Flat nonlinear optics: metasurfaces for efficient frequency mixing

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Flat nonlinear optics: metasurfaces for efficient frequency mixing"

Transcription

1 Invited Paper Flat nonlinear optics: metasurfaces for efficient frequency mixing Nishant Nookala 1, Jongwon Lee 1,2, Yingnan Liu 1, Wells Bishop 1, Mykhailo Tymchenko 1, J. Sebastian Gomez-Diaz 1, Frederic Demmerle 3, Gerhard Boehm 3, Markus-Christian Amann 3, Omri Wolf 4, Igal Brener 4, Andrea Alu 1, and Mikhail A. Belkin 1* 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA 2 School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea 3 Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching 85748, Germany 4 Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM USA * mbelkin@ece.utexas.edu ABSTRACT Gradient metasurfaces, or ultrathin optical components with engineered transverse impedance gradients along the surface, are able to locally control the phase and amplitude of the scattered fields over subwavelength scales, enabling a broad range of linear components in a flat, integrable platform 1 4. On the contrary, due to the weakness of their nonlinear optical responses, conventional nonlinear optical components are inherently bulky, with stringent requirements associated with phase matching and poor control over the phase and amplitude of the generated beam. Nonlinear metasurfaces have been recently proposed to enable frequency conversion in thin films without phase-matching constraints and subwavelength control of the local nonlinear phase 5 8. However, the associated optical nonlinearities are far too small to produce significant nonlinear conversion efficiency and compete with conventional nonlinear components for pump intensities below the materials damage threshold. Here, we report multi-quantum-well based gradient nonlinear metasurfaces with second-order nonlinear susceptibility over 10 6 pm/v for second harmonic generation at a fundamental pump wavelength of 10 μm, 5-6 orders of magnitude larger than traditional crystals. Further, we demonstrate the efficacy of this approach to designing metasurfaces optimized for frequency conversion over a large range of wavelengths, by reporting multi-quantum-well and metasurface structures optimized for a pump wavelength of 6.7 μm. Finally, we demonstrate how the phase of this nonlinearly generated light can be locally controlled well below the diffraction limit using the Pancharatnam-Berry phase approach 5,7,9, opening a new paradigm for ultrathin, flat nonlinear optical components. Keywords: Metamaterials, Plasmonics, Second harmonic generation, Intersubband transitions, Semiconductor nonlinear optics including MQW 1. INTRODUCTION The field of optical metamaterials has shown exciting advances in recent years, with many demonstrated applications based on their linear interaction with light, including super-resolution imaging 10, cloaking 11 13, and wavefront control 1,2. Recently, ultrathin (sub-wavelength thickness) nonlinear metasurfaces have been put forward to achieve super-resolution imaging, to produce frequency mixing with relaxed phase-matching conditions 14,15, to implement nonlinear photonic crystal structures 16, and to enable control of the output wavefront by continuously tailoring the phase of the local nonlinear response 5. For all practical purposes, however, the level of nonlinear responses enabled by traditional materials, such as metals and dielectric crystals, is too weak, and nonlinear metasurfaces with High Contrast Metastructures VI, edited by Connie J. Chang-Hasnain, Andrei Faraon, Fumio Koyama, Weimin Zhou, Proc. of SPIE Vol , O 2017 SPIE CCC code: X/17/$18 doi: / Proc. of SPIE Vol O-1

2 orders of magnitude larger nonlinear susceptibilities are necessary to realistically enable a new paradigm in nonlinear optics, based on efficient frequency mixing in sub-wavelength films with relaxed phase-matching conditions and local in-plane phase and amplitude control of the nonlinear response. We have recently reported a novel class of nonlinear metasurfaces based on coupling electromagnetic modes in plasmonic nanoresonators with quantum-engineered intersubband nonlinearities in multi-quantum-well (MQW) semiconductor heterostructures 14,15. This approach allows one to convert the giant resonant nonlinear susceptibility of MQW heterostructures (intrinsically polarized in the direction z normal to the surface 17,18 ) into any in-plane element MQW, zzz (i,j = x or y) of the overall nonlinear susceptibility tensor of the metasurface. We compute this effective ijk nonlinear susceptibility using the following overlap integral (2) (2) MQW, zzz 2 ω ω ω ijk = ξi (, x yz,) ξj (, xyz,) ξk (, xyzdv,), V (1) UC ω 2ω where ξ i ( ξ i ) is the local enhancement of the induced z-polarized E-field in the MQW structure normalized to the i- polarized incident wave ω (2ω), and the integration occurs over the entire unit-cell volume 14,15. In particular, if the resonator is suitably designed, the effective susceptibility of our metasurfaces can exceed the intrinsic value of the MQW alone. Here we report metasurfaces in which the giant nonlinear susceptibility MQW, zzz of quantum-engineered MQW heterostructures is not only converted to the transverse plane, but also further enhanced by plasmonic nanoresonators with electromagnetic resonances tailored for fundamental (FF) and second harmonic (SH) frequencies, reaching values that exceed 10 6 pm/v, and enabling efficient frequency conversion in sub-wavelength films for pump intensities well below 1 MW/cm 2. Our metasurfaces optimized for second harmonic generation (SHG) at λ ω =9.9 μm exhibit nonlinear susceptibilities of pm/v in a MQW thickness of only 400 nm, and a nearly 0.1% power conversion efficiency using a pump intensity of only 15 kw/cm Further illustrating the tailorability of our modality, we report on MQWs and nano-resonators optimized for SHG at λ ω =6.68 μm and demonstrate a resonator design that can operate free of a defined gold backplane. Given the record levels of nonlinearity in deeply subwavelength volumes that our metasurfaces afford, we apply the Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase approach to imprinting a transverse phase distribution on carefully patterned arrays of nano-resonators to demonstrate beam-steering of the nonlinearly generated signal 6,7. We believe our cumulative results thus unveil a flat nonlinear optics paradigm, based on which efficient frequency mixing, to levels that can be realistically brought above 2.5% 15,19, occurs in deeply sub-wavelength metasurfaces using low-intensity pumping, and allowing for the complete control of the output wavefront with subwavelength resolution. 2. NONLINEAR METASURFACE DESIGN The MQW optimized for SHG at λ ω =9.9 μm consists of 26 repetitions of the In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As/Al 0.52 In 0.48 As coupled quantum-well structure shown in Fig. 1(a). This MQW is purposefully designed to exhibit a 1-2 intersubband resonance approximately 25 mev detuned from the optimal pump photon energy of 124 mev, allowing us to reduce optical losses within the cavity at the pump wavelength and increase the intensity threshold at which the nonlinear response of the MQW starts to saturate. We measure the resulting epitaxially grown MQW to exhibit a 1-2 transition linewidth of 2hγ 21 25meV and 1-3 of 2hγ 31 29meV and calculate an intrinsic nonlinear susceptibility ( MQW, zzz ) of pm/v at the pump wavelength of 9.9 μm, with the absolute value of the susceptibility plotted as a function of pump wavenumber in Fig. 1(b). Fabrication of the nano-resonator array starts by defining a gold ground plane underneath the MQW layer, as described in Ref. [15], which serves to verticalize the E-field within the cavity and thus increase the strength of the resonances and nonlinear response. We designed nano-resonators with a T-shaped geometry, where the FF resonance is controlled by the length of the long arm along the x-axis, and the SH resonance is dictated by the dipole created between the short and long arms along the y-axis. Etching the MQW material around this pattern further serves Proc. of SPIE Vol O-2

