Free Vibration Analysis of Functionally Graded Material Plates with Various Types of Cutouts using Finite Element Method

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1 International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology E-ISSN , P-ISSN INPRESSCO, All Rights Reserved Available at Research Article Free Vibration Analysis of Functionally Graded Material Plates with Various Types of Cutouts using Finite Element Method * Gilan, Rasht Golsar Street, 102 street, No. 32, , Iran Received 05 Aug 2018, Accepted 08 Oct 2018, Available online 11 Oct, Vol.8, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2018) Abstract This paper presents free vibration analysis of functionally graded plates of different shapes with different cutouts. In order to investigate the free vibration of functionally graded plates, subspace method is used. The material properties of the plates are assumed to vary according to a power law distribution in terms of the volume fraction of the constituents. In this paper, rectangular, trapezoidal and circular plates with cutouts are studied and the effects of volume fraction index, thickness ratio and different external boundary conditions on the natural frequencies of plates are studied in detail. Keywords: Different cutouts, Free vibration, Subspace method. 1. Introduction 1 In functionally graded materials, the volume fraction of two or more constitute materials are varied continuously as a function of position along certain dimension of the structure. The continuous change in the microstructure of the functionally graded materials advances them from the composite materials. Mismatch of mechanical properties across an interface, de-bonding of constituents due to high thermal loading, presence of residual stresses due to difference in coefficient of thermal expansion of fiber and matrix of composite materials are common problems seeing in the use of composite materials. In FGM s these problems are avoided or gradually reduced by varying the volume fraction of constituents of FGM. The concept of FGM was first considered in Japan in 1984 during a space plane project, where a combination of materials used would serve the purpose of a thermal barrier capable of withstanding a surface temperature of 2000 K and a temperature gradient of 1000 K across a 10 mm section (Azom.com). Science the concept of FGM was first proposed, FGM s are extensively studied by researchers, who have mainly focused on their static, dynamic and thermal behavior. The problems of free vibrations, wave propagation and static deformations in FGM beams were solved using an especially developed finite element method accounting for power law and other alternative variations of elastic and thermal properties in the thickness direction (A. *Corresponding author s ORCID ID: DOI: Chakraborty, 2003). The modal employed a first order shear deformation theory of beam. Three methods were used for the static and dynamic analyses of square thick FGM plates with simply supported edges (L. F. Qian, 2005). The methods employed in the paper included a higher order shear deformation theory and two novel solutions for FGM structures. According to this paper, the application of the normal deformation theory may be justified if the in-plane size to thickness is equal to or smaller than 5. Researchers have also turned their attention to the vibration and dynamicj. Yang,, 2003 response of FGM s structures (H.L. Dai, 2005; X. L. Huang, 2004). Chen et al presented exact solutions for free vibration analysis of rectangular plates using Bessel functions with three edges conditions. Liew et al studied the free vibration analysis of functionally graded plates using the element-free Kp-Ritz method. They studied the free vibration analysis of four types of functionally graded rectangular and skew plates. Hiroyuki Matsunaga presented in his paper, the analysis of natural frequencies and buckling of FGM s plates by taking into account the effects of transverse shear and normal deformations and rotary inertia. Atashipour et al presented a new exact closed- form procedure to solve free vibration analysis of FGM s rectangular thick plates based on the Reddy s third-order shear deformation plate theory. For plates with cutouts, Chai presented finite element and some experimental results on the free vibration of symmetric composite plates with central hole. Sakiyama and Huang proposed an approximate 1293 International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.8, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2018)

