Control Strategy for a High Speed SRM Fed from a Photovoltaic Source

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1 Reeach Jounal of Applied Science, Engineeing and Technology 6(17): , 2013 ISSN: ; e-issn: Maxell Scientific Oganization, 2013 Submitted: Januay 14, 2013 Accepted: Febuay 18, 2013` Publihed: Septembe 20, 2013 Contol Stategy fo a High Speed SRM Fed fom a Photovoltaic Souce 1, 2 Ahmed Said Ohaba 1 Poe Electonic and Enegy Conveion Dep., Electonic Reeach Intitute (ERI) NRC Blg., El- Tahi St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt 2 Jizan Univeity, Faculty of Engineeing, Electical Engineeing Depatment, KSA Abtact: High peed Sitched Reluctance Moto (SRM) have ecently been gaining attention a contende in many vaiable peed dive application. Thi ha alo been timulated by ecent advance in poe electonic technology hich enable thi dive ytem fo many application uch a high peed ate pump and pace and militay application. Thi tudy peent the deign and contol of high peed fou phae SRM uitable fo high peed ate pumping and othe high peed vaiable load application. The dynamic load chaacteitic and the SRM opeation mode have been tudied and a novel cacade contol tategy i deigned and implemented uing the MathLap Simulink. The SRM dive ytem i teted and encouaging eult ee obtained. The eult ae of pime impotance in the development of ual and emote aea and alo fo pace and militay application. Keyod: High peed contolle, PV ytem, SRM, toque contolle, vaiable load INTRODUCTION High peed geale electical machine find many application a pindle moto, pump moto, lage chille moto, ga geneato, Electical Vehicle (EV) and aicaft geneato (Uematu and Wallace, 2002; Mille, 1993, 2002; MagNet 6.2.2, 2001). It i knon that peed of a.c. machine inceae ith inceae in the input fequency and inceaing the input fequency educe the dimenion of electical machine Thi id due to that the electomagnetic toque i popotional to the electomagnetic poe and numbe of pole pai and inveely popotional to the fequency. Hoeve, uch high peed i limited and depend on the numbe of tato pole. Thi i not the cae fo SRM in hich peed can inceae up to flux atuation limit hee the value of flux depended on the voltage value (Uematu and Wallace, 2002; Mille, 1993, 2002; MagNet 6.2.2, 2001; Rahman and Schulz, 2002; Jain and Mohan, 2006; Jae-Hak et al., 2005; Amoo and Andada, 2010; Kihnan, 2001). An impotant conideation in the election of moto fo high peed application i cot, eight and efficiency. A heavy moto ill inceae the oveall eight of the vehicle (fo ytem example) eulting in loe acceleation and educed oveall pefomance. A moto that i pecifically deigned fo high peed application i a bette choice than puchaing a tandad moto. Sitched Reluctance Moto (SRM) ae a good choice fo thi ytem a they ae elatively cheap, obut and can be deigned to have minimum eight (Ahmed, 2004). The ecent advance in poe electonic technology have made SRM an attactive candidate fo high peed application. Thi i due the fact that many deiable featue uch a imple and ugged contuction. Alo, SRM manufactuing technology offe an impeive lit of advantage that make indutial ue eiouly looking fo itched eluctance moto dive (Uematu and Wallace, 2002; Mille, 1993, 2002; MagNet 6.2.2, 2001). Thi tudy peent the deign of a high peed, fou phae, 8/6 pole SRM uitable fo high peed application. The deign of contol ytem fo the SRM fo a ide ange of dynamical load i detailed. CONSTRUCTION OF SRM Inceaing the value of the SRM peed coeponding to input voltage equie the inceae of atuation limit of tato flux linkage. Thi lead to inceae the value of inductance at the aligned poition enabling SRM peed to each RPM ith a balanced inceae of the value of input voltage. The moto conideed in thi tudy i a fou phae 8/6 pole SRM (8 tato pole, 6 oto pole) ha doubly alient contuction. Uually the numbe of tato and oto pole i even and the contuction of the SRM i hon in Fig. 1. Thi deign pocedue conideed a fou-phae SRM a it poduce le acoutic noie and toque ipple in compaion ith the thee-phae SRM (Uematu and Wallace, 2002; Mille, 1993, 2002; Coeponding Autho: Ahmed Said Ohaba, oe Electonic and Enegy Conveion Dep., Electonic Reeach Intitute (ERI) NRC Blg., El-Tahi St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt 3174

$\ Coenegy W (, i).. di (1) \ Static Toque Ttatic dw / d (2) Fig. 1: The SRM 8/6 pole contuction The eult peented in Fig. 2 and 3 ae obtained fo a fou phae SRM ith a pecial lamination mateial.$ It can be obeved fom thee figue of the pototype moto that linea flux linkage chaacteitic ha been obtained in a ange of oto poition beteen 0 and 15 degee. MODELING AND SIMULATION OF SRM Fig.

