SYRTE - IACI. AtoM Interferometry dual Gravi- GradiOmeter AMIGGO. from capability demonstrations in laboratory to space missions

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1 SYRTE - IACI AtoM Interferometry dual Gravi- GradiOmeter AMIGGO from capability demonstrations in laboratory to space missions A. Trimeche, R. Caldani, M. Langlois, S. Merlet, C. Garrido Alzar and F. Pereira Dos Santos Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

2 Outline Interest of Gravity Gradiometer State of the Art Atomic Interferometer Technical Improvements Advancements Next Steps Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

3 Outline Interest of Gravity Gradiometer State of the Art Atomic Interferometer Technical Improvements Advancements Next Steps Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

4 Interest of gravity gradiometer Determine the geoid with an accuracy of 1-2 cm. Components of the gravity gradient tensor with GOCE Difference between ground gravimetry, airborne gravimetry and airborne gravity gradiometry by Falcon Measure the subsurface density indicate oil or gas deposits. A 3D cube image linking the 2D modelled lines with a gravity gradiometry image by ARKeX Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

5 Interest of gravity gradiometer Newton's law of universal gravitation: g = G. M d 2 g : Surface gravity (Acc) G : gravitational constant M : mass of the object d : distance of the object Measurement of g -> Determination of M d?? -> Lack of information Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

6 Interest of gravity gradiometer Newton's law of universal gravitation: g = G. M d 2 g : Surface gravity (Acc) G : gravitational constant M : mass of the object d : distance of the object Measurement of g -> Determination of M d?? -> Lack of information Measurement of g & δg -> Determination of M & d!! Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

7 Outline Interest of Gravity Gradiometer State of the Art Atomic Interferometer Technical Improvements Advancements Next Steps Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

8 State of the art Gravity gradiometer sensitivity Cold atom s -2 / Hz [1] Lockheed Martin s -2 / Hz [2] Superconducting (ARKeX) s -2 / Hz [2] Lockheed Martin gradiometer consists of two opposing pairs of accelerometers arranged on a spinning disc Electrostatic (GOCE) s -2 / Hz [2] ARKeX gradiometer uses super conductivity for levitation of the proof masses and for the inherent stability GOCE gradiometer is a set of electrostatic servo-controlled accelerometers [1] P. Asenbaum et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, (2017) [2] D. DiFrancesco et al., Geophys. Prospect 57, (2009) Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

9 17 cm State of the art and limitation Reached stability [1] : m.s 1s laser bench atomic interferometer Accuracy: 4, m.s -2 limited by the wavefront aberration: m.s m.s 1500 s Temperature = 2 µk Frequency = 3 Hz electronic bench magnetic shield Mobile cold atom gravimeter (LNE-SYRTE) 5 cm [3] P. Gillot et al., Metrologia 51, L15 (2014) Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

10 Outline Interest of Gravity Gradiometer State of the Art Atomic Interferometer Technical Improvements Advancements Next Steps Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

11 Optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer The light beam is separated in two paths, reflected and recombined. light source mirror The phase shift depends of the length difference between the two arms. beam splitter φ 1 beam splitter mirror φ 2 detector I 1 ϕ The intensity detected depend of the phase of the interferometer Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

12 Tool for atom interferometry When the atoms absorb a photon they receive a recoil energy in the direction of the light beam. k 1, ω 1 Bragg diffraction Simultaneous twophotons transition absorption ω 1 ω 2 emission ħk 1 ħ + ħk eff Total wave number: k eff = k 1 + state When the atoms emit a photon they receive a recoil energy in the direction of the light beam., ω 2 1/2 π/2 π τ Rabi oscillations Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

13 Mach-Zehnder atom interferometer state 1 1/2 π/2 π The beamsplitter cubes are replaced by pulses which half the atoms changes state. τ z beam splitter cube beam splitter pulse k 1 mirror k 1 mirror mirror pulse k 1 0 T 2T beam splitter pulse beam splitter cube The mirrors are replaced by pulses which all the atoms changes state. ϕ = k eff. a. T 2 2. k eff. Ω a. T 3 t a Ω Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

14 Outline Interest of Gravity Gradiometer State of the Art Atomic Interferometer Technical Improvements Advancements Next Steps Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

15 Our project : Gradiometer Combining : Ultra Cold Atoms, multiphotonic transitions frame magnetic shield second science chamber 2D MOT 2D MOT 2 gravimeters interogated by the same laser. The same bias detection first science chamber Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