2 method for analyzing the free vibration of square plate with different cutouts. Liu, et al studied static and free vibration analyses of composite plates with different cutouts via a linearly conforming radial point interpolation method. Maziar and Iman studied the effect of relative distance of cutouts and size of cutouts on natural frequencies of FG plates with cutouts. From the review of the above literature it is observed that very little research and analysis work has been done yet on the natural frequencies of the FG plates with cutouts. The study presents here, the effect of volume fraction index, thickness ratio and different external boundary conditions on the natural frequencies of FG (Al/Al₂O₃) plates (such as rectangular, trapezoidal and circular) with cutouts. 2. Functionally Graded Material Assets A functionally graded material plate as shown in fig. 1 is considered to be a plate of uniform thickness that is made of ceramic and metal. The material property is to be graded through the thickness according to a Power- Law distribution that is ( ) ( ), (1a) ( ) ( ), (1b) Where P represents the effective material property, denotes the ceramic and metal properties respectively, is the volume fraction of the ceramic, h is the thickness of the plate, and n is the volume fraction index. More than 2000 nodes might be used in calculation work. 4. Hypothetical Design 4.1 Over-all Explanations Fig. 2 SOLID 185 The subspace iteration method was developed by K. J. Bathe for the solution of frequencies and mode shapes of structures and in particular for the earthquake analysis of buildings and bridges. The original development of subspace method is based on vector simultaneous iterations, as proposed by Bauer and Rutishauser. The subspace method uses a starting subspace close to the subspace of interest that can lead to a very fast solution. The subspace method was revisited by K. J. Bathe in The Elementary Calculations Let K and M be the stiffness and mass matrices of a finite element system with n degree of freedom, and consider the generalized symmetric eigenvalue problem =λ (2) We seek the smallest p eigenvalues λᵢ, i=1,..,p, and corresponding eigenvectors φᵢ, i=1,..p, with the ordering which satisfies.. (3) =, i=1,..,p (4) and the Kronecker Delta relationships Fig. 1 Functionally Graded Plate 3. Functionally Graded Plate Rudiments The finite element software (ANSYS) is used with the aim of analyzing. In addition SOLID 185 is used for modeling general 3-D solid structures. It allows for prism and tetrahedral degenerations when used in irregular regions. The element is defined by eight nodes having three degree of freedom at each node. 5. Arithmetical Consequences and Debate 1294 International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.8, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2018) (5) The material properties used in the present study are as follows:,,,,

3 ,,,, In order to show the accuracy of methodology used for free vibration analysis of FG plates with cutouts, the fundamental natural frequencies of different plates (such as rectangular, trapezoidal and circular) with different cutouts (such as circular and non-circular) are compared with the solutions presented by J. Maziar and R. Iman. The material properties used in the convergence study are as follows: 5.1 Isotropic Plates,,,,,,,, Free vibration analysis of a simply supported square plate with a square hole is analyzed in table 1. The geometry and material properties of plate are a=10, size ratio d/a=0.5, thickness ratio h/a=0.01, Young modulus E=200 GPa and Density. Table 1 Comparison of non-dimensional frequencies of isotropic square plate with square cut-out at the center (simply supported for external boundaries, ( ) Present Liu et al [20] Huang et al [21] Iman et al [15] ) Free vibration analysis of a simply supported square plate with a circular hole is analyzed in table 2. The geometry and material properties of plate are a=10, radius to length ratio r/a=0.1, thickness ratio h/a=0.01, Young modulus E=200 GPa and Density. Table 2 Comparison of non-dimensional frequencies of isotropic square plate with circular cut-out at the center (simply supported for external boundaries, ( ) Present Liu et al Huang et al Iman et al ) 5.2 Rectangular Plates Rectangular plates with multiple cutouts are shown in fig.2 Fig.2 Rectangular plates Fig. 3 Rectangular plates with multiple cutouts Table 3 shows the comparison of natural frequencies of FG rectangular plate of side ratio a/b=2 having two holes of radius ratio r/b=0.15 and center to center distance ratio e/b=0.5, 0.6 and 0.7. Thickness of the 1295 International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.8, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2018)

