How and Why to go Beyond the Discovery of the Higgs Boson
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1 How and Why to go Beyond the Discovery of the Higgs Boson John Alison University of Chicago
2 Lecture Outline April 1st: Newton s dream & 20th Century Revolution April 8th: Mission Barely Possible: QM + SR April 15th: The Standard Model April 22nd: Importance of the Higgs April 29th: Guest Lecture May 6th: May 13th: May 20th: May 27th: The Cannon and the Camera The Discovery of the Higgs Boson Problems with the Standard Model Memorial Day: No Lecture June 3rd: Going beyond the Higgs: What comes next? 2
3 Reminder: The Standard Model Description fundamental constituents of Universe and their interactions Triumph of the 20th century Quantum Field Theory: Combines principles of Q.M. & Relativity Constituents (Matter Particles) Leptons: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( u) ( c) ( t) νe ν ν µ τ e µ τ Quarks: Interactions Dictated by principles of symmetry γ d s b QFT Particle associated w/each interaction (Force Carriers) W Z g Spin = 1/2 Spin = 1 3
4 Reminder: The Standard Model Description fundamental constituents of Universe and their interactions Triumph of the 20th century Quantum Field Theory: Combines principles of Q.M. & Relativity Constituents (Matter Particles) Leptons: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( u) ( c) ( t) νe ν ν µ τ e µ τ γ Quarks: Interactions Dictated by principles of symmetry d s b QFT Particle associated w/each interaction (Force Carriers) W Z g Spin = 1/2 Spin = 1 Consistent theory of electromagnetic, weak and strong forces provided massless Matter and Force Carriers 4
5 Reminder: The Standard Model Description fundamental constituents of Universe and their interactions Triumph of the 20th century Quantum Field Theory: Combines principles of Q.M. & Relativity Constituents (Matter Particles) Leptons: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( u) ( c) ( t) νe ν ν µ τ e µ τ Quarks: Interactions Dictated by principles of symmetry γ d s b QFT Particle associated w/each interaction (Force Carriers) W Z g Spin = 1/2 Spin = 1 Consistent theory of electromagnetic, weak and strong forces provided massless Matter and Force Carriers Serious problem: matter and W, Z carriers have Mass! 5
6 Last Time: The Higgs Field New field (Higgs Field) added to the theory Allows massive particles while preserve mathematical consistency Works using trick: Spontaneously Symmetry Breaking Zero Field value Potential Energy not minimum of Higgs Field Ground State Symmetric in Field value 0 Higgs Field Value Ground state (vacuum of Universe) filled will Higgs field Leads to particle masses: Energy cost to displace Higgs Field / E=mc Additional particle predicted by the theory: Generally Expected / Needed for Logical Consistency! Higgs boson: H Spin = 0 2 6
7 Last Time: The Higgs Boson What do we know about the Higgs Particle: A Lot Higgs is excitations of v-condensate Couples to matter / W/Z just like v X matter: e µ τ / quarks W/Z h ~ (mass of matter) h ~ (mass of W or Z) matter W/Z Spin: 0 1/2 1 3/2 2 Only thing we don t (didn t!) know is the value of mh 7
8 History of Prediction and Discovery Late 60s: Standard Model takes modern form. Predicts massive W/Z bosons 1983: W/Z discovered at CERN: 8
9 History of Prediction and Discovery Late 60s: Standard Model takes modern form. Predicts massive W/Z bosons 1983: W/Z discovered at CERN: u e u ν Z W u e d e 9
10 History of Prediction and Discovery Late 60s: Standard Model takes modern form. Predicts massive W/Z bosons 1983: W/Z discovered at CERN: u e u ν Z W u e d e Early 90s: W/Z used to predict top mass t t Z Z W W t b 10
11 History of Prediction and Discovery Late 60s: Standard Model takes modern form. Predicts massive W/Z bosons 1983: W/Z discovered at CERN: u e u ν Z W u e d e Early 90s: W/Z used to predict top mass t t Z Z W W t b 1995: top quark discovered at fermilab 2000s: W/top quark and used to predict the higgs: 11
