f } yxh k x u x.; j gha iq :"k f' k{kk dk Lrj Hkh fofhku u fodkl [k.mk e a Hkkjr,oa mr rj iz n'k dh rq yuk e a de ik; k tkrk gs A 1981& 91 dh vof /k e a iq :"k f' k{kk d Lrj e a o` f} l q bfk kdyk ] cnykiq j ] 'kkg xat ] egjk txat] l q tkux at] eq 0 ckn'k kgiq j] en yh'k agj c D 'kk] d jatkdy k] /ke kz iq j] jkeiq j,o a eq rh xat fodkl [k.mk e a tui n dh v i{k k eu n jgh gs A l q bfkkdy k] 'kkg xat ] eq 0 c kn'k kgiq j ] djatkdyk ],oa eq rh xat fo dkl [k.mk ea mrrj iz n 'k d Lrj dh rq yuk ea ;g L rj u hpk ik ;k x ;k A tc fd v/ ; ;u d {k= d l el r fodkl [k.mk ea jk" Vª h; Lrj dh rq yuk ea 'ks f{kd Lr j fue u Fk ka l u 199 1& 01 dh vof /k e a iq :"k l k{kj rk e a o` f} vi {kkd` r vpn h jgh D;k fd doy vk B fodkl [k.mk e a f'k{ kk d k Lr j tuin d Lr j l uhp k Fk k iju rq mrrj iz n' k,,o a jk" Vªh ; Lrj e a f'k{ kk ea o` f } nj vi{ kkd` r rhoz jgh ifj.k ke Lo: i v /; ;u { k=,oa ml d fod kl [k.mk d Lrj ij f'k{ kk dk L rj fue u cuk jg ka tgkw rd L= h f'k{k k dk iz 'u gs flfkfr c gq r gh Hk;ko g gs A fin y rhu tux.k uk o"kk Z d fo'y"k. k l Li" V gs fd v/ ; ;u {k= ea iq :"kk dh rq y uk ea L= h f'k{kk dh iz xf r vr ;f /kd eu n jg h gs A l u 1981& dh vof /k ea fl+= ; ka e a f'kf{ k rka d iz fr' kr e a v f/ kdre o` f} tyky ij] MkHk h,oa d j kdr fod kl [k.mk ea rfkk U ;wure o` f} en yh'k gj] eq 0ckn'k kgiq j efm+ ;k gww,o a djatkdyk fod kl [k.mk ea ik;h tkr h gs A fo 'y"k. k l Li" V gs fd l el r fod kl [k.mk e a ; f i L= h f 'k{kk e a iz fxf r gk j gh gs rfk kfi L= h f'k{kk ea iz xf r dh ; g nj mrrj iz n 'k,o a Hkkj r dh rq yuk e a eu n jg h gs A v/ ;;u { k= ea ux jka ea f 'k{kk dh flfk fr LokHkkf od :i l xz ke ; { k= k dh rq yuk e a vpn h j gh gs A bu u xjh ; du nz k e a iq :"k l k{kjrk d k iz fr' kr 58-2,oa L= h l k{kjr k dk iz fr' kr 37-9 ik; k x ;k gs A Hkkj r d` f"k iz /kku n' k gk u d l kfk gh xz keka dk n 'k gs ] f cuk bu xz keh. k {k= k d fodkl d l E iw.kz Hkkjr d f odkl dh dy iuk f ujf kz d gs A REFERENCE Didi J,( 1984) Phenomenon of population diperion in rural area : A cae of Study Pana Ditrict, Tranaction Intitute if Indian Geographrer Vol.7 Ojha.B.S and other (1991): Technological and ocio- eceomic change in agriculture in India, New Delhi Oxford I. B.J Singh Anamika, (1998) : Population Dynamic and food problem A geographical Analyi ( Jaunpur Ditrict, U.P) 102 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

105 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015: ISSN : v k/kq fud ifjiz{; e a jl [k ku dh dko; p r uk v Hk; ' kad j f} on h 1 1 iz odr k fgun h]vo/kwr Hkxoku j ke Lu krd kùkj egkfo ky;]vu ij k] lku Hkn z ¼mñ iz ñ½ Hkkj r ABSTRACT f gu nh l kf gr ; d g ekj e /;d ky dk vkd yu v/ ; ;u u; f l j l dk iz 'u v kt g ek j l k eu bl f y, gs f d bz ' kki woz l kal Ñf rd l al dkj d d bz /ou ; kyk d o"kz ik j d j g ek jh l k jlo r fl l ` {kk f o xr nk l g L= kfc n; ka d h l af p r v/ ; kfr ed Le` f r d l kf k u oh u K k u& f ok ku d h v / kq ukr u fok k uok nh mi yfc /k ;k a d h bl u ; r hl j l g L= kfc n ea f ' kjd r dj rh gs A gek j Hk kj rh ; jk" Vª d h jk tuh frd ] Hk ks x kf yd pr uk tc fcz f V' k m ifu o' ko kn l eq Dr gq bz Fk h rh kh vk /kq f udr k m Ù k j v k/ kq fud rk d c k/ k dk yd j g ek jh l k jlo r i je ij k d iq ueq Z Y ; kady d dbz v k ;ke l keu i fjy f{k r gq,a iz L rq r kk / k i= e a vk /kq fudr k d i fjiz { ; e a H kk jrh ; e /; dk yh u Hk fd r dko ; d iz f rf uf /k df o jl [k ku d h dkc ; pr u k dk l kf gfr ;d foo p u fd ;k x ;k gs A KEYWORDS: jl [kku] dko ; p ru k] l