4 plate is h=0.05. Comparison of FG rectangular plate with three holes having same side ratio, radius ratio of holes, thickness of the plate and e/b=0.7 is shown in table 4. Table 5 shows the comparison of natural frequencies of FG rectangular plate having same side ratio and thickness with four holes of radius ratio r/b=0.1 and center to center distance ratio e/b=0.7 and f/b=0.4. Table 6 shows the comparison of natural frequencies of FG rectangular plate of same side ratio, thickness with two square cutouts of side ratio d/b=0.1 and e/b=0.7. Table 3 Comparison of natural frequencies of FG rectangular plate with two circular cutouts (fully clamped for e/b Iman[15] Iman[15] Iman[15] Table 4 Comparison of natural frequencies of FG rectangular plate with three circular cutouts (fully clamped for e/b Iman[15] Table 5 Comparison of natural frequencies of FG rectangular plate with four circular cutouts (fully clamped for e/b Iman[15] Table 6 Comparison of natural frequencies of FG rectangular plate with two square cutouts (clamped-free for e/b Iman[15] The variation of natural frequencies with the volume fraction exponent for Al/Al₂O₃ FG rectangular plates of side ratio a/b=2 and thickness ratio h/b=0.04, 0.06 and 0.08, having two holes of radius ratio r/b=0.1 and center to center distance ratio e/b=0.8 are shown in tables 7, 8 and 9 respectively. The results for first ten modes are computed. For the FG plates with fully clamped external boundary condition, the frequencies in all ten modes decreases as the volume fraction index increases. This is expected, because a large volume fraction index means that a plate has a smaller ceramic component and thus its stiffness is reduced. Similar results are also observed for the clamped-free and clamped-simply supported external boundary conditions. From tables 7, 8 and 9 it is also observed that natural frequencies slowly improve as the thickness ratio h/b increases from 0.04 to Table 10 shows that the variation of natural frequencies for first five modes of Al/Al₂O₃ FG rectangular plate (h/b=0.04) with two holes (r/b=0.1) for fully clamped, clamped-free and clamped-simply supported external boundary conditions are quite close to each other International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.8, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2018)

5 Table 7 Variation of natural frequencies with the volume fraction index n for Al/Al₂O₃ FG rectangular plates with two circular holes (fully clamped for h/b n Table 8 Variation of natural frequencies with the volume fraction index n for Al/Al₂O₃ FG rectangular plates with two circular holes (clamped-free for h/b n Table 9 Variation of natural frequencies with the volume fraction index n for Al/Al₂O₃ FG rectangular plates with two circular holes (clamped-simply supported for h/b n International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.8, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2018)

6 Table 10 Variation of natural frequencies with the volume fraction index n for Al/Al₂O₃ FG rectangular plates with two circular holes (h/b=0.04) Boundary condition n CCCC CFCF CSCS Trapezoidal Plates Trapezoidal plates with multiple cutouts are shown in fig. 4 Fig. 4 Trapezoidal plates with multiple cutouts Table 11 shows the comparison of natural frequencies of FG trapezoidal plate whose side ratio is b/a=0.7 and height is 1. Thickness of the plate is h=0.05. The plate has two holes of radius ratio r/a=0.05 at location A(x/a=0.25, y=0.45) and B(x/a=0.70, y=0.45) respectively. Table 12 shows the comparison of natural frequencies of FG trapezoidal plate of same side ratio, height and thickness with three holes of radius ratio r/a=0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 at location A(x/a=0.25, y/a=0.35), B(x/a=0.65, y/a=0.35) and C(x/a=0.45, y/a=0.75) respectively. Table 11 Comparison of natural frequencies of FG trapezoidal plate with two circular cutouts (fully clamped for r/a of left hole Iman[15] Iman[15] Iman[15] Table 12 Comparison of natural frequencies of FG trapezoidal plate with three circular cutouts (fully clamped for r/a Iman[15] Iman[15] Iman[15] International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.8, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2018)

7 Table 13 Variation of natural frequencies with the volume fraction index n for Al/Al₂O₃ FG trapezoidal plates with two circular holes (fully clamped for h/a n Table 14 Variation of natural frequencies with the volume fraction index n for Al/Al₂O₃ FG trapezoidal plates with two circular holes (clamped-free for h/a n Table 15 Variation of natural frequencies with the volume fraction index n for Al/Al₂O₃ FG trapezoidal plates with two circular holes (clamped-simply supported for h/a n International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.8, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2018)

