Food encounter rate of simulated termite tunnels in heterogeneous landscapes
|
|
- Sandra Thompson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 BioSystems 90 (2007) Food encounter rate of simulated termite tunnels in heterogeneous landscapes S.-H. Lee, N.-Y. Su, P. Bardunias, H.-F. Li Department of Entomology and Nematology, Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States Received 2 June 2006; received in revised form 15 September 2006; accepted 16 September 2006 Abstract The aim of this study was to explore how a heterogeneous landscape affects food encounter rate in the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. To do this, a lattice model was formulated to simulate the tunneling structure of the termite. The model made use of minimized local rules derived from empirical data. In addition, a landscape structure was generated on a lattice space by using a neutral landscape model. Each lattice cell has a value h, representing spatially distributed property of the landscape (e.g., temperature or moisture). The heterogeneity of the landscape was characterized by a parameter, H controlling aggregation of lattice cells with higher values of h. Higher H values correspond to higher aggregation levels. The effect of the landscape heterogeneity on the encounter rate was clear in the presence of higher food density than in lower density. The effect was also enhanced by the increase of the number of primary tunnels Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Food encounter rate; Neural landscape model; Termite; Lattice model; Heterogeneous landscape 1. Introduction Landscape structure produces environmental or spatial heterogeneity (Rohani et al., 1997), which may act as a template in generating complexity at other levels of ecological organization (e.g., Bonabeau, 1998). Theory (De Roos et al., 1991; Wiens et al., 1993) and empirical observations (Levin et al., 1971; Kareiva, 1985; Crist et al., 1992; Cartar and Real, 1997) indicate that the foraging behavior of an animal is influenced by the heterogeneity of the landscapes they occupy. The influence is closely connected with animal extinction or colonization (Gustafson and Gardner, 1996; King and With, 2002), and an understanding of how the landscape heterogene- Corresponding author. Tel.: ; fax: address: sunchaos@pusan.ac.kr (S.-H. Lee). ity affects foraging behavior is an essential component in developing a mechanistic foundation for landscape ecology (Merriam, 1988; Ims, 1995; Wiens, 1995). The influence of landscape heterogeneity on foraging behavior has been investigated (King and With, 2002; McIntyre and Wiens, 1999; Crist et al., 1992; Szacki and Liro, 1991; Etzenhouser et al., 1998; Johnson et al., 1992), but most of these studies have been limited to terrestrial animals because little is known about the behavior of below-ground foragers such as subterranean termites (Capowiez et al., 1998; Su, 2001). Although subterranean termite foraging behavior has been studied through either direct gallery excavation (Greaves, 1962; King and Spink, 1969; Ratcliffe and Greaves, 1940) or studies on baited plots by using spatio-temporal and mark-release-recapture methods (Grace et al., 1989; LaFage et al., 1973; Su et al., 1984), these methods offered no direct information on foraging behavior in /$ see front matter 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. doi: /j.biosystems
2 relation to landscape structure. Our limited understanding of termite social interaction and how the efforts of individual subterranean termites are coordinated during excavation further obscures the issue. In the present study, we dealt with the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and carried out an experiment to observe its foraging galleries in a two-dimensional arena. Based on the data obtained from the experiment, we formulated a lattice model mimicking termite foraging pattern, that is, tunneling structure on the heterogeneous landscape. Using the model, we explored the effect of the heterogeneous landscape on termite foraging pattern in relation to food encounter rate. 2. Empirical data S.-H. Lee et al. / BioSystems 90 (2007) The empirical data on termite tunnel geometry were obtained from the two-dimensional foraging arena study as reported by Su et al. (2004). The arena was composed of two sheets of transparent Plexiglas (105 cm 105 cm and 0.6 cm thick) separated from each other by four Plexiglas laminates (105 cm 2.5 cm and 0.2 cm thick) placed between the outer margins. The 0.2 cm gaps Fig. 1. A TVC by a cadre of termite workers. Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the rules defining TVCs movement constructing primary tunnels with a transition probability from one position to its nearest neighboring position.
3 316 S.-H. Lee et al. / BioSystems 90 (2007) Fig. 3. Determination of transition probability of initially introduced TVCs; (a) the calculation of angle through the linear fitting of primary tunneling shape extracted from real images; (b) the calculation of transition probability of secondary tunneling with branching angle θ 0. between the Plexiglas sheets were filled with moistened sand, into which 1000 workers (plus 100 soldiers) of C. formosanus were introduced. The arena was placed in the horizontal position in a dark room at 25 ± 2 C. Digital images of the arena were taken daily to record tunnel development until one tunnel reached the arena edge. The experiments were replicated by using nine colonies. 3. Model description of continuing through an intersection used in this model was obtained from the empirical data of the 2D arena as described by Su et al. (2004). Each lattice cell can either be empty or occupied by exactly one TVC. Each TVC can advance only one lattice per time-step. In the present study, tunnels were designated as two classes: primary or secondary. Tunnels originating from the release position were classified as primary. Tunnels branching 3.1. Termite tunnel We used the stochastic lattice model to describe termite tunneling pattern under a closed boundary condition. A tunnel was mimicked by the movement of a tunnel vector cell (TVC) with transition probabilities from one site to its nearest neighboring site. A TVC in reality is a discrete unit of tunnel excavated by a cadre of termite workers (Fig. 1). In the figure, the dotted box indicates the TVC. This model was defined on the square lattice of L L sites (L = 300). In this model, the movement trace of TVCs corresponded to the tunneling pattern. Other parameters such as average branching angle, probability of branching, branching length exponent and probability Fig. 4. Normalized frequency distribution of secondary tunnel length.
