A Decade of Peace Expedition in Liberia: Actors and Factors for Consolidation

Transcription

1 ld EST AFRICTORK FOR EACEBUILDIG AR OLICY BRIEF lat n s h SETEMBER 4, 2013 A Decade Expedtn n Lbea: Acts and Facts Cnsldatn ld 2.0 ITRODUCTIO Lbea s a elatvely small cunty abut 3.8 mlln peple but wth stategc mptan n est Aca especally as t s ch n natual esus nclud gld, damnd, 1 tmbe and n-e. It s bdeed t the Kahn ethnc gup, assumed pwe the nth by Gun, t the west by and became the st ndgenus Acan Sea Lene, the st by Cte d'ive pesdent Lbea. De explted Cld and the suth by the Atlantc Ocn. a gepltcs and Lbea's hstc Lbea sesses abut 40% the and specal elatnshp wth the Unted eman Uppe Gun anest. States t mantan an ncsly Lbea has sueed almst 25 ys kleptcatc and abusve egme. cvl wa, m and tw Du De's ule, a aled cup attempt peds nte- elated ght by Geneal Quwnkpa led De t seek ntespesed wth the tubled eals aganst the G and Man pesdency Chales Tayl m ethnc gu based n and aund Althugh the tety Lbea mba Cunty. A band pltcal exles, has been nhabted by led by Chales Tayl, h u m a n s med the atnal thusands ys, attc Fnt Lbea the state Lbea (FL) and nvaded was unded n 1847 Lbea n Dembe 24, by a small gup 1989, wth the suppt Amecan slaves wh Lbya, Côte d'ive, establshed a twand kna Fas. teed pltcal system Althugh ntally a vey n whch the elte small n sze, the class, based lagely FL was able t al the cast, uled mblze many G, ve the est the Man, and thes t jn n d g e n u s them wth pmses Su: en.wkpeda.g ppulatn n a lt and eal patten nt entely aganst the De egme. dssmla m the clnalsm By the end the y, De was dd Lbea's neghbs. Ths system came t and the FL had splnteed nt an end when a gup amy s multple actns. The Ecnmc ndgenus dent wested cntl Cmmunty est Acan States m llam Tlbet and hs cabnet n a M n t n g G u p ( E C O M O G ) bldy cup n Samuel K. De, pkeep deplyed by The mnths July and August 2013 ae vey sgncant Lbea. August 11 maked 10 ys Lbea's sustaned p llw what has been descbed by mst cnlct analysts as 14 ys senseless cvl wa whle July 26 maked Lbea's 166 ys ndependen. At the pk the cnlct, Lbea was classed as a aled and cmnal state expt 1 vlen t ts neghbs. Only tw ys ate the electn Ellen Jhnsn-Sl as pesdent, Lbea has mved twads stablty and mpved elatns wth ts neghbs. At the same tme, a vaety challees stll a ecnstuctn ets. T h s p l c y b e ex p l e s t h e backgund t the Lbea cvl wa, cuent p and secuty challees and dynamcs, acts and acts espnsble the sustaned p and ptes cnsldat p. 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY lat Stuatn pt: Insttute ecuty Studes, 5 Octbe (Auth: LansanaGbee) ns h est Aca Ealy an & EARLY RESOSE etwk (AR) The est Aca Ealy an etwk (AR) s an ntegal pat the est Aca eventve buld gam c-dnated by the est Aca etwk buld (AE). Thugh ts AR gam, AE s sett the stage a cvl sty-based ly wan and espnse netwk n Aca wth emphass n human secuty. AR cves the ente Ecnmc Cmmunty est Acan States (ECOAS) sub-egn nclud Camen and Chad. Ou cus was ntally the Man Rve Basn cuntes Sea Lene, Gun, Lbea, and Côte d'ive. e have sn expanded t cve the ente est Aca sub-egn. Sn 2002, AE enteed nt an ageement wth ECOAS thugh the sgn a Memandum Undestand (MOU) n the amewk capacty buld n Cnlct eventn. One the gals ths ageement s t ntea AR wth the ECOAS Ealy an Systems t ptmze ly wan cnlct peventn n est Aca. In vew ths develpment, AE has been peat a lasn lcated at the ECOAS Secetaat n Abuja, gea sn Apl In ecgntn the le and achevements the est Aca etwk buld (AE) n Cnlct eventn and buld n Aca, patculaly n est Aca, the Ecnmc and Scal Cuncl the Unted atns at ts substantve sessn 2006 ganted AE Specal Cnsultatve Status t the U. AE s theee mandated t desgnate cal epesentatves t the Unted atns n ew Yk, Geneva and Venna t uthe ts advcacy and utch stateges p and human secuty. Cpy Rght: AE 2013