16 Atom chip : Ultra-cold atoms trapping level Evaporative cooling m F = +1 Atoms are trapped in a Ioffe-Pritchard trap. Atoms are trapped in a quadrupole field. m F = 0 ħω RF ħωrf Ioffe-Pritchard wire field field constant field quadrupole field Atom chip untrapping level Zeeman sub-levels Magnetic field m F = -1 The hottest atom are transferred into an untrapping state by radio-frequency in order to keep only the ultra-cold atoms. 50 nk Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

17 Increase separation of atoms z k 1 k 1 k 1 Increasing the momentum transferred. a k eff = k T 2T +ħk eff +Nħk eff t The sensitivity of the measurement depends of the interferometer area. Interferometer phase shift: ϕ = N N. k eff. a. T 2 Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

18 Large momentum transfer Not two but several photons transferred per atom. absorption Nk 1, ω 1 ω 1 ω 2 Nħk 1 Nħ emission The recoil velocity is N-time higher. + ħk eff E = p2 2m ω 1 ω 2 ω 1 ω 2 ω 1 ω 2 0 ħ eff 2ħk 4 eff Nħk 6 eff Resonant frequency δ p Using high-power laser on compact atomic cloud. N, ω 2 + Nħk eff The detuning is chosen so that the atom have to absorb and emit several photon. Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

19 Outline Interest of Gravity Gradiometer State of the Art Atomic Interferometer Technical Improvements Advancements Next Steps Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

20 Our objective - Two science chambers. - Two atom chips. - One interrogation laser. magnetic shield second science chamber 200 cm Trapping on atom chip. + Separation of 1 m between the two chambers. High power laser source. first science chamber Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

21 1 st Source Chamber Bloch & Raman beams injection Bias coils Tube MOT 2D Ionic pump MOT 3D Detection Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

22 The Bloch & Raman Injection Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

23 Test of the 1 st Source Chamber z k 1 k 1 k 1 Raman beams 2 Bloch elevator laser 1 cooling laser 0 T 2T + ħk eff t cooling laser Bragg repumper laser 1 laser detection laser Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

24 Bloch elevator z k 1 k 1 k 1 TOF signals obtained for launching velocities varying between 0 and 3.12 m/s. Atom : 87Rb Laser Bloch : 250 mw Atom temperature : 1,7 µk 0 T 2T + ħk eff t Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

25 Raman interferometer z k 1 k 1 k 1 Phase measurement on the launched atoms during ascension at multiple times. Launch speed : 1.76 m/s Theoretical apogee : 16.5 cm Π pulse : 4 μs 0 T 2T + ħk eff t Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

26 Interference with 2 clouds z k 1 k 1 k 1 Fringes of 2 synchronous interferometers : 1 launched and 1 dropped cloud of atoms. Launched cloud : Launch speed : 1.76 m/s Theo. apogee : 16.5 cm Π pulse : 4 μs 0 T 2T + ħk eff t Dropped cloud : Created during the ascending of the first cloud. Dropped when the first cloud reaches the apogee. Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

27 Differential interferometer z k 1 k 1 k 1 Fringes of 2 synchronous interferometers : 1 launched and 1 dropped cloud of atoms. We increase the interference time. 0 T 2T + ħk eff t We don t observe fringes BUT we observe some correlation between the phase fluctuations. We make a parametric plot between those two signals!! Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

28 Differential interferometer z k 1 k 1 k 1 Fringes of 2 synchronous interferometers : 1 launched and 1 dropped cloud of atoms. We increase the interference time. 0 T 2T + ħk eff t We don t observe fringes BUT we observe some correlation between the phase fluctuations. Δφ=π/2 We make a parametric plot between those two signals!! Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

29 Differential interferometer The same for various interference time The differential phase depends on T Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

30 Outline Interest of Gravity Gradiometer State of the Art Atomic Interferometer Technical Improvements Advancements Next Steps Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

31 Next Steps Performances? (in the lab) Performances? p = 100 ħk, 2T = 500 ms, Δz = 1 m T C = 2 s, n = 10 5 at, T = 300 nk One cloud sensitivity Differential sensitivity m.s -2 / Hz 126 1s In Space? No gravity so 2T can be increased, for ex 2T=5s 2 1s Next: Improve these performances (launch higher and increase T & the contrast ). Reject the vibration noises and measure g with one source. Mount the 2 nd source chamber & making the same tests. Exchange the reflecting mirror by the atom chips and test them. Cooling down the atoms to reach a few hundreds of nano-k. Test the Bragg diffraction in order to increase the interferometer sensitivity. Measure g & δg with high precision. Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

32 Journées Gphys 2017, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon - France, 19 June

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