4 S.-H. Lee et al. / BioSystems 90 (2007) from the primary tunnel were classified as secondary (Selkirk, 1982). The tertiary and quaternary tunnels were excluded because they rarely occurred under the test period. Initially, TVCs were positioned on the center cell of the lattice space. The TVCs advanced to form primary tunnels. Each TVCs advances to the preferential direction with no back step because termite tunnels did not loop back to the origin released (Su et al., 2004). We set the preferential direction as outward direction from the release position. We applied the conservation law of probability P(i, j) to the TVC existing on a site (i, j). We denoted the transition probabilities from site (i, j) to the nearest neighbors as P up (i, j + 1); P down (i, j 1); P left (i 1, j); P right (i +1, j) (Fig. 2). In order to determine the probabilities, we extracted primary tunnel shapes from empirical images and then performed linear fitting as shown in Fig. 3(a). From nine empirical tunneling patterns, the angle between primary tunnels ( φ) and the number of primary tunnels (N) were determined as 53.1 ± 8.5 and 6.78 ± 1.01, respectively. The data indicated the lack of spatial correlation among tunnels, namely, angle interval between tunnels was nearly equal thus, φ = 360 /N and the directional angle of TVCs is determined as θ k = k φ, where the subscript k was a label assigned to primary tunnel ranging from 1 to N. Based on the directional angle θ k, the transition probabilities were determined: P up = P down = c sin(θ k ) and P left = P right = c cos(θ k ), where c is a proportional constant. This form can be changed under the condition, c sin(θ k ) + c cos(θ k ) = 1 as follows: P up = P down = tan(θ k ) /(1 + tan(θ k ) ) and P left = P right = 1/(1 + tan(θ k ) ). To construct secondary branches of tunnels, the probability was generated by random process at a TVC s position. When the value of probability was larger than 0.9, the TVC site was chosen as the branching node where a new TVC was introduced (Su et al., 2004). The new TVCs at branching node begin advancing with branching angle, θ 0 =50 as reported previously (Fig. 3(b)) (Su et al., 2004). To describe the movement of new TVCs, a new transition probability P (i, j) was introduced: P up = P down = tan(θ k ± θ 0 ) /(1 + tan(qk ± q0) ) and P left = P right = 1/(1 + tan(θ k ± θ 0 ) ). Upper- or lower-side branching was determined by coin toss rule. The sign ± indicates upper or lower branch, respectively. The length of branch tunnels L was characterized by the frequency distribution of branch length P(L) exp( αl) with a branch length exponent, α = 0.15, which was obtained from nine empirical images (Fig. 4). Fig. 5. All possible configurations that up TVC may encounter.
5 318 S.-H. Lee et al. / BioSystems 90 (2007) Fig. 5 shows all the possible configurations that the up TVC may encounter. If more than one TVC shares the same target lattice cell, one is chosen randomly, with equal probability. This TVC moves while its rivals for the same target remain their position (Fig. 5(a) (c)). When up TVC encounters other tunnel, passing or stopping movement was also chosen randomly, with equal probability which was based on empirical data (Fig. 5(d) (f)) (Su et al., 2004). In the similar way, we can define the similar treatment for the possible configurations that the down/left/right walkers, may encounter. In our model, when any TVC reaches boundary wall, the simulation is terminated Food resource The distribution of food was expressed by the field n(i, j) which was the number of foods at the lattice site (i, j). We allowed at most one food at any lattice site so n(i, j) was a binary field, i.e. n(i, j) = 0 or 1. The occupancy of the food in each lattice was given by thresholding based on the probability F, which represents density: { 1 when rand(i, j) <F n(i, j) = 0 otherwise where rand(i, j) represents the randomly generated number at the site (i, j). Here, F denotes the food density. In the present study, the results of simulations were statistically averaged over 300 runs Heterogeneous landscapes We used the neutral landscape model (Gardner et al., 1987; With, 1997) to create spatially complex patterns on lattice space (Fig. 6). In the figure, each lattice cell has a value representing the spatially distributed property of the landscape (e.g., soil particle size, temperature, and moisture). As details of complex effects of the properties Fig. 6. Neutral landscape model. Heterogeneous landscapes vary in the aggregation control parameter, H, which produces a gradient of fragmentation.
6 S.-H. Lee et al. / BioSystems 90 (2007) on termite foraging behavior is not known, the environmental properties were, for simplicity, represented as a height, h, ranging from 0 to 1. The high value of h represents a bad environmental condition. Here, an internal parameter, H, controlling aggregation of lattice cells with higher value of h, was assigned from 0.0 to 1.0. Higher H values correspond to higher aggregation levels. In order to represent interaction between TVC and landscape, the probability determining whether the TVC advances or not arises from random process at their position at each time step. When the value of the probability is larger than that of the landscape height, h, the TVC can advance according to transition rule mentioned in Section Simulation results and discussions Fig. 7 shows typical termite tunneling patterns for the four different values of H = 0.0, 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 where the number of primary tunnels, N = 6. In the figure, landscapes were displayed using the pixels that have gray color to represent the value of h. The probability of a TVC advancing through a cell in each time step is reduced as h increases (bright color), while the probability becomes more likely with a lower h (dark color) until at h = 0 there is no impediment to TVC advancement. The variation in response to h represents a differential in the labor allotted to tunnel excavation based on the environmental conditions encountered. In case of H = 0.0, the lengths of all primary tunnels constructed by TVCs were similar because cells with higher h were strongly fragmented, leading to a more uniform distribution (Fig. 7(a)). As H increased, the cells were more likely to form clusters of high or low h. When H = 0.4, several primary tunnel lengths became shortened due to aggregations of cells of high h acting to reduce the probability of their advancement (Fig. 7(b)). As the primary tunnel length became shorter, the tunnel area, defined as the number of cells occupied by the Fig. 7. Typical termite tunneling patterns for four different values of H, H=0.0, 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 where the number of primary tunnel N =6.