2 A Decade Expedtn n Lbea: Acts and Facts Cnsldatn ECOAS und tsel n the mddle a cmplex wa n whch t was unable t quell the vlen exet authty beynd Mnva. The ensu cvl wa esulted n me than 200,000 dths and 1 mlln eugees. The cnlct ncluded many hc acts cvl vlen: massaces, enslavement, sexual vlen, mutlatns, ampant lt, and the use chlden n amed cnlct. Du that ped, thee wee 13 aled p ageements and 2 csees was, the CA mandated a Tuth and cnclatn Cmmssn t pvde a um that wll addess ssues mpunty, get a cl pctue the past and acltate genune hl and ecnclatn. The Cmmssn, 4 Lbea. Implementatn the ecnclatn admap was desgned t nclude cvl sty acts, natnal and ntenatnal GOs, and the gvenment. In ths egad sme atnal and Intenatnal GOs, nclud Cvl Sty Oganzatns ae tak n the mplementatn sme aspects the cnclatn Rad Map as pat the veall pgams twads cnsldat p n Lbea. The Lbean gvenment has pusued Secuty Sect m (SSR) as a maj bjectve. These ets ae amed at und a l hsty abuses by the amed and secuty s, whch have typcally upheld the ncumbent egme athe than the ghts 5 ctzens. The cunty has establshed nsttutns such as Lbea AntCuptn, Geneal Audt, ublc cuement & Cnssns and Land Cmmssns set up t addess cuptn, nancal mal-pacts and ssues wth land wneshp and land ghts espectvely. The cunty cuently enjys enmus nastuctue ebuld ate the wa. Gla mpvements ae n the as ads and hus, electcty and ppe-bne wate and ths s acleat ecnmc gwth and pessuz Lbeans n daspa and exle t etun and nvest/assst n the ebuld the cunty. The wmen Lbea hav been nstumental t the p s cntnue t be a vey st act ld establshed n 2005 cnducted hundeds hs n Lbea and wth the Lbean Daspa n the U.S., nclud admssns gult m pepetats enmus atctes. In 2009 the TRC ssued ts nal ecmmendatns t the gvenment. One ts ecmmendatns was t establsh an Extadnay Cmnal Cut Lbea t ty thse accused cmmtt vey seus cmes 3 du the wa. 4.0 ACTORS AD FACTORS FOR SUSTAIIG THE EACE In 2007 the esdent declaed ecnclatn as tp the cunty's agenda t whch a ecnclatn a d m a p w a s d e s g n e d. The ecnclatn admap Lbea denes ecnclatn as a multdmensnal s vecm scal, pltcal, and elgus clvages; mend and tansm elatnsh; hl the physcal and ychlgcal wunds m the cvl wa, as well as cnnt and addess hstcal ws nclud the stuctual t causes cnlcts n lat ns h The Lbea p expedtn stated n the 1st August 2003 when the Unted atns Secuty Cuncl passed a landmak eslutn n suppt a csee. The ntal est Acan pkeepes wee late ntegated nt the veall U keep mssn. The Acca Cmpehensve Ageement, (CA) August 18, 2003, establshed the atnal Tanstnal Gvenment Lbea untl natnal electns culd be held n Octbe The tanstn gvenment was t be hded by Chales Jude Byant. The CA als called the Unted atns t set up a pkeep peatn n the tety. In Octbe 2003 the Unted atns Mssn n Lbea (UMIL) became the lagest such pkeep mssn eve establshed. By 2005 the U mssn was ully deplyed