Bidirectional chaos communication between two outer semiconductor lasers coupled mutually with a central semiconductor laser

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1 Bidirectional chaos communication between two outer semiconductor lasers coupled mutually with a central semiconductor laser Ping Li, Jia-Gui Wu, Zheng-Mao Wu, Xiao-Dong Lin, Dao Deng, Yu-Ran Liu, and, 2, * Guang-Qiong Xia School of Physics, Southwest University, Chongqing 475, China 2 State Key Lab of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 296, China * gqxia@swu.edu.cn Abstract: Based on a linear chain composed of a central semiconductor laser and two outer semiconductor lasers, chaos synchronization and bidirectional communication between two outer lasers have been investigated under the case that the central laser and the two outer lasers are coupled mutually, whereas there exists no coupling between the two outer lasers. The simulation results show that high-quality and stable isochronal synchronization between the two outer lasers can be achieved, while the cross-correlation coefficients between the two outer lasers and the central laser are very low under proper operation condition. Based on the high performance chaos synchronization between the two outer lasers, message bidirectional transmissions of bit rates up to 2 Gbit/s can be realized through adopting a novel decoding scheme which is different from that based on chaos pass filtering effect. Furthermore, the security of bidirectional communication is also analyzed. 2 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (4.596) Semiconductor lasers; (9.3) Instabilities and chaos; (6.45) Optical communications. References and links. L. M. Pecora and T. L. Carroll, Synchronization in chaotic systems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64(8), (99). 2. I. Fischer, O. Hess, W. Elsaβer, and E. Göbel, High-dimensional chaotic dynamics of an external cavity semiconductor laser, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73(6), (994). 3. G. D. VanWiggeren and R. Roy, Communication with chaotic lasers, Science 279(5354), 98 2 (998). 4. S. Tang and J. M. Liu, Message encoding-decoding at 2.5 Gbits/s through synchronization of chaotic pulsing semiconductor lasers, Opt. Lett. 26(23), (2). 5. A. Argyris, D. Syvridis, L. Larger, V. Annovazzi-Lodi, P. Colet, I. Fischer, J. García-Ojalvo, C. R. Mirasso, L. Pesquera, and K. A. Shore, Chaos-based communications at high bit rates using commercial fibre-optic links, Nature 438(766), (25). 6. J. Paul, M. W. Lee, and K. A. Shore, Effect of chaos pass filtering on message decoding quality using chaotic external-cavity laser diodes, Opt. Lett. 29(2), (24). 7. G. Q. Xia, Z. M. Wu, and J. G. Wu, Theory and simulation of dual-channel optical chaotic communication system, Opt. Express 3(9), (25). 8. J. Ohtsubo, Semiconductor Lasers, Stability, Instability and Chaos, 2nd ed. (Springer-Verlag, 28). 9. Y. H. Hong, M. W. Lee, J. Paul, P. S. Spencer, and K. A. Shore, GHz bandwidth message transmission using chaotic vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, J. Lightwave Technol. 27(22), (29).. R. Vicente, J. Daudén, P. Colet, and R. Toral, Analysis and characterization of the hyperchaos generated by a semiconductor laser subject to a delayed feedback loop, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 4(4), (25).. J. G. Wu, G. Q. Xia, and Z. M. Wu, Suppression of time delay signatures of chaotic output in a semiconductor laser with double optical feedback, Opt. Express 7(22), (29). 2. J. Liu, Z. M. Wu, and G. Q. Xia, Dual-channel chaos synchronization and communication based on unidirectionally coupled VCSELs with polarization-rotated optical feedback and polarization-rotated optical injection, Opt. Express 7(5), (29). 3. A. Jafari, H. Sedghi, Kh. Mabhouti, and S. Behnia, Slave-master dynamics of semiconductor laser with short external cavity, Opt. Commun. 284(2), (2). 4. E. Klein, R. Mislovaty, I. Kanter, and W. Kinzel, Public-channel cryptography using chaos synchronization, Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 72(), 624 (25). # $5. USD Received 24 Jun 2; revised 2 Sep 2; accepted 23 Oct 2; published Nov 2 (C) 2 OSA 2 November 2 / Vol. 9, No. 24 / OPTICS EXPRESS 2392