7 320 S.-H. Lee et al. / BioSystems 90 (2007) Fig. 8. The relation between encounter rate ε and the heterogeneity of landscape H for different food densities F and the number of primary tunnels N. total complex of primary tunnels in an arena, became smaller. At H = 0.7, the combination of the size and distribution of clusters makes it likely that many primary tunnels will encounter areas of high h and be foreshortened, minimizing tunnel area at this value (Fig. 7(c), dotted circles indicate cell clusters with higher (h > 0.7)). When the degree of aggregation H was maximized (Fig. 7(d)), the larger, but less frequent clusters made it likely that some primary tunnels do not encounter zones of reduced tunnel propagation. These few TVCs that construct longer primary tunnels contributed to the increase of tunnel area in comparison with that of Fig. 7(c). Fig. 8 shows the relationship between the encounter rate ε and the landscape heterogeneity H for different food density F and the number of primary tunnel N. Regardless of H and N, when the value of F was low (F = and 0.002), the encounter rate ε was much less influenced by H. IfF is low, even though tunnel area significantly varies in different H, the probability that TVCs will encounter sparse food particles is little changed. On the other hand, in case of the high value of F (F > 0.003), H greatly impacted food encounter rate ε. As H increases, ε becomes similar to the distribution of total tunnel area, because each cell encountered is more likely to contain food. With high F, ε drops markedly at H = 0.7 (Fig. 8(a)), just as tunnel area dropped at this value (Fig. 7(c)). As N increased, the inhibitory effect of clusters on tunnel area extended over whole ranges of H (Fig. 8(b) (d)). At these values of H, an increase in the number of primary tunnels leads to a larger proportion of those tunnels impeded relative to either low H, that lacked clusters, or very high H, where fewer clusters were unlikely to enclose a majority of primary tunnels. In order to understand the relationships among H, N, F, and ε, we investigated encounter rate ε and food density F for different values of H (Fig. 9(a)). This result shows that there is a linear relationship between ε and F regardless of H. If food particles were evenly distributed on a resulting tunneling pattern, the number of particles intercepted by the tunnel pattern will linearly increase with the number of food particles distributed or the tunnel area. The degree of increasing proportion, the slope m (= ε/ F), depends on the tunnel area. Higher values
8 S.-H. Lee et al. / BioSystems 90 (2007) Fig. 9. (a) The linear relationship between encounter rate ε and food density F for different the landscape heterogeneities. (b) The changes of the slope φ of the linear line fitted in the plot of ε against F according to H. of m imply larger tunnel area. From this relationship, we can justify the use of m as criteria for characterizing the tunneling pattern. Fig. 9(b) shows the changes of m against H for different N ranging from 6 to 12. The broken line is intended as a visual aid to demonstrate the valley-shaped trend of the slope data. When N = 9, the valley-shaped trend was relatively diluted. When N > 9, a few tunnels will invariable escape the inhibitory effect of high h clusters and move quickly to the edge of the area. This made the running time of simulation short because the model has constraint condition that when a TVC reaches the system boundary, the simulation is terminated. Thus, except for a few TVCs reaching the boundary wall, most TVCs did not have sufficient time to construct longer tunnel, decreasing of the encounter rate ε. In case of N < 9, most TVCs were interrupted by the clusters with higher h, so that even if the experiment was not terminated early, the tunnels propagated so slowly that tunnel area and encounter rate ε were still low. Consequently, at N = 9, the dilution of valley-shaped trend was attributed to the optimization of trade-off between the two variables, TVC s travel time and the asymmetric growth rate of primary tunnels. The results of this study showed that in field, subterranean termites may employ a foraging strategy controlling the number of primary tunnels to counter the decreased food encounter rate resulting from the effect of heterogeneous landscape. 5. Conclusions We demonstrated the effects of landscape heterogeneity on the termite tunnel pattern in relation to food encounter rate. To do this, we proposed a model mimicking termite tunnel pattern in heterogeneous landscapes. Most parameter values used in our model have been based on empirical data, which should justify their application. However, in field, the parameters pertaining to the transition probability might be different due to individual state (e.g. age, health and nutrition). Nevertheless, our model provides insight into the effect of the heterogeneity of landscape H on the encounter rate. When food density F was high (F > 0.003), the effect of H on ε appeared obviously, the valley-shaped trend, while in case of low F, the encounter rate ε was much less influenced by H (Fig. 8). In addition, we also showed the relationship among N, F, H, and ε (Fig. 9). Experimentation in field has not determined the relationship between termite tunnel pattern and the heterogeneity of landscape, but our simulation results provided not only possible prediction to the influence of the heterogeneous landscape but also a baseline for future empirical-work on the foraging pattern of subterranean termite. Acknowledgements We would like to thank P. Ban and R. Pepin (University of Florida) and for technical assistance. This research was supported by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station and a grant from USDA-ARS under the grant agreement No References Bonabeau, E., Social insect colonies as complex adaptive systems. Ecosystems 1, Capowiez, Y., Pierret, A., Daniel, O., Monestiez, P., Kretzschmar, A., D skeleton reconstruction of natural earthworm burrow sys-
9 322 S.-H. Lee et al. / BioSystems 90 (2007) tems using CAT scan images of soil cores. Biol. Fertil. Soils 27, Cartar, R.V., Real, L.A., Habitat structure and animal movement: the behaviour of bumble bees in uniform and random spatial resource distributions. Oecologia 112, Crist, T.O., Buertin, D.S., Wiens, J.A., Milne, B.T., Animal movement in heterogeneous landscapes: an experiment with Eleodes beetles in shortgrass prairie. Funct. Ecol. 6, De Roos, A.M., McCauley, E., Wilson, W.G., Mobility versus density-limited predator prey dynamics on different spatial scales. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B246, Etzenhouser, M.J., Owens, M.K., Spalinger, D.E., Murden, S.B., Foraging behavior of browsing ruminants in a heterogeneous landscape. Landscape Ecol. 13, Gardner, R.H., Milne, B.T., Turner, M.G., O Neill, R.V., Neutral models for the analysis of broad-scale landscape pattern. Landscape Ecol. 1, Grace, J.K., Abdallay, A., Farr, K.R., Eastern subterranean termite foraging (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) territories and populations in Toronto. Can. Entomol. 