edk yhu i fjiz {;] os fnd dky l pyh vk; h K ku& fok ku dh gekjh v/ ;; uokn h l kjlo r ije ijk d vu r xz r cz ã,o a tho d v k/ ;kfr ed l k ;q T; dk v /kh u dju d g rq ftl f= dkykr hr, oa l ukru ij k& 'k fdr d k fpu ru& fuf n/ ;kl u ge d jr vk ; gs a ] og v kt vk/ kq fudrk ;k mù kj v k/ kq fudrk d fdl h v ru fok kuok nh i k'p kr ; n 'Z u dh drrbz eq [kki{kh ugha gs S bl l ukru ijk'k fdr dk l ns o iz frfu/k k; u dj jgh gekjh j k" VªHk kjrh l el r vk / ;kfr ed fl f) ;k a,oa HkkS f rd l e` f) ;ka l fg r gekj Hkkj rh; j k" Vª dh l ka LÑfrd vfler k dk xks jo xk u f ox r uku k l gl= k fcn; ka l o n d bu i fo= eu = ka d ek/ ;e l djrh pyh vkbz gs A ^ ^ vga jk" Vª h l axe fu ol w uke ] fpfd rq "kh iz Fke k ; fk ;k uke~ A¼_Xon ]10& ½ fgu nh l kf gr ; d ge kj e / ; dky dk vkd yu v/ ;;u u; fl j l dk iz 'u vkt gek j l keu bl fy, gs fd bz 'kki woz l kalñf rd l al dkj d d bz /ou ; kykd o"kz ikj dj gek jh l kj Lor fl l ` {kk fox r nk l gl= k fcn; k a dh l afp r v /; kfr ed L e` fr d l kfk uohu K ku& fok k u dh v/ kq ukru fok kuo knh mi yfc/k ;k a dh bl u; rhl j l gl= kfcn e a f'k jdr d jrh gs A gekj Hkk jrh ; jk" Vª dh jktuh frd] HkkS xk fyd p ruk tc fcz fv' k mif uo' kokn l eq Dr gq bz Fkh rhk h vk /kq fu drk mù kj vk /kq fud rk d ck/ k dk yd j gekj h l kjlo r ije ijk d iq ueq Z Y ;kady d dbz vk ;ke l keu if jyf{ k r gq,a gekj n 'k dk l edkyh u l kalñfrd l kjlo r l kp bl v k/kq f ud fok k uok nh foe 'kz l vkt dkq h iz Hkkfor gs ] l k Fk gh vk /kq f udrk d f o'o ck /k d h l ady iuk Hkh bl u ; iz Hkko ea f{kiz xfr l rcnhy gkr h tk jgh gs fd ifj o rz u dh xfr ea Hkh vkt xq.kkr ed if jorz u v k; k gs A Ñ".k HkDr df o jl [kku fgu nh l kf gr ; d e/ ;dky d vu rxz r iz fr f" Br gs aa M kwñ cppu fl ag u v ud vf kkz a e a e/ ;dky dk uo tk xj. k dk iz Fke mr F kku dk l e ; ekuk gs vks j rr dky hu jktuh frd i fjo 'k dk Hkk jr dh l edkyh u if jfl Fkf r l l axr c rk; k gs % ^ ^ vkt vu rjkz " Vªh; /kek Z U ekn ea tyr y k xk a dk ml dky d Hkf Dr dko ; ea l q dwu fe y l drk gs vks j bl mu ekn l ym+u dh iz j.k k HkhA**¼fl ag] 1998%10 ½vk /kq f udrk ck /k dh d kbz fuf' pr ifjhkk"k k vkt rd u gha gq bz A MkWñ dq cj ukf k jk; dk er gs fd & ^ ^ vk/kq fudrk,d LoHkko gs ] l aldkj& iz fø; k gs ;k,d n` f " V Hkafxe k gs A bl d Hkhrj l gh vu o"k.k r c gk xk tc l E iw.kz thou dk bl d Hkhrj j[kd j l e> k tk; A l E iw.kz thou ea o rz eku dh mijh ijr g h ugh a] v rhr Hk h jgrk gs A vr% v rhr dh iq uo ;kz [ ;k v k/ kq fudrk ck /k d ek/ ;e l g h gk l dr h gs A ;g l tz ukr ed l kfgr ; dk egroiw.kz fo"k ; Hkh g ku k pkf g,a¼jk ;] 1972%27 8½ 1 : Correponding Author

106 f}o nh% v k/ kq fud i fjiz {; ea j l [kku dh dko ; p ruk jl [kku dh dko ; pr uk ea l ukru fo'o ck /k dk ogu d ju d h fl l ` {kkl kef;z gs A yk dokr kz gs fd jl [kku dh,d eu ek gu okyh iz ;l h FkhA r Fkk fi?kukuu n dh rj g jl [kku d thou ea Hkh,d l q tku uked o ';k vkbz Fkh vks j m l dh coq kbz l jl [kk u d fny d k vk?k kr igq p k F kk vks j bu gk au cz t e.m y dh jkg yh Fk h bl l U nhkz ea jl [kku Lo ;a c rkr gs a % ^ ^ rkfj ek fu uh r fg ;k Q fj e kfg uh ek ua iz eno dh N fo yf[ k Hk; fe ;k jl [kkuaa*¼jl [kku ]½ xq tjkr e a jl [kku d iz.k ; iz lax dk y dj e'kgwj dook yh Hkh gs A Hkkou xj d fudv fl g kj u xj ea l wq h ih j dh,d etkj ij iz fro"kz ^ ml Z * l E iu u gkr k gs ] ftl e a jl [kku d h ftu nxk uh ij,d iwj h dookyh cm+ h Hkkoq dr k l x k ;h tk rh gs A jl [kk u d n k iz ekf.kd xz af k iz ki r gs a % l q tk u jl [kku vks j iz e okf Vdk A fdu rq jl [kku dh jk f/ kdk ewyr% l ks jk" Vª