12 History of Prediction and Discovery Late 60s: Standard Model takes modern form. Predicts massive W/Z bosons 1983: W/Z discovered at CERN: u e u ν Z W u e d e Early 90s: W/Z used to predict top mass t t Z Z W W t b 1995: top quark discovered at fermilab 2000s: W/top quark and used to predict the higgs: 12
13 History of Prediction and Discovery Late 60s: Standard Model takes modern form. Predicts massive W/Z bosons 1983: W/Z discovered at CERN: u e u ν Z W u e d e Early 90s: W/Z used to predict top mass t t Z Z W W t b 1995: top quark discovered at fermilab 2000s: W/top quark and used to predict the higgs: 13
14 History of Prediction and Discovery Late 60s: Standard Model takes modern form. Predicts massive W/Z bosons 1983: W/Z discovered at CERN: u e u ν Z W u e d e Early 90s: W/Z used to predict top mass t t Z Z W W t b 1995: top quark discovered at fermilab 2000s: W/top quark and used to predict the higgs: h h t t W W 14
15 History of Prediction and Discovery Late 60s: Standard Model takes modern form. Predicts massive W/Z bosons 1983: W/Z discovered at CERN: u e u ν Z W u e d Early 90s: W/Z used to predict top mass t t Z Z W W t b 1995: top quark discovered at fermilab 2000s: W/top quark and used to predict the higgs: h h t t W W 50 < mh < 150 GeV (95%) e 15
16 History of Prediction and Discovery Late 60s: Standard Model takes modern form. Predicts massive W/Z bosons 1983: W/Z discovered at CERN: u e u ν Z W Early 90s: W/Z used to predict top mass t Z Z u e d Now introduced basic theory. Switch gears discuss what it takes to test it. t b 1995: top quark discovered at fermilab 2000s: W/top quark and used to predict the higgs: h h t t W W 50 < mh < 150 GeV (95%) W t W e 16
17 Today s Lecture The Cannon and the Camera 17
18 Particle Physics for 3rd Graders 18
19 Everything Molecules Atoms No Body Knows Quarks Protons? u
20 What s in the Lunch Box?
21 What s in the Lunch Box? Look inside. No Fun!
22 What s in the Lunch Box? SMASH THEM!!! Bang!
23 What s in the Lunch Box? Bang!
24 What s in the Proton? Protons are Too small to look inside.
25 What s in the Proton? Protons are Too small to look inside. SMASH THEM!!! Bang!
26 The Worlds Biggest Cannon CERN Switzerland/France Philadelphia
27 The Worlds Biggest Cannon
28 The Worlds Biggest Cannon Philadelphia
29 The Worlds Biggest Cannon
30 Really Big Camera!!!
31 Really Big Camera!!!
32 Really Big Camera!!!
33 Really Big Camera!!!
34 34
35 3rd Grade Explanation is Essentially Correct Some Caveats: - More sophisticated analog to what are quarks made of? - What comes out of the lunch box is there to begin with However, basic concepts/methods something that anyone understands One of the great things about this business! Rest of lecture: - Refine basic notions of camera and cannon - Discuss challenges in collecting/analyzing pictures - Talk about how we use picture to compare to test SM
36 3rd Grade Explanation is Essentially Correct Some Caveats: - More sophisticated analog to what are quarks made of? - What comes out of the lunch box is there to begin with However, basic concepts/methods something that anyone understands One of the great things about this business! Rest of lecture: - Refine basic notions of camera and cannon - Discuss challenges in collecting/analyzing pictures - Talk about how we use picture to compare to test SM
37 3rd Grade Explanation is Essentially Correct Some Caveats: - More sophisticated analog to what are quarks made of? - What comes out of the lunch box is there to begin with However, basic concepts/methods something that anyone understands One of the great things about this business! Rest of lecture: - Refine basic notions of camera and cannon - Discuss challenges in collecting/analyzing pictures - Talk about how we use picture to test SM
38 A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS 3. The ATLAS Experiment Figure 3.1: Cut-away view of the ATLAS detector
39 The Basic Outputs: Inner Tracking System Electro-Magnetic Calorimeter Hadronic Calorimeter Muon Tracking System Text Text A lot of work goes into making/understanding these basic outputs.