121, Greaves, T., Studies of foraging galleries and the invasion of living trees by Coptotermes acinaciformis and C. brunneus (Isoptera). Aust. J. Zool. 10, Gustafson, E., Gardner, R.H., The effect of landscape heterogeneity on the probability of patch colonization. Ecology 77, Ims, R.A., Movement patterns related to spatial structures. In: Hansson, L., Fahrig, L., Merriam, G. (Eds.), Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes. Chapman and Hall, London, pp Johnson, A.R., Wiens, J.A., Milne, B.T., Crist, T.O., Animal movements and population dynamics in heterogeneous landscapes. Landscape Ecol. 7 (1), Kareiva, P.M., Finding and losing host plants by Phyllotreta: patch size and surrounding habitat. Ecology 66, King, A.W., With, K.A., Dispersal success on spatially structured landscapes: when do spatial pattern and dispersal behavior really matter? Ecol. Model. 147, King, E.C., Spink, W.T., Foraging galleries of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, in Louisiana. Ann. Entomol. Am. 62, LaFage, J.P., Nutting, W.L., Haverty, M.I., Desert subterranean termite: a method for studying foraging behavior. Environ. Entomol. 2, Levin, D.A., Kerster, H.W., Niedzlek, M., Pollinator flight directionality and its effect on pollen flow. Evolution 25, McIntyre, N.E., Wiens, J.A., Interactions between landscape structure and animal behavior: the roles of heterogeneously distributed resources and food deprivation on movement patterns. Landscape Ecol. 14, Merriam, G., Landscape dynamics in farmland. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19, Ratcliffe, F.N., Greaves, T., The subterranean foraging galleries of Coptotermes lacteus (Froggatt). J. Counc. Sci. Ind. Res. Aust. 13, Rohani, P., Lewis, T.J., Grunbaum, D., Ruxton, G.D., Spatial self-organization in ecology: pretty patterns or robust reality? Trends Ecol. Evol. 12, Selkirk, K.E., Pattern and Place, an Introduction to the Mathematics of Geography. Cambridge University Press, New York. Su, N.-Y., Studies on the foraging of subterranean termites (Isoptera). Sociobiology 37 (2), Su, N.-Y., Stith, B.M., Puche, H., Bardunias, P., Characterization of tunneling geometry of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) by computer simulation. Sociobiology 44 (3), Su, N.-Y., Tamashiro, M., Yates, J.R., Havety, M.I., Foraging behavior of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Environ. Entomol. 13, Szacki, J., Liro, A., Movement of small mammals in the heterogeneous landscape. Landscape Ecol. 5 (4), Wiens, J.A., Landscape mosaics and ecological theory. In: Hansson, L., Fahrig, L., Merriam, G. (Eds.), Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes. Chapman and Hall, London, pp Wiens, J.A., Stenseth, N.C., Van Home, B., Ims, R.A., Ecological mechanisms and landscape ecology. Oikos 66, With, K.A., The application of neutral landscape models in conservation biology. Conserv. Biol. 11,
A Simulation Model for the Study of the Territorial Behavior of Subterranean Termites
한국시뮬레이션학회논문지 Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 1-9 (2012. 6) A Simulation Model for the Study of the Territorial Behavior of Subterranean Termites Wonju Jeon 1 Sang-Hee Lee 1 흰개미테리토리행동연구를위한시뮬레이션모델 전원주 이상희 ABSTRACT Subterranean
More informationNatal versus breeding dispersal: Evolution in a model system
Evolutionary Ecology Research, 1999, 1: 911 921 Natal versus breeding dispersal: Evolution in a model system Karin Johst 1 * and Roland Brandl 2 1 Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle Ltd, Department
More informationPakistan s climate ranges from tropical to
Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 45(1), pp. 19-26, 2013. Study of Foraging Behaviour of Coptotermes heimi (Wasmann) by Mark-Release-Recapture Method Farkhanda Manzoor,* Ruhma Syed and Azka Syed Department of Zoology,
More informationINTRODUCTION. by Boon-Hoi Yeoh 1,2 & Chow-Yang Lee 1,3
1087 Tunneling Activity, Wood Consumption and Survivorship of Coptotermes gestroi, Coptotermes curvignathus and Coptotermes kalshoveni (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in the Laboratory by Boon-Hoi Yeoh 1,2
More informationTOXICITY AND RETENTION OF DYE MARKERS TO HETEROTERMES INDICOLA
TOXICITY AND RETENTION OF DYE MARKERS TO HETEROTERMES INDICOLA Abdus Sattar *, Zahoor Salihah, Ruqiya Naeem and Abid Farid Received: May 9, 2007; Revised: Aug 1, 2007; Accepted: Aug 3, 2007 Abstract Different
More informationCoptotermes formosanus and Coptotermes gestroi (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) exhibit quantitatively different tunneling patterns
Research Article Coptotermes formosanus and Coptotermes gestroi (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) exhibit quantitatively different tunneling patterns Nirmala K. Hapukotuwa 1, and J. Kenneth Grace 2 1 Department
More informationMetapopulation modeling: Stochastic Patch Occupancy Model (SPOM) by Atte Moilanen
Metapopulation modeling: Stochastic Patch Occupancy Model (SPOM) by Atte Moilanen 1. Metapopulation processes and variables 2. Stochastic Patch Occupancy Models (SPOMs) 3. Connectivity in metapopulation
More informationEffect of Average Worker Size on Tunneling Behavior of Formosan Subterranean Termite Colonies
Journal of Insect Behavior, Vol. 17, No. 6, November 2004 ( C 2004) Effect of Average Worker Size on Tunneling Behavior of Formosan Subterranean Termite Colonies Cory E. Campora 1 and J. Kenneth Grace
More informationSHUT TERMITES OUT WITHOUT TOXIC CHEMICALS. The World s Most Effective Termite Baiting System TOTAL TERMITE COLONY ELIMINATION
The World s Most Effective Termite Baiting System TOTAL TERMITE COLONY ELIMINATION Do you Really Want Toxic Chemicals Around Your Home? The EXTERRA Termite Interception and Baiting System has established
More informationParameter Sensitivity In A Lattice Ecosystem With Intraguild Predation
Parameter Sensitivity In A Lattice Ecosystem With Intraguild Predation N. Nakagiri a, K. Tainaka a, T. Togashi b, T. Miyazaki b and J. Yoshimura a a Department of Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University,
More informationAbstract. Keyword: subterranean termites, termiticides, non-repellent, tunneling, wood consumption. Introduction
Evaluation of several novel and conventional termiticide formulations against the Asian subterranean termite, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) by BoonHoi Yeoh & ChowYang Lee* Urban
More informationx lo6 termites for colony A and 1.24 x lo6 termites for colony B, Peng-Soon Ngeel & Chow-Yang ABSTRACT
Colony Characterization of a Mound-Building Subterranean Termite, Globitermes sulphureus (Isoptera: Termitidae) Using Modified Single-Mark Recapture Technique by.. Peng-Soon Ngeel & Chow-Yang ABSTRACT
More informationThe Invasion of False Brome in Western Oregon
The Invasion of False Brome in Western Oregon GIS II Presentation Winter 2006 Will Fellers Kurt Hellerman Kathy Strope Statia Cupit False Brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum) Perennial bunchgrass native to
More informationUsing body size to predict perceptual range
OIKOS 98: 47 52, 2002 Using body size to predict perceptual range Stephen G. Mech and Patrick A. Zollner Mech, S. G. and Zollner, P. A. 2002. Using body size to predict perceptual range. Oikos 98: 47 52.
