Dependency of Gabor Lens Focusing Characteristics on Nonneutral Plasma Properties

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1 Dependency of Gabor Lens Focusing Characteristics on Nonneutral Plasma Properties Kathrin Schulte HIC for FAIR Workshop Riezlern,

2 Outline

3 1.

4 1.1. Relevant to know about Gabor lenses...or Gabor lens in a nutshell decision on electron distribution focal length: electron cloud dynamics "a beam focusing device that maintains full beam neutralization even for high current beams under all circumstances."

5 1.2. Investigation of Properties HV Terminal Gabor Lens For the same Gabor lens parameters Pi-MAX LN/CCD + Spectrometer Slit-Grid Emittance Scanner FDC Momentum Spectrometer Beam Transport Measurements -- "with beam" Beam Emittance Electron Density and Measurements of Properties -- "without beam" Electron Density Electron Temperatur Electron Density Distribution Gabor Lens were performed.

6 2.

7 2.1. Density Measurement - without beam simulation of Ar + production assuming a homogeneously distributed residual gas at room temperature 0.025eV ( particles) Kathrin Schulte

8 2.2. Density Measurement - without beam simulated energy spectrum Energy Spectra measured energy spectrum 300 4e n e =1.3e14 m -3 n e =1.5e14 m -3 3e Int. / arb. un I / A 2e-10 1e W i / ev W i / ev The residual gas ions gain their kinetic energy W i =eφ ion within the anode potential Φ anode that is reduced by confined electrons. The electron density is than calculated by assuming Φ= Φ anode - Φ ion

9 2.3. Density Measurement - with beam change of angle in the phase space distribution electron density

10 2.4. Light Density Distribution and Symmetry symmetry S sym : evaluation of method for symmetry determination rotational symmetry S rot :

11 2.4. Light Density Distribution and Symmetry symmetry S sym : evaluation of method for symmetry determination rotational symmetry S rot :

12 2.4. Light Density Distribution and Symmetry symmetry S sym : evaluation of method for symmetry determination rotational symmetry S rot :

13 2.5. Electron Temperature Measurement Temperature measurement by optical emission cross sections assuming a corona regime*: simplified Measurement of Optical Emission Cross Sections for Helium 1E-19 measurement, p=5e-2 Pa Van Zyl et al., p=1e-1 Pa 1E-20 Q 505nm ji / cm 2 1E-21 1E-22 1E W / ev *"Application of excitation cross sections to optical plasma diagnostics, J.B. Boffard, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37 (2004) R143-R161

14 2.5. Electron Temperature Measurement comparison of plasma emission spectra to line emission of atoms excited by an incident electron beam intensity / counts nnp (p=1.8e-3 hpa) electron beam (p=1.8e-3 hp) norm. intensity 1,1 1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 nnp electron beam ,0 0 4,0x10-7 5,0x10-7 6,0x10-7 7,0x10-7 8,0x10-7 λ / nm -0,1 4,0x10-7 5,0x10-7 6,0x10-7 7,0x10-7 8,0x10-7 λ / nm

15 3. Beam Transport Measurements and Studies

16 3.1. Gabor Lens - Specifications geometry: r anode : r ground : l anode: L total : 85 mm 75 mm 340 mm 436 mm maximum field and potential B z,max : 160 mt (200 mt) Φ A,max : 50 kv material: stainless steel Vinidur (T max =80 C; 14 kv/mm)

17 3.2. High Current Test Injector at GSI beam parameters: pulse length=1.25 ms, pulse delay=1 Hz

18 3.3. Results 1. Low current measurements for studies of the quality of ion optics He +, W B =50.3 kev (12.6 kev/u), I B =3-5 ma (measured in current transformer behind lens) simulated phase space distributions were "fitted" to results of experiments to study the influence of electron density and electron density distribution of the on the ion beam studies "without beam" in comparison to the results of beam transport measurements 2. High current measurements for studies of the influence on n i /n e -ratio Installed aperture of 50 mm to save insulator from beam Ar +, W B =124 kev (3.1 kev/u), I B =29-35 ma (measured in current transformer behind lens) studies "without beam" in comparison to the results of beam transport measurements

19 3.3. Low Current Measurements drifted beam input emittance transported beam He + W b = 50.3 kev I B =3 ma Φ A = 0 kv B z = 0 mt ε 100% = mm mrad ε 97% = mm mrad ε rms = π mm mrad ω = n = 1