40 ν ν ν e µ τ u c t e µ τ d s b 40
41 ν ν ν e µ τ u c t e µ τ d s b 41
42 ν ν ν e µ τ u c t e µ τ d s b 42
43 ν ν ν e µ τ u c t e µ τ d s b 43
44 ν ν ν e µ τ u c t e µ τ d s b 44
45 ν ν ν e µ τ u c t e µ τ d s b 45
46 ν ν ν e µ τ u c t e µ τ d s b 46
47 + + ν ν ν e µ τ u c t e µ τ d s b 47
48 + + g γ W Z 48
49 Higgs decays H bb: ~60% H WW: ~20% H ττ: ~5% H ZZ: ~2% H γγ: 0.2%
50 Jet (b-tag) Muon MeT Jet (b-tag) Electron 50
51 Experimental Challenges 51
52 b-jet Identification (b-tagging) Critical as b-jet ubiquitous in Higgs final states. b-jet Displaced Tracks Jet Secondary Vertex Lxy Primary Vertex Point Interaction d0 Jet 52
53 b-jet Identification (b-tagging) Critical as b-jet ubiquitous in Higgs final states. - b-lifetimes ~pico-seconds - Typical speed (time dilation) travel O(mm) Jet Secondary Vertex ~mm Lxy b-jet Displaced Tracks Primary Vertex Point Interaction d0 Jet 53
54 b-jet Identification (b-tagging) Critical as b-jet ubiquitous in Higgs final states. - b-lifetimes ~pico-seconds - Typical speed (time dilation) travel O(mm) Jet Secondary Vertex ~mm Lxy b-jet Displaced Tracks ~10 µm Primary Vertex Point Interaction d0 Drives specs. on detector resolution (Must know detector positions to ~µm) Jet 54
55 b-jet Identification (b-tagging) Critical as b-jet ubiquitous in Higgs final states. - b-lifetimes ~pico-seconds - Typical speed (time dilation) travel O(mm) Jet Secondary Vertex ~mm Lxy b-jet Displaced Tracks ~10 µm Primary Vertex Point Interaction d0 Drives specs. on detector resolution (Must know detector positions to ~µm) Jet Detectors size apartment buildings, measure to accuracy of something barely visible to human eye. Major cost driver 55
56 Triggering - LHC provides orders of magnitude more collisions than can save to disk - Can only keep 1 out of 40,000 events / Discarded data lost forever - Interesting physics is incredibly rare. ~1 Higgs per billion events 56
57 Triggering - LHC provides orders of magnitude more collisions than can save to disk - Can only keep 1 out of 40,000 events / Discarded data lost forever - Interesting physics is incredibly rare. ~1 Higgs per billion events 57
58 Triggering - LHC provides orders of magnitude more collisions than can save to disk - Can only keep 1 out of 40,000 events / Discarded data lost forever - Interesting physics is incredibly rare. ~1 Higgs per billion events Triggering: Process of selecting which collisions to save for further analysis. 58
59 Triggering - LHC provides orders of magnitude more collisions than can save to disk - Can only keep 1 out of 40,000 events / Discarded data lost forever - Interesting physics is incredibly rare. ~1 Higgs per billion events Triggering: Process of selecting which collisions to save for further analysis. Triggering in ATLAS: - Custom Electronics + Commodity CPU - Fast processing of images (micro-seconds / seconds) - Events rate from 40 MHz 1kHz. - Data rate from 80 TBs (!) 2 GB/s 59
60 Triggering - LHC provides orders of magnitude more collisions than can save to disk - Can only keep 1 out of 40,000 events / Discarded data lost forever - Interesting physics is incredibly rare. ~1 Higgs per billion events Triggering: Process of selecting which collisions to save for further analysis. Triggering in ATLAS: - Custom Electronics + Commodity CPU - Fast processing of images (micro-seconds / seconds) - Events rate from 40 MHz 1kHz. - Data rate from 80 TBs (!) 2 GB/s Another major cost driver 60