More informationStability Of Specialists Feeding On A Generalist
Stability Of Specialists Feeding On A Generalist Tomoyuki Sakata, Kei-ichi Tainaka, Yu Ito and Jin Yoshimura Department of Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University Abstract The investigation of ecosystem
More informationWhat Shapes an Ecosystem Section 4-2
What Shapes an Ecosystem Section 4-2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors. Biotic factors are the biological influences on an organism.
More informationPopulation Ecology. Study of populations in relation to the environment. Increase population size= endangered species
Population Basics Population Ecology Study of populations in relation to the environment Purpose: Increase population size= endangered species Decrease population size = pests, invasive species Maintain
More informationDISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS CASTES IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE MOUND OF THE TERMITES ODONTOTERMES OBESUS RAMBUR (ISOPTERA-TERMITIDAE)
Research Article Biological Sciences DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS CASTES IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE MOUND OF THE TERMITES ODONTOTERMES OBESUS RAMBUR (ISOPTERA-TERMITIDAE) A.Nageswara Rao* 1, E.Narayana 2, Ch.
More information3. LANDSCAPE FRAGMENTATION AS THE MAIN THREAT TO THE INTEGRITY OF THE OPERATION OF THE LANDSCAPE
Landscape fragmentation as the main threat to the integrity of the operation of the landscape 3 3. LANDSCAPE FRAGMENTATION AS THE MAIN THREAT TO THE INTEGRITY OF THE OPERATION OF THE LANDSCAPE The loss
More informationWest Indian Subterranean Termite, Heterotermessp. (Insecta: Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) 1
EENY127 West Indian Subterranean Termite, Heterotermessp. (Insecta: Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) 1 Rudolf H. Scheffrahn and Nan-Yao Su 2 Introduction Heterotermes is a structure-infesting termite genus that
More informationLattice models of habitat destruction in a prey-predator system
22nd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 3 to 8 December 2017 mssanz.org.au/modsim2017 Lattice models of habitat destruction in a prey-predator system Nariiyuki
More informationInterspecific Agonism and Foraging Competition Between Coptotermes formosanus and Coptotermes gestroi (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)
Interspecific Agonism and Foraging Competition Between Coptotermes formosanus and Coptotermes gestroi (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) by Sean Y. Uchima 1,2 & J. Kenneth Grace 1* ABSTRACT We investigated interactions
More informationBehavioral Response of the Formosan Subterranean Termite to Borate-Treated Wood
Formosan Proc. Hawaiian Subterranean Entomol. Soc. Termite (2007) Response 39:127 137 to Borate-Treated Wood 127 Behavioral Response of the Formosan Subterranean Termite to Borate-Treated Wood Cory E.
More informationA case study for self-organized criticality and complexity in forest landscape ecology
Chapter 1 A case study for self-organized criticality and complexity in forest landscape ecology Janine Bolliger Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL) Zürcherstrasse 111; CH-8903 Birmendsdorf, Switzerland
More informationHabitat loss and the disassembly of mutalistic networks
Habitat loss and the disassembly of mutalistic networks Miguel A. Fortuna, Abhay Krishna and Jordi Bascompte M. A. Fortuna (fortuna@ebd.csic.es), A. Krishna and J. Bascompte, Integrative Ecology Group
More informationTransfer of Termiticidal Dust Compounds and their Effects on Symbiotic Protozoa of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar)
IRG/WP 08-10661 THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH GROUP ON WOOD PROTECTION Section 1 Biology Transfer of Termiticidal Dust Compounds and their Effects on Symbiotic Protozoa of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar)
More informationExterra Termite Interception & Baiting System. The End of the Line for Termites!
Exterra Termite Interception & Baiting System The End of the Line for Termites! Which Termite Manager would make you feel safer? A System for Eliminating termite COLONIES More effective termite management
More informationFood Web and Ecological Relationships Quiz
Biology II Ms. Chen Name: Food Web and Ecological Relationships Quiz Date: Multiple Choice (2 pts each) Directions: Circle the best answer. 1. The loss of the producers in an ecosystem would most likely
More informationAgonistic Interactions of Four Ant Species Occurring in Hawaii with Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
643 Agonistic Interactions of Four Ant Species Occurring in Hawaii with Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) by Ranit Kirschenbaum 1 & J. Kenneth Grace 1 ABSTRACT Of the ca. 44 ant species
More informationThe Structure of Ecological Networks and Consequences for Fragility
The Structure of Ecological Networks and Consequences for Fragility closely connected clustered Emily I. Jones ECOL 596H Feb. 13, 2008 Why ecological network structure matters 2. 3. the network contains
More informationScale of habitat connectivity and colonization in fragmented nuthatch populations
ECOGRAPHY 23: 614 622. Copenhagen 2000 Scale of habitat connectivity and colonization in fragmented nuthatch populations Frank van Langevelde van Langevelde, F. 2000. Scale of habitat connectivity and
More informationChapter 5 Lecture. Metapopulation Ecology. Spring 2013
Chapter 5 Lecture Metapopulation Ecology Spring 2013 5.1 Fundamentals of Metapopulation Ecology Populations have a spatial component and their persistence is based upon: Gene flow ~ immigrations and emigrations
More informationTermites can destroy your home. How does Termidor work? How to turn termites Inside-Out. Termidor Dust. Then why use the Termidor Dust?