2 5. E. Klein, N. Gross, E. Kopelowitz, M. Rosenbluh, L. Khaykovich, W. Kinzel, and I. Kanter, Public-channel cryptography based on mutual chaos pass filters, Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 74(4), 462 (26). 6. R. Vicente, C. R. Mirasso, and I. Fischer, Simultaneous bidirectional message transmission in a chaos-based communication scheme, Opt. Lett. 32(4), (27). 7. W. L. Zhang, W. Pan, B. Luo, X. H. Zou, M. Y. Wang, and Z. Zhou, Chaos synchronization communication using extremely unsymmetrical bidirectional injections, Opt. Lett. 33(3), (28). 8. M. C. Chiang, H. F. Chen, and J. M. Liu, Experimental synchronization of mutually coupled semiconductor lasers with optoelectronic feedback, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 4(), (25). 9. B. B. Zhou and R. Roy, Isochronal synchrony and bidirectional communication with delay-coupled nonlinear oscillators, Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 75(2), 2625 (27). 2. T. Deng, G. Q. Xia, L. P. Cao, J. G. Chen, X. D. Lin, and Z. M. Wu, Bidirectional chaos synchronization and communication in semiconductor lasers with optoelectronic feedback, Opt. Commun. 282(), (29). 2. A. Englert, W. Kinzel, Y. Aviad, M. Butkovski, I. Reidler, M. Zigzag, I. Kanter, and M. Rosenbluh, Zero lag synchronization of chaotic systems with time delayed couplings, Phys. Rev. Lett. 4(), 42 (2). 22. N. Jiang, W. Pan, L. Yan, B. Luo, W. L. Zhang, S. Y. Xiang, L. Yang, and D. Zheng, Chaos synchronization and communication in mutually coupled semiconductor lasers driven by a third laser, J. Lightwave Technol. 28(3), (2). 23. T. Deng, G. Q. Xia, Z. M. Wu, X. D. Lin, and J. G. Wu, Chaos synchronization in mutually coupled semiconductor lasers with asymmetrical bias currents, Opt. Express 9(9), (2). 24. J. G. Wu, Z. M. Wu, X. Tang, X. D. Lin, T. Deng, G. Q. Xia, and G. Y. Feng, Simultaneous generation of two sets of time delay signature eliminated chaotic signals by using mutually coupled semiconductor lasers, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 23(2), (2). 25. R. V. Jensen, Synchronization of randomly driven nonlinear oscillators, Phys. Rev. E Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Topics 58(6), R697 R69 (998). 26. C. S. Zhou, J. Kurths, E. Allaria, S. Boccaletti, R. Meucci, and F. T. Arecchi, Constructive effects of noise in homoclinic chaotic systems, Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 67(6), 6622 (23). 27. A. Uchida, R. McAllister, and R. Roy, Consistency of nonlinear system response to complex drive signals, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93(24), 2442 (24). 28. I. Fischer, R. Vicente, J. M. Buldú, M. Peil, C. R. Mirasso, M. C. Torrent, and J. García-Ojalvo, Zero-lag longrange synchronization via dynamical relaying, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(2), 2392 (26). 29. R. Vicente, I. Fischer, and C. R. Mirasso, Synchronization properties of three delay-coupled semiconductor lasers, Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 78(6), 6622 (28). 3. T. Yamamoto, I. Oowada, H. Yip, A. Uchida, S. Yoshimori, K. Yoshimura, J. Muramatsu, S. I. Goto, and P. Davis, Common-chaotic-signal induced synchronization in semiconductor lasers, Opt. Express 5(7), (27). 3. I. Oowada, H. Ariizumi, M. Li, S. Yoshimori, A. Uchida, K. Yoshimura, and P. Davis, Synchronization by injection of common chaotic signal in semiconductor lasers with optical feedback, Opt. Express 7(2), (29). 32. V. Annovazzi-Lodi, G. Aromataris, M. Benedetti, and S. Merlo, Private message transmission by common driving of two chaotic lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 46(2), (2). 33. J. M. Liu, H. F. Chen, and S. Tang, Synchronized chaotic optical communications at high bit rates, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38(9), (22). 34. T. Heil, I. Fischer, W. Elsässer, J. Mulet, and C. R. Mirasso, Chaos synchronization and spontaneous symmetrybreaking in symmetrically delay-coupled semiconductor lasers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86(5), (2). 35. J. M. Buldú, J. García-Ojalvo, and M. C. Torrent, Multimode synchronization and communication using unidirectionally coupled semiconductor lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 4(6), (24). 36. D. Kanakidis, A. Argyris, and D. Syvridis, Performance characterization of high-bit-rate optical chaotic communication systems in a back-to-back configuration, J. Lightwave Technol. 2(3), (23). 