AN EVALUATION OF CONE AND SEED INSECTS IN SELECTED SEED PRODUCTION AREAS IN REGION 1 (Progress Report II) Jerald E. Dewey and Michael J.

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Report No. 8-8 345 September 98 AN EVALUATON OF CONE AND SEED NSECTS N SELECTED SEED PRODUCTON AREAS N REGON (Progress Report ) by Jerald E. Dewey and Michael J.

1 Report No September 98 AN EVALUATON OF CONE AND SEED NSECTS N SELECTED SEED PRODUCTON AREAS N REGON (Progress Report ) by Jerald E. Dewey and Michael J. Jenkins / ABSTRACT nsect damage was extensive to Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, western white pine, and western larch nes at most seed production areas surveyed in 979. From 7 to percent of the nes from several llecting periods were injured. Moderate damage (4-7 percent of nes injured) occurred to Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, western larch, and western white pine from a few areas. Light damage (less than 4 percent) occurred on western white pine nes from a few seed production areas, and to all lodgepole pine and western hemlock nes llected. The primary insect species observed were western spruce budworm on Douglas-fir and western larch; midges on Douglas-fir, western larch, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine; ne worms on Douglas-fir, western larch, and ponderosa pine; and the Douglas-fir ne moth on Douglas-fir. NTRODUCTON Seventy-two seed production areas (SPA's) and one seed orchard have been established or planned in the Northern Region (figure ). With the establishment mes the need for ntinuous management, including protection of nes from insects. Currently few ntrol alternatives have been developed for ne and seed insects of western nifers. Prior to development of ntrol techniques the problem insects must be precisely identified, their biologies understood, and their impacts defined. n 978 we initiated a survey of the Northern Region's SPA's to identify on the basis of area and tree / Respectively, Supervisory Entomologist, USDA-Forest Service, Forest nsect and Disease Management, Missoula, Montana; Graduate Student, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Northern Region State & Private Forestry P.O. Box 7669 Missoula, Montana 5987

2 species those insects seriously affecting seed production. This survey, which included a damage assessment, was ntinued in 979. t is our intent to ntinue this effort until we have surveyed each SPA during years of light, moderate,, and heavy ne crops because insect mplexes, population levels, and subsequent injury differ with host area, and fluctuation of ne crop size. This report summarizes our observations of 979. OBJECTVES The objectives of this evaluation are:. Determine the primary neand seed-feeding insects on a host basis at each existing and presently planned seed production area in the Region. 2. Describe the type of injury and quantify the amount of injury caused by each insect species. 3. Where possible, rrelate extent of ne and seed injury with such factors as habitat type, elevation, stand age, and stocking density. This information is to be ultimately used to develop insect management systems for SPA's where intolerable losses occur. METHODS Methods used in 979 were identical with those of 978 (Dewey and Jenkins 979) except for ne llection. n addition to 978 llecting methods, small caliber (.28 and.22/.25) rifles were used for shooting off ne-bearing branches when other approaches we re not feasible. RESULTS Sixty-seven SPA's were visited in 979 to assess their suitability for monitoring ne and seed insects. For most tree species throughout the Region, 979 was a poor ne year. Of the 67 SPA's examined, only 29 had sufficient nes to allow llecting, and only 8 of those had enough nes for three or more llections throughout the summer. Survey results are presented in table. DSCUSSON Much variability is being observed in the extent and type of ne and seed injury caused by insects. Some tree species, such as Douglas-fir, are severely affected by a wide variety of insects at most locations, whereas other tree species, such as lodgepole pine, are only slightly impacted by just a few insect species throughout the Region. Cone crops are naturally very sporadic; many species produce good crops at intervals of 5 years or more. Cone llection for regeneration during years of light or moderate ne production should be disuraged, for seed quality will likely be inferior due to insect predation. Seed production area management should include a fall or winter assessment of the potential ne crop for the following spring. This n

4 n can be done by unting first year nes on the pines and by dissecting buds of Douglas-fir, true firs, and spruce. f the potential exists for a large ne crop, plans should be made for protecting and harvesting it. Survey data should be reviewed to determine the impacts of different insects at that site during years of mparable ne crops. Control alternatives should be evaluated if rerds suggest insect ntrol will be necessary. Appropriate Environmental Assessment Reports or Environmental mpact Statements are then prepared. Equipment and manpower needs for ne harvesting must be assessed early enough to insure that large numbers of nes can be llected. Viability of stored seed is good for most tree species for or more years. Hence, if sufficient nes are llected during bumper crop years, seed inventories can be used until the next bumper crop. This is the most enomical time for ne llecting and the time when seed quality is highest. REFERENCES CTED Dewey, Jerald E., and Michael J. Jenkins, 979. An evaluation of ne and seed insects in selected seed production areas in Region. (Progress Report). USDA-Forest Service, Forest nsect and Disease Management, Report No

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A L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W

A L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W Volume 52 Fall 2000 Number 1 B E F O R E D I S A B I L I T Y C I V I L R I G HT S : C I V I L W A R P E N S I O N S A N D TH E P O L I T I C S O F D I S A B I L I T Y I N