and began a demblzatn s, as well as cdnat natnal electns. Ellen Jhnsn Sl, wh had pevusly been a mnste n the Tlbet gvenment, wn the pesdental electns thugh nt wthut allegatns electn gg and manpulatns by the lde and pesdental canddate the man Optn pltcal aty, Ambassad Gege h. T dl wth the cmes and human ghts vlatns cmmtted du the Su: U keep - Fabk 3.0 T H E L I B E R I A C E EXEDITIO Su: equalpwelastp.g 2 EARDS ACA pt n Lbea bulddata.g Fste Human Secuty, and Just atnal cnclatn Radmap (Lbea) bulddata.g Fste Human Secuty, and Just AE has Specal Cnsultatve Status wth the Unted atns Ecnmc and Scal Cuncl (ECOSOC) 2

3 A Decade Expedtn n Lbea: Acts and Facts Cnsldatn The last ten ys Lbea p expedtn has wtnessed emakable pgess, hweve analysts have pnted t tensns that may have the ptental t spak enewed cnlct, and sme that cvl wa Capactes State Insttutns: The wk capacty Lbea's AntCuptn Cmmssn and Just M n st y t p s e c u te c u pt malpacts n the nancal and judcal ld 5.0 THE URESOLVED ISSUES AD CHALLEGES AHEAD Othe cnns and thts t p ncludes: st U Mssn: A maj cnn s secuty stuatn as U Keep mssn s gadually phas ut. The nsunt numbes law enment pesnnel, nadequate tan, salaes, lgstcs and admnstatn cntnues t cte maj pblems pvsn secuty and just. Lbea s stll n the s etan ts new amy. It s epted that the new amy wll be aund 2000 sldes, whch s seen by many Lbeans as nt enugh t ptect the cunty and ts estmated 3.8 mlln ctzens aganst vaus cmes and abuses. Aldy thee s hgh level bbey and buglay n the cunty especally n the captal Mnva. 6 7 lat ns h the sustenan the p. The wmen ae ste ecnclatn and entegatn amles at cmmunty and natnal levels. AE's men n buld pgam (IET) has been pvd the platm the wmen Lbea t galvanze and mblze aund p nclud n the emnes ld t the decade p lebatns. wnde the bel p pze was awaded t esdent Jhnsn Sl and Ms. Lyma Gbwe wh was the Cdnat the IET pgam at the tme the wa and n p ses. Anthe act cntbut t the sustenan the Lbea p s s the acss t nmatn and mpved meda envnment. Ths has als enabled the dssemnatn p messages especally n the need t eschew vlen du the 2007 and 2011 electnee ses and the eeendum. Intenatnal gdwll t Lbea has been at the pk: Mult-lateal, Blateal, Acan Unn, ECOAS, ntenatnal and natnal agens nclud cvl sty, ae pat the tve chaes happen n the cunty and wth cmmtment t cntnue t suppt the cunty. sects cntbutes t the peved wdespd cuptn n Lbea. In a lcal daly newspape (ew Demcat) August 14, 2013, Just Mnste Chstana Tah s epted admtt that, bth nsttutns lack capacty t 7 pem well. Cnsequently human ghts abuses wthn the just system ae epted t be n the se. US State Depatment n ts human ghts ept n Lbea (Apl 2013) ctczed the gvenment judcal nency and cuptn, lethy petal detentn, denal due s and hash n cndtns. The ept clamed Lbean Gvenment Ocals ae ged n cupt pacts wth mpunty, whle cndtns n the cunty's ns eman vey hash and le thten nmates wh smetmes ae detaned wthut vedct. The ept lamented uthe n lw pay levels and mnmal jb tan cvl sevants. Gla nequalty: Thee s hgh degee sc-ecnmc nequalty between Gte Mnva and the est the cunty. Cmpaed t esdents n the captal egn, thse utsde Gte Mnva have less acss t educatn and bel t the pest asset gup whle cmpaed t the men, the wmen stll stuggle wth acss t educatn, captal busnesses as well as acss t land and landed ppetes. Yuth bulge and Ex-cmbatants: ECOMOG