Heuristic Unit Commitment of Wind Farms Integrated in Power System Consideration with Demand Response

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1 Avalable onlne a Scnze Jounal of Engneeng, ol 3, Issue 1, (2017): DOI: /SJE ISSN X Heusc Un Commmen of Wnd Fams Inegaed n Powe Sysem Consdeaon wh Demand Response Sajjad Asadollah Koulan 1, Aef Jall Ian 2 1. Depamen of powe eleccal engneeng Adabl Banch, Islamc Azad Unvesy Adabl, Ian 2. Depamen of powe eleccal engneeng Adabl Banch, Islamc Azad UnvesyAdabl, Ian Coespondng auho emal :S_a10@yahoo.com Absac: Ths pape pesens a fomulaon and smulaon of Heusc Un Commmen of Wnd Fams Inegaed n Powe Sysem Consdeaon wh Demand Response. The enewable enegy esouces ae ncluded n hs model due o he low eleccy cos and posve effec on envonmen. The poposed mehod s solved usng PSO algohm n MATLAB sofwae. The poblem s fndng a soluon whch sasfes he consans and mnmzes he objecve funcon. As a case sudy, esuls on IEEE en-un sysem ae pesened n hs pape. The numecal ess and esuls show ha he ncluson wh he convenonal powe geneang souces educes he opeaonal cos and hs saegy can shave he pea loads of he gd usng DR pogamng. Keywods: sma gd; demand esponse; un commmen; enewable enegy; PSOA. Inoducon The adonal powe newo s a complex sysem, whch consss of geneaon, ansmsson, dsbuon, and demand subsysems. A powe sysem geneally consss of geneaos, whch have conollable and lage powe oupus. An neconneced ansmsson sysem s used o ln hese geneaos o dsbuon newos, whch hen seve a lage numbe of load demands hough dffeen opologes. Tadonal load demands ae passve and no eachable by he sysem opeao. Alhough hey ae unconollable, hey can be foecased due o an aggegae chaacesc. An nsananeous powe balance beween geneaon and demand mus always be sasfed o ensue nomal opeaon of he sysem, and n geneal, he sysem opeao could conol he buly geneaos o mee he me-vayng load demands. These sysems have demes such as envonmenal polluon and global clmae change. On he ohe hands, populaon ncease pu much pessue on elable enegy sysems and heefoe we need a pce sensve Demand Response o fulfll fuue need. The Sma Gd (SG) s he newo ha eques a song peneaon of enewable geneaon n addon o undeang he elecfcaon of anspo and heang. Such a ansfomaon wll be faclaed by he negaon of conol and communcaon echnologes whch enable; acve demand pacpaon, enegy consevaon and effcency measues, he ceaon of new sevces and busness models a he eal level and he negaon of local eleccy maes no naonal ones and beyond. [1]. Sma gd conceps encompass a wde ange of echnologes and applcaons. A sma eleccy nfasucue o a sma gd combnes wh he advanced senso measuemen echnology, compue echnology, nfomaon echnology, conol echnology, communcaon echnology and physcal powe. Smla o he exsng gds, possesses he capably of negang such enewable eleccy as sola and wnd. Renewable esouces, such as sola and wnd ofen each he pea geneang capaces dung off-pea usng hous. Ths wll cause an enegy edundancy n hese cases. Such enegy soage devces as baees and new off-pea loads as elecc vehcles, whch educe he oveall enegy edundancy and mpove he eleccy opeaon, ae negaed n he sma gd. Anohe mehod s Demand esponse (DR) managemen sysem. Demand esponse s one of he measues fo ules o change he consumpon paens of end-uses n esponse o pces, economc ncenves o sysem conngences. DR pogams povde an aacve mean of managng he nemency of enewable enegy. Tadonally geneaon schedulng ha usually efeed o as un commmen (UC) s an opmzaon poblem used o deemne he opeaon schedule of he geneang uns and how o dspach commed geneaos a evey hou neval wh vayng loads unde dffeen consans and envonmens o mnmze he opeang cos whle sasfyng he load demand and mulple consans. The mpoance of UC s nceasng wh he pesence of enewable enegy souces. Many algohms have been nvened n he pas decades fo opmzaon of he UC poblem, such as mxed nege lnea pogammng, dynamc pogammng, Lagangan elaxaon, gaden deced seach, banch and bound, genealzed Bende's decomposon and heusc echnques, [2] bu sll eseaches ae wong n hs feld o fnd new hybd algohms o mae he poblem moe ealsc. Recenly, mea-heuscs mehods such as afcal bee colony (ABC) [3], algohm genec