d h@ vkhkh j l alñfr dh ukj h gs A Hkktjk t d l jlorh d.bkhk j.k e a nf/ k eafk u dj jgh l ks jk" Vª dh vkhkhj ;q of r; ka dk eukje o. kz u gs ] o nf /keu Fk u l N kl cukuh FkhA ;g N kl ¼rؽ Lo ;a bu nz ¼'kØ ½ dk Hkh nq yz Hk gs %& ^ ^ røa ' kø a v f i nq yz Hke~ A**Ñ".k dk jl [kk u dh vkhkh j xk fi; ka Hkh ^ N kl * ij ukp u pkr h gs a %^ ^ N fn ;k Hkjh N kl is ukp u pk os A** xk fi; ka,oa j kf /kdk d l ks U n;z ck /k dk Ñ".kek xz d vuq ; k; h egroi w.kz yk{k f. kdrk e kur gs a r Fkk Ñ". k iz e dk ia pe iq :"kkf kz ekur gs aa MkWñ dq cj uk Fk j k; ^ l ks U n;z ck/k* dk iap e iq :"kkfkz dgr gs aa¼j k;%2 1½ iz kñ gfj' pu æ f ej d 'kc nk a e a %& ^ ^ ;q x d h v i{kk d vuq dwy ije if jr os ".koh Hkf D r dk iz ekuq Hkwf r ea Lohd kj fd;k x; ka ;g iz e eku oh ; gq vk vks j vc, fu nz ;r k dh l ks U n;z & n` f" V ol rq fu" B u gk dj H kkof u" B gq bz A ekuoh ; t hou d h l PPk k bz ;ka ea l ks U n;z ck /k d k HkkokR ed n` f" V ea iz e dk m rkjk x ;ka v uq Hkwfr d Øe ea O ; fdr t hou d Hkhr j l l R ; dh [kkt dh x; ha**¼fej ]1987 %47½ jl [kku ;q x dh vi{k k d vuq :i ekuoh ; thou dh l Ppk bz ;k a e a l ks U n;z ck /k d k ydj ykd kù kj l Ù kk d djhc igq pr fn[kr gs aa ;fn l q tku ; k dkbz vks j iz ;l h b ud tho u ea vk; h gs rk bl l ks U n;z ck /k dk jk f/kd k ea iz kir dj u d fy, o jk /kk& Ñ".k d o` ankou /kke ea fuokl dj r gs aa vkh khj l alñ fr l h l ks jk" Vª dh pj kxk g ykd& l alñfr jl [kku dh j fl d dy iuk iz o.krk dk vn~ Hkq r jl kk/k kj n rh gs A pjk xk g l alñfr ea if ugk fju dk e g Ro gs A mcm+ [kkcm+ jkl r ij l fl j ij? km+k yd j tk jg h i fug kfj u l okz a xh.k xfr dk,l k l U rq yu c[kwch iz kir dj yrh gs fd mcm+ [kkc M+ jkl r d ckot w n og?km+ dk fx ju u gha nrha iz e d e kxz ea Hkh ; g ukx jh uk j l U rq yu dk viu ru& eu& th ou&l oz Lo ea cu k, j[k rh gs % ^ jl [kkfu xk fou n gh ;k a Hkft,] ftfe u kx fj dk f pr xk xfj eaa* l q tku jl [kku d l a;kx Ük` a xkj d je ; o. kz uk a d ihn jl [kku dh m nkù k iz e dh vo /kkj.kk jgh gs ] ftl dk iz frik nu o ^ iz e ok f Vdk* d n kg ka e a dj r gs aa jk/k k& Ñ".k d nke ir ; iz l axk a dk iz dfy ir djr gq, o cz tokfl ;k a dk fel viu h v kj l ijk{k r% bl LoPN U n iz.k;& iz l axk a dh fdaf pr~ vk ykp uk Hkh djr gs a] fdu rq vr ;U r e/ kq j,oa fou kni w.kz 'ks yh ea % ^,jh! v ktq dkfy g l c ykdykt R ; kf x] nkå l h[k gs a vk il ea iz e l jl k bcka nkå ijs is ;k] n k Å yr gh cys ;k ] BuHkwf y xbz xs ;k ] bu xk xj mbkb cks A* ml h iz dkj iw. kz cz ãkork j d ckotw n Ñ".k jkf /kdk d is j ^ iyk Vr* gs aa ykxk a u b ud jk ef. Vd iz e d bl iz l ax dk n[k k rk pfdr jg x; % ^ ^ cz ã ea <wa<~ ; k i jku u o g ds l l :i vks j ds lq jl [kkfu\ gjr g jr gkf j j g~ ;k yq x k; u!cr k; k u y k x yq xk; u! n[ ;ks nq jvk ;g daq tdq Vhj ea cs Bk iyk Vr jkf /kd k ik;ua** a a a jkf /kdk d is j d i kl cs B gq, Ñ".k d <wa <u d fy, nks M+ /kwi dj u ok y cz tokfl ;k dk iz fr fu/ kk ;u Lo;a jl [kku gh djr gs aa jl [kku u iz e d mnkù k Lo:i dk ^ iz eok fvdk* d n kgk e i fjhkk f"kr fd; k gs A iz e,d Hkko gs A Hkko ^ Hko* l fodfl r gq vk gs A f'ko d v kb:i gs a & m xz ] :nz ] 'kcz ] Hk he iq 'ki fr] egkn o v ks j HkoA ^ Hko* / kjrh ij O ;kir nk & fr gkbz ty gs A 'k"k,d frgkbz fe V~ Vh gs ] ty dk gh vuq ikr euq " ;& iz kf.k ;k a dh ng ea gs A ng ea bl dk du nz ân ; ea me M+ im+ u ij t k Li anu gkr k gs & ygj h txr h gs ] 104 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