61 The Cannon Most of the time protons miss one another Cant aim with enough precision to ensure a direct hit each time Need to collide bunches of tightly packed protons to ensure hit LHC: 10^11 protons per bunch 61
62 The Cannon Most of the time protons miss one another Cant aim with enough precision to ensure a direct hit each time Need to collide bunches of tightly packed protons to ensure hit LHC: 10^11 protons per bunch proton proton 62
63 The Cannon Most of the time protons miss one another Cant aim with enough precision to ensure a direct hit each time Need to collide bunches of tightly packed protons to ensure hit LHC: 10^11 protons per bunch proton proton 21 63
64 The Cannon Most of the time protons miss one another Cant aim with enough precision to ensure a direct hit each time Need to collide bunches of tightly packed protons to ensure hit LHC: 10^11 protons per bunch proton proton 21 64
65 The Cannon Most of the time protons miss one another Cant aim with enough precision to ensure a direct hit each time Need to collide bunches of tightly packed protons to ensure hit LHC: 10^11 protons per bunch proton proton Can in principle be calculated by the theory In practice, calculations extremely hard (αs so big) So extract from measurements in data 21 65
66 What We Measure Probability for process to happen given in terms of an area: Cross-section 66
67 What We Measure Probability for process to happen given in terms of an area: Cross-section Event Rate = Cross-Section Particle Flux Rate certain pictures (Directly measured) 67
68 What We Measure Probability for process to happen given in terms of an area: Cross-section Event Rate = Cross-Section Particle Flux Rate certain pictures (Directly measured) Known input from LHC Protons /area / time 68
69 What We Measure Probability for process to happen given in terms of an area: Cross-section Event Rate = Cross-Section Particle Flux Rate certain pictures (Directly measured) Infer Cross Section Units area / Probability Known input from LHC Protons /area / time 69
70 What We Measure Probability for process to happen given in terms of an area: Cross-section Event Rate = Cross-Section Particle Flux Rate certain pictures (Directly measured) Infer Cross Section Units area / Probability Known input from LHC Protons /area / time Cross-Section (σ) can be calculated from theory R (x 1,x 2 ) 2 f(x 1 )f(x 2 ) 70
71 What We Measure Probability for process to happen given in terms of an area: Cross-section Event Rate = Cross-Section Particle Flux Rate certain pictures (Directly measured) Infer Cross Section Units area / Probability Known input from LHC Protons /area / time Cross-Section (σ) can be calculated from theory R (x 1,x 2 ) 2 f(x 1 )f(x 2 ) e e e e p ψ = + p e- e+ + q q q q 71
72 What We Measure Probability for process to happen given in terms of an area: Cross-section Event Rate = Cross-Section Particle Flux Rate certain pictures (Directly measured) Infer Cross Section Units area / Probability Known input from LHC Protons /area / time Cross-Section (σ) can be calculated from theory R (x 1,x 2 ) 2 f(x 1 )f(x 2 ) e e e e p ψ = + p e- e+ + q q q q 2 72
73 What We Measure Probability for process to happen given in terms of an area: Cross-section Event Rate = Cross-Section Particle Flux Rate certain pictures (Directly measured) Infer Cross Section Units area / Probability Known input from LHC Protons /area / time Cross-Section (σ) can be calculated from theory R (x 1,x 2 ) 2 f(x 1 )f(x 2 ) 73