2 algohm (GA) [4,5], evoluonay pogammng (EP) [6], smulaed annealng (SA) [7], fuzzy logc (FL) and pacle swam opmzaon (PSO) [8,9], abu seach [10] and an colony opmzaon (ACO) [11] have been esablshed as one of he mos paccal appoach o opmzaon of mxed nege UC poblem. Advances n nfomaon and communcaon echnologes (ICT) enable a gea oppouny o develop he esdenal demand esponse ha s elevan n sma gd applcaons. Demand esponse ams o manage he equed demand o mach he avalable enegy esouces whou addng new geneaon capacy. Expandng he DR o cove he esdenal seco n addon o he ndusal and commecal secos gves se o a wde ange of challenges. In [12] opmal Secuy-Consaned Un Commmen (SCUC) n pesence of DR pogam s fomulaed as a Mxed-Inege Pogammng (MIP) and solved usng Bendes decomposon whch s mplemened usng GAMS sofwae. A novel UC model n sma gd envonmen consdeng 2G, DR, DG as well as CET ha s solved by he IPSO algohm s pesened n [13], and n [14] a enewable DG based sma gd sysem has been poposed and he ansmsson consans ae sasfed by he demand esponse whch can opmze he BESS and nvee. In hs pape, an effecve schedulng poblem fo sma gd wh wnd powe enegy esouce and consdeng of DR pogamng was fomulaed. The smulaon esuls show ha he poposed saegy educes he opeaonal cos and can shave he pea loads of he gd usng DR pogamng. Fomulaon Of Uc-Eld Poblem Objecve Funcon of Sysem The effcen opmum economc opeaon and plannng of elecc powe geneaon have always occuped an mpoan poson n he elecc powe ndusy. Wh lage neconnecon of he elecc newos, he enegy css n he wold and connuous se n pces, s vey essenal o educe he unnng chages of he elecc enegy. A savng n he opeaon of he sysem of a small pecen epesens a sgnfcan educon n opeang cos as well as n he quanes of fuel consumed. The classc poblem s he economc load dspach of geneang sysems o acheve mnmum opeang cos. In addon, hee s a need o expand he lmed economc opmzaon poblem o ncopoae consans on sysem opeaon o ensue he secuy of he sysem, heeby pevenng he collapse of he sysem due o unfoeseen condons. Howeve closely assocaed wh hs economc dspach poblem s he poblem of he pope commmen of any aay of uns o seve he expeced load demands n an opmal manne. To solve of hese poblems, numeous als ae equed o denfy all he possble soluons, fom whch he bes soluon s chosen. Ths appoach s capable of esng dffeen combnaons of uns based on he load equemens. A he end of he esng pocess he combnaon wh leas opeang cos s seleced as he opmal schedule. Whle schedulng geneao uns, he saup and shu down me ae o be deemned along wh he oupu powe levels a each un ove a specfed me hozon. In un he saup, shu down and he unnng cos ae mananed a a mnmum. The fuel cos, F pe un n any gven me neval s a funcon of he geneao powe oupu as gven n (1) F C n 1 n 2 F ( P ) P P $ / h (1) 1 The oal cos F T nvolved dung he schedulng pocess s a sum of he unnng cos, sa-up cos and shu down cos gven by (2) F T T N 1 1 F C, U, SC, 1U, 1 ) ( U SD (2),, The sa-up cos (SC,) of un can be epesened by an exponenal cos cuve as shown n Equaon (3): SC 1 exp( T / ) (3) whee, off,, epesen un cos coeffcens, P denoes he un powe oupu, whee s he ho sa-up cos, he cold sa-up cos, he un coolng me consan and T off, s he me a whch he un has been uned off, N s he numbe of geneang uns and T s he numbe of dffeen load demands fo whch he commmen has o be esmaed. The shudown cos, SD s usually a consan value fo each un, U, s he bnay vaable ha ndcaes he ON/OFF saus of a un n me. Consans of Sysem The oveall objecve s o mnmze F T subjec o a numbe of consans as follows: Sysem houly powe balance s gven n Equaon (4), whee he oal powe geneaed mus supply he load demand and sysem losses P L. N 1 P, U, PD PL (4) P D 41