107 f}o nh% v k/ kq fud i fjiz {; ea j l [kku dh dko ; p ruk ml ^ Hko* l tk x` r gk u d dkj.k Hk ko d gk tk rk gs A fq j bl h Hkko l fohko vks j os Hko] HkO ; vks j Hko l vuq Hko] l ahko ] Hkon h; ] Hkk o uk] l ahkk ouk rfk k l apk jh Hkko] O ;fhk pk jh H kko vk fn d l a;k x l jl fu" ifù k gk rh gs vfk kz r~ l ewp k jl fl ) ku r bl ^ Hko* d vk /kkj ij fvdk gs A ; gh cks f) d ¼i k' pkr ; ½ dfor k vk j jl fl ) ¼Hkkjrh ;½ d fork ea vu rj dk vk/ kkj Hk h gs A jl [kku LoPN U n iz ehkko /k kjk d Ñ".k dh ek/kq ;Z Hkf Dr d dfo gs aa cy yhkkp k;z d iq = fcv~ ByukFk th dh iq f" Vek xz Hkf Dr e a fof /kor~ n hf{kr u gk dj nhf{k r l yx r gs aa ;ks ou d mì ke yks fdd iz e ea M wc jl [kku gh Ñ".k d iz e ea im+dj vks j x gj e a py x; gs aa yks fdd Hk ko g h l?kfur gkd j vy ks fdd cu x; ka efkq j k Hkf Dr d mu eq D r iz okg d d kj.k gh o g fdl h Hkh,d l E iz nk; ea ugha c / ka u l E iz nk; ea c / k ] u nghkko e a c /k ] u dko ; : i ea c) iz ca/ku eaa l oz Fkk eq Dr jga eq Dr dko ; / kkjk iz okg ea f ofueq Z Dr g k tk Hk h HkkokPN y u gq vk ] t k d gk l k dgk ] bl h fy, vu wbk dgka v uwbk iu vks j Hk koo xh iz okg mud h N ki gk x ;A eq Dr dko ; :i in ] l os ;k ij jl [kku d h N ki im + x; ha jl [kk u d l os ;k a e a e` nq rk gs ] yk p gs ] > añf r gs vks j ân ; dk N wu dh v n~ Hkq r 'kf Dr! rhk h rk jl [kk u vks j l os ;k,d nwl j d i ;kz ; cu x ; F ka ^ jl * l ^ jkl * 'kc n f u" iu u gq vka jl [kk u ' kcn ^ jl * dh ^ [kku* dh vl herk dk O ; Dr djr k gs A jl [kku v iu bz " V dh Hkkaf r gh mu eq Dr gk Hkkoka& Hk kou kvk a d fgam kyk a ea > wyr& > wer gs aa D;k afd Ñ".k gh ca/k ugha gs ] l kek f td :{k e;kz nkvk a ea og Xoky& cky pjo kgk l alñf r d :i,oa l aldkjk a dk thr gs a ] ml ea u; & u; v k; ke tkm +r gs aa bl h d kj.k og i.wkz vork j Hkh eku tk r gas A vfkkz r Ñ".k i.w kz iq :"k g]as rk jke l og b u vfkkz ea cm + gq, fd Ñ".k l kyg dy k l ai w.kz gs ] tk fd jke ugh a gs aa jke e;kz nk vka d l ap kyd gs a ] e ; kz nk& iq :"kkù ke gs a ] rk Ñ".k jkl fogk jh gs aa e;kz nk& ;q x dk fodkl jkl & ;q x e a gk uk gh Fkk] D; ka fd Hkkj rh ; ije ij kok fnrk bl h vfkz e a Lohdk ;Z Hkh gs A iwoz dk Lo LFk iq ul az Ldkj& fodkl A Ñ".k jke d gh vork j Lohdk j fd; tk r gs aa Hkkjrh ; l alñfr e a jl &jkl d vk;k eka dk f odkl A egyka l ckg j] Xoky& cky ka d l k Fk i'kq p kju] ou xe u] mu eq Dr gkl & foykl djrk Hk xoku dk :i ] bru k g h u gh a :fdeu h jg r j k/k k Hkko d h LFkki uk ] rk D ;k dy kvk a dk] dko ; d ykv ka dk fodk l jk/kk Hk ko d f cuk l ahko ugha gk rk \ jl vks j jkl d {k= bl Hkko d fcuk l wu ugha j g tkr \ ^ iz e okfvd k* ea dq y 53 nkg l adfy r gs aa fdu rq bl vfr y?kq Ñfr ea l ewph l ` f" V dk jl [kku u iz e d h v fhko ; fd r ek uk gs A l kjk l al k j iz e d h vfhko ; fd r gs D ;k afd iz e dk gh l kjh l ` f" V ea i fji kd gq vk gs ] ; gk iz e g h cht gs ] iz e gh vadq j gs ] iz e gh /kjr h gs a] iz e g h Q y& Q wy gs a] iz e :i t y dk fl a pu gq vk gs A v FkkZ r~ dk j.k& dk ;Z ] l k/ku&l k /kd ] dr kz fø; k vks j Q y l Hkh iz e l l fe e f yr gs a %& q tkra m itr iz e l kb ] cht dgkor iz ea tkea mitr iz e l k b] { k= dgko r iz eaa tkr i uir ] c<+ r] v:] Q wyr Q yr eg kua l k l c iz efg iz e; g] d g r jfl d jl [kk uaa ogh cht ] vadq j o gha ] l rq ogh vk /kk ja Mky ik r] Q y& Q wy l c ] o'k iz e l [kl kjaa dkjt dkj u & :i ;g ] iz e vgs jl [kk ua drkz ] dez ] fø ;k ] dkj.k] vki fg iz e c[k kuaa Ñ".k ^ cs jh vghj* gs o g fd l h dh i hm+k dk ugha ig pku r] f pù kp kj gs vks j i fjhkk"k k d v uq dwy jk/k k& Ñ".k d iz.k; iz l ax ka dh mn~ Hkkou k HkhA jl [kku Lo; a l Pp iz eh Fk AvkHk hj l alñfr d h /k uq, v ks j nf/ keaf ku i j LoPN iz e d