An invitation to log geometry p.1
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1 An invitation to log geometry James M c Kernan UCSB An invitation to log geometry p.1
2 An easy integral Everyone knows how to evaluate the following integral: x 2 dx. An invitation to log geometry p.2
3 An easy integral Everyone knows how to evaluate the following integral: x 2 dx. Substitute x = sin t. The integral now ranges from 0 to π/2. Since dx = cos tdt, we have dx = cos t 1 x 2 cos t = 1, An invitation to log geometry p.2
4 An easy integral Everyone knows how to evaluate the following integral: x 2 dx. Substitute x = sin t. The integral now ranges from 0 to π/2. Since dx = cos tdt, we have so we get π/2. dx = cos t 1 x 2 cos t = 1, An invitation to log geometry p.2
5 A very hard integral No one knows how to evaluate the following integral: x 3 dx An invitation to log geometry p.3
6 A very hard integral No one knows how to evaluate the following integral: x 3 dx without introducing new functions and constants. An invitation to log geometry p.3
7 A very hard integral No one knows how to evaluate the following integral: x 3 dx without introducing new functions and constants. Let us look more carefully at the basic integral. 1 dx. 1 x 2 An invitation to log geometry p.3
8 Back to basics By the same argument as before t x 2 dx = sin 1 (t). An invitation to log geometry p.4
9 Back to basics By the same argument as before t x 2 dx = sin 1 (t). Put differently if we denote the above integral by u, then t = sin(u). An invitation to log geometry p.4
10 Back to basics By the same argument as before t x 2 dx = sin 1 (t). Put differently if we denote the above integral by u, then t = sin(u). Note that sin is a more interesting function than sin 1. An invitation to log geometry p.4
11 Back to basics By the same argument as before t x 2 dx = sin 1 (t). Put differently if we denote the above integral by u, then t = sin(u). Note that sin is a more interesting function than sin 1. Indeed it is periodic; has an interesting additivity property and it extends to the whole complex plane. An invitation to log geometry p.4
12 A simple addition formula Consider computing c in terms of a and b, where a 0 dx b + 1 x 2 0 dx c = 1 x 2 0 dx 1 x 2. An invitation to log geometry p.5
13 A simple addition formula Consider computing c in terms of a and b, where a 0 dx b + 1 x 2 0 dx c = 1 x 2 0 dx 1 x 2. γ = sin 1 (c) = sin 1 (a) + sin 1 (b) = α + β. An invitation to log geometry p.5
14 A simple addition formula Consider computing c in terms of a and b, where a 0 dx b + 1 x 2 0 dx c = 1 x 2 0 dx 1 x 2. γ = sin 1 (c) = sin 1 (a) + sin 1 (b) = α + β. Thus c = sin(γ) = sin(α + β) = sin(α) cos(β) + sin(β) cos(α) = a(1 b 2 ) 1/2 + b(1 a 2 ) 1/2. An invitation to log geometry p.5
15 An interesting generalisation It was gradually realised by Abel, Euler, Fagnano, Gauss, Jacobi and others that something similiar occurs for cubics. An invitation to log geometry p.6
16 An interesting generalisation It was gradually realised by Abel, Euler, Fagnano, Gauss, Jacobi and others that something similiar occurs for cubics. Define a function φ(z) by the rule z = φ(z) 0 dx f(x), where z is a complex number. An invitation to log geometry p.6
17 An interesting generalisation It was gradually realised by Abel, Euler, Fagnano, Gauss, Jacobi and others that something similiar occurs for cubics. Define a function φ(z) by the rule z = φ(z) 0 dx f(x), where z is a complex number. Any such function φ is called an elliptic function. An invitation to log geometry p.6
18 Properties of elliptic functions φ(z) is doubly periodic, that is φ(z + mω 1 + nω 2 ) = φ(z), for two complex numbers ω 1 and ω 2 which are independent over R. An invitation to log geometry p.7
19 Properties of elliptic functions φ(z) is doubly periodic, that is φ(z + mω 1 + nω 2 ) = φ(z), for two complex numbers ω 1 and ω 2 which are independent over R. φ(z) satisfies an addition formula similar to the easy case. An invitation to log geometry p.7
20 Properties of elliptic functions φ(z) is doubly periodic, that is φ(z + mω 1 + nω 2 ) = φ(z), for two complex numbers ω 1 and ω 2 which are independent over R. φ(z) satisfies an addition formula similar to the easy case. Specifically if we define z 3 as a function of z 1 and z 2 by the formula φ(z 1 ) + φ(z 2 ) = φ(z 3 ), then z 3 is a rational function of z 1 and z 2. An invitation to log geometry p.7
21 Why? We still have not answered the basic question: An invitation to log geometry p.8
22 Why? We still have not answered the basic question: Why is the cubic case so much harder than the quadratic case? An invitation to log geometry p.8
23 Why? We still have not answered the basic question: Why is the cubic case so much harder than the quadratic case? Let us look at the problem from two different perspectives. An invitation to log geometry p.8