37. R. Mislovaty, E. Klein, I. Kanter, and W. Kinzel, Public channel cryptography by synchronization of neural networks and chaotic maps, Phys. Rev. Lett. 9(), 87 (23).. Introduction Chaos synchronization has become a hot topic since the pioneering work of Pecora and Carroll [] for its potential application in secure communication, neural network, and public channel cryptography [2 37]. In recent years, chaos synchronization and secure communication based on semiconductor lasers (SLs) have attracted much more attention because the chaotic carrier generated by SLs possesses some unique advantages such as wide bandwidth, high complexity, and easy to implement. It is well known that a necessary condition to realize optical chaos secret communication is to achieve good chaos synchronization between the transmitted and received SLs. Previous works concentrated mostly on the unidirectional scheme [4 3]. The feasibility of this method has been confirmed by a field experiment in Athens [5]. However, such a unidirectional secret # $5. USD Received 24 Jun 2; revised 2 Sep 2; accepted 23 Oct 2; published Nov 2 (C) 2 OSA 2 November 2 / Vol. 9, No. 24 / OPTICS EXPRESS 23922

3 communication is inadequate, and bidirectional or multidirectional secret communications are always highly expected. As a result, some chaos synchronization configurations allowing for bidirectional chaotic secure communication have been proposed and investigated [4 32]. Generally, chaos synchronization between two SLs in secure communication system can be realized by adopting two kinds of different methods. One is by coupling unidirectionally or mutually one SL with another SL to synchronize them, and the other is by the aid of a third SL or optical injection of a common noise (or chaotic signal) to synchronize two independent SLs (i. e., there exist no direct mutual action between the two synchronized SLs). For the chaotic secure communication based on the first synchronization method, the message is transmitted between two lasers (transmitted and received laser) with direct coupling, and the encoding and decoding of message is accomplished as follows: the message is modulated onto or into the chaos carrier of the transmitted laser, and the received laser synchronizes with the chaos produced in the transmitter but the masked message amplitude is much reduced in the receiver. This effect is termed the chaos pass filtering (CPF) [6]. Thus, when the difference is taken between the input of the receiver and the output of the receiver, the transmitted message may be extracted. Especially, in a mutually coupled system, the two lasers play simultaneously both roles of transmitter and receiver. For the chaotic secure communication based on the second synchronization method, the message is transmitted between two independent SLs. Due to no direct coupling between two independent SLs, a second path (named as the message channel) should be introduced for messages communication besides the coupling path (named synchronized channel) used to synchronize two independent SLs. Since message decoding is accomplished in the message channel and do not need to utilize CPF effect, communication rate of the message is not limited by CPF. It should be specially pointed out that, for the second method, the cross-correlation coefficients between the chaotic carriers in message channel and the chaotic signal in synchronized channel are expected as low as possible for seeking high security of communication. In this paper, based on previous relevant investigations on the synchronization scheme between two independent SLs [28 32], a system configuration allowing for bidirectional chaos communication is proposed. After having determined the optimal operation parameters, we emphasize on exploring the bidirectional communication performance and the security of this system. 2. System setup The schematic of system setup is illustrated in Fig.. Three SLs including two outer semiconductor lasers (OSLs) and one central semiconductor laser (CSL) are used. The two OSLs are mutually coupled with the CSL whereas there is no coupling between two OSLs. Under proper condition, all the three SLs can be operated at chaos states. The encoding and decoding process of two messages are accomplished as follows: message (m ) is encoded into the chaotic carrier emitted from OSL by using chaos modulation (CM) method [33]. For this modulation scheme, the modulated signal is equal to ( + η m(t)) times of the transmitter output, where η is the amplitude modulation index and m(t) is the normalized signal waveform. The modulated