T Su: ytemcntsh.wdpess.cm al ethnc lnes wll bk ut agan n the U pkeepes lve. Fme MODEL and LURD ldes stll cmmand a tan numbe llwes. Lbeans wee als mplcated n vlen that eupted n Gun n 2007 and In addtn, a numbe Lbean menaes patcpated n the cnlct n Cte d'ive n bth sdes llw the 2010 electns, and the etun t Lbea s peved as a tht. Spadc vlen n the n past has als laed up between ethnc gu, such as between the Mand and Lma tbes n Febuay Othes als pnt t dsputes ve land wneshp, whch the Intenatnal Css Gup n 2009 called the mst explsve ssue n Lbea tday. Systems settl dsputes ae stll pedmnantly lcal and nmal, but capacty s lmted t dl wth the massve dsplament m the was and the exppatn amland and plantatns. Fnally, natnal dentty, and the tubled elatnshp between the AmecLbean cultual elte and natve L b e a n s, s a l s e l e va n t t 6 cnsdeatns last p. Su: lbay.thnkquest.g bulddata.g Fste Human Secuty, and Just Quted m atcle n statement by Lbea's Just Mnste, Chstana Tah. ew Demcat ewspape, ednesday, August 14, AE has Specal Cnsultatve Status wth the Unted atns Ecnmc and Scal Cuncl (ECOSOC) 3

4 A Decade Expedtn n Lbea: Acts and Facts Cnsldatn Anthe su wy the sustenan Lbea p s s yuth bulge and hgh level unemplyed/unemplyable yuths wh cnsttute a majty (abut 60%) the cuent ppulatn (est. 3.8 mlln). Majty them wee bn and gew up du the cunty's wa and nw cnsttute steet chlden. In Dembe 2012, yuths held the cty Mnva hstage days n ptest ve the Mnva Cty Cpatn alue t pay vacatn students. They set up adblcks n maj steets Mnva, attack and bun vehcles, thw cks and damag bjects. Dsamament and demblzatn s n Lbea was sht-lved; t nly pvded $300 n exchae guns wthut exchae sklls, esult t what s be wtnessed tday n the steets Mnva and the maj ctes n Lbea L I KE L Y S C E A R I O S LOOKIG BEYOD THE DECADE OF EACE In vew the eg analyses, we esee the llw snas play ut as Lbea stve t cnsldate ts p s; Best Case Sna: The US gvenment cmpletes the plan tan adequate secuty pesnnel t take ve Lbea's secuty. Ths s caed ut n cllabatn wth AU, ECOAS, ICGL and the U bee UMIL depat the cunty. Thee s gdwll amst develpment patnes and ends Lbea t suppt (nancally and lgstcally) the ntal take the amy. Incdens secuty challees ae edud t the baest mnmum and the ath n the capacty the secuty t guaantee the saety lves and ppetes Lbeans s ested. (lausble) Rlstc Case Sna AU and ECOAS take espnsblty t cmplete tan Lbea's new amy as the US Gvenment depats; AU and ECOAS pkeep and mnt t ae deplyed n Lbea t augment secuty as UMIL daws dwn ts s; Intenatnal cmmunty s suppt the ets AU and ECOAS nancally and lgstcally t cmplete the tan. Secuty challees ae gadually addessed. (Vey plausble) 8 Ex-cmbatants and thusands unemplyed yuths n the steets Lbea eve sund educatn and ae ehabltated; emplyment pptuntes ae avalable n publc and pvate sect and ncses equal acss t ncme geneat ventues; the ecnmy s evenly dstbuted and pattsm s enhand. (less plausble) The state nsttutns ae stethened and empweed t pem ts les especally n cub cuptn and admnste just; thee s eductn n peved lt publc unds and esus t be dnaly lted s dveted t nastuctual develpment whch n tun ncses ctzens acss t mc-cedt and ecnmc gwth. (plausble) lat The gvenment s suppt me ntatves n natnal ecnclatn, n cllabatn wth cvl sty, natnal and ntenatnal patnes and the cuent p endues even thugh gadually. (Vey