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1 Environmental Engineering 1 Indoor Environment and Thermal Comfort Vladimír Zmrhal (room no. 814) Master degree course 1 st semester (winter) Dpt. of Environmental Engineering 1 Environmental Engineering CONTENT Lecture no. Topic Lecturer 1 Indoor Environment and Dr. Zmrhal 2 4 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Dr. Barták 5 7 Heating Dr. Hojer 8 9 Ventilation and Air-conditioning Dr. Zmrhal 10 Alternative Energy Sources Dr. Matuška 11 Noise reduction Dr. Kučera Study Information System - KOS!!! Timetable 2 1
2 Environmental Engineering EXAM Exchange Students (Erasmus) 4 tests (minimum 50 points from 100) + 1 resit test (the worst one) Students of Master Study Programme Mechanical Engineering (Field of study: Environmental Engineering) 4 tests + 1 resit (minimum 50 points from 100) oral examination (in January) State Final Exam!!! A B C D E F <90-80 <80-70 <70-60 <60-50 <50 3 Environmental Engineering TESTS SCHEDULE Week Date Time Topic Points 5 30/10/ till Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics /11/ till Heating /12/ till Ventilation and Air-conditioning /01/ till 11.45, Noise Reduction and Energy Sources 25 Total points 100 Minimum
3 Environmental Engineering 5 Environmental Engineering 6 3
4 Environmental Engineering LITERATURE ASHRAE Handbook 2008 HVAC Systems and Equipment 2009 Fundamentals 2010 Refrigeration 2011 HVAC Application 7 Indoor Environment Factors of Indoor Environment Thermal environment Indoor contaminants (CO 2, combustion products, VOC, tobacco smoke, ) Outdoor pollutants IAQ Indoor Air Quality Odours Acoustic environment SBS Syndrome Lightning Ionizing radiation Electromagnetic waves 8 4
5 Physiology Heat Production Q Q W : A m Q Qm W A A A D D D m D [W] [W/m 2 ] q q w [W/m 2 ] q m w total metabolic rate external mechanical work A D body surface area [m 2 ] 9 Physiology DuBois surface area A 0.202m h D [m 2 ] f cl A cl A D clothing area factor - correction factor for clothed body A cl area of clothed body [m 2 ] A D =1.8m 2 for man 70 kg and 1.73 m f cl =
6 Physiology Human Thermoregulation metabolic activities of the body result almost completely in heat that must be continuously dissipated and regulated to maintain normal body temperature internal temperature rise with the activity 37 C temperature regulatory centre in the brain (hypothalamus) (36.8 C at rest of comfort; 37.4 when walking) skin temperature 33 to 34 C resting adults produces about 100 W of heat (sensible and latent) 11 Energy Balance Figure on the board q qm w qc qr qev qres q con [W/m 2 ]
7 Energy Balance Total metabolic rate q m 1 met = 58.1 W/m 2 External mechanical work w q m [W/m 2 ] mechanical efficiency = 0 for most activities max = 0.2 bicycle ergometer 13 Energy Balance Metabolic heat generation Activity [W/m 2 ] q m [met] Sleeping Reading, seated 58 1 Filing, seated Walking 2 km/h Dancing 140 to to
8 Energy Balance Heat transfer by convection q h f t t [W/m 2 ] c c cl cl a Convective heat transfer coefficient h c [W/m 2 K] h 2.38t t 0.25 c cl a natural convection hc 12.1 w forced convection 15 Energy Balance Heat exchange by radiation q hf t t [W/m 2 ] r r cl cl r Radiant heat transfer coefficient h r [W/m 2 K] h r A T T A t t 4 4 r cl r D cl r 4.7 [W/m 2 K] emissivity of the clothing, usually 0.95 [-] Stefan-Boltzmann constant [W/m 2 K 4 ] A r effective radiation area of the body [m 2 ], A r /A D
9 Energy Balance Conduction through clothing 1 qr qc tsk tcl [W/m 2 ] R cl R cl s s cl air [W/m 2 K] Rcl I 1 clo = m 2 K/W 17 Energy Balance Clothing insulation Clothing ensembles R [m 2 K/W] I [clo] Trousers, long-sleeved shirt, longsleeved sweater, T-shirt Walking shorts, short-sleeved shirt
10 Energy Balance Respiration heat loss q res M hex h A D in [W/m 2 ] M h ex h in pulmonary ventilation rate [kg/s] enthalpy of exhaled air [J/kg] ethalpy of inspired (ambient) air [J/kg] M 6 q A m D [kg/s] 19 Energy Balance t t 32x ex in in [ C] ex or 100 [%] x t 0.2 x [kg w.v. /kg d.a. ] t in ex in in temperature of inspired (ambient) air [ C] x in humidity ratio [kg w.v. /kg d.a. ] 20 10
11 Energy Balance Evaporative heat loss from the skin q q q ev ev, dif ev, rsw [W/m 2 ] natural diffusion of water through the skin q t p 3 ev, dif sk 3373 v p v t sk water vapor pressure in ambient air [Pa] temperature of skin [ C] 21 Energy Balance heat loss by evaporation of sweat secretion A q h p p ev " ev, rsw ev v, sk v AD h ev evaporative heat transfer coefficient [W/m 2 K] A ev effective evaporative area of the body [m 2 ] p v,sk saturated water vapor pressure at skin temperature [Pa] h ev 16.7hc h R 1 h h fcl c cl c r 22 11
12 Parameters Influenced Indoor Environment Parametres air temperature t a [ C] relative humidity (RH) [%] mean radiant temperature (MRT) t r [ C] air velocity w a [m/s] turbulence intensity Tu [-] Personal Parameters metabolism q m and work w thermal insulation of the clothing and also age, sex (male/female),! 23 condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment effect on health and performance Prediction of Rohles and Nevins (1971) indicate values that provides thermal comfort (optimum) required temperature of skin tsk, req qm w required evaporative heat loss qev, rsw, req 0.42 qm w