signal is divided into two parts by a beam splitter (BS ) at first. One part is coupled into CSL, and the other part is divided into two parts again by BS 2 after passing through an optical isolator (OI ). One part output from BS 2 is injected into photodetector 2 (PD 2 ) to assist the decoding of message 2 (m 2 ), while the rest part is transmitted toward the OSL2 side and injects into PD 3 through message channel F 2 but does not enter into OSL2 because of the existence of OI2. Meantime, a part of signal including m 2 and chaotic output from OSL2 injects into PD 4. Through comparing the output of PD 3 and PD 4, the difference between m and m 2 can be obtained under the case that high-quality chaos synchronization between two OSLs has been achieved. Based on this difference, the message m can be decoded as long as the message m 2 is known. The encoding and decoding process of m 2 is the same as that of m. As shown in Fig., the messages do not enter into OSLs, therefore the principle of messages decoding is different from that based on chaos pass filtering (CPF) effect. # $5. USD Received 24 Jun 2; revised 2 Sep 2; accepted 23 Oct 2; published Nov 2 (C) 2 OSA 2 November 2 / Vol. 9, No. 24 / OPTICS EXPRESS 23923

4 Fig.. Schematic of system setup. OSL: outer semiconductor laser; CSL: central semiconductor laser; M: mirror; BS: beam splitter; OI: optical isolator; PD: photodetector; F: communication channel; m: message. Dynamics of mutually coupled SLs can be modeled by well known Lang Kobayashi rate equations after taking mutual coupled terms into account [6,29]. For OSL and OSL2: For CSL: de de,2 C dt ( t) ( t) dt = ( + iα,2 ) G,2 E,2 ( t) 2 τ P () ( ) ( ) ( ) + K E t τ exp i2π f τ exp i2π f t + 2β N χ C, C 2 C C, C 2 C C, C 2 C, C 2,2,2 ( ) I ( ) dn,2 t N,2 t = G ( ) 2,2 E,2 t (2) dt e τ e ( iα ) ( ) ( ) exp ( 2 ) exp ( 2 ) C G C E t K E t τ i π f τ i π f t C C C C C τ P (3) = ( ) ( ) ( ) + K E t τ exp i2π f τ exp i2π f t + 2β N χ C C C C C C C ( ) I ( ) dn t N t ( t) 2 = C G C EC (4) e dt e τ where the subscripts C, and 2 stand for CSL, OSL and OSL2, respectively, E is the complex amplitude of the optical field and N represents the carrier number. denotes the amplitude of the complex field. K C, K C2 are the coupling strengths from CSL to OSL and to OSL2, respectively, τ C, τ C2 are the corresponding coupling delay. K C, K 2C are the coupling strengths from OSL to CSL and from OSL2 to CSL, respectively, and τ C, τ 2C is the corresponding coupling delay time. I is the pump current, τ p is the photon lifetime, τ e is the carrier lifetime, β is the spontaneous emission rate, α is the line width enhancement factor, f is the oscillated frequency of laser at free-running, and e is the electronic charge constant. The nonlinear gain function G is given by G = g(n-n )/[ + ε E 2 ], where g is the differential gain, ε is the saturation coefficient, and N is the carrier number at the transparency. The frequency detuning between CSL and OSLs is defined as f C, C2 = f C -f, 2, and the frequency detuning between OSL and OSL2 defined as f 2 = f -f 2, χ is Gaussian white noise sources with zero-mean and correlation χ * ( ) ( ' ) ( ' i t χ t 2δ i, jδ t t ) j = [34]. The quality of chaos synchronization and its time shift can be quantified by calculating the cross-correlation coefficient C ij ( t) [35]: # $5. USD Received 24 Jun 2; revised 2 Sep 2; accepted 23 Oct 2; published Nov 2 (C) 2 OSA 2 November 2 / Vol. 9, No. 24 / OPTICS EXPRESS 23924

5 [ P ( t) P ][ P ( t + t) P ] Cij ( t) = (5) { [ P ( t) P ] [ P ( t) P ] } i i j j 2 2 /2 i i j j where the subscripts i, j ( =, 2, c) stand for different lasers. The bracket < > denotes the time average, t is the time shift, and P(t) is the output intensity and is equals to E(t) 2. C ij ranges from to, C ij = enables a perfect synchronization. If the corresponding time shift of the maximum of cross-correlation t max is positive, laser i is leading to laser j by t max and vice versa. The performance of a communication system is quantitatively valued by using Q-factor. Here, the Q-factor is defined as [36]: Q = P P σ + σ (6) where P and P are the average optical powers of bits and, respectively, while σ and σ are the corresponding standard deviations. 