plausble) st Case Sna Incden and ntensty cnlcts ve land uuges because deepen ethnc dvsns n the cunty and ncsed magnalzatn tan gu. Ths ctes pptuntes cnlct entepeneus t mblze gu based n deepen gevans abut land wneshp ssues. The ets the cnclatn Cmmttee and the acptan ts lde (Ambassad Gege h) begn t yeld uts; Lbeans wh ae nw cnsdeed t have wa atgue see the need and emba tue ecnclatn and cllectvely ge ahd n the spt natnal chesn and hamny. (lausble) ns h State nsttutns especally the judcay s stethened thugh tan and nancal suppt; Indcted publc cals n ssues abuse and cuptn ae ecuted; an acptable and tanspaent land em plcy s nsttuted theeby mnmz the ptentals vlen and the evenues accu t land and the natual esus ae judcusly used. (Vey plausble) ld us Bdes and Cnlcts n Suund eghbs: Lbea's cvl was esulted n me than 1 mlln eugees and ntenally dsplad pesns. Me than 123,000 eugees have etuned sn 2004, whle 64,000 Lbeans eman n cuntes asylum. Appxmately 1,500-2,000 Lbean excmbatants and eugees lve n the west n Côte d'ive. Lbea s vulneable t dug and human tack as t has pus bdes, wk secuty nsttutns, lmted law e n c e m e n t, a n d n a d e q u a t e l e g s l at n. T h e te c h n ca l a n d peatnal capacty the u Immgatn and atualzatn s wk, 8 and lacks und. Lbean excmbatants have been eed as patcpat n seveal cnlcts aund the MRU, nclud the ent pltcal cses n Cte D'Ive and Gun, esult n what s descbed by AE tday as pleatn ams and ebels n MRU. Cnden n the secuty and stablty Lbea s gadually ested; busness pens and egn nvests stdly etuns nt the ecnmy; emplyment pptuntes and cnstant dvescatn the ecnmy lds t a me stable and hgh GD Opptuntes. (Vey plausble) Gvenment cntnues t be vewed as exclusve and eltst n ts appach t gvenan especally n ual as; the cuptn and peved abuse EARDS ACA Lbea pt AE has Specal Cnsultatve Status wth the Unted atns Ecnmc and Scal Cuncl (ECOSOC) 4

5 A Decade Expedtn n Lbea: Acts and Facts Cnsldatn cntnues unabated; the next electn n Lbea s appached m a d de atttude and al ethnc lnes; the avalanche ams and unemplyed yuths becmes an nntve the stuatn t degeneate nt vlen and yet anthe cvl wa. The tan and tanstns secuty achtectue t Lbean secuty agens especally the mltay s haphazadly dne wth lttle n n c e n t v e m E C O A S a n d ntenatnal cmmunty n the bass that Lbea s nw stable ; lv unmet gals n the a secuty sect em, ppe cmpensatn secuty pesnnel, bde cntl, and adequate secuty pesen n ual as; amed bbey and the ms cmnalty cntnues n hgh magntude wth mplcatns busness and nvestment n the maj ctes and Mnva. vde me vcatnal tan, and jb pptuntes, nclud cunsel sevs and entegatn s yuths and me ghtes; suppt specal academc nsttutns wth nntves t emve kds and yuths m the steet t schl (Spts academes culd be expled). Embak n p educatn pgams and wk twads entegat excmbatants and steet chlden/yuth. Encuage lcal and cmmunty dven ly wan system and plc t ensue adequate nmatn management and espnses t ssues p and human secuty. ld 7.0 RECOMMEDATIOS lat T the Lbean Gvenment: Ugent need t ensue the vehaul the secuty sect and stethen the judcay n de t ensue cnden n ts ablty t mantan p and de n the t UMIL. Ensue that ssues elat t tanspaency and accuntablty ae dlt wth t the satsactn majty the ctzens. 