CHEMISTRY OF SUPERCONDUCTOR MATERIALS

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1 CHEMISTRY OF SUPERCONDUCTOR MATERIALS Preparation, Chemistry, Characterization and Theory Edited by Terrell A. Vanderah Naval Weapons Center China Lake, California np NOYES PUBLICATIONS Park Ridge, New Jersey. U.S.A.

PARTI INTRODUCTION 1. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION AND CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS 2 Bertrand L. Chamberland 1. Introduction 2 1.1 Discovery of Superconductivity 4 1.

2 PARTI INTRODUCTION 1. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION AND CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS 2 Bertrand L. Chamberland 1. Introduction Discovery of Superconductivity Superconductivity A Brief Survey Search Within the Chemical Elements- Pure Metals and the Elements An Overview of the Superconducting Binary Alloy Systems Ventures Into Ceramic Materials Binary Borides, Carbides, and Nitrides Ventures Into Ceramic Oxides Simple Binary and Ternary Systems Major Milestones in Oxide Superconductivity Research Ternary Chemical Compounds Complex Borides and Sulfides Non-Transition Metal Systems-(SN) X and Others Organic Superconductors Studies on Superconducting Oxides Prior to Studies of Superconducting Oxides with the Sodium Chloride Structure 30 xvii

xviii 2.2 Studies of Superconducting Oxides with the Perovskite-Type Structure 34 2.3 Studies of Superconducting Oxides with the Spinel Structure 49 2.

3 xviii 2.2 Studies of Superconducting Oxides with the Perovskite-Type Structure Studies of Superconducting Oxides with the Spinel Structure Post-1985 Entry of Copper Oxide Superconductors Structural Features and Chemical Principles in Copper Oxides The Fascinating Chemistry of Binary and Temary Copper Oxides Copper to Oxygen Bond Distances Ionic Radii Physical Property Determination on Ternary Copper Oxides Studies on Copper Oxide Systems Prior to Studies on La 2 Cu0 4 and Its Derivatives Startling Discovery by Müller and Bednorz Corroboration of the Discovery and Further Developments Major Copper Oxide Superconductors Presently Being Investigated Chemical Substitutions Crystal Chemistry Chemical Substitutions in the La 2 Cu0 4 Structure Chemical Substitutions in the Perovskite Structure References 93 PART II STRUCTURAL AND PREPARATIVE CHEMISTRY 2. THE COMPLEX CHEMISTRY OF SUPERCONDUCTIVE LAYERED CUPRATES 106 Bernard Raveau, Claude Michel, Maryvonne Hervieu, Daniel Groult 1. The Structural Principles Oxygen Non-Stoichiometry and Methods of Synthesis Extended Defects Defects in YBa 2 Cu Intergrowth Defects in Thallium Cuprates Incommensurate Structures and Lone Pair Cations Concluding Remarks References 141

xix 3. DEFECTIVE STRUCTURES OF Ba 2 YCu 3 O x AND Ba 2 YCu 3. y M y O z (M = Fe, Co, AI, Ga,...) 146 Anthony Santoro 1. Introduction 146 2. Discussion of the Structure of Ba 2 YCu 3 O 70 147 2.

4 xix 3. DEFECTIVE STRUCTURES OF Ba 2 YCu 3 O x AND Ba 2 YCu 3. y M y O z (M = Fe, Co, AI, Ga,...) 146 Anthony Santoro 1. Introduction Discussion of the Structure of Ba 2 YCu 3 O Structural Changes as a Function of Oxygen Stoichiometry Twinning, Twin Boundaries and Model of the Structure of Ba 2 YCu Oxygen Vacancy Ordering in Ba 2 YCu 3 O x Mechanisms of Oxygen Elimination From the Structure of Ba 2 YCu 3 O x Metal Substitutions References CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF SUPERCONDUCTORS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 190 Anthony Santoro 1. Introduction Description of Layered Structures Structural Types of Superconductors Compounds with the Perovskite Structure Compounds with Crystallographic Shear Compounds with the Rocksalt-Perovskite Structure References CRYSTAL GROWTH AND SOLID STATE SYNTHESIS OF OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS 224 Lynn F. Schneemeyer 1. Overview Solid State Synthesis Oxide Synthesis Preparation of Samples Containing Volatile Constituents Ceramic Characterization Bulk Crystal Growth Introduction to the Growth of Single Crystals Flux Growth Growth of Superconducting Oxides Characterizing Single Crystals References PREPARATION OF BISMUTH- AND THALLIUM-

xx BASED CUPRATE SUPERCONDUCTORS 257 Stephen A. Sunshine and Terrell A. Vanderah 1. Introduction 257 2. Synthetic Methods 263 3. Synthesis of Bi-Based Cuprate Superconductors 265 3.