Termites can destroy your home Termites are increasingly causing major structural damage to buildings throughout Australia and striking fear into the hearts of homeowners. With the home so often the major
More informationJournal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2015; 3(5): Muhammad Misbah-ul-Haq, Imtiaz Ali Khan
2015; 3(5): 406-411 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 JEZS 2015; 3(5): 406-411 2015 JEZS Received: 22-08-2015 Accepted: 24-09-2015 Muhammad Misbah-ul-Haq Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture, Peshawar,
More informationSolving Numerical Optimization Problems by Simulating Particle-Wave Duality and Social Information Sharing
International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IC-AI), Las Vegas, USA, 2002: 1163-1169 Solving Numerical Optimization Problems by Simulating Particle-Wave Duality and Social Information Sharing Xiao-Feng
More informationNon-independence in Statistical Tests for Discrete Cross-species Data
J. theor. Biol. (1997) 188, 507514 Non-independence in Statistical Tests for Discrete Cross-species Data ALAN GRAFEN* AND MARK RIDLEY * St. John s College, Oxford OX1 3JP, and the Department of Zoology,
More informationInvasive Species Test. 30 Stations 90 seconds each -or- 15 stations (2/seat) 3 minutes each
Invasive Species Test 30 Stations 90 seconds each -or- 15 stations (2/seat) 3 minutes each Station 1 A. The insect transmits Huanglongbing killing the plant upon which it feeds. How was this species introduced
More informationApplication of Cellular Automata in Conservation Biology and Environmental Management 1
Application of Cellular Automata in Conservation Biology and Environmental Management 1 Miklós Bulla, Éva V. P. Rácz Széchenyi István University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 9026 Győr Egyetem
More informationSynergy of Diflubenzuron Baiting and NHA Dusting on Mortality of Reticulitermes flavipes
Synergy of Diflubenzuron Baiting and NHA Dusting on Mortality of Reticulitermes flavipes F. Green III R.A Arango G.R. Esenther USDA Forest Products Laboratory Madison, Wisconsin M.G Rojas J. Morales-Ramos
More informationDescribing Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) Nesting Habitat at Multiple Spatial Scales in Southeastern Oregon
Describing Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) Nesting Habitat at Multiple Spatial Scales in Southeastern Oregon Steven Petersen, Richard Miller, Andrew Yost, and Michael Gregg SUMMARY Plant
More informationSpatial Graph Theory for Cross-scale Connectivity Analysis
Spatial Graph Theory for Cross-scale Connectivity Analysis Andrew Fall School of Resource and Environmental Management, SFU and Gowlland Technologies Ltd., Victoria, BC Acknowledgements Marie-Josée Fortin,
More informationESRM 441 Landscape Ecology
ESRM 441 Landscape Ecology Dr. James A Freund jafchen@uw.edu Website: http://courses.washington.edu/esrm441 What is a landscape? Landscape: an area composed of multiple distinct elements that create pattern
More informationBENEFICIAL INSECTS GOING BUGGY
BENEFICIAL INSECTS GOING BUGGY GOALS FOR THIS STATION Understand the importance of beneficial insects Understand the importance of native bees Understand the importance of conserving insect habitats ROLES
More informationImage Segmentation: Definition Importance. Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed. Chapter 10 Image Segmentation.
: Definition Importance Detection of Discontinuities: 9 R = wi z i= 1 i Point Detection: 1. A Mask 2. Thresholding R T Line Detection: A Suitable Mask in desired direction Thresholding Line i : R R, j
More informationEcological rescue under environmental change. Supplementary Material 1: Description of full metacommunity model
Ecological rescue under environmental change Supplementary Material 1: Description of full metacommunity model *Pradeep Pillai 1, Tarik C. Gouhier 1, and Steven V. Vollmer 1 * Corresponding author: pradeep.research@gmail.com
More informationInternational Journal of Education and Research Vol. 1 No. 1 January 2013 DISTRIBUTION OF SPITTLEBUG NYMPH
International Journal of Education and Research Vol. 1 No. 1 January 2013 DISTRIBUTION OF SPITTLEBUG NYMPH 1 SOMNATH BHAKAT, 2 PRADIP DEY & 3 ARUP KR. SINHA 1,2,3 Department of Zoology, Rampurhat College,
More informationCommunity phylogenetics review/quiz
Community phylogenetics review/quiz A. This pattern represents and is a consequent of. Most likely to observe this at phylogenetic scales. B. This pattern represents and is a consequent of. Most likely
More informationCOURSE SCHEDULE. Other applications of genetics in conservation Resolving taxonomic uncertainty
Tutorials: Next week, Tues. 5 Oct. meet in from of Library Processing entre (path near Woodward) at 2pm. We re going on a walk in the woods, so dress appropriately! Following week, Tues. 2 Oct.: Global
More informationWhat determines: 1) Species distributions? 2) Species diversity? Patterns and processes
Species diversity What determines: 1) Species distributions? 2) Species diversity? Patterns and processes At least 120 different (overlapping) hypotheses explaining species richness... We are going to
More informationExam 3. Principles of Ecology. April 14, Name
Exam 3. Principles of Ecology. April 14, 2010. Name Directions: Perform beyond your abilities. There are 100 possible points (+ 9 extra credit pts) t N t = N o N t = N o e rt N t+1 = N t + r o N t (1-N
More informationSeasonal patterns of nitrogen fixation in termites
Functional Ecology 1998 ORIGINAL ARTICLE OA 000 EN Seasonal patterns of nitrogen fixation in termites A. D. CURTIS and D. A. WALLER Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk,
More informationEcological Relationships
Ecological Relationships http://www.univie.ac.at/zoologie/ecophys/crabsp-300dpi.jpg http://www.cs.umbc.edu/courses/undergraduate/201/fall06/projects/p1/fox-rabbit.jpg How do biotic factors influence each
More informationUsing Landsat Imagery to Model Increasing Habitat Fragmentation and Its Effects on Tree Migration Abstract
Using Landsat Imagery to Model Increasing Habitat Fragmentation and Its Effects on Tree Migration Abstract Numerous models, such as that by Iverson and Prasad (1998), have been developed to investigate
More informationEffects of rain and foot disturbances on pit size and location preference of antlions (Myrmeleon immaculatus)
Effects of rain and foot disturbances on pit size and location preference of antlions (Myrmeleon immaculatus) Angela Feng University of Michigan Biological Station EEB 381 Ecology August 17, 2010 Professor