3 (R) Houly spnnng eseve equemens mus be me. Spnnng eseve s he em used o descbe he oal amoun of geneaon avalable fom all he uns synchonzed on he sysem mnus he pesen load plus losses beng ncued. Fo sysem elably some eseve capacy (assumng 10% of load demand) has o manan. Ths s mahemacally epesened usng Equaon (5). N 1 max P, U, ( PD PL ) R (5) Un aed mnmum and maxmum capaces mus no be volaed. The powe allocaed o each un should be whn he mnmum and maxmum geneang capacy as shown n Equaon (6). mn max P P P (6),,, The nal saes of each geneang un a he sa of he schedulng peod mus be aen n o accoun. Mnmum up/down (MUT/MDT) me lms of uns mus no be volaed. Ths s expessed n Equaons (7) and (8) especvely. on T MUT ) ( U U ) 0 (7) ( 1, 1,, ( 1,, 1, off T MDT ) ( U U ) 0 (8) whee T off / T on s he un off / on me. Demand Response The elecc powe sysem of oday eques a good balance of demand and supply, a smooh and sable delvey and envonmenally fendly poduced eleccy o avod clmae change. In addon, eleccy consumpon should be educed and/o shfed o elmnae envonmenal emssons, decease coss, ensue safe eleccy supply and enable moe negaon of enewable nemences. Secuy of supply and a sng demand ae wo facos mpellng demand sde managemen and Demand Response s he mehod fo educng o shfng eleccy consumpon a he demand sde and hee ae many vaees whn he concep. Accodng o IEEE expesson; Demand Sde Managemen s a pofolo of measues o mpove he enegy sysem a he sde of consumpon. I anges fom mpovng enegy effcency by usng bee maeals, ove sma enegy affs wh ncenves fo cean consumpon paens, up o sophscaed eal-me conol of dsbued enegy esouces [15]. Thee ae dffeen models fo demand esponse pogams: dec load conol and pce esponse conol ae wo defned opons. Load conol enables cusomes o sgn a conac abou he educon ha could be conolled auomacally whou any fuhe acon fom hem. Pce esponse conol eques a hghe degee of cusome pacpaon bu ha degee depends on he model. Ths demand elascy (E) peanng o eleccy pce (EP) [3] s defned as: EP 0 PL E (9) PL0 EP whee and ae nal eleccy pce and load demand especvely. and descbe he change n eleccy pce and load demand fom he nal values especvely. Cusome behavo s chaacezed accodng o he load vaaon wh he change n he eleccy pce. Thee ae cean nflexble loads whch canno shf fom one peod o anohe wh he pce vaaon and ae sensve o sngle peod only. These loads ae emed as self-elascy. Fuhemoe, some elasc loads ha can vay fom pea hous o low load peods havng sensvy o mul-peod can be defned as coss elascy. Consequenly, cusome behavo fo 24 h can be epomzed by pce elascy max (PEM) whch s a max wh self-elascy coeffcens as dagonal elemens and coss elascy coeffcens as off-dagonal elemens [16]. In DRP, he pacpang cusomes change he load demand accodng o (10). EP ( EP0( A( P L PL 0( exp E( (10) EP0( whee A s he ncenve value and EP ( s he eleccy pce a hh hou. EP 0 P L0 Wnd fam enewable enegy souces In ode o sasfy envonmenal objecves, moe enewable enegy has o be negaed n he gd. Renewable enegy souces, such as wnd powe fo example, ae ofen locaed n he ouss of he gd whee he volage sably s low. Ths becomes an nceasngly lage poblem as he wnd fams expands, and delve lage powe oupus. In addon, powe qualy s also suscepble o wnd powe expanson, whch can lead o poblems wh powe qualy and volage sably n he gd. EP P L 42