3 to confine the E-field within the MQW and strengthens the nonlinear response, and the optimal dimensions of the fabricated and tested device are depicted in Fig. 1(c). The combination of all these factors allows a theoretical modal overlap integral above b 300 c > 200 E Thickness (nm) o Wavenumber (cm') a 800 Figure 1. (a) Conduction band diagram of one period of the In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As/Al 0.48 In 0.52 As MQW structure. The layer sequence (in nm) is 2.5/6.2/1.4/2.4/2.5 where AlInAs barriers are shown in bold, and the first 1.5 nm of the first 2.5 nm barrier and the last 1.5 nm of the last 2.5 nm barrier are n-doped to 6x10 18 cm -3. (b) Calculated intersubband nonlinear susceptibility of the structure in (a) as a function of wavenumber. (c) Schematic of one unit cell of the designed metasurface, units are in μm. (d) Simulated field distributions at the FF and SH resonances of the etched T structure. The FF resonance is controlled along the x-direction by the dipole along the long arm of the T, and the SH resonance is controlled by the dipole in the y-direction between the short and long arms. The SH wavelength of our metasurfaces is determined by the 1-3 transition in our MQWs, where the choice of MQW material composition determines the valence band offset and ultimately establishes a limit on our design space. Reliable optical sources in the 3μm range are of some interest, and to demonstrate that our modality can be successfully extended towards these shorter wavelengths (i.e. higher photon energy), we subsequently designed a MQW structure consisting of 31 repetitions of the In 0.59 Ga 0.41 As/Al In As coupled well design shown in Fig. 2(a), where the theoretical valence band offset is approximately 200 mev higher than that of our previously described design at 9.9 μm. Unfortunately, due to the lattice mismatch between the constituent materials of the heterostructure, the linewidths of the intersubband transitions are adversely affected, with the linewidth of the 1-2 transition ( 2h γ21 ) rising to 45 mev. This increase in linewidth largely contributes to a lower value of the intrinsic susceptibility evaluating to pm/v at a pump wavelength of 6.68 μm, and the absolute value of susceptibility plotted as a function of pump wavenumber in Fig. 2(b). Fabrication of the metasurfaces follows largely the same method as the design for the λ ω =9.9 μm etched T, with the dimensions of the T altered for the new pump and second harmonic wavelengths of 6.68 μm and 3.34 μm, respectively. To explore the efficacy of a design and fabrication process that doesn t necessitate wafer bonding and substrate etching for creation of a full metal backplane, we additionally fabricated a metasurface with an artificial ground plane. In this design, we pattern and etch the MQWs into appropriately designed T shaped structures, and end by coating the entire sample with gold. While there is no metal directly underneath the etched resonators, the gold surrounding the structures serves a similar effect in confining and verticalizing the FF and SH light in the nano-resonators. The optimum dimensions of both resonators are outlined in Fig 2(c) > mev Z=0.6 nm 15 nm EF=90meV In Thickness (nm) > E rv, Wavenumber(cm 1) 2000 c Real backplane Artficial backplane Figure 2. (a) Conduction band diagram of one period of the In 0.59 Ga 0.41 As/Al In As MQW structure. The layer sequence (in nm) is 2.5/4.4/1.3/2.1/2.5 where AlInAs barriers are shown in bold, and the first 1.5 nm of the first 2.5 nm barrier and the last 1.5 nm of the last 2.5 nm barrier are n-doped to 7.8x10 18 cm -3. (b) Calculated intersubband nonlinear susceptibility of the structure in (a) as a function of wavenumber. (c) Schematics of one unit cell of the fabricated metasurfaces, left image depicts the unit cell of a structure with a defined backplane, and the right depicts that of an artificial backplane. All units are in μm. Proc. of SPIE Vol O-3

4 3. NONLINEAR METASURFACE CHARACTERIZATION Experimentally, we fabricated three 400 μm by 400 μm metasurfaces using the unit cell designs shown in Figs. 1(c) and 2(c), with the fabrication steps for the metasurfaces with the defined backplane following the same procedure as in Ref. [15], where the backplane is first created via gold-gold thermos-compressive bonding to a dummy InP substrate. The MQW substrate is then removed by mechanical polishing and wet etching, and finally the T structures are patterned by electron-beam lithography (EBL) and etched by an inductively-coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) system. For the etched T structure with the artificial backplane, the MQW wafer was instead first directly patterned and etched via EBL and ICP-RIE, before an approximately 50 nm thick gold film was evaporated onto the metasurface at normal incidence. The nonlinear response of all three metasurface designs was tested using the experimental setup shown in Fig. 3(a) and described in the figure caption. Figs. 3(b)-(c) shows the SHG conversion efficiency as a function of the fundamental power peak power and peak intensity for yxx polarization combination, where the first letter refers to the polarization of the generated SH beam and the other two refer to the polarization states of the pump beams. Other polarization combinations provide limited SHG response, since our nanoresonators only provide strong coupling of incident/outgoing waves to the MQW for x-polarized light at fundamental frequency and y-polarized light at SH frequency. We note that the conversion efficiency grows linearly with incident intensity before ultimately flattening due to optical saturation of the intersubband transition. a Collimating lens BS InSb detector SP ZnSe lens Polarizer LP Tunable CICL b FF intensity (kw cm') O ú 0.06 N U m 0.04 ó 0.02 v yxx polarization = 9.94µm AtH= 4.97µm Ú 0.00 O FF power (m W) C FF intensity (kw cm') Artificial backplane Real backplane Trr=6.68pm sh=3.34pm r... > 5- ó C) FF power (m W) Figure 3. (a) Schematic of the setup used to characterize the generated second harmonic light from the fabricated nonlinear metasurfaces. Light emitting from a tunable QCL (tuned to the optimum pump wavelength of the particular MQW employed, i.e μm and 6.68 μm) is focused onto the metasurface. The generated SH light reflects back towards the source, but is reflected by a beamsplitter and focused onto a LN 2 cooled InSb detector. SH light is discriminated from any reflected pump light via a linear polarizer. (b) Cartoon depicting the P-B approach to beam-steering, where RCP FF incident light converts to RCP and LCP outgoing SH light. (c)-(g) SEMs of fabricated gradient SRR arrays, with differing angular rotational steps Δ. Five samples with angular steps of 10, 15, 20, 24, and 30 deg were fabricated and tested. (h) RCP SH output given RCP FF input from gradient metasurface as a function of angle away from surface normal for each gradient array fabricated. estimate The value of yxx yxx for the λ ω =9.9 μm metasurface design can be obtained using the data in Fig. 3c, from which we pm/v ( pm/v) for low (high) pump intensity. These numbers represent the largest Proc. of SPIE Vol O-4