24 Why? We still have not answered the basic question: Why is the cubic case so much harder than the quadratic case? Let us look at the problem from two different perspectives. From an algebraic perspective, we are really looking at algebraic curves y = f(x) so that y 2 = f(x). An invitation to log geometry p.8
25 Algebraic Perspective If f(x) = 1 x 2, then we can parametrise the curve. Indeed if we project from the point (0, 1) down to the x-axis, so that the point (x, y) projects down to (t, 0), then we obtain the standard parametrisation x = 2t 1 + t 2 and y = t t 2. Similarly for any quadratic polynomial. An invitation to log geometry p.9
26 Algebraic Perspective If f(x) = 1 x 2, then we can parametrise the curve. Indeed if we project from the point (0, 1) down to the x-axis, so that the point (x, y) projects down to (t, 0), then we obtain the standard parametrisation x = 2t 1 + t 2 and y = t t 2. Similarly for any quadratic polynomial. The explains why the first integral is so easy. An invitation to log geometry p.9
27 Algebraic Perspective If f(x) = 1 x 2, then we can parametrise the curve. Indeed if we project from the point (0, 1) down to the x-axis, so that the point (x, y) projects down to (t, 0), then we obtain the standard parametrisation x = 2t 1 + t 2 and y = t t 2. Similarly for any quadratic polynomial. The explains why the first integral is so easy. It turns out if f(x) is a general cubic (has no repeated roots) then there is no such parametrisation. To see this we need the second perpsective. An invitation to log geometry p.9
28 Complex Variables Really we should think of x and y as being complex variables. An invitation to log geometry p.10
29 Complex Variables Really we should think of x and y as being complex variables. Thus as a real manifold, our algebraic curve is a real surface. An invitation to log geometry p.10
30 Complex Variables Really we should think of x and y as being complex variables. Thus as a real manifold, our algebraic curve is a real surface. In fact it is easy to compactify (passing from affine space A 2 = C 2 to projective space P 2 ) so that we have a compact Riemann surface. An invitation to log geometry p.10
31 Riemann surfaces The first surface is then isomorphic to P 1, the Riemann sphere. An invitation to log geometry p.11
32 Riemann surfaces The first surface is then isomorphic to P 1, the Riemann sphere. The second surface is isomorphic to an elliptic curve, a quotient of C by a two dimensional lattice Λ Z 2. An invitation to log geometry p.11
33 Riemann surfaces The first surface is then isomorphic to P 1, the Riemann sphere. The second surface is isomorphic to an elliptic curve, a quotient of C by a two dimensional lattice Λ Z 2. The periods ω 1 and ω 2 are generators for the Λ, so that φ(z) descends to the elliptic curve. An invitation to log geometry p.11
34 Riemann surfaces The first surface is then isomorphic to P 1, the Riemann sphere. The second surface is isomorphic to an elliptic curve, a quotient of C by a two dimensional lattice Λ Z 2. The periods ω 1 and ω 2 are generators for the Λ, so that φ(z) descends to the elliptic curve. It turns out that there is no holomorphic map (let alone algebraic) from the Riemann sphere to an elliptic curve. To see this we need differential forms. An invitation to log geometry p.11
35 Differential Forms To get a differential form, just drop the integral sign from: t x 3 dx to get 1 1 x 3. An invitation to log geometry p.12
36 Differential Forms To get a differential form, just drop the integral sign from: t x 3 dx to get 1 1 x 3. Differential forms transform via the Jacobian matrix. An invitation to log geometry p.12
37 Differential Forms To get a differential form, just drop the integral sign from: t x 3 dx to get 1 1 x 3. Differential forms transform via the Jacobian matrix. Given a complex manifold (or algebraic variety), the most important invariant of a form ω is its zero locus and polar locus, which is a divisor. An invitation to log geometry p.12
38 Divisors A divisor D is a formal linear combination of codimension one subvarieties: D = n i D i, where n i may be positive or negative. An invitation to log geometry p.13
39 Divisors A divisor D is a formal linear combination of codimension one subvarieties: D = n i D i, where n i may be positive or negative. Given a differential form ω, locally it is of the form f(z)dz 1 dz 2 dz 3... dz n and we take the zeroes minus the poles of f (f) 0 (f), to get a divisor K X, which we call the canonical divisor. An invitation to log geometry p.13
40 Curves It turns out that the canonical divisor determines a considerable amount of the geometry of an algebraic variety. We first look at curves. An invitation to log geometry p.14