3. Results and discussion Equations () (4) can be numerically solved by using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm. During the calculations, the initial conditions of three SLs are set differently to investigate if the synchronization solution is physically relevant. Unless explicit mention, all parameters used in the simulations are chosen as: f = f 2 =.94 4 Hz, f C = Hz, g C = g = g 2 =.5 4 s, ε C = ε = ε 2 = 5 7, α C = α = α 2 = 5, τ p = 2ps, τ e = 2ns, β = 3 s, N =.5 8, I = 36.75mA, e =.62 9 C. The coupling delay times are assumed to be identical in the two coupling branches: τ C = τ C2 = τ C = τ 2C = 5ns, and for any pair of mutual coupled lasers, the coupling strength was such that K C = K C2, K C = K 2C. 3.. Chaos synchronization Fig. 2. Maximum of C C (a) and C 2 (b) as a function of K C and K C. In Fig. 2, we have given the maximum of C C (a) and C 2 (b) as a function of K C and K C. During the simulations, all the parameters of three SLs are identical except that there exists a frequency detuning f C = f C2 = -2GHz between CSL and OSLs. Under this condition, all the outputs of three lasers are rendered into chaotic states when K C and K C vary in the range of ns 6ns. As seen from Fig. 2 (b), good synchronization between two OSLs is always maintained and the influences of K C and K C on synchronization quality are very weak. However, the synchronization quality between OSL and CSL is depended strongly on K C and K C (see Fig. 2 (a)). Thus, the synchronization quality between OSL and CSL can be controlled easily through adjusting K C and K C. In order to guarantee high security of messages transmission in this system, the maximum of C C is expected to be as low as possible. Combing the requirement of high-quality synchronization between two OSLs, an # $5. USD Received 24 Jun 2; revised 2 Sep 2; accepted 23 Oct 2; published Nov 2 (C) 2 OSA 2 November 2 / Vol. 9, No. 24 / OPTICS EXPRESS 23925

6 optimal point (labeled as point A in Fig. 2 (a)) can be determined in the parameter space, and the corresponding values of K C and K C are 3ns and 6ns, respectively. Due to the symmetry of system configuration, the map of the maximum of C 2C in the parameter space of K C and K C is similar to Fig. 2 (a). Figure 3 shows the time series, the power spectra and the cross-correlation coefficient between arbitrary pairs of three lasers for optimal parameter value: K C = K C2 = 6ns and K C = K 2C = 3ns. As seen from Fig. 3 (a-a3), zero-lag high-quality synchronization between OSL and OSL2 can be obtained, where the maximum C 2 = presents at t =. On the contrary, from Fig. 3(b-b3) and (c-c3), it can be seen that the time series of OSLs are quite different from that of CSL, and the maximum of C C is smaller than.2 which is much lower than that obtained in Ref [32]. Intensity (arb.units) E E 2 E E C E 2 E C 2 3 Time (ns) 35 (a) Spectrum (b) (c) Power (arb.units) Spectrum 2 Spectrum Spectrum c Spectrum 2 Spectrum c (a2) (b2) (c2) Frequency (GHz) C 2 C C C 2C (b3) (c3).5 (a3) Time shift t (ns) Fig. 3. Time series (left volume), power spectrum (middle volume) and cross-correlation coefficient (right volume) Influences of parameter mismatches between OSLs C max C 2 C c C 2c (a) -2-2 τ (ns) C 2 C c C 2c (b) (c) (d) Time shift t (ns) Fig. 4. (a) Maximum of the cross-correlation coefficient between arbitrary pairs of three SLs as a function of the coupling time mismatch τ; (b)-(d) Cross-correlation function between arbitrary pairs of three SLs under τ c = τ c = 3ns and τ c2 = τ 2c = 5ns. Firstly, we discuss the influences of external mismatched parameters such as asymmetric coupling time on the synchronization performance. Figure 4(a) gives the dependence of the maximum of the cross-correlation coefficient on mismatched coupling time τ ( = τ c -τ 2c = τ c -τ 2c ) under τ 2c = τ c2 = 5ns. From this diagram, it can be seen that the synchronization quality # $5. USD Received 24 Jun 2; revised 2 Sep 2; accepted 23 Oct 2; published Nov 2 (C) 2 OSA 2 November 2 / Vol. 9, No. 24 / OPTICS EXPRESS 23926