It can be obeved fom thee figue of the pototype moto that linea flux linkage chaacteitic ha been obtained in a ange of oto poition beteen 0 and 15 degee. MODELING AND SIMULATION OF SRM Fig.

2 phae at any oto poition i calculated uing the folloing equation (Uematu and Wallace, 2002; Mille, 1993, 2002; MagNet 6.2.2, 2001; Dan, 1999; Stephenon and Coda, 1979; Coda and Stephenon, 1979; Ahmed, 2004; Shuyu and Teeng, 1998). \ Coenegy W (, i).. di (1) \ Static Toque Ttatic dw / d (2) Fig. 1: The SRM 8/6 pole contuction The eult peented in Fig. 2 and 3 ae obtained fo a fou phae SRM ith a pecial lamination mateial. It can be obeved fom thee figue of the pototype moto that linea flux linkage chaacteitic ha been obtained in a ange of oto poition beteen 0 and 15 degee. MODELING AND SIMULATION OF SRM Fig. 2: A family of (flux linkage-cuent) cuve Fig. 3: A family of (theta-tatic toque) cuve MagNet 6.2.2, 2001). Toque ipple ae undeiable fo mot vaiable peed dive application. Figue 2 and 3 ho the flux-linkage-cuent cuve and toque-theta cuve veu oto poition fo vaiou cuent level of SRM. Thi dicete available data can be extended to be continuou fo all and i value duing the peiod beteen the poition = 0(aligned) and = 2/N (unaligned). The magnetic behavio of the SRM i highly nonlinea hee the tatic toque poduced by one At peent, the maximum poe of high peed ynchonou geneato doe not exceed 500 kw. Seveal aibone poe miion ae no evolving that ill equie lighteight multi megaatt electical poe ytem, e.g., Diected Enegy Weapon (DEW) and aibone ada (Uematu and Wallace, 2002; Mille, 1993, 2002; MagNet 6.2.2, 2001). Ne high poe aibone and mobile militay ytem ill equie 1 to 6MWof electical poe geneated at peed 15 kpm. A potential candidate HTS oto ynchonou geneato o all cyogenic geneato (ynchonou o homopola) have been conideed. The SRM dive depend on the phae cuent, abolute oto poition and oto peed ignal to obtain cloed-loop contol of cuent (and hence the toque) and peed. Depending on the quality of pefomance equied fo a paticula application, uch a fo a lo pefomance, the phae cuent and peed ignal may be dipened ithin the contol ytem. The feedback ignal ae uually meaued ith tanduce, hich inceae the cot of the electonic contolle and it packaging ize, eliability and complexity. In the cae of a oto poition/peed tanduce, the ize of the moto houing and the cot ae inceaed ignificantly. Emeging high-volume application in Heating, Ventilation and Ai Conditioning (HVAC), fan, pump, home appliance, automobile acceoy dive and many othe ae cot enitive. The pefomance equiement fo uch application ae not high a i equied fo machine tool evo dive. The equiement of lo cot ith high pefomance fo moto dive ha placed the agenda of lo-cot, eno-baed o enole technology at the foefont of peent day eeach and development of moto dive. SRM dive ae no exception to thi tend, a een fom the high degee of inteet hon by indutial and academic eeache oldide on thi topic. Due to the 3175