yk dx hr xkrh vghj fu ;k &jl [k ku d dko ; dh iz j. kk, Fk ha?k ukuu n dh rjg jl [kku d tho u dk Hkh 'kk; n ^ l q tku* uked fdl h o' ;k u iz Hkkf or fd;k Fk ka bl rj g yk d thou dh okl rfod l q U njrk dk ydj jl [kk u ykd dk pje~ vif{ kr l ks U n;z viu ;q x d vuq dyw ;q xhu thou dk x fr n u d fy, ml h l ks U n;z ck /k d pj e~ ewy ;ka rd y tkrk gs A l ks U n;z vks j vf/kd kj dk vfr l q U njrk d l kfk ml pje y{; r d igq pk uk gh rk b u HkDr ka dk iz ;kl jgk gs A ns f ud] i kfj okfjd o a l kekftd t hou dh dk;z iz.kkyh e a Hkh vthc l ks U n;z bu Ñ".k HkDrka u O ;aftr fd; k gs A LF kwy ns f gd jp uk l y dj l w{e ekufl d p ru k vks j :i dh vfhko ;at uk f p= kr ed Lrj ij bu Ñ".k HkD rk a u yk d dh HkkoHkwfe l mbkd j mnkù k rk dh gs A Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

108 f}o nh% v k/ kq fud i fjiz {; ea j l [kku dh dko ; p ruk l U nhkz _ Xon ¼laf g rk ½ e.m y 10&125@3A f lag ] c Ppu ¼1996½ % fg Unh lk fg R ; dk nwljk bf rgk l ] jk /k k Ñ ".k iz dk 'k u jk ;] dq cj uk F k ¼1972½ % xu/k ek nu % H kk ñ Kk ui h B v k /kq f udrk % v d ez l d ez dh v kj jl [k k u % i ze o k f Vdk f ej ] gf j'puæ ¼1987½ % H kf Drdk yh u Ñ ".k dk O; v ks j ek uo ewy ;] lag f r i z dk 'k u 106 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

109 Indian J. Soc & Pol.2 (02): 2015: ISSN : m Rrj iz n'k e a xzkeh.k j kt xkj ;k t uk,a,oa j kt xkj l` t u v fu y d q ekj iky 1 1 k k/k Nk =] v Fk Z k k L= fo Hk k x] ohj c g k nq j f lag iwo k Zapy f o of o k y; tk S uiq j m0iz 0 H kk jr ABSTRACT Hk kj r x kwo ka d k n' k gs A d tu x. ku k d v uq l k j y xhk x iz fr 'kr tul a[ ; k xz ke h.k vap y ka e a j gr h gs A l E i w.kz t ul a[ ;k d v f rf jd r xk Wok a d h l a[ ;k vks j ml ea f u okl dju o ky xz k eh. kka d h l a[ ;k d v k /k kj i j H kh mrrj iz n ' k H kkj r dk v xz.k h iz n' k gs A n' k d l E i w.kz x ko ka e a l vd y mrr j iz n ' k e a 1 ] 12 ] 804 v kck n x k Wo gs a] mr rj iz n' k dq y 1 9]9 5]8 1] 477 ¼2 011 d h tu x. ku k d v uq l kj ½ tul a[ ; k e a l y xh kx 1 5 dj km+ t ul a[ ; k iz n' k d x z ke h.k {k = k a ea g h fuo kl d jr h gs A iz Lrq r kk / k i= ea m Rr j iz n k e a xz keh.k j kt xkj ; k tuk vk a d e k/ ;e l j kt xk j l ` tu d h l ahk kou kv ka r Fkk mi yfo /k ;k a d k v / ;; u f d;k x ;k gs A KEYWORDS: m0 iz 0]jk t xkj ;k tuk ;a ] jk tx kj l ` tu] ojk txk jh xz keh.k f odkl dk rkr i ;Z xkwo d yk xk a dk l kekftd] v kff kz d,oa l kald` frd fodkl djuk gs A bl dk rhoz x fr iz nk u dj u d fy, l jdkj dq y ifjo ; ; dk yxhk x 8-3 iz f r'kr Hk kx xz keh. k fod kl dk;z Øeka i j gh O ;; dj j g h gs A bl dk eq [ ; mn~ n'; ;g Hk h j gk fd xz keh. k f od kl d l k Fk&l kfk jk tx kj dk Hkh l ` tu gk rf kk xz keh.k l 'kgj h {k= d rjq g k jg Iky k; u dk Hkh jk dk tk l da iz n'k d xz keh. k {k= ka dk l U rq fyr fodkl d ju dh n` f" V l fo'k "k :i l Lora= r k iz kf Ir d ckn l fofhku u iz dk j dh ;k tuk, a vks j dk ;Z Øe yk xw fd ; x; tk fue u gs & l keq nkf;d fo dkl ;kt uk,a 1952] jk" V ªh ; folrk j ;k tuk dk ;Z Øe 1953] [kkn h,oa m k x dk;z Øe 195 7] xz keh. k vkokl h ; ;kt uk 1957] cgq mn~ n' kh ; v uq l wfpr tk f r fod kl dk ;Z Øe 1957 ] is dt dk ;Z Øe 1960 ] xg u f tyk d` f"k d k;z Øe 1 960] iq " Vkgkj ;kt uk ;k O ;ogk fj d dk;z Øe 1962 ] xz keh.k m k x ifj ;k tuk 196 2] x gu d` f"k dk;z Øe 1964 ] d` "kd iz f'k{k.k,oa f'k{ kk d k;z Øe 196 6] dq v ka fuekz.k dk;z Øe 1966] xz keh.k tu' k fdr dk ;Z Øe 1969] l w[kk {k= ihfm +r dk ;Z Øe 1970 ] xz keh.k jk tx kj u xn h ;kt uk 1971 ] tutfr {k = fodkl dk;z Øe 1972] chl