4 Dsbued geneaon (Wnd enegy) and emegency demand esponse pogam ae dsbued enegy esouces (DER) ae consdeed n hs pape. So, we consde a sysem conssng of convenonal powe and a wnd fam wh mulple dencal ubnes. Exac models fo spaal coelaon beween and jon dsbuon of ubne oupus ae no avalable. We, heefoe, nvesgae he cases of fully coelaed and uncoelaed wnd ubnes. To undesand how demand esponse and sma gd echnologes can faclae wnd negaon, s mpoan o undesand how wnd enegy s negaed wh he gd oday. Wnd enegy s a vaable esouce; s oupu vaes dependng on he wnd speed. Whle wnd enegy oupu can be pedced wh a hgh degee of accuacy hough he use of wnd enegy foecasng, hee s always some unceany abou fuue wnd oupu smply because weahe sysems ae no pefecly pedcable. Unceany of wnd speed can be modelled fom he pobably dsbuon funcon of wnd powe. Po eseach [17, 3] has shown ha he wnd speed pofle a a gven locaon mos closely follow a Webull dsbuon ove me. Ths funcon s gven as: ( 1) ( c) f ( ) ( e), 0 (11) c c Fo lae use n conjuncon wh he wnd powe pobably funcon, he Webull PDF s gven by: ( / c) F ( ) f ( ) d 1 e (12) 0 whee, s wnd speed andom vaable, s wnd speed; c s scale faco a a gven locaon (uns of wnd speed) and shape faco a a gven locaon (dmensonless). Afe mappng he nconssen wnd speed as a andom vaable, he wnd powe geneaed fom he wnd powe geneao s calculaed as: 0, and o (13) ( )., fo (14) ( ), fo (15) o whee : wnd powe geneao oupu powe (ypcal uns of lowa o megawa). : wnd powe geneao aed powe. o : cu-n wnd speed (ypcal uns of mles/hou o mles/second). : aed wnd speed. : cu-ou wnd speed. If s assumed ha he wnd speed has a gven dsbuon, such as he Webull, s hen necessay o conve ha dsbuon o a wnd powe dsbuon. Theefoe, fom he Webull pobably dsbuon funcon he dscee poons of he powe oupu andom vaable wll have he followng values: P W 0 F ( ) (1 F ( )) exp c o 1 exp exp c c P W F ( ) F ( ) o o o exp c 1 (16) (17) lc (1 l) c P 0 W. c c (18) (1 l) c.exp c whee, W s wnd powe andom vaable, P s he ao of wnd powe oupu o aed wnd / ), and l s he ao of ( lnea ange of wnd speed o cu-n wnd speed ( l ( ) / ). The Famewo of geneaon schedulng wh DR pogamng, powe plans and wnd powe sysem s shown n Fg

5 Wnd Powe aggegao Powe Plan aggegao Demand Response aggegao Independen Sysem Opeao (ISO) Un Commmen and Powe Dspach Fgue. 1. Famewo of geneaon schedulng wh DERs. PSO Algohm PSO s a sochasc swam opmzaon echnque as descbed by Kennedy and Ebeha, whch s a membe of he evoluonay ounes famly, mmcs he socal behavo of a swam of bds (pacles) seeng he ches food souce n a lage fled [18]. PSO sas wh a populaon of andom soluons pacles n a D-dmenson space. The h pacle s epesened by X =(x 1,x 2,,x D). Each pacle eeps ac of s coodnaes n hypespace, whch ae assocaed wh he fes soluon has acheved so fa. The value of he fness fo pacle (pbes) s also soed as P =(p 1, p 2,...,p D). The global veson of he PSO eeps ac of he oveall bes value (gbes), and s locaon, obaned hus fa by any pacle n he populaon. PSO consss of, a each sep, changng he velocy of each pacle owad s pbes and gbes accodng o Eq. (19). The velocy of pacle s epesened as =(v 1,v 2,...,v D). Acceleaon s weghed by a andom em, wh sepaae andom numbes beng geneaed fo acceleaon owad pbes and gbes. The poson of he h pacle s hen updaed accodng o (20). vd wvd c and ()( Pd xd ) c2and ()( P x ) (19) x d whee, d 1 gd d x cv (20) P d d and P gd ae pbes and gbes. One evden advanage of PSO s he ease of mplemenaon. Smulaon esuls and dscusson In hs sudy, he poposed conol saegy s esed on a ypcal 10 un sysem. Table I comples all he essenal deals of geneang uns and Table II caes houly load demand wh assocaed spo eleccy pce. Desed pce elascy max fo mplemenng DRP can be found n [19]. The geneaon schedulng fo he economc soluon by PSO algohm s gven n Table III fo base case. Unpedcable wnd powe geneaon and assocaed cos s consdeed n hs case. Ths sudy assumes a wnd fam of 200 MW whch s 10% of maxmum load demand n addon o 10 hemal uns. Cu-n, aed and cu-ou wnd speeds of wnd powe geneao ae assumed as 3, 12.5 and 25 m/s especvely. Fo nown value of scale faco and shape faco unpedced wnd speed can be mapped and wnd powe can be obaned. The opmal geneaon schedulng fo 10 un sysem n addon wh wnd powe geneaon and DR pogamng s shown n Table I. Ths smulaon esuls shows ha he DR pogammng of he conollable loads maes a gea conbuon o pea shavng and educes he opeaonal cos of he man gd. 44