3 nonlinea natue of the SRM the folloing tep ee made to get an accuate imulation of SRM: Re. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 6(17): , 2013 The flux-linkage of any phae i computed fom the folloing equation: (, i ) ( V Ri) dt (3) The value of phae cuent can be calculated fom the (flux linkage-cuent) chaacteitic cuve (Fig. 2) by uing econd ode intepolation method by ued them the flux linkage value (ψ) and oto angula diplacement (). The value of developed toque can be calculated fom the tatic toque chaacteitic cuve (Fig. 3) by uing econd ode intepolation method by ued them the cuent value and. The value of actual peed can be calculated fom the folloing mechanical equation: d / dt ( T (, i) Tmech ) / J (4) The value of oto angula diplacement can be calculated fom the folloing equation: d / dt (5) But the angle δ coeponding to the diplacement of phae A in elation to anothe phae i given by: ( ) N (6) N Alo the poitive peiod of phae i detemined by the folloing equation: 1 duty peiod 2 ( ) C qn And C can be calculated by the folloing equation. C (7) ( ) (8) PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY SOURCE Photovoltaic (PV) poe ytem convet unlight into electicity diectly. Reeach and development effot ae unde ay to impove efficiency and educe cot of photovoltaic poe ytem in application anging fom oof-top eidential to lage indutial o electic utility ite. Uing of PV poe in dive ytem application ae inceaing thee day fom diectly coupling ith the dc moto to ophiticated ac moto dive ytem. SRM i one of thee moto that need to 3176 upply it phae ith dc cuent one phae at a time. The cuent i fed to the moto via buck boot dc/dc convete ith vaiable duty atio to extact the maximum poe of the PV ytem and fed the moto ith neceay voltage and cuent to ovecome the moto peed and toque equiement (Dina and Dina, 2011; Youy, 2009; Matagne et al., 2007; Zahan et al., 2000). CONTROL STRATEGIES Conventional contol technique uch a voltage, PID and hyteei contol cheme only ae not effective contol tool fo SRM. Thi i due to uch contol ytem poduce moe noie and toque ipple hich adveely affect the pefomance of SRM (Ahmed, 2004; Xue et al., 2007; Gibble et al., 1999; Khaja et al., 2001; Kzyztof et al., 2000; Chen and Gu, 2010; Naayagi and Kamaaj, 2005; Liu and Song, 2006; Rahman et al., 2000; Indeka et al., 2002; Huain and Hoain, 2005). Theefoe, each fo altenative contol method hich achieve the equied contol action ithout advee effect on moto pefomance i equied. Theefoe, thi tudy peent a contol tategy fo SRM hich avoid poblem in uing conventional contol technique ith thi type of moto a ell a ovecome poblem due to high peed opeation. It ha been obeved that at high peed, SRM exhibit high ocillation about the efeence peed hich peent intability and adveely affect the moto pefomance. Theefoe, the contol tategy popoed in thi tudy i baed on the folloing intoducing thee diffeent contol loop to povide table opeation at uch a high peed. The function of the thee contol loop can be ummaized a follo: In thi cae, thee contolle ae ued: Tun on contolle fo tating Speed contolle in peed loop Toque contolle (cuent contolle) in toque loop fo contant peed at vaiable load toque. The oveall contolle ytem i hon in Fig. 4 Tun on contol: The intoduction of integal contol fo nonlinea ytem in a contol ytem eliminate the teady-tate eo. Integal contol ceate a etoing foce that i popotional to the um of all pat eo multiplied by time, a expeed in Eq. (9). The algoithm of contolle can be given a follo: e( t) ef ( t).. act( t) (9) hee, act(t) = The actual output of the ytem ef(t) = The efeence input of the ytem e(t) = The eo ignal beteen act(t) and ef(t)

4 Fig. 4: Simplified model and contol ytem fo SRM Fo a contant value of eo, the value of Σ (EΔt) ill inceae ith time, cauing the etoing foce to get lage and lage. Eventually, the etoing foce ill get lage enough to ovecome fiction and move the contolled vaiable in a diection to eliminate the eo. The contol action can be obtained a follo: u( t) K.. e( t).. K.. e( t).. d( t) (10) p i hee, u(t) i the output of contolle, K p and K i ae popotional and integal gain, epectively and thi gain ae adaptation to obtain a good model fo tating. Speed contol: The output of peed contolle i detemined by the folloing equation: u( t) G. e( t). (11) T av m N V ω θ on θ off θ 1 = The aveage toque = The numbe of moto phae = The numbe of oto pole = The poe upply voltage = Angula peed of the oto = The angle of tating the excitation = The angle of itching off the excitation = The tating angle of the phae inductance inceaing L max and L min ae the maximum and minimum value of phae inductance, epectively. The total diffeential equation of Tav can be itten in a implified fom a: T K.. V K.. (13) av u The incement of the aveage toque alo can be indicated a: hee, G ( ) K /(1 T S) n Toque contol: Accoding to the quai-linea model of SRM, the aveage toque equation can be obtained a Eq. (12) hen the phae cuent i flat topped: T av hee, m. N V ( off 1 1) *[ L on min 1 2 L off max L 1 min ] (12) T av d J dt hee, J = Rotay inetia F = Damping coefficient T L = Load toque F. T (14) The voltage chopping can be teated a a ampling poce of the contolle output ΔVASR and the 3177 L