5 values of second-order nonlinear susceptibility ever recorded to our knowledge in the infrared-visible range in a condensed matter system. Such giant values of optical nonlinearity achieve 0.075% conversion efficiency from a 400 nm-thick MQW layer using a pump intensity in the range kw/cm 2. In comparison, the best traditional nonlinear materials 20 and nonlinear optical metasurfaces in infrared-visible range demonstrated to date 5,16,21 produce at least 8 orders of magnitude smaller conversion efficiency for the same thickness and pump intensity. Similarly, we can arrive at yxx pm/v for the λ ω =6.68 μm structure with a real backplane, and yxx pm/v for the structure with an artificial one, achieving conversion efficiencies of % and %, respectively. The reduction in measured nonlinear response when compared to the λ ω =9.9 μm design can be attributed to the overall intrinsic MQW susceptibility being lower in the short wavelength case due to the previously mentioned larger intersubband transition linewidths. Comparing the real and artificial backplane designs for the λ ω =6.68 μm MQW elucidates that significant SHG can indeed be observed in a structure with the artificial backplane, with a performance difference of only 50% favoring the design with the full bonded metal backplane. Importantly, this result potentially paves the way for nonlinear metasurfaces operating in transmission mode, where a full backplane would normally prevent any light from transmitting through the substrate, as well as opens the possibility of employing more exotic MQW materials grown on substrates that are not easily removed. 4. CONTINUOUS PHASE CONTROL To demonstrate local control of the nonlinear generation at the individual nanoresonator level with subwavelength resolution, we employ the Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase approach 5 7. We operate in a circular polarization basis, transforming the metasurface susceptibility tensor elements from (i,j = x or y) into, where α, β, and γ are R or L, corresponding to RCP or LCP polarizations, respectively. It can be shown that, irrespective of the unit cell design, the phase of the generated SH polarization currents in each unit cell is linearly proportional to the relative angle of rotation Δ ϕ of the corresponding unit cell (see Fig. 4(b)). More specifically, a linear gradient of rotation in the metasurface plane corresponds to a constant phase gradient Δ ϕ and 3 Δ ϕ for pumps with LCP (RCP) and RCP (LCP) polarization, respectively, applied to the distribution of RCP (LCP) SH currents. Importantly, the magnitude of the SH currents remains constant for all rotation angles. These features are ideal for locally controlling the phase of the emerging nonlinear wavefront with subwavelength resolution: different from conventional PB approaches based on linear phenomena 9, whose overall efficiency is largely dependent on the resonator design, here we can focus the design on maximizing the nonlinear conversion efficiency, based on the previous discussion. Then, we can simply rotate the optimized design pixel-by-pixel to imprint the desired transverse phase pattern on the metasurface plane. The unit-cell of the proposed metasurface is shown in Fig 4(a), where the MQW used is the previously described λ ω =9.9 μm semiresonant design. This configuration is similar to the design discussed above, but the T-shaped resonator has been changed to a split-ring resonator (SRR), which offers a smaller spatial footprint in all dimensions and a square unit-cell that allows arbitrary rotation. The resonator dimensions and unit cell are depicted in Fig. 4(a) and have been optimized to provide strong absorption for x-polarized beams at the fundamental frequency and for y-polarized beams at the SH frequency. When the resonators are spatially arranged as shown in Figs. 4(c)-(g), with an angular rotation step of Δ ϕ between resonators of adjacent unit cells along one direction, the metasurface provides a nonlinear response with a linear phase gradient along the same direction. Then, from basic reflectarray theory, it follows that a normally incident RCP θ = arcsin 3 Δ ϕ / 360 λ / d and beam generates two SH beams, one RCP polarized towards the direction [( ) ] R( R) 2ω another LCP polarized towards = arcsin [( Δ / 360 ) / d] 1,2,7,22. θ ϕ λ L( R) 2 ω ijk αβγ Proc. of SPIE Vol O-5

6 d Ay- 15 h1 o.- 1 4m = vp 15 4q -20,A p40ccgonc: Ay 24.,..,....,..., x o 1n 1 CL 4=24 ó 49 =30 Jl Angle (deg) Figure 4. (a) Schematic of one unit cell of the designed metasurface for SH beam steering. (b) Cartoon depicting the P-B approach to beam-steering, where RCP FF incident light converts to RCP and LCP outgoing SH light. (c)-(g) SEMs of fabricated gradient SRR arrays, with differing angular rotational steps Δϕ. Five samples with angular steps of 10, 15, 20, 24, and 30 deg were fabricated and tested. (h) RCP SH output given RCP FF input from gradient metasurface as a function of angle away from surface normal for each gradient array fabricated. To demonstrate SH beam steering, we fabricated metasurfaces with Δ ϕ of 10, 15, 20, 24, and 30 degrees, with scanning electron microscope images given in Figs. 4(c)-(g), and pumped the structures with RCP light. Following the previous formulation, we expect to observe RCP (LCP) SH output at 13.3, 20.2, 27.4, 33.5, and 43.7 (4.4, 6.6, 8.8, 10.6, and 13.3) degrees for Δ ϕ of 10, 15, 20, 24, and 30 degrees, respectively. Experimental measurements of the far-field SH emission from the metasurface was obtained by pumping our metasurface arrays with a CW CO 2 laser tuned to the optimal FF, and moving the detector in a hemisphere around the metasurface, with full details described in Ref [6]. The measured results, shown in Fig. 4(h) for RRR polarization combination, are in very good agreement with our predictions, fully confirming the large control of the generated SH beam with subwavelength resolution. We do note small peaks in the RCP SHG signal corresponding to the angle provided by LRR and RLL polarization combinations, which we attribute to imperfect retardation offered by the available quarter wave plates in our laboratory. 5. SUMMARY In conclusion, we ve reported metasurfaces whose second-order nonlinear susceptibility exceeds 10 6 pm/v, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest second-order optical nonlinearity reported from any condensed matter system in infrared/visible spectral range. Giant nonlinear response was enabled by combining quantum-mechanicallyengineered intersubband transitions in MQW systems with electromagnetically-engineered plasmonic nanoresonators with tailored optical resonances for input and output frequencies. Further, by incorporating a slightly different material composition in our MQWs, we successfully demonstrated SHG at a pump wavelength of 6.8 μm, opening a new avenue to creating short-wave-infrared sources. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of achieving efficient frequency mixing in optical films of sub-wavelength thickness using pumping intensity well below materials damage threshold even for continuous-wave excitation, and opens a new paradigm in nonlinear optics, based on which efficient frequency conversion may be achieved in deeply subwavelength films with sub-diffractive control of the outgoing nonlinear wavefront and relaxed phase-matching conditions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by the AFOSR award No. FA , ONR MURI grant No. N , and Nano Initiative Munich. Sample fabrication was carried out in the Microelectronics Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin. M.A.B. acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Award. Proc. of SPIE Vol O-6