5 xx BASED CUPRATE SUPERCONDUCTORS 257 Stephen A. Sunshine and Terrell A. Vanderah 1. Introduction Synthetic Methods Synthesis of Bi-Based Cuprate Superconductors Single Cu-O Layer Phase [2201], T c = 10 K Cu-O Double Layers [2212], T c = 80 K Triple Cu-O Layers [2223], T c = 110 K Synthesis of Thallium-Based Cuprate Superconductors Preparations in Air or Lidded Containers Preparations in Hermetically Sealed Containers Preparations Under Flowing Oxygen Conclusion References SYNTHESIS OF SUPERCONDUCTORS THROUGH SOLUTION TECHNIQUES 287 Phillipe Bafbonx 1. Introduction Ceramic Processing Interest in Solution Techniques The Different Solution Techniques Synthesis Procedures General Principles of Synthesis The Different Solution Processes The Different Precursors Thermal Processing Carbon-Free Precursors Conclusion References CATIONIC SUBSTITUTIONS IN THE HIGH T c SUPERCONDUCTORS 310 Jean Marie Tarascon and Brian G. Bagley 1. Introduction Materials Synthesis Results La 2. x Sr x Cu YBa 2 Cu Bi^CviCUnOy Discussion References 342

xxi 9. THE CHEMISTRY OF HIGH T c IN THE BISMUTH BASED OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS BaPb^L/^ AND Baj.jigBiOj 347 Michael L. Norton 1. Introduction 347 2.

6 xxi 9. THE CHEMISTRY OF HIGH T c IN THE BISMUTH BASED OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS BaPb^L/^ AND Baj.jigBiOj 347 Michael L. Norton 1. Introduction Theoretical Underpinnings of Bismuthate Research Crystallography Materials Preparation Bulk Growth Crystal Growth Thin Film Preparation Physical Properties Electrical Transport Properties Magnetic Properties Optical and Infrared Properties Specific Heat Pressure Effects Isotope Effects Theoretical Basis for Future Bismuthate Research Applications Conclusion References CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF SUPERCONDUCTING BISMUTH AND LEAD OXIDE BASED PEROVSKITES 380 Robert J. Cava 1. Introduction BaBi BaPb BaPh^jB^Oj BaPbi.JSb^ Ba 1. I K I Bi Conclusion References STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF THE ELECTRON- DOPED SUPERCONDUCTORS 427 Anthony C.W.P. James and Donald W. Murphy 1. Introduction The T'-Nd 2 Cu0 4 Structure Systematics of Electron Doping Chemical Synthesis and Analysis 437

$Steven Swinnea and Hugo Steinfink 1. The Gibbs Phase Rule 451 2. Phase Diagrams 454 3. Phase Diagram Studies 464 4. X-Ray Diffraction 465 5. Tying It All Together 476 6. References 484 13.$

7 xxii 5. Single Crystals and Thin Films Summary References 445 PART III SAMPLE CHARACTERIZATION 12. X-RAY IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPONENTS IN PHASE DIAGRAM STUDIES 450 /. Steven Swinnea and Hugo Steinfink 1. The Gibbs Phase Rule Phase Diagrams Phase Diagram Studies X-Ray Diffraction Tying It All Together References STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF THE HIGH T c COPPER- BASED SUPERCONDUCTORS 485 Charles C. Torardi 1. Introduction Structures of the Perovskite-Related YBajCujO^ YBa 2 Cu 4 Og, and Y 2 Ba 4 Cu Superconductors Superconductor and 247 Superconductors Structures of the Perovskite/Rock Salt Superconductors Lanthanum-Containing Superconductors Bismuth-Containing Superconductors Thallium-Containing Superconductors Thallium-Lead Containing Superconductors Structures of Pb-Containing Copper-Based Superconductors Distortions in the Rock Salt Layers and Their Effect on Electronic Properties Correlations of T c with In-Plane Cu-O Bond Length Tables of Crystallographic Information References CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS BY ANALYTICAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 545 Anthony K. Cheetham and Ann M. Chippindale

xxüi 1. Introduction 545 2. Analytical Electron Microscopy: A Brief Survey 547 3. Experimental Method 548 4. Data Collection and Analysis of Standards 551 5.