8 Table 16 Variation of natural frequencies with the volume fraction index n for Al/Al₂O₃ FG trapezoidal plates with two circular holes (h/a=0.04) Boundary condition n CCCC CFCF CSCS The variation of natural frequencies with the volume fraction exponent for Al/Al₂O₃ FG trapezoidal plates whose side ratio is b/a=0.6 and height is 1. Thickness ratio of the plate is h/a=0.04, 0.06 and The plate has two holes of radius ratio r/b=0.1 at locations A(x/a=0.25, y/a=0.45) and B(x/a=0.70, y/a=0.45) respectively are shown in tables 13, 14 and 15 respectively. The results for first ten modes are computed. For the FG plates with fully clamped external boundary condition, the frequencies in all ten modes decreases as the volume fraction index increases. This is expected, because a large volume fraction index means that a plate has a smaller ceramic component and thus its stiffness is reduced. Similar results are also observed for the clamped-free and clamped-simply supported external boundary conditions. From tables 13, 14 and 15 it is also observed that natural frequencies slowly improve as the thickness ratio h/b increases from 0.04 to Table 16 shows that the variation of natural frequencies for first five modes of Al/Al₂O₃ FG trapezoidal plate (h/a=0.04) with two holes (r/a=0.1) for fully clamped, clamped-free and clamped-simply supported external boundary conditions are quite close to each other. 5.4 Circular Plates or Discs Circular plates with different cutouts are shown in fig. 4 Fig. 5 Circular plates with altered cutouts Table 17 shows the comparison of natural frequencies of FG circular disc of radius R=1 with circular holes of radius r=0.1 at locations A(x/R=-0.55, y/r=0) and B(x/R=0.55, y/r=0) respectively. Thickness of the plate is h=0.05. Table 18 shows the comparison of natural frequencies of FG circular disc of same radius and thickness with four holes of radius r=0.1 at location A(x/R=-0.7, y/r=0), B(x/R=0.7, y/r=0), C(x/R=0, y/r=0.7) and D(x/R=0, y/r=-0.7) respectively International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.8, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2018)

9 Table 17 Comparison of natural frequencies of FG circular disc with two circular cutouts (fully clamped for r/r Iman[15] Iman[15] Iman[15] Table 18 Comparison of natural frequencies of FG circular disc with four circular cutouts (fully clamped for e/b Iman[15] Table 19 shows the variation of natural frequencies of Al/Al₂O₃ FG circular disc or plate of radius R=1 having two holes of radius r=0.1 at locations A(x/R=-0.5, y/r=0) and B(X/r=0.5, y/r=0) respectively. Thickness ratio of the plate is h/r=0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 respectively. The results for first ten modes are computed. For the FG plates with fully clamped external boundary condition, the frequencies in all ten modes decreases as the volume fraction index increases. This is expected, because a large volume fraction index means that a plate has a smaller ceramic component and thus its stiffness is reduced. Table 19 Variation of natural frequencies with the volume fraction index n for Al/Al₂O₃ FG circular plates with two circular holes (fully clamped for h/a n Conclusion The free vibration analysis of FG plates with cutouts is carried out using subspace method. The elastic properties of FG plates are assumed to vary through the thickness according to a power law as shown in eq. 1. The results derived with subspace method compared with the solutions presented by Iman et al to validate their accuracy. It is found that a volume fraction exponent that ranges between 0 and 2 has a significant influence on the natural frequency of FG plates with cutouts. For rectangular, trapezoidal and circular FG plates with cutouts natural frequency decreases as the volume fraction index increases. Natural frequency of FG plates with cutouts increases as the thickness ratio increases. For rectangular and trapezoidal plates with cutouts variation of natural frequencies for fully clamped and clamped-simply supported external boundaries are very close to each other. References Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) and Their Production Methods, Azom.com. A. Chakraborty, S. Gopalakrishnan and J.N. Reddy (2003), A New Beam Finite Element for the Analysis of Functionally Graded Materials, Int. J. of Mechanical Science 45, pp A. Chakraborty and S. Gopalakrishnan (2003), A Spectrally Formulated Finite Element for Wave Propagation Analysis in Functionally Graded Beam, Int. J. of Solids and Structures, 40, pp International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.8, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2018)

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