7 REFERENCES [1] Yu, N., Genevet, P., Kats, M. A., Aieta, F., Tetienne, J.-P., Capasso, F.., Gaburro, Z., Light Propagation with Phase Discontinuities: Generalized Laws of Reflection and Refraction, Science 334, (2011). [2] Ni, X., Emani, N. K., Kildishev, A. V., Boltasseva, A.., Shalaev, V. M., Broadband Light Bending with Plasmonic Nanoantennas, Science 335, 427 (2012). [3] Monticone, F., Estakhri, N. M.., Alù, A., Full control of nanoscale optical transmission with a composite metascreen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110(20), (2013). [4] Pfeiffer, C.., Grbic, A., Metamaterial Huygens surfaces: Tailoring wave fronts with reflectionless sheets, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110(19), (2013). [5] Li, G., Chen, S., Pholchai, N., Reineke, B., Wong, P. W. H., Pun, E. Y. B., Cheah, K. W., Zentgraf, T.., Zhang, S., Continuous control of the nonlinearity phase for harmonic generations, Nat. Mater. 14(June), (2015). [6] Nookala, N., Lee, J., Tymchenko, M., Sebastian Gomez-Diaz, J., Demmerle, F., Boehm, G., Lai, K., Shvets, G., Amann, M.-C., et al., Ultrathin gradient nonlinear metasurface with a giant nonlinear response, Optica 3(3), (2016). [7] Tymchenko, M., Gomez-Diaz, J. S., Lee, J., Nookala, N., Belkin, M. A.., Alù, A., Gradient Nonlinear Pancharatnam-Berry Metasurfaces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115(20), (2015). [8] Wolf, O., Campione, S., Benz, A., Ravikumar, A. P., Liu, S., Luk, T. S., Kadlec, E. A., Shaner, E. A., Klem, J. F., et al., Phased-array sources based on nonlinear metamaterial nanocavities, Nat. Commun. 6(May), 7667, Nature Publishing Group (2015). [9] Berry, M. V., The Adiabatic Phase and Pancharatnam s Phase for Polarized Light, J. Mod. Opt. 34(11), (1987). [10] Pendry, J. B., Negative refraction makes a perfect lens, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(18), (2000). [11] Pendry, J. B., Schurig, D.., Smith, D. R., Controlling electromagnetic fields., Science 312(5781), (2006). [12] Cai, W., Chettiar, U., Kildishev, A.., Shalaev, V., Optical cloaking with metamaterials, Nat. Photonics 1(April), 224 (2007). [13] Chen, P. Y., Soric, J.., Alu, A., Invisibility and cloaking based on scattering cancellation, Adv. Mater. 24(44) (2012). [14] Lee, J., Tymchenko, M., Argyropoulos, C., Chen, P.-Y., Lu, F., Demmerle, F., Boehm, G., Amann, M.-C., Alù, A., et al., Giant nonlinear response from plasmonic metasurfaces coupled to intersubband transitions., Nature 511(7507), (2014). [15] Lee, J., Nookala, N., Gomez-Diaz, J. S., Tymchenko, M., Demmerle, F., Boehm, G., Amann, M., Alu, A.., Belkin, M. A., Ultrathin second-harmonic metasurfaces with record-high nonlinear optical response, Adv. Opt. Mater. (2016). [16] Segal, N., Keren-Zur, S., Hendler, N.., Ellenbogen, T., Controlling light with metamaterial-based nonlinear photonic crystals, Nat. Photonics 9(3), (2015). [17] Rosencher, A. E., Fiore, A., Vinter, B., Berger, V., Bois, P.., Nagle, J., Quantum Optical Engineering of Nonlinearities, Science 271(5246), (1996). [18] Capasso, F., Sirtori, C., Cho, A. Y., Coupled Quantum Well Semiconductors with Giant Electric Field Tunable Nonlinear Optical Properties in the Infrared, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 30(5), (1994). [19] Gomez-Diaz, J. S., Tymchenko, M., Lee, J., Belkin, M. A.., Alù, A., Nonlinear Processes in Multi-Quantum- Well Plasmonic Metasurfaces: Electromagnetic Response, Saturation Effects, Limits and Potentials, Phys. Rev. B 92(125429) (2015). Proc. of SPIE Vol O-7

8 [20] Boyd, R. W., Nonlinear Optics, Book, 613 (2008). [21] Niesler, F. B. P., Feth, N., Linden, S., Niegemann, J., Gieseler, J., Busch, K.., Wegener, M., Second-harmonic generation from split-ring resonators on a GaAs substrate., Opt. Lett. 34(13), (2009). [22] Yu, N.., Capasso, F., Flat optics with designer metasurfaces, Nat. Mater. 13(2), (2014). Proc. of SPIE Vol O-8

Difference-Frequency Generation in Polaritonic Intersubband Nonlinear Metasurfaces

Difference-Frequency Generation in Polaritonic Intersubband Nonlinear Metasurfaces FULL PAPER Nonlinear Metasurfaces Difference-Frequency Generation in Polaritonic Intersubband Nonlinear Metasurfaces Yingnan Liu, Jongwon Lee, Stephen March, Nishant Nookala, Daniele Palaferri, John F.

More information

Mid-infrared second-harmonic generation in ultra-thin plasmonic metasurfaces without a full-metal backplane

Mid-infrared second-harmonic generation in ultra-thin plasmonic metasurfaces without a full-metal backplane Applied Physics B (2018) 124:132 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-018-7005-y Mid-infrared second-harmonic generation in ultra-thin plasmonic metasurfaces without a full-metal backplane Nishant Nookala 1

More information

Nonlinear optics with quantum-engineered intersubband metamaterials

Nonlinear optics with quantum-engineered intersubband metamaterials Nonlinear optics with quantum-engineered intersubband metamaterials Mikhail Belkin Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin 1 Mid-infrared and THz photonics Electronics

More information

Gradient Nonlinear Pancharatnam-Berry Metasurfaces

Gradient Nonlinear Pancharatnam-Berry Metasurfaces Gradient Nonlinear Pancharatnam-Berry Metasurfaces Mykhailo Tymchenko, J. Sebastiàn Gomez-Diaz, Jongwon Lee, Nishant Nookala, Mikhail A. Belkin, and Andrea Alù * Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,

More information

THz QCL sources based on intracavity difference-frequency mixing

THz QCL sources based on intracavity difference-frequency mixing THz QCL sources based on intracavity difference-frequency mixing Mikhail Belkin Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin IQCLSW, Sept. 3, 218 Problems with traditional

More information

Sub-wavelength focusing meta-lens

Sub-wavelength focusing meta-lens Sub-wavelength focusing meta-lens Tapashree Roy, 1 Edward T. F. Rogers, 1 and Nikolay I. Zheludev 1,2,* 1 Optoelectronics Research Centre & Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton,

More information

Ultra-Wide-Band Microwave Composite Absorbers Based on Phase Gradient Metasurfaces

Ultra-Wide-Band Microwave Composite Absorbers Based on Phase Gradient Metasurfaces Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 4, 9 18, 214 Ultra-Wide-Band Microwave Composite Absorbers Based on Phase Gradient Metasurfaces Yongfeng Li 1, Jiafu Wang 1, *, Jieqiu Zhang 1, Shaobo Qu 1,

More information

Metamaterials, metasurfaces and plasmonic devices to efficiently control the electromagnetic waves

Metamaterials, metasurfaces and plasmonic devices to efficiently control the electromagnetic waves Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT) Metamaterials, metasurfaces and plasmonic devices to efficiently control the electromagnetic waves Christos Argyropoulos

More information

Supporting information. GaN Metalens for Pixel-Level Full-Color Routing at Visible Light

Supporting information. GaN Metalens for Pixel-Level Full-Color Routing at Visible Light Supporting information GaN Metalens for Pixel-Level Full-Color Routing at Visible Light Bo Han Chen 1,, Pin Chieh Wu 2,, Vin-Cent Su 3,, Yi-Chieh Lai 1,4, Cheng Hung Chu 2, I Chen Lee 5, Jia-Wern Chen

More information

Supplementary Figure 1 Schematics of an optical pulse in a nonlinear medium. A Gaussian optical pulse propagates along z-axis in a nonlinear medium

Supplementary Figure 1 Schematics of an optical pulse in a nonlinear medium. A Gaussian optical pulse propagates along z-axis in a nonlinear medium Supplementary Figure 1 Schematics of an optical pulse in a nonlinear medium. A Gaussian optical pulse propagates along z-axis in a nonlinear medium with thickness L. Supplementary Figure Measurement of

More information

Demonstration of Near-Infrared Negative-Index Materials

Demonstration of Near-Infrared Negative-Index Materials Demonstration of Near-Infrared Negative-Index Materials Shuang Zhang 1, Wenjun Fan 1, N. C. Panoiu 2, K. J. Malloy 1, R. M. Osgood 2 and S. R. J. Brueck 2 1. Center for High Technology Materials and Department

More information

Enhancing the Rate of Spontaneous Emission in Active Core-Shell Nanowire Resonators

Enhancing the Rate of Spontaneous Emission in Active Core-Shell Nanowire Resonators Chapter 6 Enhancing the Rate of Spontaneous Emission in Active Core-Shell Nanowire Resonators 6.1 Introduction Researchers have devoted considerable effort to enhancing light emission from semiconductors

More information

An efficient way to reduce losses of left-handed metamaterials

An efficient way to reduce losses of left-handed metamaterials An efficient way to reduce losses of left-handed metamaterials Jiangfeng Zhou 1,2,, Thomas Koschny 1,3 and Costas M. Soukoulis 1,3 1 Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy,Iowa State University,