8 xxüi 1. Introduction Analytical Electron Microscopy: A Brief Survey Experimental Method Data Collection and Analysis of Standards Analysis of the "2212" Compound (36) Discussion References 558 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING OXIDES 561 Pratibha L. Gai 1. Introduction Techniques of High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HREM), Transmission EM (TEM) Diffraction Contrast, and Analytical EM (AEM) HREM TEM Diffraction Contrast High Spatial Resolution Analytical EM Microstructural and Stoichiometric Variations Substitutional Effects in La-Based Superconductors Y-Based Superconductors Substitution of Ca in Tetragonal YBa 2 Cu Bi-Based Superconductors Tl-Based Superconductors Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O Superconductors (Tl,Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-0 Superconductors: (Tl,Pb)Sr 2 CaCu (n=2) and (Tl,Pb)Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu (n=3) References 604 OXIDATION STATE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 609 Daniel C. Harris 1. Superconductors Exist in Variable Oxidation States And We Don't Know What Is Oxidized Analysis of Superconductor Oxidation State by Redox Titration Iodometric Titration Procedure Citrate-Complexed Copper Titration Procedure Reductive Thermogravimetric Analysis Oxygen Evolution in Acid 619

xxiv 5. Eiectrochemical Investigation of Super- Conductor Oxidation State 621 6. Assessment of Analytical Procedures 624 7. References 624 17.

9 xxiv 5. Eiectrochemical Investigation of Super- Conductor Oxidation State Assessment of Analytical Procedures References TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS 627 Donald H. Liebenberg 1. Introduction Resistivity Measurement Survey of Results of Resistivity Measurements Theoretical Notes Critical Current Density Measurements Measurement of Critical Current Results of Critical Current Measurements Dissipation in the Intermediate State Thermal Conductivity Thermopower Hall Effect Tunneling Transport Josephson Effect Tunneling Results References STATIC MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF HIGH- TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS 675 Eugene L. Venturini 1. Introduction Low-Field Measurements Normal State Response Diamagnetic Shielding by a Superconductor Magnetic Flux Exclusion and Expulsion High-Field Measurements: Hysteresis Loops and Critical Current Density Magnetization Relaxation or Giant Flux Creep Problems with Porous and Weak-Linked Ceramics Concluding Remarks References 706 PART IV STRUCTURE-PROPERTY CONSIDERATIONS 19. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND VALENCY IN OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS 714

xxv Arthur W. Sleight 1. Introduction 714 2. Mixed Valency and the Partially Filled Band 714 3. Valent States vs Real Charges 718 4. Stabilization of 0~ n and High Oxidation States 720 5.

10 xxv Arthur W. Sleight 1. Introduction Mixed Valency and the Partially Filled Band Valent States vs Real Charges Stabilization of 0~ n and High Oxidation States Polarizibility Defects and Inhomogeneities Stability T c Correlations Mechanism for High T c References ELECTRON-ELECTRON INTERACTIONS AND THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF COPPER OXIDE- BASED SUPERCONDUCTORS 735 Jeremy K. Burdett 1. Introduction One- and Two-EIectron Terms in the Energy Energy Bands of Solids The Peierls Distortion Antiferromagnetic Insulators Electronic Structure of Copper Oxide Superconductors The Orthorhombic-Tetragonal Transition in Superconductivity and Sudden Electron Transfer Some Conclusions References 774 APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO SYNTHETIC PROCEDURES 776 APPENDIX B: FURTHER READING IN SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY 784 FORMULA INDEX 790 SUBJECT INDEX 802

Materials 218/UCSB: Superconductivity and High T C copper oxide superconductors:

Materials 218/UCSB: Superconductivity and High T C copper oxide superconductors: Ram Seshadri (seshadri@mrl.ucsb.edu) The Ruddlesden-Popper phases: Ruddlesden-Popper phases are intergrowths of perovskite