Fig. 5: Load toque veu time Fig. 8: Fou phae intantaneou cuent, Pump load Fig. 6: Pump load vaiation Fig.

The mall-ignal model of poe invete can be given a: T 1 e T V ( ) K C. V ASR ( ) K C V ASR ( ) S 1 T (15) u( t) K.. e( t).

5 Fig. 5: Load toque veu time Fig. 8: Fou phae intantaneou cuent, Pump load Fig. 6: Pump load vaiation Fig. 9: Fou phae intantaneou cuent, vaiable load Fig. 7: Fou phae intantaneou cuent, vaiable load amplification facto i KC. The mall-ignal model of poe invete can be given a: T 1 e T V ( ) K C. V ASR ( ) K C V ASR ( ) S 1 T (15) u( t) K.. e( t). (16) t hee, K t i a adaptive toque gain and the u(t) the output of toque contolle but to obtain fom thi contolle the contant peed at vaiable load toque. Fig. 10: Fou phae intantaneou cuent, Pump load SYSTEM RESULTS The popoed contolle i implemented fo uing the vaiable toque dive and pup load hon in Fig. 5 and 6. The pump load i epeented a follo (Dina, 2011): Tpde (17) The coeponding fou phae' cuent ae hon in Fig

6 load. The contol tategy ha been teted uing fat vaying dynamic load and alo fo a pump load. The eult ho that the contolle a able to tack the efeence peed ithout an ovehoot at all peed ange up to pm. The eult alo ho that the poition etimation method ued i vey effective fom tating to teady tate. The eult alo ho the fat epone of the contolle and that the ytem i citically damped ith minimum toque ipple and peed deviation about the efeence peed. REFERENCES Fig. 11: Actual and efeence peed veu time fo vaiable and pump load Fig. 12: The fou phae intantaneou tato cuent at high peed ith vaiable load toque Duing thee tet, it ha been obeved the actual moto peed, unde all load condition, tack the efeence peed ove the hole opeation ange fom 0 to RPM ithout an ovehoot o teady tate eo hee Fig. 11 illutated thi eult of actual peed ith efeence peed. Figue 12 illutate one pule fo fou phae tet eult hich ho that the angle beteen phae i 15 o. And the dell angle (diffeence beteen Toff and Ton angle) i kept fixed and each phae pule tain i phae hifted by: (15*C - T on = 10.5 ). CONCLUSION Thi tudy decibed the deign and implementation of a contol tategy fo high peed itched eluctance moto. The contol action i divided into thee main loop. The tun on contol loop i equipped ith an integal action deduce the tun on time and eliminate teady tate eo o that no high fequency ocillation occu about the output peed hich i of pime impotance in high peed dive application. A toque and peed contol loop ae added to povide accuate contol of moto peed at all Amoo, J.G. and P. Andada, Senitivity analyi of geometical paamete on a doubleided linea itched eluctance moto. IEEE Tan. Ind. Electon., 57(1): Ahmed, O., Analyi and contol of SRM. Ph.D. Thei, Caio Univ., FOE, Apil, Coda, J. and J.M. Stephenon, Analytical etimation of the minimum and maximum inductance of a double-alient moto. Poceeding of the Intenational Confeence on Stepping Moto and Sytem, Univeity of Leed, UK, Septembe, pp: Chen, H. and J.J. Gu, Implementation of the thee-phae itched eluctance machine ytem fo moto and geneato. IEEE/ASME Tan. Mechaton., 15(3): Dan, J., Peent and futue application of itched eluctance moto and dive. Poceeding of the SMIC Confeence, Octobe 1999, Tokyo, Japan. Dina, S. and M. Oheba, Photovoltaic ytem fed DC moto contolled by convete. M.Sc. Thei, Mach, 2011, Menoufiya Univeity, Egypt. Gibble, J.J., P.C. Kjae and T.J.E. Mille, Optimal commutation in aveage toque contol of itched eluctance moto. IEE Poc. Elec. Poe Appl., 146(1): Huain, I. and S.A. Hoain, Modeling, imulation and contol of itched eluctance moto dive. IEEE Tan. Ind. Electon., 52(6): Indeka, R.B., M. Menne and R.W.A.A. De Doncke, Contol of itched eluctance dive fo electic vehicle application. IEEE Tan. Ind. Electon., 49(1): Jain, A.K. and N. Mohan, Dynamic modeling: Expeimental chaacteization and veification fo SRM opeation ith imultaneou to-phae excitation. IEEE Tan. Ind. Electon., 53(4): Jae-Hak, C., S.A. Jooneon and L. Ju, The chaacteitic analyi of itched eluctance moto conideing DC-link voltage ipple on had and oft chopping mode. IEEE Tan. Magnet., 41(10):