74 What We Measure Probability for process to happen given in terms of an area: Cross-section Event Rate = Cross-Section Particle Flux Rate certain pictures (Directly measured) Infer Cross Section Units area / Probability Known input from LHC Protons /area / time Cross-Section (σ) can be calculated from theory R (x 1,x 2 ) 2 f(x 1 )f(x 2 ) Quote σ (areas) in funny units: barns 1 barn = cross section for neutron to interact with Uranium - Enrico Fermi - 74
75 What We Measure Probability for process to happen given in terms of an area: Cross-section Event Rate = Cross-Section Particle Flux Rate certain pictures (Directly measured) Infer Cross Section Units area / Probability Known input from LHC Protons /area / time Cross-Section (σ) can be calculated from theory R (x 1,x 2 ) 2 f(x 1 )f(x 2 ) Quote σ (areas) in funny units: barns 1 barn = cross section for neutron to interact with Uranium - Enrico Fermi (n+p) 75
76 What We Measure Probability for process to happen given in terms of an area: Cross-section Event Rate = Cross-Section Particle Flux Rate certain pictures (Directly measured) Infer Cross Section Units area / Probability Known input from LHC Protons /area / time Cross-Section (σ) can be calculated from theory R (x 1,x 2 ) 2 f(x 1 )f(x 2 ) Quote σ (areas) in funny units: barns 1 barn = cross section for neutron to interact with Uranium - Enrico Fermi (n+p) 76
77 What We Measure Probability for process to happen given in terms of an area: Cross-section Event Rate = Cross-Section Particle Flux Rate certain pictures (Directly measured) Infer Cross Section Units area / Probability Known input from LHC Protons /area / time Cross-Section (σ) can be calculated from theory R (x 1,x 2 ) 2 f(x 1 )f(x 2 ) Quote σ (areas) in funny units: barns 1 barn = cross section for neutron to interact with Uranium - Enrico Fermi - (n! U 238 ) 1barn (238) 2/3 (p, p) 238 (n+p) 77
78 What We Measure Probability for process to happen given in terms of an area: Cross-section Event Rate = Cross-Section Particle Flux Rate certain pictures (Directly measured) Infer Cross Section Units area / Probability Known input from LHC Protons /area / time Cross-Section (σ) can be calculated from theory R (x 1,x 2 ) 2 f(x 1 )f(x 2 ) Quote σ (areas) in funny units: barns 1 barn = cross section for neutron to interact with Uranium - Enrico Fermi - (n! U 238 ) 1barn (238) 2/3 (p, p) 238 (n+p) 78
79 What We Measure Probability for process to happen given in terms of an area: Cross-section Event Rate = Cross-Section Particle Flux Rate certain pictures (Directly measured) Infer Cross Section Units area / Probability Known input from LHC Protons /area / time Cross-Section (σ) can be calculated from theory R (x 1,x 2 ) 2 f(x 1 )f(x 2 ) Quote σ (areas) in funny units: barns 1 barn = cross section for neutron to interact with Uranium - Enrico Fermi (n+p) (n! U 238 ) 1barn (238) 2/3 (p, p) =) (p! p) 0.03 barn (30 millibarn) GeV 2 79
80 What We Measure Probability for process to happen given in terms of an area: Cross-section Event Rate = Cross-Section Particle Flux Rate certain pictures (Directly measured) Infer Cross Section Units area / Probability Known input from LHC Protons /area / time Cross-Section (σ) can be calculated from theory R (x 1,x 2 ) 2 f(x 1 )f(x 2 ) Quote σ (areas) in funny units: barns 1 barn = cross section for neutron to interact with Uranium - Enrico Fermi (n+p) (n! U 238 ) 1barn (238) 2/3 (p, p) =) (p! p) 0.03 barn (30 millibarn) GeV 2 80