6 Concluson In hs acle, an opeaonal schedulng poblem fo Heusc Un Commmen of Wnd Fams Inegaed n Powe Sysem Consdeaon wh Demand Response was fomulaed n accodance wh consans elaed o he opeaon of hs sysem. The poposed saegy s solved usng PSO algohm n MATLAB sofwae. The numecal ess and esuls show ha he poposed saegy educes he opeaonal cos. In addon, hs saegy can shave he pea loads of he gd usng DR pogamng. Table I: 10-Un sysem daa Un P max(mw) P mn(mw) a ($) b c MU MD ( RU RD (MW) HSC ($) CSC ($) CSH ( IS ( ($/MW ($/MWh 2 ) ( (MW) U U U U U U U U U U Table II: Houly load demand and spo eleccy pce Hou Load demand (MW) EP ($) Hou Load demand (MW) EP ($) Table III: geneaon schedulng fo he economc soluon fo base case Hou U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 U10 PAYMEN COST T COST OTAL PAYMENT $ TOTAL COST $ 31 45

7 Table I: Geneaon schedulng wh wnd geneaon and DR pogamng Hou U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 U10 WIND PAYME POWE NT COST TOTAL COST $ TOTAL PAYMENT $ Refeences A. Abdollah, M. Moghaddam, M. Rashdnejad, MK. Sheh-El-Eslam, Invesgaon of economc and envonmenal-dven demand esponse measues ncopoang UC, IEEE Tans Sma Gd, vol.3, no. 1, pp.12 25, A. Manawy, Y. Abdel-Magd, S. Selm, Un commmen by abu seach, IEEE Poc Gene Tansm Dsb, vol.145, no. 1, pp , A. Sabe, T. Senjyu, N. Uasa, T. Funabash, Un commmen compuaon by fuzzy adapve pacle swam opmzaon, IET Geneaon, Tansmsson & Dsbuon, vol. 1, Iss. 3, pp , B. Saavanan, S. Das, S. S, D. P. Koha, A soluon o he un commmen poblem a evew, Fon. Enegy, vol. 7, no. 2, pp , D.N. Smopoulos, S.D. Kavaza, C.D. ounas, Un commmen by an enhanced smulaed annealng algohm, IEEE Tans Powe Sysem, vol.21, no. 1, pp G.B Sheble, T. T. Mafeld, Un commmen by genec algohm and expe sysem, Elecc Powe Sysem, vol. 30, no. 2, pp , Gh. Sho, E. Nade, Reseach on smulaon and modelng of smple and cos-effecve BLDC moo dve, Inenaonal Jounal of Modellng and Smulaon, ol. 37, No. 1, 15 24, H. Haoonabad, Un Commmen n Sma Gd Consdeng Demand Response and Sochasc Wnd Geneaon, Jounal of Enegy and Powe Souces, vol. 1, no. 6, pp , H. O Rashd Howlade, H. Maayosh, T. Senjyu, Dsbued geneaon negaed wh hemal un commmen consdeng demand esponse fo enegy soage opmzaon of sma gd, Renewable Enegy, vol. 99, pp , H. Tash Hade, O. Hang See, W. Elmenech, A evew of esdenal demand esponse of sma gd, Renewable and Susanable Enegy Revews, vol. 59, pp , HA. Aalam, MP.Moghaddam, GR. Yousef, Modelng and pozng demand esponse pogams n powe maes, Elecc Powe Sysysem, vol. 80, no. 4, pp J. Shen, C. Jang, Y. Lu, J. Qan, A Mcogd Enegy Managemen Sysem wh Demand Response fo Povdng Gd Pea Shavng, Elecc Powe Componens and Sysems, pp. 1 10, 2016 K.A. Juse, H. Ka, E. Tanaa, J. Hasegawa, An evoluonay algohm o solve lage scale un commmen poblem, IEEE confeence on Powe sysem, pp , L. Daoxn, L. Lngyun, C. Yngje, Z. Mng, Mae Equlbum Based on Renewable Enegy Resouces and Demand Response n Enegy Engneeng, Sysems Engneeng Poceda, vol. 4, pp , M. Govadhan, R. Roy, Geneaon schedulng n sma gd envonmen usng global bes afcal bee colony algohm, Eleccal Powe and Enegy Sysems, vol. 64, pp , N. Sswoahadjo, A. El- Keb, Un commmen usng he an colony seach algohm, In: Lage engneeng confeence on powe engneeng, pp. 2-6, N. Zhang, Z. Hu, D. Da, S. Dang, M. Yao, Y. Zhou, Un Commmen Model n Sma Gd Envonmen Consdeng Cabon Emssons Tadng, IEEE Tansacons on Sma Gd, vol. 7,Iss. 1, pp , Jan

8 S.A. Kazals,A.G. Bazs,. Peds, A genec algohm soluon o he un commmen poblem, IEEE Tans Powe Sysem, vol.11, no. 1, pp , T. Tng, M. Rao, C. Loo, A novel appoach fo un commmen poblem va an effecve hybd pacle swam opmzaon, IEEE Tans Powe Sysem, vol. 21, no. 1, pp ,