13 Thermal comfort equation (TCE) q w h f t t hf t t m c cl cl a r cl cl r q c q r qm w pa 3373 t sk,req q ev,dif 6 q w q h h m m ex in q ev,rsw,req q res 25 where t cl calculates from the heat flow through clothing 1 q q t t R c r sk cl cl 1 hf t t hf t t q wt R c cl cl a r cl cl r m cl cl q c q r t sk,req t q w R h f t t hf t t cl m cl c cl cl a r cl cl r iteration 26 13
14 ASHRAE Thermal Sensation Scale +3 hot +2 warm +1 slightly warm 0 neutral -1 slightly cool -2 cool -3 cold Thermal Sensation = Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) 27 Fanger s Model of (Standard Model) thermal load on the body L = actual heat flow from the body heat loss to the actual environment for a person hypothetically kept at comfort values of t sk and q ev,rsw at the actual activity level respectively L = left side of thetce right side of the TCE 28 14
15 Predicted Mean Vote PMV index PMV predicts the mean response of a large group of people according to thermal sensation scale 0.036q PMV 0.303e m L Predicted Percent of Dissatisfied PPD index PPD PMV PMV exp ( ) 29 PMV = 0 about 5 % of the people will be dissatisfied 30 15
16 Category of global PPD [%] PMV thermal comfort A <5-0.2 < PMV < B < < PMV < C < < PMV < Operative temperature - uniform temperature of a imaginary black enclosure in which an occupant would exchange the same amount of heat by radiation plus convection as in the actual nonuniform environment. q q h h f t t c r c r cl cl o h t t h t t h h t t c cl a r cl r c r cl o t o ht h c a c ht h r r r [ C] 32 16
17 hc A h h c t At 1A t r o a r w [m/s] < A [-] for w 0.2 m/s t o t a t 2 r 33 Operative temperature necessary for comfort (PMV = 0) of person in summer clothing at RH =50% 34 17
18 Mean radiant Temperature the uniform temperature of an imaginary enclosure in which radiant heat transfer from the human equals the radiant heat transfer in the actual nonuniform enclosure t F T F T F T r p1 1 p pn n [ C] F p-n T n angle factor between a person and surface n surface temperature of the surface [K]
19 Simplification - elementary case (rectangle vs. point) Eckert F c a b c arctg 8 4 ab In the room: F Angle factor algebra [ C] F F F F F BA B11 B12 B21 B22 F F F BA B11 B12 F F F F F BA B11 B12 B21 B
20 Local Discomfort Thermal non-uniform conditions radiant temperature asymmetry draft vertical air temperature difference warm or cold floors Source: Thermal comfort. The booklet. INNOVA < 39 Local Discomfort Radiant temperature asymmetry the difference between the plane radiant temperature of the opposite sides of a small plane element t t t pr pr1 pr
21 Local Discomfort Radiant temperature asymmetry t pr [ C] Category of thermal comfort A,B C Warm ceiling <5 <7 Cool wall <10 <13 Cool ceiling <14 <18 Warm wall <23 <35 41 Local Discomfort Small plane element 42 21
22 Local Discomfort Draft Rate DR t w w Tu 0.62 (34 a)( a 0.05) (0.37 a 3.14) Source: Thermal comfort. The booklet. INNOVA < 43 Local Discomfort Vertical air temperature difference 100 PD 1 exp tav, Source: Thermal comfort. The booklet. INNOVA <
23 Local Discomfort Warm or cold floors Category of thermal comfort Percentage of dissatisfied PD [%] Floor temperature t floor [ C] A,B <10 19 to 29 C <15 17 to 31 Source: Thermal comfort. The booklet. INNOVA < 45 Adaptive Model of people naturally adapt and may also make various adjustments to themselves and their surroundings acceptable degree of comfort in residences and offices is possible over the range of t a from 17 to 31 C (Humphreys, Nicol 1998) comfort temperature 2 tout 22 tc tout 22exp 24 2 t out monthly mean outdoor temperature [ C] t oc t buildings where cooling and out central heating is not required 46 23
24 Adaptive Model of Adaptation people can acclimatize themselves changing posture and activity clothing changing leaving the space / move opening a window, shading For buildings without mechanical cooling (air-conditioning) or with lowenergy cooling systems (night ventilation, ) 47 Example 1: Calculation of PMV and PPD Room air temperature t a = 26 C Mean radiant temperature MRT = 24 C Relative humidity RH = 50 % Air velocity w = 0.2 m/s Thermal resistance of clothing R cl = m 2 K/W = 0.5 clo light summer clothing Metabolic rate q m = 69.8 W/m 2 = 1.2 met seated activity (office) Mechanical efficiency m = 0 % External mechanical work w = 0 Heat transfer by convection h c = 5.41 W/m 2 K Heat transfer by radiation h r = 4.16 W/m 2 K 48 24
25 Example 2: Calculation of MRT and t o Room: L = 6 m, W = 4 m, H = 2.7 m t a = 28 C t wall = t floor = t a t ceiling = 18 C w = 0.15 m/s Calculate MRT and t o in the middle of the room at hight of h = 1.5 m. MRT =? t o =? F c a b c arctg 8 4 ab 49 Thank you for your attention 50 25
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