41 Curves It turns out that the canonical divisor determines a considerable amount of the geometry of an algebraic variety. We first look at curves. Riemann proved that if the genus of C is g, then the canonical divisor has degree 2g 2. An invitation to log geometry p.14
42 Curves It turns out that the canonical divisor determines a considerable amount of the geometry of an algebraic variety. We first look at curves. Riemann proved that if the genus of C is g, then the canonical divisor has degree 2g 2. Moreover if f : C B is a non-constant holomorphic map of Riemann surfaces then 2g 2 = d(2h 2) + b, where b 0 count the number of branch points. An invitation to log geometry p.14
43 Curves Continued Consider the case where C = P 1. An invitation to log geometry p.15
44 Curves Continued Consider the case where C = P 1. Then g = 0 and 2g 2 = 2. An invitation to log geometry p.15
45 Curves Continued Consider the case where C = P 1. Then g = 0 and 2g 2 = 2. Thus 2 = d(2h 2) + b, which forces 0. But then B P 1 and P 1 never covers an elliptic curve, which has genus one. An invitation to log geometry p.15
46 Behaviour of the canonical divisor K C g Topology: Fundamental gp -ve Geometry: Auto Group Arithmetic: # Rational pts An invitation to log geometry p.16
47 Behaviour of the canonical divisor K C g Topology: Fundamental gp -ve 0 Geometry: Auto Group Arithmetic: # Rational pts An invitation to log geometry p.16
48 Behaviour of the canonical divisor K C g Topology: Fundamental gp -ve 0 simply connected Geometry: Auto Group Arithmetic: # Rational pts An invitation to log geometry p.16
49 Behaviour of the canonical divisor K C g Topology: Geometry: Fundamental gp Auto Group -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Arithmetic: # Rational pts An invitation to log geometry p.16
50 Behaviour of the canonical divisor K C g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: Fundamental gp Auto Group # Rational pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite An invitation to log geometry p.16
51 Behaviour of the canonical divisor K C g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: Fundamental gp Auto Group # Rational pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 An invitation to log geometry p.16
52 Behaviour of the canonical divisor K C g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: Fundamental gp Auto Group # Rational pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 An invitation to log geometry p.16
53 Behaviour of the canonical divisor K C g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: Fundamental gp Auto Group # Rational pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 abelian An invitation to log geometry p.16
54 Behaviour of the canonical divisor K C g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: Fundamental gp Auto Group # Rational pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 abelian almost abelian An invitation to log geometry p.16
55 Behaviour of the canonical divisor K C g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: Fundamental gp Auto Group # Rational pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 abelian almost abelian fg abelian gp An invitation to log geometry p.16
56 Behaviour of the canonical divisor K C g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: Fundamental gp Auto Group # Rational pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 abelian almost abelian fg abelian gp +ve An invitation to log geometry p.16
57 Behaviour of the canonical divisor K C g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: Fundamental gp Auto Group # Rational pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 abelian almost abelian fg abelian gp +ve 2 An invitation to log geometry p.16
58 Behaviour of the canonical divisor K C g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: Fundamental gp Auto Group # Rational pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 abelian almost abelian fg abelian gp +ve large 2 An invitation to log geometry p.16
59 Behaviour of the canonical divisor K C g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: Fundamental gp Auto Group # Rational pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 abelian almost abelian fg abelian gp +ve 2 large Finite An invitation to log geometry p.16
60 Behaviour of the canonical divisor K C g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: Fundamental gp Auto Group # Rational pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 abelian almost abelian fg abelian gp +ve 2 large Finite Finite An invitation to log geometry p.16
61 Log Geometry There are two ways to go from here. The first is to increase the dimension. However it is also interesting to consider open varieties. An invitation to log geometry p.17