7 is not sensitive to τ, and high-quality chaos synchronization between two OSLs can be maintained while the synchronization quality between the CSL and the OSLs is still low. Theoretically, the CSL can locate at such places that this system is convenience to construct and monitor. However, it should be pointed out that above conclusion is drawn only for the short distance coupling case. In practice, we expect that bidirectional long distance secret communication between the two OSLs can be realized via by fiber. Accordingly, the coupling from the CSL to two OSLs may be performed via by long distance fiber. Under these circumstances, if asymmetrical coupling from the CSL to two OSLs is used, the chaos synchronization performance between the two OSLs may worsen due to two different length fiber channels from the CSL to two OSLs. Therefore, the coupling time difference between τ c and τ c2 should be as small as possible in reality. Figure 4(b-d) are the cross-correction function between arbitrary two SLs under τ c = τ c = 3ns and τ 2c = τ c2 = 5ns. Different from the case for symmetric coupling times (see Fig. 3(a3)), the chaos synchronization between two OSLs is not zero-lag synchronization, and the maximum cross-correction coefficient is located at 2ns, which is just equal to τ c -τ 2c. C (a) (b) (c).8.8 ε g α C C ε g α C 2c ε g α Fig. 5. Maximums of cross-correlation coefficient versus three typical internal parameter mismatches between arbitrary two SLs, where (a) is for OSL and OSL2; (b) is for OSL and CSL; and (c) is for OSL2 and CSL. The circle, triangular, and square denote mismatched ε, g and α, respectively. Since one cannot find two SLs with identical internal parameters in reality, and then it is necessary to investigate the influences of mismatched internal parameters on the synchronization between arbitrary two SLs. For convenience, the parameter mismatched degree is obtained through independently changing three typical parameters g, ε and α of OSL2 and fixing the corresponding parameters of OSL and CSL. As a result, the relative parameter mismatches are defined as: ε ε 2 α α2 g g2 ε =, α =, g = (7) ε α g Figure 5 shows the maximums of cross-correlation coefficient as functions of parameter mismatches between arbitrary pairs of three lasers. From Fig. 5(a), it can be seen that the synchronization quality between OSL and OSL2 is decreased sharply with the increasing of parameter mismatches, and therefore the chaos synchronization between OSL and OSL2 is highly sensitive to the parameter mismatches and high-quality synchronization can be maintained only in a relatively small parameter mismatched range. Among the three mismatched parameters, the influence of mismatched α on the synchronization quality between two OSLs is the most severe. These sensitivities of synchronization quality to mismatched parameters are necessary to guarantee the security of communication. At the meantime, as shown in Fig. 5 (b)-(c), one can observe that the cross-correlations between CSL and OSLs always keep smaller than.2 for parameter mismatches are varied within the rang of %-% Influences of parameter mismatches between CSL and OSLs Furthermore, we will focus on the influences of the internal parameter mismatches between CSL and OSLs. Here, for convenience, we assume that the corresponding internal parameters # $5. USD Received 24 Jun 2; revised 2 Sep 2; accepted 23 Oct 2; published Nov 2 (C) 2 OSA 2 November 2 / Vol. 9, No. 24 / OPTICS EXPRESS 23927

8 of two OSLs are identical and the internal parameters of the CSL are changed. The relative mismatched parameters of three typical parameters g, ε and α are defined as: ε ε c α αc g gc ε =, α =, g = (8) ε α g Under this case, the variations of the maximum of cross correlation coefficient between arbitrary two SLs with above defined mismatched parameters are shown in Fig. 6. The synchronization quality between OSL and OSL2 is always close to for these parameters mismatched within %~%. Meanwhile, the low cross synchronization between CSL and two OSLs can also be guaranteed. Therefore, the synchronization performance between arbitrary two SLs is relatively insensitive to the parameter mismatches between CSL and OSLs. C (a) ε ' g ' α ' C C (b) ε ' g ' α ' C 2c (c) ε ' g ' α ' Fig. 6. Maximum of cross-correlation coefficient versus three typical internal parameter mismatches between CSL and OSLs, where (a) is for OSL and OSL2, (b) is for OSL and CSL, and (c) is for OSL2 and CSL. The circle, triangular and square denote mismatched ε, g and α, respectively Bidirectional chaos communication m ( a) m 2 ( b) 25 ( c) Intensity (arb.units) 2 E +m 2 m -m Recovered m 2 ( a2) Intensity (arb.units) 2 2 a3 m 2 -m 2 ( ) ( ) ( a4) E +m 2 2 ( b2) b3 2 Recovered m ( b4) Power (arb.units) ( d) 2 Time (ns) 2 Time (ns) Frequency (GHz) Fig. 7. Illustrations of bidirectional message transmission. (a)-(b): the original messages; (a2)-(b2): chaotic time series with messages; (a3)-(b3): message difference; (a4)-(b4): recovered messages; (c) and (d) are the power spectra corresponding to the time series shown in (a2) and (b2), respectively. Next, based on the isochronal synchronization between two OSLs, we will investigate the performance of bidirectional message transmission between them. As shown in Fig., two pseudo-random data are mixed into the chaotic output of two OSLs, and oppositely transmitted in the channel F 2 and F 2. At the receiver side, encoded messages are decoded by # $5. USD Received 24 Jun 2; revised 2 Sep 2; accepted 23 Oct 2; published Nov 2 (C) 2 OSA 2 November 2 / Vol. 9, No. 24 / OPTICS EXPRESS 23928