20 3.3. Low Current Measurements beam transport measurement numerical simulation Φ A = 20 kv B z = 6.8 mt ε rms = π mmmrad Φ A = 20 kv B z = 5.6 mt ε rms = π mmmrad diagnostics light density profile emitted spectrum calculated density profile

21 3.3. Low Current Measurements beam transport measurement numerical simulation Φ A = 20 kv B z =8.1 mt ε rms = π mmmrad Φ A = 20 kv B z = 6.2 mt ε rms = π mmmrad diagnostics light density profile emitted spectrum calculated density profile

22 3.3. Low Current Measurements beam transport measurement numerical simulation Φ A = 20 kv B z = 9.5 mt ε rms = π mmmrad Φ A = 20 kv B z = 6.6 mt ε rms = π mmmrad diagnostics light density profile emitted spectrum calculated density profile

23 3.3. Low Current Measurements beam transport measurement numerical simulation Φ A = 20 kv B z = 10.8 mt ε rms = π mmmrad Φ A = 20 kv B z = 7.1 mt ε rms = π mmmrad diagnostics light density profile emitted spectrum calculated density profile

24 3.3. Low Current Measurements beam transport measurement numerical simulation Φ A = 20 kv B z = 12.2 mt ε rms = π mmmrad Φ A = 20 kv B z = 7.5 mt ε rms = π mmmrad diagnostics light density profile emitted spectrum calculated density profile

25 3.3. Low Current Measurements comparison of measured and calculated rms-emittance

26 3.3. Low Current Measurements - Electron Density comparison of calculated and measured electron densities as well as the measured electron temperature measured electron density in comparison with calculated electron density for realistic field configuration of Gabor lens preliminary results for electron temperature measurement as discussed before

27 3.3. Low Current Measurements comparison of calculated electron densities missing" electron density Because of this result another evaluation of the studies on "without beam" in comparison with numerical simulation calculated with realistic field configuration of Gabor lens has been made.

28 3.3. Low Current Measurements light density profile symmetry of plasma cloud "light spot" on window calculated electron density profile parameter setup: Φ A =20 kv B z =5.4 mt P=9.6e-6 (He)

29 3.3. Low Current Measurements light density profile symmetry of plasma cloud "light spot" on window calculated electron density profile parameter setup: Φ A =20 kv B z =6.8 mt P=9.6e-6 (He)

30 3.3. Low Current Measurements light density profile symmetry of plasma cloud calculated electron density profile parameter setup: Φ A =20 kv B z =8.1 mt P=9.6e-6 (He)

31 3.3. Low Current Measurements light density profile symmetry of plasma cloud calculated electron density profile parameter setup: Φ A =20 kv B z =9.5 mt P=9.6e-6 (He)

32 3.3. Low Current Measurements light density profile symmetry of plasma cloud calculated electron density profile parameter setup: Φ A =20 kv B z =10.8 mt P=9.6e-6 (He)

33 3.3. Low Current Measurements light density profile symmetry of plasma cloud calculated electron density profile parameter setup: Φ A =20 kv B z =12.2 mt P=9.6e-6 (He)

34 3.3. Low Current Measurements symmetry rotational symmetry 0, , , S sym 0,0020 0,0015 0,0010 S rot , , B z / mt B z / mt

35 3.3. Low Current Measurements simulated maximum electron density

36 3.3. Low Current Measurements simulated electron density distribution simulated maximum electron density beam transport measurements

37 3.3. Low Current Measurements simulated electron density distribution simulated maximum electron density measurements "without" beam carefully asking: beam-driven instability?!

38 3.4. High Current Measurements - e - Production Influence of ion beam current / electron production rate on focusing strength?! I B =5 ma I B =15 ma I B =20 ma lens parameters: Φ A = 9.5 kv B z = 9.7 mt beam parameters: Ar + W B =88 kev (2.2 kev/u)

39 3.4. High Current Measurements - e - Production Ionization Cross Section I B = 5 ma --> n i = m -3 : ν in = n n σ(24kev) v i = 2161 Hz dn/dt = ν in n i = m -3 s -1 --> m -3 within 1.25 ms I B =15 ma --> n i = m -3 : dn/dt = ν in n i = m -3 s -1 --> m -3 within 1.25 ms I B =20 ma --> n i = m -3 : dn/dt = ν in n i = m -3 s -1 beam parameters: Ar +, W B =88 kev (2.2 kev/u) --> v i = m/s --> m -3 within 1.25 ms lens parameters: Φ A = 9.5 kv, B z = 9.7 mt, n e,theo,max = m -3, n e,simu,max = m -3