81 Count pictures ( Events ) Compare events selected w/particular signature to prediction from theory SM Prediction: What We Measure N Signal Events = Probability of process to happen (SM calculation) L Size of the dataset (Total number of events) 81
82 Count pictures ( Events ) Compare events selected w/particular signature to prediction from theory SM Prediction: What We Measure N Signal Events = Probability of process to happen (SM calculation) L Size of the dataset (Total number of events) Measurement: N Observed Events =N Signal Events +NBackground Events 82
83 Count pictures ( Events ) Compare events selected w/particular signature to prediction from theory SM Prediction: What We Measure N Signal Events = Probability of process to happen (SM calculation) L Size of the dataset (Total number of events) Measurement: N Observed Events =N Signal Events +NBackground Events Report measured probabilities (cross sections) / Compare directly to theory Measured = NObserved Events N Background Events L 83
84 Standard Model Total Production Cross Section Measurements Status: August 2016 σ [pb] 500 µb µb ATLAS Preliminary 1 Theory 10 6 pb = barn Run 1,2 s =7,8,13TeV LHC pp s =7TeV Data fb pb 1 35 pb 1 81 pb 1 35 pb 1 LHC pp s =8TeV Data 20.3 fb 1 LHC pp s =13TeV Data fb total 2.0 fb 1 1 VBF VH 10 1 t th pp W Z t t t t-chan WW H Wt WZ ZZ t s-chan t tw t tz 84
85 Advantage of Higher Energy N Events = L 13 TeV NEvents N 8TeV Events = 13 TeV 8TeV L13 TeV L 8TeV 85
86 Advantage of Higher Energy N Events = L 13 TeV NEvents N 8TeV Events = 13 TeV 8TeV L13 TeV L 8TeV Now ~ 10 (linear w/dataset size) 86
87 Advantage of Higher Energy N Events = L 13 TeV NEvents N 8TeV Events = 13 TeV 8TeV L13 TeV L 8TeV 100 ratios of LHC parton luminosities: 13 TeV / 8 TeV WJS2013 Now ~ 10 (linear w/dataset size) luminosity ratio 10 gg_ Σqq qg M X (GeV) MSTW2008NLO 87
88 Advantage of Higher Energy N Events = L 13 TeV NEvents N 8TeV Events = 13 TeV 8TeV L13 TeV L 8TeV 100 ratios of LHC parton luminosities: 13 TeV / 8 TeV WJS2013 Now ~ 10 (linear w/dataset size) luminosity ratio 10 gg_ Σqq qg q/g 13 TeV NEvents new physics 100 N8 TeV Events q/g M X (GeV) MSTW2008NLO 1.5 TeV 88
89 Advantage of Higher Energy N Events = L 13 TeV NEvents N 8TeV Events = 13 TeV 8TeV L13 TeV L 8TeV 100 ratios of LHC parton luminosities: 13 TeV / 8 TeV WJS2013 Now ~ 10 (linear w/dataset size) luminosity ratio 10 gg_ Σqq qg 13 TeV NEvents TeV 500 N8Events q/g new physics q/g M X (GeV) MSTW2008NLO 3 TeV 89
90 Advantage of Higher Energy N Events = L 13 TeV NEvents N 8TeV Events = 13 TeV 8TeV L13 TeV L 8TeV 100 ratios of LHC parton luminosities: 13 TeV / 8 TeV WJS2013 Now ~ 10 (linear w/dataset size) luminosity ratio gg_ Σqq qg g h 13 TeV NEvents TeV 20 N8Events mh g M X (GeV) MSTW2008NLO 90
91 Advantage of Higher Energy N Events = L 13 TeV NEvents N 8TeV Events = 13 TeV 8TeV L13 TeV L 8TeV luminosity ratio 100 Pick up next time discussing how these tools used to discover and study the Higgs Boson ratios of LHC parton luminosities: 13 TeV / 8 TeV gg_ Σqq qg g h 13 TeV NEvents WJS2013 TeV 20 N8Events Now ~ 10 (linear w/dataset size) 1 g mh M X (GeV) MSTW2008NLO 91
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