62 Log Geometry There are two ways to go from here. The first is to increase the dimension. However it is also interesting to consider open varieties. Let U be a quasi-projective variety. Then by Hironaka we may embed U into a projective variety X, such that the complement is a divisor D, such that the pair (X, D) is smooth. An invitation to log geometry p.17
63 Log Geometry There are two ways to go from here. The first is to increase the dimension. However it is also interesting to consider open varieties. Let U be a quasi-projective variety. Then by Hironaka we may embed U into a projective variety X, such that the complement is a divisor D, such that the pair (X, D) is smooth. It turns out that the divisor K X + D reflects the geometry. An invitation to log geometry p.17
64 Behaviour of the Log canonical divisor K C + g D -ve Topology: Fundamental gp Geometry: Auto Group Arithmetic: # Integral pts An invitation to log geometry p.18
65 Behaviour of the Log canonical divisor K C + g D -ve 0 Topology: Fundamental gp Geometry: Auto Group Arithmetic: # Integral pts An invitation to log geometry p.18
66 Behaviour of the Log canonical divisor K C + g Topology: D Fundamental gp -ve 0 simply connected Geometry: Auto Group Arithmetic: # Integral pts An invitation to log geometry p.18
67 Behaviour of the Log canonical divisor K C + g Topology: Geometry: D Fundamental gp Auto Group -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Arithmetic: # Integral pts An invitation to log geometry p.18
68 Behaviour of the Log canonical divisor K C + g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: D Fundamental gp Auto Group # Integral pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite An invitation to log geometry p.18
69 Behaviour of the Log canonical divisor K C + g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: D Fundamental gp Auto Group # Integral pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 An invitation to log geometry p.18
70 Behaviour of the Log canonical divisor K C + g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: D Fundamental gp Auto Group # Integral pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 An invitation to log geometry p.18
71 Behaviour of the Log canonical divisor K C + g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: D Fundamental gp Auto Group # Integral pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 abelian An invitation to log geometry p.18
72 Behaviour of the Log canonical divisor K C + g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: D Fundamental gp Auto Group # Integral pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 abelian almost abelian An invitation to log geometry p.18
73 Behaviour of the Log canonical divisor K C + g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: D Fundamental gp Auto Group # Integral pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 abelian almost abelian fg abelian gp An invitation to log geometry p.18
74 Behaviour of the Log canonical divisor K C + g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: D Fundamental gp Auto Group # Integral pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 abelian almost abelian fg abelian gp +ve An invitation to log geometry p.18
75 Behaviour of the Log canonical divisor K C + g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: D Fundamental gp Auto Group # Integral pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 abelian almost abelian fg abelian gp +ve 2 An invitation to log geometry p.18
76 Behaviour of the Log canonical divisor K C + g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: D Fundamental gp Auto Group # Integral pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 abelian almost abelian fg abelian gp +ve large 2 An invitation to log geometry p.18
77 Behaviour of the Log canonical divisor K C + g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: D Fundamental gp Auto Group # Integral pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 abelian almost abelian fg abelian gp +ve 2 large Finite An invitation to log geometry p.18
78 Behaviour of the Log canonical divisor K C + g Topology: Geometry: Arithmetic: D Fundamental gp Auto Group # Integral pts -ve 0 simply connected PGL(2) Infinite 0 1 abelian almost abelian fg abelian gp +ve 2 large Finite Finite An invitation to log geometry p.18
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![z, w = z 1 w 1 + z 2 w 2 z, w 2 z 2 w 2. d([z], [w]) = 2 φ : P(C 2 ) \ [1 : 0] C ; [z 1 : z 2 ] z 1 z 2 ψ : P(C 2 ) \ [0 : 1] C ; [z 1 : z 2 ] z 2 z 1](/thumbs/95/123523548.jpg "z, w = z 1 w 1 + z 2 w 2 z, w 2 z 2 w 2. d([z], [w]) = 2 φ : P(C 2 ) \ [1 : 0] C ; [z 1 : z 2 ] z 1 z 2 ψ : P(C 2 ) \ [0 : 1] C ; [z 1 : z 2 ] z 2 z 1")
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