40 3.4. High Current Measurements - e - Production Ionization Cross Section Comparison: I B = 3 ma --> n i = m -3 : ν in = n n σ(50 kev) v i = 2612 Hz dn/dt = ν in n i = m -3 s -1 --> m -3 within 1.25 ms Other e - production processes like secondary thermal ions on chamber wall (charge exchange) or beam ions strinking ground vessel are neglected. beam parameters: He +, W B =50.3 kev (12.6 kev/u) --> v i = m/s lens parameters: Φ A = 20 kv, B z =12.2 mt, n e,theo,max = m -3, n e,simu,max = m -3

41 3.4. High Current Measurements drifted beam Ar + W b = 124 kev, 3.1 kev/u I B =30 ma Φ A = 0 kv B z = 0 mt ε 100% = mm mrad ε 97% = mm mrad ε rms = π mm mrad ω =3.45 n = 3

42 3.4. High Current Measurements beam transport measurement diagnostics Φ A = 9.8 kv B z = 6.5 mt ε rms = π mm mrad 1,4e+14 calculated density profile 1,2e+14 1,0e+14 8,0e+13 n e / m -3 6,0e+13 4,0e+13 2,0e+13 0, r / mm

43 3.4. High Current Measurements beam transport measurement diagnostics Φ A = 9.8 kv B z = 8.8 mt ε rms = π mm mrad 1,4e+14 calculated density profile 1,2e+14 1,0e+14 8,0e+13 n e / m -3 6,0e+13 4,0e+13 2,0e+13 0, r / mm

44 3.4. High Current Measurements beam transport measurement diagnostics Φ A = 9.8 kv B z = 9.7 mt ε rms = π mm mrad 1,4e+14 calculated density profile 1,2e+14 1,0e+14 8,0e+13 n e / m -3 6,0e+13 4,0e+13 2,0e+13 0, r / mm

45 3.4. High Current Measurements beam transport measurement diagnostics Φ A = 9.8 kv B z = 10.8 mt ε rms = π mm mrad 1,4e+14 calculated density profile 1,2e+14 1,0e+14 8,0e+13 n e / m -3 6,0e+13 4,0e+13 2,0e+13 0, r / mm

46 3.4. High Current Measurements beam transport measurement diagnostics Φ A = 9.8 kv B z = 13 mt ε rms = π mm mrad 1,4e+14 calculated density profile 1,2e+14 1,0e+14 8,0e+13 n e / m -3 6,0e+13 4,0e+13 2,0e+13 0, r / mm

47 3.4. High Current Measurements beam transport measurement diagnostics Φ A = 9.8 kv B z = 14.6 mt ε rms = π mm mrad 1,4e+14 calculated density profile 1,2e+14 1,0e+14 8,0e+13 n e / m -3 6,0e+13 4,0e+13 2,0e+13 0, r / mm

48 3.4. High Current Measurements measured rms-emittance

49 3.4. High Current Measurements 2,8e+14 density measurement "without" beam density measurement "with" beam 8e+13 2,6e+14 n e,w/o beam / m -3 2,4e+14 2,2e+14 2,0e+14 n e,w beam / m -3 6e+13 4e+13 2e+13 1,8e+14 1,6e B z / mt 9,4e+13 calculated density B z / mt 9,3e+13 n e,simulation / m -3 9,2e+13 9,1e+13 strong discrepancy between measurement and simulation 9,0e+13 8,9e B z / mt

50 3.4. High Current Measurements symmetry rotational symmetry 0,0014 4,5 0,0012 4,0 0,0010 3,5 S sym 0,0008 0,0006 S rot 3,0 2,5 2,0 0,0004 1,5 0,0002 1,0 0, , B z / mt B z / mt

51 4.

52 4.1. Design and performance studies of prototype lens for GSI Φ A = 0 kv B z = 0 mt ε rms = πmmmrad I B =30 ma Φ A = 9.8 kv B z = 10.8 mt ε rms = πmmmrad I B =35 ma Ar + W b = 124 kev, 3.1 kev/u Development and evaluation of non-interceptive diagnostic methods electron density measurement temperature measurement electron density distribtion - symmetry and dynamics

53 Thank you for your attention!

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