More information

Polarization control and sensing with two-dimensional coupled photonic crystal microcavity arrays. Hatice Altug * and Jelena Vučković

Polarization control and sensing with two-dimensional coupled photonic crystal microcavity arrays. Hatice Altug * and Jelena Vučković Polarization control and sensing with two-dimensional coupled photonic crystal microcavity arrays Hatice Altug * and Jelena Vučković Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4088

More information

Nanocomposite photonic crystal devices

Nanocomposite photonic crystal devices Nanocomposite photonic crystal devices Xiaoyong Hu, Cuicui Lu, Yulan Fu, Yu Zhu, Yingbo Zhang, Hong Yang, Qihuang Gong Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China Contents Motivation

More information

Semiconductor Disk Laser on Microchannel Cooler

Semiconductor Disk Laser on Microchannel Cooler Semiconductor Disk Laser on Microchannel Cooler Eckart Gerster An optically pumped semiconductor disk laser with a double-band Bragg reflector mirror is presented. This mirror not only reflects the laser

More information

A Simple Unidirectional Optical Invisibility Cloak Made of Water

A Simple Unidirectional Optical Invisibility Cloak Made of Water Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 146, 1 5, 2014 A Simple Unidirectional Optical Invisibility Cloak Made of Water Bin Zheng 1, 2, Lian Shen 1, 2, Zuozhu Liu 1, 2, Huaping Wang 1, 3, *, Xianmin

More information

An optically active material produces a different response to

An optically active material produces a different response to pubs.acs.org/nanolett Optically Active Metasurface with Non-Chiral Plasmonic Nanoantennas Amr Shaltout, Jingjing Liu, Vladimir M. Shalaev, and Alexander V. Kildishev* Birck Nanotechnology Center, School

More information

U-Shaped Nano-Apertures for Enhanced Optical Transmission and Resolution

U-Shaped Nano-Apertures for Enhanced Optical Transmission and Resolution U-Shaped Nano-Apertures for Enhanced Optical Transmission and Resolution Mustafa Turkmen 1,2,3, Serap Aksu 3,4, A. Engin Çetin 2,3, Ahmet A. Yanik 2,3, Alp Artar 2,3, Hatice Altug 2,3,4, * 1 Electrical

More information

Nonlinear Metasurfaces: A Paradigm Shift in Nonlinear Optics

Nonlinear Metasurfaces: A Paradigm Shift in Nonlinear Optics Nonlinear Metasurfaces: A Paradigm Shift in Nonlinear Optics Alexander Krasnok, Mykhailo Tymchenko, and Andrea Alù Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin,

More information

Homogenous Optic-Null Medium Performs as Optical Surface Transformation

Homogenous Optic-Null Medium Performs as Optical Surface Transformation Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 151, 169 173, 2015 Homogenous Optic-Null Medium Performs as Optical Surface Transformation Fei Sun 1 and Sailing He1, 2, * Abstract An optical surface transformation

More information

Negative refractive index response of weakly and strongly coupled optical metamaterials.

Negative refractive index response of weakly and strongly coupled optical metamaterials. Negative refractive index response of weakly and strongly coupled optical metamaterials. Jiangfeng Zhou, 1 Thomas Koschny, 1, Maria Kafesaki, and Costas M. Soukoulis 1, 1 Ames Laboratory and Department

More information

3-1-2 GaSb Quantum Cascade Laser

3-1-2 GaSb Quantum Cascade Laser 3-1-2 GaSb Quantum Cascade Laser A terahertz quantum cascade laser (THz-QCL) using a resonant longitudinal optical (LO) phonon depopulation scheme was successfully demonstrated from a GaSb/AlSb material

More information

Analysis of Metamaterial Cloaks Using Circular Split Ring Resonator Structures

Analysis of Metamaterial Cloaks Using Circular Split Ring Resonator Structures Copyright 216 Tech Science Press CMC, Vol.53, No.3, pp.132-14, 216 Analysis of Metamaterial Cloaks Using Circular Split Ring Resonator Structures Susan Thomas 1 and Dr. Balamati Choudhury 2 Abstract A

More information

Thin anisotropic metasurfaces for simultaneous light focusing and polarization manipulation

Thin anisotropic metasurfaces for simultaneous light focusing and polarization manipulation 318 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B / Vol. 32, No. 2 / February 2015 Veysi et al. Thin anisotropic metasurfaces for simultaneous light focusing and polarization manipulation Mehdi Veysi, Caner Guclu, Ozdal Boyraz,

More information

limitations J. Zhou, E. N. Economou and C. M. Soukoulis

limitations J. Zhou, E. N. Economou and C. M. Soukoulis Mesoscopic Physics in Complex Media, 01011 (010) DOI:10.1051/iesc/010mpcm01011 Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 010 Optical metamaterials: Possibilities and limitations M. Kafesaki, R.

More information

Nanoscale optical circuits: controlling light using localized surface plasmon resonances

Nanoscale optical circuits: controlling light using localized surface plasmon resonances Nanoscale optical circuits: controlling light using localized surface plasmon resonances T. J. Davis, D. E. Gómez and K. C. Vernon CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering Localized surface plasmon (LSP)

More information

Infrared carpet cloak designed with uniform silicon grating structure

Infrared carpet cloak designed with uniform silicon grating structure Infrared carpet cloak designed with uniform silicon grating structure Xiaofei Xu, Yijun Feng, Yu Hao, Juming Zhao, Tian Jiang Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing Univerisity, Nanjing,

More information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Information Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Nanoscale. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Supplementary Information Large-scale lithography-free metasurface with spectrally tunable super

More information

Workshop on New Materials for Renewable Energy

Workshop on New Materials for Renewable Energy 2286-6 Workshop on New Materials for Renewable Energy 31 October - 11 November 201 Metamaterials: Past, Present, and Future Nonlinear Physics Centre Research School of Physics and Engineering The Australian

More information

Supporting Information

Supporting Information Supporting Information Devlin et al. 10.1073/pnas.1611740113 Optical Characterization We deposit blanket TiO films via ALD onto silicon substrates to prepare samples for spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE)

More information

Blue-green Emitting Semiconductor Disk Lasers with Intra-Cavity Frequency Doubling

Blue-green Emitting Semiconductor Disk Lasers with Intra-Cavity Frequency Doubling Blue-green Emitting Semiconductor Disk Lasers with Intra-Cavity Frequency Doubling Eckart Schiehlen and Michael Riedl Diode-pumped semiconductor disk lasers, also referred to as VECSEL (Vertical External

More information

Supporting information. Unidirectional Doubly Enhanced MoS 2 Emission via

Supporting information. Unidirectional Doubly Enhanced MoS 2 Emission via Supporting information Unidirectional Doubly Enhanced MoS 2 Emission via Photonic Fano Resonances Xingwang Zhang, Shinhyuk Choi, Dake Wang, Carl H. Naylor, A. T. Charlie Johnson, and Ertugrul Cubukcu,,*

More information

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Nitride Heterostructures EMILY FINAN ADVISOR: DR. OANA MALIS PURDUE UNIVERSITY REU PROGRAM AUGUST 2, 2012

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Nitride Heterostructures EMILY FINAN ADVISOR: DR. OANA MALIS PURDUE UNIVERSITY REU PROGRAM AUGUST 2, 2012 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Nitride Heterostructures EMILY FINAN ADVISOR: DR. OANA MALIS PURDUE UNIVERSITY REU PROGRAM AUGUST 2, 2012 Introduction Experimental Condensed Matter Research Study of large

More information

Evaluation of the nonlinear response of plasmonic metasurfaces: Miller s rule, nonlinear effective susceptibility method, and full-wave computation