More informationYear 3 Science Expectations
Year 3 Science Expectations Term Key Learning Autumn 1 Pupils should explore what happens when light reflects off a mirror or other reflective surfaces, including playing mirror games to help them answer
More informationRESERVE DESIGN INTRODUCTION. Objectives. In collaboration with Wendy K. Gram. Set up a spreadsheet model of a nature reserve with two different
RESERVE DESIGN In collaboration with Wendy K. Gram Objectives Set up a spreadsheet model of a nature reserve with two different habitats. Calculate and compare abundances of species with different habitat
More informationHabitat fragmentation and evolution of dispersal. Jean-François Le Galliard CNRS, University of Paris 6, France
Habitat fragmentation and evolution of dispersal Jean-François Le Galliard CNRS, University of Paris 6, France Habitat fragmentation : facts Habitat fragmentation describes a state (or a process) of discontinuities
More informationNext Generation Science Standards
Flower Functions Students learn the basic structure of a plant and how each part works together as a system to obtain essential resources needed for the plant s survival. Grade Level: 1st Phenomena: How
More informationThe effect of emigration and immigration on the dynamics of a discrete-generation population
J. Biosci., Vol. 20. Number 3, June 1995, pp 397 407. Printed in India. The effect of emigration and immigration on the dynamics of a discrete-generation population G D RUXTON Biomathematics and Statistics
More informationProtecting Pollinators in Home Lawns and Landscapes
POL-1 PROTECTING POLLINATORS Bumble bee on a thistle flower. Protecting Pollinators in Home Lawns and Landscapes Doug Richmond and Cliff Sadof Purdue Entomology Extension Specialists Why Are Pollinators
More informationVOL. 38, NO. 3 SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST SEP. 2013
VOL. 38, NO. 3 SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST SEP. 2013 Evaluation of Aggregate Particles as a Physical Barrier to Prevent Subterranean Termite Incursion into Structures T. Chris Keefer 1, Dan G. Zollinger
More informationSupporting Online Material
Supporting Online Material 1. Material and Methods We used the average home range data of 279 mammal species as published in Kelt and Van Vuren (S1). These are almost exclusively based on minimum convex
More informationLAB EXERCISE #3 Neutral Landscape Analysis Summary of Key Results and Conclusions
LAB EXERCISE #3 Neutral Landscape Analysis Summary of Key Results and Conclusions Below is a brief summary of the key results and conclusions of this exercise. Note, this is not an exhaustive summary,
More informationThe production of soldiers and the maintenance of caste proportions delay the growth of termite incipient colonies
Insect. Soc. (2015) 62:23 29 DOI 10.1007/s00040-014-0369-z Insectes Sociaux RESEARCH ARTICLE The production of soldiers and the maintenance of caste proportions delay the growth of termite incipient colonies
More informationHABITAT SELECTION INTRODUCTION. Objectives
25 HABITAT SELECTION In collaboration with David N. Bonter Objectives Develop a spreadsheet model of ideal-free habitat selection. Compare the ideal-free and ideal-despotic habitat selection models. INTRODUCTION
More informationCompetition Among Organisms
A Vote for Ecology Activity 5 Competition Among Organisms GOALS In this activity you will: Observe the effects of competition among plants for space and nutrients. Describe the possible effects of introducing
More information2017 Pre-AP Biology Ecology Quiz Study Guide
2017 Pre-AP Biology Ecology Quiz Study Guide 1. Identify two processes that break-down organic molecules and return CO 2 to the atmosphere: 2. Identify one process that removes CO 2 from the atmosphere
More informationLevels of Organization in Ecosystems. Ecologists organize ecosystems into three major levels. These levels are: population, community, and ecosystem.
Levels of Organization in Ecosystems Ecologists organize ecosystems into three major levels. These levels are: population, community, and ecosystem. Population A population is a group of individuals of
More informationENVIRONMENTAL LITERACY INFUSION IN SCIENCE & SOCIAL STUDIES CURRICULA
Standard 4: Populations, Communities and Ecosystems The student will use physical, chemical, biological, and ecological concepts to analyze and explain the interdependence of humans and organisms in populations,
More informationMidsouth Entomologist 8: 1-9 ISSN:
Midsouth Entomologist 8: 1-9 ISSN: 1936-6019 www.midsouthentomologist.org.msstate.edu Research Article Effect of Chemical Cues on the Foraging and Tunneling Behavior of Formosan Subterranean Termites (Isoptera:
More informationMOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION OF HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEATION OF LIQUID DROPLET ON SOLID SURFACE
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION OF HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEATION OF LIQUID DROPLET ON SOLID SURFACE Tatsuto Kimura* and Shigeo Maruyama** *Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-- Hongo,
More informationEffects of Climate Change on Subterranean Termite Territory Size: A Simulation Study
Effects of Climate Change on Subterranean Termite Territory Size: A Simulation Study Authors: Sang-Hee Lee, and Tae-Soo Chon Source: Journal of Insect Science, 11(80) : 1-14 Published By: Entomological
More informationInsectes Sociaux. M. L. Cornelius Æ W. L. A. Osbrink. Introduction
Insect. Soc. (2009) 56:203 211 DOI 10.1007/s00040-009-0014-4 Insectes Sociaux RESEARCH ARTICLE Bioassay design and length of time in the laboratory affect intercolonial interactions of the Formosan subterranean
More informationA General Unified Niche-Assembly/Dispersal-Assembly Theory of Forest Species Biodiversity
A General Unified Niche-Assembly/Dispersal-Assembly Theory of Forest Species Biodiversity Keith Rennolls CMS, University of Greenwich, Park Row, London SE10 9LS k.rennolls@gre.ac.uk Abstract: A generalised
More informationBIOS 230 Landscape Ecology. Lecture #32
BIOS 230 Landscape Ecology Lecture #32 What is a Landscape? One definition: A large area, based on intuitive human scales and traditional geographical studies 10s of hectares to 100s of kilometers 2 (1
More informationEvaluating empirical scaling relations of pattern metrics with simulated landscapes
ECOGRAPHY 27: 459/469, 2004 Evaluating empirical scaling relations of pattern metrics with simulated landscapes Weijun Shen, G. Darrel Jenerette, Jianguo Wu and Robert H. Gardner Shen, W., Jenerette, G.
More informationStability Analyses of the 50/50 Sex Ratio Using Lattice Simulation
Stability Analyses of the 50/50 Sex Ratio Using Lattice Simulation Y. Itoh, K. Tainaka and J. Yoshimura Department of Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561 Japan Abstract:
More informationStation #5: Evolution. Read over the Theory of Evolution study guide Answer the following questions:
Station #5: Evolution Read over the Theory of Evolution study guide Answer the following questions: 1. Which of the following does not contribute to genetic variation among offspring? a. Division of cells
More informationCommunity Structure. Community An assemblage of all the populations interacting in an area
Community Structure Community An assemblage of all the populations interacting in an area Community Ecology The ecological community is the set of plant and animal species that occupy an area Questions
More informationCHAPTER 14. Interactions in Ecosystems: Day One
CHAPTER 14 Interactions in Ecosystems: Day One Habitat versus Niche Review! What is a habitat? All of the biotic and abiotic factors in the area where an organism lives. Examples: grass, trees, and watering
More informationTypes of Consumers. herbivores
no energy = no life Types of Consumers herbivores herbivore us vegetation to swallow or devour Types of Consumers herbivores the organisms that eat plants carnivores carnivore us flesh to swallow or devour
More informationLow-Density Parity-Check Codes
Department of Computer Sciences Applied Algorithms Lab. July 24, 2011 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Algorithms for LDPC 3 Properties 4 Iterative Learning in Crowds 5 Algorithm 6 Results 7 Conclusion PART I
More informationFigure 2 If birds eat insects that feed on corn, which pyramid level in the diagram would birds occupy? 1. A 3. C 2. B 4. D
Ecology Week 1 Assignment. This week's assignment will count as a quiz grade. Please speak to Mr. Roes about any questions that you would like help on! 1. The fact that no organism exists as an entity
More informationGood Morning! When the bell rings we will be filling out AP Paper work.
Good Morning! Turn in HW into bin or email to smithm9@fultonschools.org If you do not want to tear the lab out of your notebook take a picture and email it. When the bell rings we will be filling out AP
More informationEcological Succession
Primary Climax Community Ecological Secondary (young) Secondary (old) Interdependence Within Environmental Systems 323 324 Interdependence within Environmental Systems Teacher Pages Purpose The purpose
More informationPriority areas for grizzly bear conservation in western North America: an analysis of habitat and population viability INTRODUCTION METHODS
Priority areas for grizzly bear conservation in western North America: an analysis of habitat and population viability. Carroll, C. 2005. Klamath Center for Conservation Research, Orleans, CA. Revised
More informationReview for Exam 1. Erik G. Learned-Miller Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts, Amherst Amherst, MA
Review for Exam Erik G. Learned-Miller Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts, Amherst Amherst, MA 0003 March 26, 204 Abstract Here are some things you need to know for the in-class
More informationWithin predator-prey systems, interference has been defined
Behavioral Ecology Vol. 11 No. 6: 597 605 Predator search pattern and the strength of interference through prey depression Richard A. Stillman, John D. Goss-Custard, and Matthew J. Alexander Centre for
More informationCarissa bispinosa (hedgethorn)
Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. 28. Predicting Invasive Plants in
More informationLecture Notes 7 Random Processes. Markov Processes Markov Chains. Random Processes
Lecture Notes 7 Random Processes Definition IID Processes Bernoulli Process Binomial Counting Process Interarrival Time Process Markov Processes Markov Chains Classification of States Steady State Probabilities
More informationKey Issue 1: Where Are Services Distributed? INTRODUCING SERVICES AND SETTLEMENTS LEARNING OUTCOME DESCRIBE THE THREE TYPES OF SERVICES
Revised 2017 NAME: PERIOD: Rubenstein: The Cultural Landscape (12 th edition) Chapter Twelve Services and Settlements (pages 430 thru 457) This is the primary means by which you will be taking notes this
More informationPee Dee Explorer. Science Standards
Science Standards About Pee Dee Explorer What does it mean when someone says they are from the "Pee Dee" of South Carolina? A place is bigger than its physical geography. A "sense of place" weaves together
More informationEVOLUTION OF COMPLEX FOOD WEB STRUCTURE BASED ON MASS EXTINCTION
EVOLUTION OF COMPLEX FOOD WEB STRUCTURE BASED ON MASS EXTINCTION Kenichi Nakazato Nagoya University Graduate School of Human Informatics nakazato@create.human.nagoya-u.ac.jp Takaya Arita Nagoya University
More informationPollinators in Natural Areas A Primer on Habitat Management
The Xerces Society Conservation, education, and research, for invertebrates and their habitat. Pollinators in Natural Areas A Primer on Habitat Management Presented by Scott Hoffman Black Executive Director
More informationCHAPTER ONE. Introduction
CHAPTER ONE Introduction The advent of radio telemetry in the late 1950s revolutionized the study of animal movement, enabling the systematic measurement of animal movement patterns (Cochran and Lord 1963).
More informationContinuation Study of the Response of Subterranean Termites (Coptotermes formosanus )to Organosilane Treated Wood Wafers (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
1459 Continuation Study of the Response of Subterranean Termites (Coptotermes formosanus )to Organosilane Treated Wood Wafers (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) By Todd E. Johnson 1, Shane C. Kitchens 2 & Terry
More informationEcology and evolution of clonal integration in heterogeneous environment
Ecology and evolution of clonal integration in heterogeneous environment Ph.D. THESIS Ádám Kun Biology Ph.D. School of Loránd Eötvös University Ph.D. Program of Theoretical Biology and Ecology Dr. Beáta
More informationName Date Class. biota climate decomposition horizon organic matter parent material pore sediment soil topography. Clues
Content Vocabulary Directions: Use the clues and the terms listed below to complete the puzzle. NOTE: There is no empty square in the puzzle between the words of two-word terms. Some words may not be used.
More informationName period date assigned date due date returned. Plant Adaptations
Name period date assigned date due date returned or each plant structure, write down its function and adaptations it can have to help the plant survive and reproduce. structure function adaptations root
More informationQuantum Dots: A New Technique to Assess Mycorrhizal Contributions to Plant Nitrogen Across a Fire-Altered Landscape
2006-2011 Mission Kearney Foundation of Soil Science: Understanding and Managing Soil-Ecosystem Functions Across Spatial and Temporal Scales Progress Report: 2006007, 1/1/2007-12/31/2007 Quantum Dots:
More information