9 T Cvl Sty n Lbea k n cllabatn wth Land Cmmssn t ensue and all-nclusve Land lcy; embak n massve educatn and senstzatn n ts cntent and mplement ecmmendatns. Ld n the tan cmmunty nsttutns n dalgue and medatn t espnd t ssues land and elated mattes. ns h T Intenatnal Cmmunty and Develpment atnes ECOAS shuld cnsde pvd tanstn secuty achtectue thugh the ECOAS Standby F (ESF) n the t UMIL and assst n the tan Lbean amy t takeve n a gadual manne. Intenatnal Cmmunty and patnes t cntnue und nastuctual pjects especally ad, electcty, and h u s n g a n d m a ke d e l b e a t e nvestment n the as agcultue and educatn n de t dvesy the ecnmy. The ntenatnal develpment patnes shuld ptze capacty buld and state nsttutnal develpment. Yuth and ex-cmbatants eman undeemplyed and ecnmcally dsadvantaged s that they seve as ecutment cmmuntes cnlct acts. The awad cnssn ageements wthut cmmunty p a t cp at n ; a n d wt h u na nadequate salaes, nequtable dstbutn esus, and una land dstbutn shapens the sense gevan n lage segments the ppulatn, sgncantly ncs the 9 sks vlen. An nclusve land em that ensues tanspaency n land dls and cnssns and cnduct natnwde awaeness and senstzatn n the cntents the land ems nclud agens and espnsbltes n the ems. Ensue cnssn cmpanes c m p l y w t h c p e a t e s c a l espnsblty t cmmuntes. Invlve cmmuntes n negtat cnssn ageements and als nvest n lcal and t a d t n a l d s p u t e e s l u t n m e c h a n s m t e n s u e p m p t nteventn ve land and elated dsputes. k n cllabatn wth gvenment agens t ensue the mplementatn the CA and ecnclatn s and ensue judcus use peds m natual esus. Cntnue t suppt a natnwde dalgue ve the events that unlded du the wa and the t causes the cnlcts. Ths suppt shuld nclude addtnal utch t ensue that the nds the Tuth and cnclatn Cmmttee ae made avalable t the publc and that thee s cntnuatn an nte-ethnc dalgue. ECOAS shuld mnt and ensue that electal s takes pla n an dely and tanspaent ashn and that the secuty sect s deplyed and able t mtgate and de-escalate ptental cses. Cmpanes wth cnssns shuld make publc the epts n payments evenue t the gvenment and lcal cmmuntes. CSOs shuld wk wth pvate cmpanes t develp best pacts n tanspaent ept and acltate publc dssemnatn ths nmatn. EARDS ACA Lbea pt AE has Specal Cnsultatve Status wth the Unted atns Ecnmc and Scal Cuncl (ECOSOC) 5

6 A Decade Expedtn n Lbea: Acts and Facts Cnsldatn 8.0 COCLUSIOS The task buld p and stablty n the last ten ys n Lbea has been challe but vey encuag. Inastuctual develpment and new busness pptuntes and nvestments have been palpable and bvus t the admatn all. th tw sucssul electns and tanstn, a aly tanspaent eeendum, daunt but nsp ems nclud n the secuty sect, land and the agens, ne can nly esee a quck ecvey m the shackles the wa. The pects utue cnlct n Lbea he n tensns suund dsputes ve land wneshp and endu clvages between ethnc and elgus gu. These tensns exst aganst a backdp wdespd dssatsactn wth the gvenment's past peman n seveal dmans. th the abve ecmmendatns and the cpatn the ntenatnal cmmunty, Lbea has the ptentals sp back n such a vey sht ped and becm a bcn hpe n the MRU and ente egn. ld lat ns h Auths: Chukwuemeka B. Eze & llam Saa ee vew: AE Lbea Cses eventn Depatment and MC Qualty Cntl: Queeneth Taw Addess enques t: Executve Dect, AE..O. Bx CT 4434, Acca, Ghana. Emal: wanep@wanep.g Tel: /77; Fax: ebste: Desgn & Layut: Kwes Enchll AE has Specal Cnsultatve Status wth the Unted atns Ecnmc and Scal Cuncl (ECOSOC) 6