Evaluation of the nonlinear response of plasmonic metasurfaces: Miller s rule, nonlinear effective susceptibility method, and full-wave computation A8 Vol. 33, No. 2 / February 2016 / Journal of the Optical Society of America B Research Article Evaluation of the nonlinear response of plasmonic metasurfaces: Miller s rule, nonlinear effective susceptibility

More information

A Broadband Flexible Metamaterial Absorber Based on Double Resonance

A Broadband Flexible Metamaterial Absorber Based on Double Resonance Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 46, 73 78, 2014 A Broadband Flexible Metamaterial Absorber Based on Double Resonance ong-min Lee* Abstract We present a broadband microwave metamaterial

More information

Dielectric Meta-Reflectarray for Broadband Linear Polarization Conversion and Optical Vortex Generation

Dielectric Meta-Reflectarray for Broadband Linear Polarization Conversion and Optical Vortex Generation Supporting Information Dielectric Meta-Reflectarray for Broadband Linear Polarization Conversion and Optical Vortex Generation Yuanmu Yang, Wenyi Wang, Parikshit Moitra, Ivan I. Kravchenko, Dayrl P. Briggs,

More information

Lasers and Electro-optics

Lasers and Electro-optics Lasers and Electro-optics Second Edition CHRISTOPHER C. DAVIS University of Maryland III ^0 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Preface to the Second Edition page xv 1 Electromagnetic waves, light, and lasers 1

More information

in which R (ω, k ) and T (ω, k ) are the reflection and transmission amplitudes, respectively. The wave

in which R (ω, k ) and T (ω, k ) are the reflection and transmission amplitudes, respectively. The wave Broadband metasurfaces enabling arbitrarily large delay-bandwidth products Vincent Ginis, Philippe Tassin, Thomas Koschny, and Costas M. Soukoulis ) Applied Physics Research Group (APHY), Vrije Universiteit

More information

Gradient-index metamaterials and spoof surface plasmonic waveguide

Gradient-index metamaterials and spoof surface plasmonic waveguide Gradient-index metamaterials and spoof surface plasmonic waveguide Hui Feng Ma State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China City University of Hong Kong, 11 October

More information

Metasurfaces for Controlling Electromagnetic Fields

Metasurfaces for Controlling Electromagnetic Fields Metasurfaces for Controlling Electromagnetic Fields Anthony Grbic Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan, Ann Arbor agrbic@umich.edu Graduate Students: Mohammadreza

More information

Superconductivity Induced Transparency

Superconductivity Induced Transparency Superconductivity Induced Transparency Coskun Kocabas In this paper I will discuss the effect of the superconducting phase transition on the optical properties of the superconductors. Firstly I will give

More information

Quantum-cascade lasers without injector regions

Quantum-cascade lasers without injector regions Invited Paper Quantum-cascade lasers without injector regions A. Friedrich* and M.-C. Amann Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, D-878 Garching, Germany ABSTRACT We present the status

More information

Emission Spectra of the typical DH laser

Emission Spectra of the typical DH laser Emission Spectra of the typical DH laser Emission spectra of a perfect laser above the threshold, the laser may approach near-perfect monochromatic emission with a spectra width in the order of 1 to 10

More information

Nanoscale. Anomalous behavior of nearly-entire visible band manipulated with degenerated image dipole array COMMUNICATION.

Nanoscale. Anomalous behavior of nearly-entire visible band manipulated with degenerated image dipole array COMMUNICATION. COMMUNICATION Cite this: Nanoscale, 2014, 6, 12303 Received 9th June 2014, Accepted 4th August 2014 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03163f Anomalous behavior of nearly-entire visible band manipulated with degenerated

More information

Enhancing and suppressing radiation with some permeability-near-zero structures

Enhancing and suppressing radiation with some permeability-near-zero structures Enhancing and suppressing radiation with some permeability-near-zero structures Yi Jin 1,2 and Sailing He 1,2,3,* 1 Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical

More information

EPSILON-NEAR-ZERO (ENZ) AND MU-NEAR-ZERO (MNZ) MATERIALS

EPSILON-NEAR-ZERO (ENZ) AND MU-NEAR-ZERO (MNZ) MATERIALS EPSILON-NEAR-ZERO (ENZ) AND MU-NEAR-ZERO (MNZ) MATERIALS SARAH NAHAR CHOWDHURY PURDUE UNIVERSITY 1 Basics Design ENZ Materials Lumped circuit elements Basics Decoupling Direction emission Tunneling Basics

More information

Nonlinear Electrodynamics and Optics of Graphene

Nonlinear Electrodynamics and Optics of Graphene Nonlinear Electrodynamics and Optics of Graphene S. A. Mikhailov and N. A. Savostianova University of Augsburg, Institute of Physics, Universitätsstr. 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany E-mail: sergey.mikhailov@physik.uni-augsburg.de

More information

External cavity terahertz quantum cascade laser sources based on intra-cavity frequency

External cavity terahertz quantum cascade laser sources based on intra-cavity frequency Home Search Collections Journals About Contact us My IOPscience External cavity terahertz quantum cascade laser sources based on intra-cavity frequency mixing with 1.2 5.9 THz tuning range This content

More information

High performance THz quantum cascade lasers

High performance THz quantum cascade lasers High performance THz quantum cascade lasers Karl Unterrainer M. Kainz, S. Schönhuber, C. Deutsch, D. Bachmann, J. Darmo, H. Detz, A.M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser THz QCL performance High output power

More information

Quantum Dot Lasers. Jose Mayen ECE 355

Quantum Dot Lasers. Jose Mayen ECE 355 Quantum Dot Lasers Jose Mayen ECE 355 Overview of Presentation Quantum Dots Operation Principles Fabrication of Q-dot lasers Advantages over other lasers Characteristics of Q-dot laser Types of Q-dot lasers

More information

Terahertz antireflection coating enabled by a subwavelength metallic mesh capped with a thin dielectric film

Terahertz antireflection coating enabled by a subwavelength metallic mesh capped with a thin dielectric film Invited Paper Terahertz antireflection coating enabled by a subwavelength metallic mesh capped with a thin dielectric film Li Huang 1*, Beibei Zeng 2, Chun-Chieh Chang 2 and Hou-Tong Chen 2* 1 Physics

More information

Johnson, N.P. and Khokhar, A.Z. and Chong, H.M.H. and De La Rue, R.M. and McMeekin, S. (2006) Characterisation at infrared wavelengths of metamaterials formed by thin-film metallic split-ring resonator

More information

arxiv: v1 [physics.optics] 1 May 2011

arxiv: v1 [physics.optics] 1 May 2011 Robust method to determine the resolution of a superlens by analyzing the near-field image of a two-slit object B. D. F. Casse, W. T. Lu, Y. J. Huang, and S. Sridhar Electronic Materials Research Institute

More information

2 Transformation Optics

2 Transformation Optics 2 Transformation Optics Martin Wegener Abstract We briefly reviewed the concept of transformation optics for designing functionalities. We also gave recent experimental examples from different areas of

More information

Towards optical left-handed metamaterials

Towards optical left-handed metamaterials FORTH Tomorrow: Modelling approaches for metamaterials Towards optical left-handed metamaterials M. Kafesaki, R. Penciu, Th. Koschny, P. Tassin, E. N. Economou and C. M. Soukoulis Foundation for Research

More information

Nanomaterials and their Optical Applications

Nanomaterials and their Optical Applications Nanomaterials and their Optical Applications Winter Semester 2013 Lecture 02 rachel.grange@uni-jena.de http://www.iap.uni-jena.de/multiphoton Lecture 2: outline 2 Introduction to Nanophotonics Theoretical