7 Kihnan, R., Sitched Reluctance Moto Dive- Modeling, Simulation, Analyi, Deign and Application. CRC Pe, Boca Raton, FL. Khaja, M.R., G. Sueh, F. Babak, V.R. Anandan and M. Ehani, Optimized toque contol of itched eluctance moto at all opeational egime uing neual netok. IEEE Tan. Ind. Appl., 37(3): Kzyztof, R., H. Iqbal and E.E. Malik, A elftuning contolle fo itched eluctance moto. IEEE Tan. Poe Electon., 15(3). Liu, W. and S. Song, Application of fuzzy contol in itched eluctance moto peed egulating ytem. Poceeding of Intenational Confeence on Computational Intelligence fo Modelling, Contol and Automation, Sydney, Novembe 2006, Patick Kellenbege, Sydney, pp: Mille, T.J.E., Sitched Reluctance Moto and Thei Contol. Magna Phyic and Claendon Pe, Oxfod. Mille, T.J.E., Optimal deign of itched eluctance moto. IEEE Tan. Ind. Electon., 49(1): MagNet 6.2.2, Finite-element package fo electomagnetic analyi. Infolytica Copoation, Monteal. Matagne, E., R. Chenni and R. El-Bachtii, A photovoltaic cell model baed on nominal data only. Poceeding of the Intenational Confeence on Poe Engineeing, Enegy and Electical Dive, Poeeng, Setubal, Potugal, Apil Naayagi, R.T. and V. Kamaaj, Shape optimization of itched eluctance machine fo aeopace application. Poceeding of 31t Annual Confeence of IEEE Indutial Electonic Society, Raleigh, Lo Alamito, Novembe, pp: Rahman, K.M. and S.E. Schulz, Deign of high efficiency and high denity itched eluctance moto fo vehicle populion. IEEE Tan. Ind. Appl., 38(6): Rahman, K.M., B. Fahimi, G. Sueh, A.V. Rajaathnam and M. Ehani, Advantage of itched eluctance moto application to EV and HEV: Deign and contol iue. IEEE Tan. Ind. Appl., 36(1): Stephenon, J.M. and J. Coda, Computation of toque cuent in double alient eluctance moto fom nonlinea magnetization data. Poceeding IEE, 126(5): Shuyu, C. and K.J. Teeng, A ne method fo accuate analytical modeling of itched eluctance moto. Poceeding of the Intenational Confeence on Poe Electonic Dive and Enegy Sytem fo Indutial Goth, Sch. of Elect. and Electon. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapoe, pp: Uematu, T. and R.S. Wallace, Deign of a 100kW itched eluctance moto fo electic vehicle. IEEE Tan. Ind. Electon., 49(1): Xue, X.D., K. Cheng and S. Ho, A poition tepping method fo pedicting pefomance of itched eluctance moto dive. IEEE Tan. Enegy Conve., 22(4): Youy, A., Photovoltaic maximum poe point tacking uing SEPIC convete. Eng. Re. J. Shebin El-Kom J., 36(4). Zahan, M., A. Hanafy, O. Mahgoub and M. Kamel, FLC baed photovoltaic battey dieel hybid ytem management and contol. Poceeding of the 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialit Confeence, Anchoage Hilton, Anchoage, Alaka, USA, Septembe

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