9 subtracting the signal of sender from the signal of receiver. It is worth noting that the signals, emitted from one OSL and mixed with message, do not inject into the other OSL, so the principle of messages decoding is not based on chaos pass filtering (CPF) effect. Therefore, the bandwidth limitation induced by CPF is invalid in this system, and then high communication rate may be realized. Figure 7 shows the bidirectional encoding and decoding processes between two OSLs. Here, as shown in Fig. 7(a)-(b), two pseudo-random binary sequences with bit rate 5 Gbits/s are mixed into the chaotic output of OSL and OSL2 with the amplitude modulation index η =.7. Combining Fig. 7(a2)-(b2) with Fig. 7(c) and (d), it can be seen that messages are efficiently hidden in the chaotic waveform. The message difference (m2-m) can be extracted by subtracting the output of PD2 from the output of PD (as shown in Fig. 7(a3)). Through similar process, the message difference (m-m2) can also be obtained (as shown in Fig. 7(b3)). Finally, as shown in Fig. 7(a4), the message m2 can be completely recovered by comparing the message difference (m2-m) (Fig. 7(a3)) with the local message m (Fig. 7(a)). Similarly, the message m can be also completely recovered (Fig. 7(b4)) by comparing the message difference (m-m2) (Fig. 7(b3)) with the local message m2 (Fig. 7(b)). Additionally, it should be pointed out that all above recovered messages are obtained after filtering by a four-order low-pass Butterworth filter with the cutoff frequency of 4GHz. 4 (b) (a) 2 Q-Factor (c)..2 (d).67 Time (ns) Bit rate of message (Gbit/s) 2 Fig. 8. (a): Q-factor as a function of bit rate of message; (b)-(d): eye diagrams of message with 5Gbits/s, Gbits/s and 5Gbits/s, respectively. In order to evaluate the performance of message communication under different bit rates, the Q-factor evolution is given in Fig. 8(a) as a function of message bit rate, and the eye diagrams of message transmission at 5Gbits/s, Gbits/s and 5Gbits/s are given in Figs. 8(b)-(d), respectively. It should be noted that the Q-factor always keeps at a high level (above ) and degrades small with increasing bit rate. The main reason is that the messages do not enter OSLs and the transmission rate of message is not limited by CPF effect, so high bit rate and high Q-factor bidirectional secure communication can be accomplished in this system. Now, let us consider the security of this scheme. Based on above results, the messages cannot be recovered by extracting signal from single channel since the messages are efficiently hidden in the chaotic waveforms (see Fig. 7(a2-b2) and (c-d)). Moreover, through observing carefully the system configuration in Fig., it is easy to understand that the messages cannot be recovered either by extracting two signals from channel Fc and F2 (or F2c and F2, and Fc and Fc2), respectively. In the following, we will analyze the security of this system under the other cases. Firstly, it is assumed that both of intercepted signals contain messages, i. e., the two signals are eavesdropped from channel F2 and F2 (or Fc and F2c, Fc and F2, F2c and F2), respectively. Under this condition, it is easy for the eavesdropper to obtain the difference between m and m2 (as shown in Fig. 9(a)) due to high-quality synchronization between OSL and OSL2. However, the eavesdropper cannot eavesdrop the # $5. USD (C) 2 OSA Received 24 Jun 2; revised 2 Sep 2; accepted 23 Oct 2; published Nov 2 2 November 2 / Vol. 9, No. 24 / OPTICS EXPRESS 23929