More information

Multi-cycle THz pulse generation in poled lithium niobate crystals

Multi-cycle THz pulse generation in poled lithium niobate crystals Laser Focus World April 2005 issue (pp. 67-72). Multi-cycle THz pulse generation in poled lithium niobate crystals Yun-Shik Lee and Theodore B. Norris Yun-Shik Lee is an assistant professor of physics

More information

Electric and magnetic excitation of coherent magnetic plasmon waves in a one-dimensional meta-chain

Electric and magnetic excitation of coherent magnetic plasmon waves in a one-dimensional meta-chain Electric and magnetic excitation of coherent magnetic plasmon waves in a one-dimensional meta-chain C. Zhu 1, H. Liu 1,*, S. M. Wang 1, T. Li 1, J. X. Cao 1, Y. J. Zheng 1, L. Li 1, Y. Wang 1, S. N. Zhu

More information

New Concept Conformal Antennas Utilizing Metamaterial and Transformation Optics

New Concept Conformal Antennas Utilizing Metamaterial and Transformation Optics New Concept Conformal Antennas Utilizing Metamaterial and Transformation Optics The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation

More information

arxiv: v1 [physics.optics] 17 Jan 2013

arxiv: v1 [physics.optics] 17 Jan 2013 Three Dimensional Broadband Tunable Terahertz Metamaterials Kebin Fan,1 Andrew C. Strikwerda,2 Xin Zhang,1, and Richard D. Averitt2, arxiv:1301.3977v1 [physics.optics] 17 Jan 2013 1 Department of Mechanical

More information

A Multipass Optics for Quantum-Well-Pumped Semiconductor Disk Lasers

A Multipass Optics for Quantum-Well-Pumped Semiconductor Disk Lasers Multipass-Pumped Semiconductor Disk Lasers 37 A Multipass Optics for Quantum-Well-Pumped Semiconductor Disk Lasers Markus Polanik The pump absorption of quantum-well-pumped semiconductor disk lasers can

More information

PLASMONICS/METAMATERIALS

PLASMONICS/METAMATERIALS PLASMONICS/METAMATERIALS Interconnects Optical processing of data Subwavelength confinement Electrodes are in place Coupling to other on-chip devices Combination of guiding, detection, modulation, sensing

More information

arxiv: v1 [physics.optics] 25 Jan 2010

arxiv: v1 [physics.optics] 25 Jan 2010 Twisted split-ring-resonator photonic metamaterial with huge optical activity M. Decker 1, R. Zhao 2,3, C.M. Soukoulis 3,4, S. Linden 1, and M. Wegener 1 arxiv:1001.4339v1 [physics.optics] 25 Jan 2010

More information

Negative Index of Refraction in Optical Metamaterials

Negative Index of Refraction in Optical Metamaterials 1 Negative Index of Refraction in Optical Metamaterials V. M. Shalaev, W. Cai, U. Chettiar, H.-K. Yuan, A. K. Sarychev, V. P. Drachev, and A. V. Kildishev School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,

More information

Directive Emission Obtained by Coordinate Transformation

Directive Emission Obtained by Coordinate Transformation Directive Emission Obtained by Coordinate Transformation Jingjing Zhang 1, Yu Luo 1, Hongsheng Chen 1 2*, Lixin Ran 1, Bae-Ian Wu 2, and Jin Au Kong 1 2 1 The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University,

More information

Lecture 2. Electron states and optical properties of semiconductor nanostructures

Lecture 2. Electron states and optical properties of semiconductor nanostructures Lecture Electron states and optical properties of semiconductor nanostructures Bulk semiconductors Band gap E g Band-gap slavery: only light with photon energy equal to band gap can be generated. Very

More information

Dielectric Optical Cloak

Dielectric Optical Cloak Dielectric Optical Cloak Jason Valentine 1 *, Jensen Li 1 *, Thomas Zentgraf 1 *, Guy Bartal 1 and Xiang Zhang 1,2 1 NSF Nano-scale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), 3112 Etcheverry Hall, University

More information

Electromagnetic Enhancement in Lossy Optical. Transition Metamaterials

Electromagnetic Enhancement in Lossy Optical. Transition Metamaterials Electromagnetic Enhancement in Loss Optical Transition Metamaterials Irene Mozjerin 1, Tolana Gibson 1, Edward P. Furlani 2, Ildar R. Gabitov 3, Natalia M. Litchinitser 1* 1. The State Universit of New

More information

Plasmonics. The long wavelength of light ( μm) creates a problem for extending optoelectronics into the nanometer regime.

Plasmonics. The long wavelength of light ( μm) creates a problem for extending optoelectronics into the nanometer regime. Plasmonics The long wavelength of light ( μm) creates a problem for extending optoelectronics into the nanometer regime. A possible way out is the conversion of light into plasmons. They have much shorter

More information

Overview. 1. What range of ε eff, µ eff parameter space is accessible to simple metamaterial geometries? ``

Overview. 1. What range of ε eff, µ eff parameter space is accessible to simple metamaterial geometries? `` MURI-Transformational Electromagnetics Innovative use of Metamaterials in Confining, Controlling, and Radiating Intense Microwave Pulses University of New Mexico August 21, 2012 Engineering Dispersive

More information

Resonantly Trapped Bound State in the Continuum Laser Abstract

Resonantly Trapped Bound State in the Continuum Laser Abstract Resonantly Trapped Bound State in the Continuum Laser T. Lepetit*, Q. Gu*, A. Kodigala*, B. Bahari, Y. Fainman, B. Kanté Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San

More information

Optimizing the performance of metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors by embedding nanoparticles in the absorption layer

Optimizing the performance of metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors by embedding nanoparticles in the absorption layer Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2015; 3(2-1): 78-82 Published online February 10, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/jeee) doi: 10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.27 ISSN: 2329-1613

More information

Sub-wavelength electromagnetic structures

Sub-wavelength electromagnetic structures Sub-wavelength electromagnetic structures Shanhui Fan, Z. Ruan, L. Verselegers, P. Catrysse, Z. Yu, J. Shin, J. T. Shen, G. Veronis Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University http://www.stanford.edu/group/fan

More information

Concealing arbitrary objects remotely with multi-folded transformation optics

Concealing arbitrary objects remotely with multi-folded transformation optics Concealing arbitrary objects remotely with multi-folded transformation optics B. Zheng 1, 2, 3, H. A. Madni 1, 2, 3, R. Hao 2, X. Zhang 2, X. Liu 1, E. Li 2* 1, 2, 3* and H. Chen 1 State Key Laboratory

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi:10.1038/nature12036 We provide in the following additional experimental data and details on our demonstration of an electrically pumped exciton-polariton laser by supplementing optical and electrical

More information

File Name: Supplementary Information Description: Supplementary Figures, Supplementary Table, Supplementary Notes and Supplementary References

File Name: Supplementary Information Description: Supplementary Figures, Supplementary Table, Supplementary Notes and Supplementary References Description of Supplementary Files File Name: Supplementary Information Description: Supplementary Figures, Supplementary Table, Supplementary Notes and Supplementary References Supplementary Figure 1.