l w= h; dk ;Z Øe 197 5] d ke d c ny vu kt dk ;Z Øe 1977] e:hk wfe fodkl dk ;Z Øe 1977] xz keh. k ;q ok jkt xkj iz f' k{k.k dk ;Z Øe ¼Vªkbl e ½ 1979],d hd` r xz keh.k f odkl dk;z Øe 198 0] jk" Vª h; xz ke h.k jk tx kj dk;z Øe 1980] xz keh.k {k = ea efgy k,ao cky f odkl a ` dk;z Øe 1982 ] xz keh.k H kwfeg hu jk tx kj xkj. Vh dk;z Øe 1983 ] f'k f{kr jkt xkj ;q odka d k Lo jkt xkj ;kt uk 1983& 84] b fu njk vkokl ;kt uk 1985& 8 6] dq Vhj T ;kf r dk ;Z Øe 19 88& 89] t okg j j kt xkj ;kt uk 1989 ] iz / kkuea= h jkt xkj ;kt uk 19 93] j k" Vªh ; l kekftd l gk ;r k dk ;Z Øe 1995] l xe ;k tuk 1996 ] xa xk dy ; k.k ;k tuk 19 97] L o.kz t;u r h xz ke Lojkt xk j ;ktu k 19 99] xz ke l e` f) ;k tuk 1999 ] vu uiw.kkz ;k tuk 199 9] iz /kku ea= h xz kek n ; ;kt uk 2000& 01] vu R ;k n; ;k t uk 2000 ] Hkk jr f uekz.k dk;z Øe 2005& 06 ] jk" Vª h; xz keh.k jk tx kj x kju Vh dk;z Øe 2006 vkf na j kt x kj l tu dh fn 'kk ea l jdkj } kjk fd ; x ; iz ;kl &,d yk drka f= d n 'k ea l jd kj dk ; g n kf ;Ro gkr k gs fd og v iu n' k dk dy ;k.kdkj h jk T; d :i ea L Fkk fir d jaa l E Hko r% vi u bl h nkf ;Ro dh iwfrz grq Hkkjr l jdk j dk xz keh.k fodkl ea= ky ; xz keh.k {k= k a ea jkt xk j l ` tu g rq l e; l e; ij vud jk tx kj ijd ; ktuk,a iz Lrkfo r djrh jg h gs A xz keh.k {k= ea jkt xk j l ` tu dh ; ;k tuk, a xz keh.k ka d vfr fjd r v k; vtz u dk e k/; e cu h] ftl l xz ke h.k {k= ka dk fodkl rfk k fu/ kz ur k o cj kt xkjh d vu rj ky dk de dj u e a l gk ;rk fe yha jkt xkj dk ;Z Øeka d ek /; e l l jdkj u l e; &l e; ij xz keh.k ka d fodkl d fy, xz keh. k {k= ka e a v frf jdr jkt xkj d vol jka d k l ` ftr dju 1 : Correponding Author

110 iky% mrrj iz n k e a xz ke h.k j ktx kj ;ktu k; a,o e~ jkt xkj l ` tu dk iz ;kl fd ;k gs A xz keh.k xjhc h fu okj. k,o a cjkt xk jh nwj dju dh fn 'kk e a l k FkZ d iz ;kl d jr gq, du nz l jdkj u vx Lr 2005 e a j k" Vªh ; xz keh. k jkt xkj x kj.v h fo /k ;d ikl fd;k x ;k tk l oz iz Fke 2 Q jojh] dk vku /kz iz n'k c ku nkoky h fty d vuu riq j x kwo e a ' kq : fd; k x ;ka bl dk ;Z Øe dk l af{kir d : i e a u j xk d uke l iz pf yr jgka bl uj xk dk uke 2 vd Vwc j 2009 dk ifj ofrz r djd euj xk ¼ egkr ek xka /kh jk t xkj x kj.v h ;kt uk½ dj fn; k x ;ka xz keh.k fod kl dk ;Z Øek a d ck /k d rro xz keh.k fodkl g rq l jdkj }kjk t k j kt xkj l ` tu dk;z Øe pyk ; x ; mu dk ;Z Øeka d } kjk jkt xkj d v ol jka e a o` f ) gq bz gs A fq j Hkh bu ;kt ukv ka l mr uh vf /kd l Q yrk iz kir ugha gq bz ftruh v i{k k d Lkk Fk iz kje Hk dh x;h FkhA bl d fy, fue ufy f[kr ck/ kdrro gs a & 1- n'k d h tul a[ ; k c< +u d l kfk&l kfk x jhck a dh l a[ ;k c <+rh xbz ] ifj. kke Lo:i cjkt xk jh c<+rh xbz ] l jdkj } kjk p y k; tk jg jkt xk j l ` tu dk;z Øe ea jkt xk j d vol j ml vuq ikr ea ugha ik ; tk u d dkj. k xj hch ij fu ;a=.k u gha ik ;k tk l dk vfk kz r~ c<+rh gq bz tul a[ ;k xz keh.k fodkl dk;z Øeka dk,d c k/ kd rro gs A 2- xz keh.k {k = ea yk xk a dh fuj{k rk,o a ;kt ukv ka e a vi u vf /kdkj ka dk yd j tkx:dr k ea deh eq [ ; ck/ kd rro gs ],d l oz d v uq l kj tk etnwj xz keh.k j kt xkj xk j. Vh ;k tuk d rgr d ke dj jg gs a ] ml ea l v f/ kdak' k dk bl d vf /k fu; eka d ewy iz ko/ kku ka d ckj e a tku dkjh u gha gs A 3- xz keh.k {k= k a dh vf odl hr l kekftd n'kk ; a ¼tS l & tkfr iz Fkk] N wvk& N w r] cky fo okg ] L= h f'k{kk dk vhkko ] inkz iz Fk k vk fn½ fdl h u fdl h :i e a jkt xkj l ` tu e a ck /kd gs A 4- n'k d l jdkj h ru = ea O ;kir Hkz " Vkp kj ftl dh tm+ vkt iw j n' k ea Q S yh gq bz gs A bu ;kt ukv ka d dq 'ky fø ;ku o ; u ea c k/kd gs A 5- xz keh.k {k= k a e a miyc /k Jfe dka e a dq ik "k.k,o a :X.krk mu Jfedk a d fuju r j dke dju ea ck/kd rro cud j mhkj r gs a] D;k a fd,l h ifjf LFk fr ;ka ea O ; fdr jk tx kj d vol j miyc /k g ku d ckotw n Hkh mul y khkkfu or gk u e a l {ke ugha gk i kr gs aa a a a a a q q q ` a ` a a a a a a a a a a a + a ` Z a ` vr% vko' ;drk bl ck r dh gs fd v ku oky fnuk ea xk Wok dk fod kl vfr v ko' ;d gs rhkh ge iz n'k d f odkl dh dy iuk dj l dr gs a] D; ka fd ;g ge tkur gs fd iz n'k d vk/ k l vf/ kd tul a[ ;k xkwo ka e fu okl djrh gs A tc rd xz keh. k fodkl,o jkt xkj i jd dk ;Z Øeka d k l pk: :i l l apk yu ug ha gk xk] rc rd xkw oka dh xjh ch l eki r ug ha g k xh vfk kz r~ cjkt xk jh dk nwj ugha fd; k tk l drk gs A bl l anhkz ea fue u l > ko dkjx j gk l dr gs aa l > ko 1- xz keh.k fod kl rhkh l ahko gs tc xz keh.k jkt xkj l tu d eq [ ; f o dy i d :i e jk tx kj l tu dh l E Hkkoukvk dk r yk'ku k gk xka bl d fy, eq [ ;r% bu jk T; ka ts l mr rj iz n 'k fcgk j] e/ ;iz n' k vks j mm+hl k ea d` f"k j kt x kj e f olrk j dh dkq h l E Hkkouk, gs A v r% b u {k= k ea d` f"k d fy, fl apkbz ] moz jd o mu u r fd Le d fctk ea f uo' k d }kjk mr iknd rk c<+ kdj jk txkj dk Hkh c<+ k; k tk l drk gs A 2- l cl cm+h c kr r k ;g gs f d xjh ch n wj dj u d mn~ n' ; dk l gh vf kz ea iz kfkfedr k feyu h pkf g, u fd d oy f n[kko d fy,a bl d fy, fod kl dh j.kuh fr r Fkk vk ffkz d tho u d fofh ku u igyw vk l tq M+h gq bz uhfr ;k dk iq ukz oykdu d juk im+ xka bl dk;z e l jdk j d vu k d fohkk xk d d k;z Øek e ifjorz u dj uk im+ xk ftl l fd vf/kd l v f/kd jkt xkj is n k dju oky dk ;Z Øeka dk iz krl kgu fey A 3- xjhc h n wj d ju d fy, vkf F kz d fodkl t:j h gs vr% f odkl d mn~ n' ; d k / ;ku ea j[kdj gh x jhch nwj dj u d d k ;Z Øeka dk cu kuk pkf g,a bl d fy, d k;z Øek dk cuku ea vf /kd l ko /kk uh cjruh im xha dk ;Z Øe,l gk ftl l x jhck dk b ruh vkenu h fe y fd iwj k f n u dke dj u i j m udk ifjok j x jhc h dh j [kk l Å ij py k tk ;A 4- jkt xkj l tu dk ;Z Øeka dk /;k u ea j[kdj /ku nu dh l ok Pp iz k Fkfe drk fe yuh pk fg, u fd vkf[k jha ;g rhkh l E Hko gk ik ; xk tc fd l jdkj viuh fq twy[k phz de dj n rf kk d e vko' ;d enk l /k u gv kd j jkt xkj l tu dk ;Z Øeka ij [kpz djaa ;g dke dfb u rk gs ij vl E Hko ugha ] t:j r gs oka fn r bpn k 'k fdr d ha 108 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

111 iky% mrrj iz n k e a xz ke h.k j ktx kj ;ktu k; a,o e~ jkt xkj l ` tu 5- xz keh.k { k= ka ea vk /kkj H kwr l ajpuk d k fod kl jkt xkj l ` tu dk,d vu ; ek/ ;e cu l drk gs A bl d }kjk bu {k= k a ea fo dkl iz fø;k dk Hkh rhoz fd;k t k l drk gs A xz keh. k {k = ka ea vks j l M+dka dk folrk j] dpp h l M+dk a d k iddh d jd ] f ctyh dh miyc /krk vkf n d ek /; e l Je iz /kk u ;k tuk vk a dk iz krl kfgr fd; k tkuk pk fg,a 6- xz keh.k tul a[ ; k o` f) dh rh oz nj ij fu ;a=.k yxk ; fcuk jkt xk j l ` tu d l Hkh dk;z Øe o kafn r l Q yrk iz nku ugh a dj l dr gs aa vr% bl f n'kk e a LokLF ;,oa i fjok j dy ;k.k dk;z Øeka d,dhd j.k d ek/ ;e l tul a[ ;k o` f) nj ij fu ;a=.k dj l duk l ae Hko gk xka f u" d"kz fu" d"kz d :i e a ;g d gk tk l drk gs fd Hkkjr dh vc rd dh ;k tuk vof /k e a fodkl dk du nz h; y{; e kudj j kt xkj l ` tu dh j.kuhf r cuk ;h a a x; ha vc c jkt xk jh dh x E Hkhj l el;k dk / ;ku e j[kr gq, ; g v ko' ;d g k x; k gs fd jk tx kj iz fjr fodkl j.ku hfr vi uk ;h tk ;A euj xk xz ke h.k tur k dk j kt xkj miyc /k djku e l gk;d fl ) gk jg k gs A vko' ;drk gs bl v ks j O ;ki d :i ea c<+k u dh r Fkk ikjn f'kz rk y ku d ha l anh kz fejk ],l 0d0 iq jh o h0d 0%] Hkkj rh ; vf kz O ;olf kk] fgeky ;k ifcyf 'ak x gkå l ] u bz fny yh] mrrj iz n'k ] 2 008] l wp uk, oa tul E idz foh kk x] m0iz 0 y[kuå nrr :nz,oa l q U nje~ d0ih0,e0]% Hk kjrh ; v FkZ O ;ol Fkk ],l 0 pu nz,.m de i uh f yf evm] ubz fny yh ] vdvw cj o"kz 45] vad 1 2]dq :{k= ] vkff kz d l eh{kk ] 2008& 09 vxl r 2008 ] vad& 8 ] ;ktu k] ubz fny yh Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015:

112 BOOK REVIEW lwpuk dk vf/kdkj,oe~ lq kklu% vt; flag]fot; izrki eyy ¼laiknd½] vxzoky ifoyd kul vkxjk] 2014] i` 264$4] ewy; :0 180] ISBN leh{kk d fy, izlrqr iqlrd lwpuk dk vf/kdkj,oe~ lq kklu fofhkuu {k=ka d fopkjdka] fpardka] f k{kkfonka] vkj0vh0vkbz0 dk;zdrkzvka d xahkhj fparu o izhkkoh fopkjka dk lefuor :Ik gsa iqlrd dk leiknu vt; flag o fot; izrki eyy d }kjk fd;k x;k gsa 4 [k.mka] 20 v/;k; o 1 ifjf k V ea leikfnr ;g iqlrd Hkkjrh; lunhkz ea lwpuk d vf/kdkj l leoaf/kr iw.kzre foy[k gsa iqlrd ea lwpuk d vf/kdkj d lecu/k ea tgka vrhr d dky[k.mka dk mhkkjk x;k gs ogha bl lunhkz ea gq, tukunkyuka u Hkh iqlrd ea vga LFkku izkir fd;k gsa lq kklu dh vko ;drk d :Ik ea vkj Vh vkbz dh vko ;drk dk j[kkafdr dju ea iqlrd fuf pr :Ik l lqy gsa eqfdrck/k dh dfork dh iafdr;ka vc vfhko;fdr d lkj [krj mbku gh gkax] rkm+u gkax gh eb vksj x<+ lc] igqapuk gkxk nqxze igkm+ka d ml ikj] l izkjahk bl iqlrd dk izfke [k.m lwpuk dk vf/kdkj%,d ifjp;kred foopuk] 7 v/;k;ka dk laxzghr :Ik gsa izfke v/;k; ea,d fl)kur d :Ik ea vkj Vh vkbz dk foopu] nwlj]rhlj rfkk lkroa v/;k; ea vkj Vh vkbz dh fodkl xkfkk] pksfk rfkk ikapoa v/;k; ea Hkkjr ea vkj Vh vkbz d bfrgkl o NBoa v/;k; ea vkj Vh vkbz d osf od lunhkz ij leqfpr izdk k Mkyk x;k gsa iqlrd dk nwljk [k.m lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vksj jktuhfrd ny vr;ar ToyaRk eqn~n l lacaf/kr gsa vkboa v/;k; ea jktuhfrd nyka d lkoztfud Lo:Ik dk Lohdkj djr gq, ikjnf kzrk,oe~ lq kklu d fy, jktuhfrd nyka dh tokcngh d izfr vdkv~; rdz izlrqr fd; x; gsaa uoka v/;k; jktuhfrd nyka dh usfrdrk dk >d>kjrk gs tcfd nloa v/;k; ea Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ij lwpuk d vf/kdkj d izhkko dk vkadu dk iz;kl lqy gsa r`rh; [k.m d 6 v/;k;ka ea lwpuk d vf/kdkj dk lq kklu dk iwoz krz ekuk x;k gs X;kjgoka o iunzgoka v/;k; tgka vkj Vh vkbz dk Hkz Vkpkj d fo:} l kdr gffk;kj ekurk gs ogha ckjgoa]rjgoa o pksngoa v/;k; ea ykdrkaf=d ewy; d :Ik ea vkj Vh vkbz dh izfr Bk ljkguh; gsa lexz :Ik ea ;g [k.m lwpuk d vf/kdkj dk,d thou ewy; rfkk lq kklu dh krz d :Ik ea izfrf Br dju ea lqy jgk gsa vafre [k.m lwpuk dk vf/kdkj % mi;kfxrk,oe~ egro 4 v/;k;ka dk ladfyr :Ik gsa l=goa v/;k; ea vkj Vh vkbz d lkekftd egro] muuhloa o chloa v/;k; ea ledkyhu ifjflfkfr;ka ea bldh mikn;rk o vbkjgoa v/;k; ea lwpuk d vf/kdkj dh orzeku pquksfr;ka ij izdk k Mkyk x;k gsa iqlrd d var ea ifjf k V lwpuk d vf/kdkj d lecu/k ea egroiw.kz U;kf;d fu.kz; iqlrd dh mi;kfxrk dk vksj vf/kd c<+k nrh gsa lexz :Ik l iqlrd fl)kur vksj O;ogkj dk lexz :Ik ea izfrfuf/kro djrh gs] ; fi iqlrd ea Vad.k o orzuh lecu/kh dqn dfe;ka jg x;ha gsa fqjhkh iqlrd vkj Vh vkbz d lunhkz ea Kku fiik kk dk kkar dju ea lqy gsa leiknd }; viuh lhekvka d ckotwn viuh Hkwfedk d lkfk U;k; dju ea lqy jga gsa ek= 180 :0 ea iqlrd dk ikbdk rd igqapku] bld dyoj rfkk bldh izlrqfr d fy, izdk kd /ku;okn d ik= gsaa iqlrd Kkukuq khyu d fy, laxzg.kh; d`fr gs rfkk lkekftd&jktuhfrd okaxke; d fy, vr;ar mikn;a iadt flag vfllvav izkqlj] jktuhfr fokku fohkkx] n;kuun LukrdkRj egkfo ky;] vktex<+] m0iz0] Hkkjr 110 Indian J Soc & Pol 02(02):2015: