Recent results on non-inductive startup of highly overdense ST plasma by electron Bernstein wave on LATE
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1 Recent results on non-inductive startup of highly overdense ST plasma by electron Bernstein wave on LATE M. Uchida, Y. Nozawa, H. Tanaka, T. Maekawa Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University
2 Outline Non-inductive start-up of ST by EBW on LATE Formation of highly overdense ST by the 1st propagation band EBW heating 2.45GHz, 80kW experiments 5GHz, 200kW experiments
3 Non inductive start up of Tokamak by ECRF If the center solenoid (CS) can be eliminated, the core structure of the Tokamak device would be highly simplified (vacuum vessel, blanket, neutron shield). For ST based devices such as CTF-ST and FNSF-ST, elimination of the CS is crucial since there is only a severely limited space in the center column to make the aspect ratio sufficiently low. ECH/ECCD is an attractive tool for non-inductive startup since the EC wave power can be injected through a small launcher located far from the plasma surface.
4 Non-inductive startup of ST by EB waves The LATE device has explored physics on non-inductive start-up of Tokamak by ECRF power. Spherical Tokamak Start-up by electron Bernstein (EB) waves 1. Current ramp-up by high N // waves resonance electron gains; p / E = N /c Previous experiment showed that high N// EB waves (N// > 1) rapidly ramps up the plasma current as fast as ~260 ka/s, comparable to the LH ramp-up rate. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 (2010) ] 2. Overdense plasma production Electron density strongly depends on the location of EC resonance layer. n e exceeds 7 times the plasma cutoff density
5 Noninductive startup by EBW in the 1st propagation band 1st propagation band EBW heating in ST EBW dispersion relation indicates that EBW can propagate only between the EC harmonics. Propagation and absorption are restricted in the band having the UHR Only the 1st propagation band has a robust accessibility to UHR in ST 1st band scheme 1st propagation band 2nd band scheme 2nd band UHR UHR 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 3rd
6 Noninductive startup by EBW in the 1st propagation band in ST a UHR a Outer edge of LCFS 1 1 1st propagation band heating scheme R 0 R out then 1st 2nd 2 for any torus (A > 1) easy to set UHR between 1 st and 2 nd ECR UHR 2nd propagation band heating scheme R 0 a a R out then 3 2 for A > 2; normal aspect ratio 3 2 for A < 2; low aspect ratio 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Relatively difficult to hold UHR between 2 nd and 3 rd ECR in low aspect ratio torus
7 LATE is exploring non-solenoidal start-up by ECRF power LATE Parameters: 2.45GHz, 20kW #3 1m 2.45GHz, 20kW, 2sec #1 Vacuum vessel: diam.=height=1m Center post : diameter = 11.4 cm Toroidal coils : 60 kat (Bt ~ 0.5 kg), 10 s. or 120 kat(bt ~ 1 kg), 0.3 s. Vertical coils: 3 sets, Vertical position control coils: 1 set Microwave Power: 2.45 GHz (80kW 2s): 4 magnetrons 5.0 GHz (~200kW ~100ms) 2.45GHz, 20kW, 2sec #2 5GHz, 200kW 200ms Diagnostics: 70GHz interferometer (4 chords), Fast visible camera, Flux loops, Langmuir probes, Spectrometer, SX cameras (1-poloidal) AXUV cameras (1-poloidal, 2- toroidal) 4-chord PHA system (2-tangential, 2-vertical) P inj / V plasma ~ 80 kw / 0.2 m 3 = 400 kw/m 3 (cf. JT60U: 4 MW / 90 m 3 = 44 kw/m 3 )
8 new New 20 kw magnetron and 3 polarizers have been installed
9 Electron density increases up to 7 times the plasma cutoff density 4 chords line integrated density measurement shows the electron density reaches an extremely overdense regime. Horizontal chord chord length inside LCFS does not change n e ~ 5.5x10 17 m -3 7 times the plasma cutoff density Visible Light Image
10 R (m) Fundamental EC Heating by EBW in their first propagation band LCFS 1st propagation band AXUV horizontal SX SX (Abel inv.) ECR LCFS 2nd CH t=0.115s Large increases just outside the fundamental ECR layer as Ip increases
11 Electron density strongly depends on ECR location When we set the ECR layer at a slightly higher field side (R ECR =18.5cm) the density does not increase and Ip become lower. WhenR ECR =18.5cm, UHR layer is located partly at just higher filed side of the 2nd ECR layer. Then a large portion of the incident wave power may be mode converted to EB waves and absorbed before the 2nd ECR layer. (Higher density) (Lower density) LCFS Current Distribution LCFS 1st band 2nd band
12 Electron density significantly increases when core heating by EBW is achieved R ECR =0.185m R ECR =0.213m R ECR =0.233m UHR UHR UHR Ex<10keV 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd Ex>20keV n e increases when the core heating by the first propagation band EBW is realized 2nd propagation band heating Electron density decreases Increases in p and hard X-ray development of high energy electrons
13 High energy trapped electron develops when the 2nd harmonic EC heating by EBW become effective In the lower density discharge, the X-ray develops both in energy range and photon counts much larger than the higher density case. Higher density Lower density Power deposition before the 2nd ECR layer may develop a group of energetic trapped electrons since the mirror ratio is large.
14 High energy trapped electron develops when the 2nd harmonic EC heating by EBW become effective Higher density Lower density midplane profile (Pa) R ECR =21.3cm p p p p R ECR =18.5cm p p p p Equilibrium pressure profile j B = P(P=P I+(P // -P )bb) j = 0 Equilibrium analysis using anisotropic pressure model show that large P region is extended into the lower field side in the lower density. 8 ~0.9 kev (P bulk < 10 Pa) 8 ~2.1 kev
15 Core heating by EBWs at their first propagation band is favorable In the lower density discharge, larger power is coupled to high energy electrons outside LCFS due to the 2nd harmonic heating by EBW and lost to the outboard and the bottom. Higher density R ECR =21.3cm 50keV, R init = 30cm Current distribution Lower density R ECR =18.5cm 100keV, R init = 37cm At the higher density, the power deposition before the 2nd ECR layer is suppressed and better coupling to bulk electrons inside LCFS as well as the current carrying electrons. Top trapped Passing trapped Lower density Passing Top LCFS loss loss Outboard Q Lim (kj) Lower density higher density Higher density Outboard Q Lim (kj) Bottom (inner) higher density Lower density discharge Bottom (outer) Q Lim (kj) 20 sec Lower density higher density Bottom (outer) Bottom (inner)
16 TF power supply upgraded for fundamental EBWH/CD at 5GHz
17 200kW,100ms 5GHz, 200kW, 100ms Klystron system
18 5GHz experiments; ~6 times the plasma cutoff density 1x10 18 m 2
19 Similar dependencies on ECR location to 2.45GHz experiments Ex < 10keV Ex > 20keV
20 Summary Formation of extremely overdense ST plasma by EBW Highly overdense plasma is obtained when the fundamental ECR layer is located in the plasma core and the UHR layer is located at higher field side of the 2nd ECR layer n e ~7 n cutoff (2.45GHz, 60kW) n e ~6 n cutoff (5GHz, 160kW) EB waves mode-converted in their 1st propagation band propagate into the fundamental ECR layer and heat the bulk electrons as well as the current carrying fast electrons. When the UHR layer is located at lower field side of the 2nd ECR layer, electron density significantly decreases and high energy trapped electrons develops outside the LCFS 2nd harmonic EC Heating by EB waves may produce such electrons. Similar dependencies on R ECR are observed both in 2.45GHz and 5GHz experiments
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