More information

Optimum Access Waveguide Width for 1xN Multimode. Interference Couplers on Silicon Nanomembrane

Optimum Access Waveguide Width for 1xN Multimode. Interference Couplers on Silicon Nanomembrane Optimum Access Waveguide Width for 1xN Multimode Interference Couplers on Silicon Nanomembrane Amir Hosseini 1,*, Harish Subbaraman 2, David Kwong 1, Yang Zhang 1, and Ray T. Chen 1,* 1 Microelectronic

More information

Tuning the far-field superlens: from UV to visible

Tuning the far-field superlens: from UV to visible Tuning the far-field superlens: from UV to visible Yi Xiong, Zhaowei Liu, Stéphane Durant, Hyesog Lee, Cheng Sun, and Xiang Zhang* 510 Etcheverry Hall, NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC),

More information

A Study on the Suitability of Indium Nitride for Terahertz Plasmonics

A Study on the Suitability of Indium Nitride for Terahertz Plasmonics A Study on the Suitability of Indium Nitride for Terahertz Plasmonics Arjun Shetty 1*, K. J. Vinoy 1, S. B. Krupanidhi 2 1 Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,

More information

Photonic Crystal Nanocavities for Efficient Light Confinement and Emission

Photonic Crystal Nanocavities for Efficient Light Confinement and Emission Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 42, No., February 2003, pp. 768 773 Photonic Crystal Nanocavities for Efficient Light Confinement and Emission Axel Scherer, T. Yoshie, M. Lončar, J. Vučković

More information

Coherent thermal emission by excitation of magnetic polaritons between periodic strips and a metallic film

Coherent thermal emission by excitation of magnetic polaritons between periodic strips and a metallic film Coherent thermal emission by excitation of magnetic polaritons between periodic strips and a metallic film B. J. Lee, L. P. Wang, and Z. M. Zhang George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia

More information

The Dielectric Function of a Metal ( Jellium )

The Dielectric Function of a Metal ( Jellium ) The Dielectric Function of a Metal ( Jellium ) Total reflection Plasma frequency p (10 15 Hz range) Why are Metals Shiny? An electric field cannot exist inside a metal, because metal electrons follow the

More information

Near-perfect modulator for polarization state of light

Near-perfect modulator for polarization state of light Journal of Nanophotonics, Vol. 2, 029504 (11 November 2008) Near-perfect modulator for polarization state of light Yi-Jun Jen, Yung-Hsun Chen, Ching-Wei Yu, and Yen-Pu Li Department of Electro-Optical

More information

Photonic crystal enabled THz sources and one-way waveguides

Photonic crystal enabled THz sources and one-way waveguides Photonic crystal enabled THz sources and one-way waveguides The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Wang, Z., Y.

More information

NONLINEAR TRANSITIONS IN SINGLE, DOUBLE, AND TRIPLE δ-doped GaAs STRUCTURES

NONLINEAR TRANSITIONS IN SINGLE, DOUBLE, AND TRIPLE δ-doped GaAs STRUCTURES NONLINEAR TRANSITIONS IN SINGLE, DOUBLE, AND TRIPLE δ-doped GaAs STRUCTURES E. OZTURK Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Science, Physics Department, 58140 Sivas-Turkey E-mail: eozturk@cumhuriyet.edu.tr

More information

Ultrafast All-optical Switches Based on Intersubband Transitions in GaN/AlN Multiple Quantum Wells for Tb/s Operation

Ultrafast All-optical Switches Based on Intersubband Transitions in GaN/AlN Multiple Quantum Wells for Tb/s Operation Ultrafast All-optical Switches Based on Intersubband Transitions in GaN/AlN Multiple Quantum Wells for Tb/s Operation Jahan M. Dawlaty, Farhan Rana and William J. Schaff Department of Electrical and Computer

More information

Reply to Comment on Negative refractive index in artificial. metamaterials (preprint arxiv.org:physics/ )

Reply to Comment on Negative refractive index in artificial. metamaterials (preprint arxiv.org:physics/ ) Reply to Comment on Negative refractive index in artificial metamaterials (preprint arxiv.org:physics/0609234) A. N. Grigorenko, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester,

More information

Nanophotonics: solar and thermal applications

Nanophotonics: solar and thermal applications Nanophotonics: solar and thermal applications Shanhui Fan Ginzton Laboratory and Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University http://www.stanford.edu/~shanhui Nanophotonic Structures Photonic

More information

Stimulated Emission Devices: LASERS

Stimulated Emission Devices: LASERS Stimulated Emission Devices: LASERS 1. Stimulated Emission and Photon Amplification E 2 E 2 E 2 hυ hυ hυ In hυ Out hυ E 1 E 1 E 1 (a) Absorption (b) Spontaneous emission (c) Stimulated emission The Principle

More information

07/7001 METAMATERIALS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS

07/7001 METAMATERIALS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS 07/7001 METAMATERIALS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS Type of activity: Medium Study (4 months, 25 KEUR) Background and Motivation Brief description of the Metamaterial concept Metamaterials could be considered

More information

Full-color Subwavelength Printing with Gapplasmonic

Full-color Subwavelength Printing with Gapplasmonic Supporting information for Full-color Subwavelength Printing with Gapplasmonic Optical Antennas Masashi Miyata, Hideaki Hatada, and Junichi Takahara *,, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University,

More information

A normal-incident quantum well infrared photodetector enhanced by surface plasmon resonance

A normal-incident quantum well infrared photodetector enhanced by surface plasmon resonance Best Student Paper Award A normal-incident quantum well infrared photodetector enhanced by surface plasmon resonance Wei Wu a, Alireza Bonakdar, Ryan Gelfand, and Hooman Mohseni Bio-inspired Sensors and

More information

History of photonic crystals and metamaterials. However, many serious obstacles must be overcome before the impressive possibilities

History of photonic crystals and metamaterials. However, many serious obstacles must be overcome before the impressive possibilities TECHNICAL NOTEBOOK I back to basics BACK TO BASICS: History of photonic crystals and metamaterials Costas M. SOUKOULIS 1,2 1 Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa,

More information

Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 97, , 2009

Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 97, , 2009 Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 97, 407 416, 2009 PRACTICAL LIMITATIONS OF AN INVISIBILITY CLOAK B. L. Zhang Research Laboratory of Electronics Massachusetts Institute of Technology MA 02139,

More information

Nonlinear Metamaterial Composite Structure with Tunable Tunneling Frequency

Nonlinear Metamaterial Composite Structure with Tunable Tunneling Frequency Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 71, 91 96, 2017 Nonlinear Metamaterial Composite Structure with Tunable Tunneling Frequency Tuanhui Feng *,HongpeiHan,LiminWang,andFeiYang Abstract A

More information

Highly efficient anomalous refraction of airborne sound. through ultrathin metasurfaces

Highly efficient anomalous refraction of airborne sound. through ultrathin metasurfaces Highly efficient anomalous refraction of airborne sound through ultrathin metasurfaces Kun Tang, Chunyin Qiu*, Manzhu Ke, Jiuyang Lu, Yangtao Ye, and Zhengyou Liu* Similar to their optic counterparts,

More information

Controlling light with metamaterial-based nonlinear photonic crystals

Controlling light with metamaterial-based nonlinear photonic crystals SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NPHOTON.2015.17 Controlling light with metamaterial-based nonlinear photonic crystals Nadav Segal, Shay Keren-Zur, Netta Hendler, Tal Ellenbogen * Department of Physical

More information

Rotated infrared antenna transmitarray for the manipulation of circularly polarized wavefronts

Rotated infrared antenna transmitarray for the manipulation of circularly polarized wavefronts EPJ Appl. Metamat. 014, 1, 8 Ó Y. He and G.V. Eleftheriades, Published by EDP Sciences, 015 DOI: 10.1051/epjam/01500 Available online at: http://epjam.edp-open.org RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Rotated

More information

Magnetic response of split-ring resonator metamaterials: From effective medium dispersion to photonic band gaps

Magnetic response of split-ring resonator metamaterials: From effective medium dispersion to photonic band gaps PRAMANA c Indian Academy of Sciences Vol. 78, No. 3 journal of March 2012 physics pp. 483 492 Magnetic response of split-ring resonator metamaterials: From effective medium dispersion to photonic band

More information