10 real message m (or m 2 ) since he does not know the location transmitted message m 2 (or m ) [37]. Secondly, it is assumed that one signal is from the channel including message but the other is from another channel without message, i. e., one signal is eavesdropped from F c (or F c2 ) whereas the other signal is eavesdropped from F 2 (or F 2, F c, and F 2c ). Under this case, the difference between two signals is given in Fig. 9(b). As seen from Fig. 9(b), the signal difference obtained by the eavesdropper is still chaos, and message m or m 2 cannot be determined. The reason is that the chaotic carriers in channel F c (or F c2 ) are different from that in channel F 2 (or F 2, F c, and F 2c ) due to the cross-correlations coefficient between OSLs and CSL are very low (smaller than.2), so the chaotic carrier cannot be removed during the process of subtracting one signal from the other signal. Thirdly, it is assumed that an eavesdropper can obtain a chaos signal synchronized with the chaos carrier, and then the message m (or m 2 ) may be captured by acquiring the signal from channel F 2 (or F 2 ). Usually, in order to obtain a chaos signal synchronized with the chaos carrier, two schemes may be used by the eavesdropper. One is through changing the coupling strengths K c and K 2c to make all three lasers achieve high-quality chaos synchronization. Under this circumstance, a chaos signal synchronized with the chaos carries is easily obtained from channel F c or F c2, and then the security of this system may be vulnerable. However, the variation of the synchronization performance between CSL and OSLs, induced by the changed K c and K 2c, can be easily monitored for this system. Once the value of cross synchronization coefficient between CSL and OSLs is detected to fluctuate obviously, the communication can be stopped immediately. Therefore, the security of communication can be guaranteed. The other scheme is through introducing a third OSL into the system. For this attack scenario, the first faced problem for the eavesdropper may be that he must select a special SL whose internal parameters are similar to those of existing two OSLs. Even so, we still assume that the introduced third OSL can highly synchronize with existing two OSLs by adopting some complex methods. However, such attacking processes will change the topological structure of this proposed system and inevitably result in the variation of the synchronization performance between CSL and existing two OSLs, which is also easily monitored through detecting the cross-correction coefficient. Under this case, similar to above analysis, the security of this system can also be guaranteed. In shortly, no matter which attack scenario is used, the security of this proposed system can be insured to certain degree. 2 ( a) Intensity (arb.units) 2 ( b) 2 Time (ns) 4. Conclusions Fig. 9. The signals extracted from two different communication channels by an eavesdropper, where (a) is for the case that both of channels include messages; and (b) is for the case that one channel includes message but the other channel does not. Chaos synchronization and bidirectional communication between two OSLs have been investigated systematically when the two OSLs are mutually coupled with a CSL and there is no direct coupling between them. High quality of isochronal synchronization between the two OSLs, and very low correlated synchronization between two OSLs and CSL are achieved at # $5. USD Received 24 Jun 2; revised 2 Sep 2; accepted 23 Oct 2; published Nov 2 (C) 2 OSA 2 November 2 / Vol. 9, No. 24 / OPTICS EXPRESS 2393

11 an optimal operation condition, and the dependences of maximums of cross-correlation coefficient on the parameter mismatches has been given. Furthermore, under a novel decoding scheme, the transmission performances of bidirectional messages with 5Gbits/s between two OSLs are analyzed and the Q-factor evolution as a function of bit rate of message is also given. As a result, high rate and high Q-factor bidirectional secure communication can be accomplished in this system. Finally, the security of system is also analyzed for some possible attack scenarios, and the results indicate that the security of this scheme can be insured no matter which attack scenario is used by the eavesdropper. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos , 6783, 678 and 46, the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing City under Grant Nos. CSTC2BB925 and CSTC2jjA435, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant Nos. XDJK2C9, XDJK2C2 and XDJK2C57, and the Open Fund of the State Key Lab of Millimeter Waves under Grant No. K29. # $5. USD Received 24 Jun 2; revised 2 Sep 2; accepted 23 Oct 2; published Nov 2 (C) 2 OSA 2 November 2 / Vol. 9, No. 24 / OPTICS EXPRESS 2393