INDEX. (The index refers to the continuous pagination)

Transcription

1 (The index refers to the continuous pagination) Accuracy in physical models methods for assessing overall assessment acquisition of information acrylonitrile hazards polymerisation toxic effects toxic load/effect relation acrylonitrile incidents, historical review base event probabilities cumulative frequency curve derivation of failure rates description failure rate data fault tree overall impact assessment probability analysis adiabatic flow advection speed air changes ammonia behaviour after spillage exit velocity expansion hazards jet mortality index probit function toxic effects toxic load/effect relation ammonia-air mixture, properties 45, 72,674 63,243, ,612, , , , , ,346, ,676, ' , , ,

2 782 ammonia cloud, non-buoyant, thermodynamic limits 634 ammonia incidents, historical review 132, base event probabilities 462,716,744 bundwall ,135,397,641,678 cumulative frequency curve 563 derivation of failure rates 125,478 description 111 fault tree 122,468 overall impact assessment 128,250 probability analysis 122 risk contours analysis, block diagram attenuation coefficient Base event probabilities base failure rate data basic event blast waves fatalities block diagram of analysis block diagram, risk contour calculation boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion(bleve) boil-off area boil-off, liquid boundary layer bund, vaporisation bundwall for ammonia sphere buoyancy factor buoyancy force burning rate, pool fire Calculation cumulative frequency graphs consequences frequencies risk contours calculation procedure flammable release toxic release ,716, ,716, ,716, ,701,716, , ,631, ,332, ,575 31, 44 32, ,

3 centreline distance champagne effect checklist method chlorine mortality index probit function toxic effects toxic load/effect relation chlorine incidents, historical review base event probabilities cumulative frequency curve description failure rate data fault tree frequency analysis overall impact assessment cloud, pancake cloud, type cloud expansion cloud experiment, van Ulden combustion flammable material vapour cloud compressible flow concentration ground level indoor concentration profile concrete, thermal properties conclusions conductivity, thermal consequence analysis objectives physical models probability methods hydrodesulphuriser consequences calculation influencing factors ' ,345, , , ,716, ,169,401, , , ,626,693, ,249, , , , , 33,673, , , ,135,397,641, ,169,404, , , ,422,764 31, 44 71

4 784 continuous dispersion continuous fire thermal radiation Coriolis parameter correlation model critical flow cryogenic liquid spreading and vaporisation vaporisation on land vaporisation on water cumulative frequency graphs calculation validation cut-off value cut-sets Damage blast waves steady state fires transient fires decay of pressure deflagration dense material jet like release surface release derivation of failure rates aumonia storage development, areas for future diffusion, eddy diffusion, turbulent diffusion coefficient diffusion equation diffusivity ground, thermal vapour dilution, initial discharge coefficient discharge duration , , , ,618,684, ,617, ,559, ,631, , ,619, , ,746 34, ,613,636, , ,681

5 discharge rate gas liquid two phase flow dispersion model characteristics choice between inst./cont. model dense clouds influencing factors jet like release neutral density surface release uncertainty dispersion parameters distance, centreline distribution log-normal population drag coefficient drag force duration discharge positive phase Eddy diffusion employee numbers entrainment errors coefficient rate rate, limiting value relations velocity human in physical models evaporation, liquids event tree event probability methods exit velocity, ammonia expansion, ammonia expansion factor, cloud explosion, probability explosion models comparison correlation model pancake model (Battelle) Taylor model ,269, , ,615,681, ,621, ,299,619,685, , , ,619, , , , , ,690, , ,298, , ,620, , , ,616 51,290, ,626,628,693, , , , ,630,710

6 786 TNO model TNT equivalent model external events Failure cases, identification failure rate data historical, use failure rates base derivation failure type fatal accident frequency rate fatalities from overpressure fatality statistics fault tree analysis fault trees fire continuous transient fire-ball flame duration radius surface heat flux vertical velocity view factor emissivity heat flux length propagation radius speed tilt flammable gas, limits to mass flammable gas release, mortality index flammable release, calculation procedure flash fire flash vaporisation 60,317,626,688,769, ,705 31, ,699,714, ,612,614, ,631, , , ,743,746 57,324 58, , , ,630,691, , 60 52, 55,271,613,633

7 forced convection fractional dead time fraction of total heat radiated frequencies, calculation frequency graphs, cumulative calculation frictional velocity friction loss friction velocity Gas discharge gravity spread ground level concentration Hazard analysis block diagram effectiveness study objects hazard and operability study heat absorbed by receiver BLEVE jet flame pool fire heat flux from flame heat flux to liquid pool heat flux, surface BLEVE jet flame pool fire heat flux correction factor heat transfer, limiting heat transfer relation heavy gas dispersion historical evidence historical failure rate data, use historical review of incidents acrylonitrile ammonia chlorine hydrogen sulphide LNG propylene human error hydrodesulphuriser cumulative frequency curve description probability analysis ,695 32, ,559, , ,619, , , , , ,622,761 30,257,674, , , ,351, , , , ,

8 788 hydrogen sulphide hazards toxic effects toxic load/effect relation hydrogen sulphide incidents, historical review Identification failure cases ignition probability ignition, fatalities ignition sources characteristics incidents, historical review incompressible flow indoor concentration inertia correction factor infiltration rate initial dilution instantaneous dispersion isothermal flow Jet, downward pointing jet flame jet like emission jet of ammonia Karman constant Lateral spreading rate limiting heat transfer limits to mass of flammable gas liquid discharge liquid pool effective height heat flux limiting thickness spread liquid regression rate liquid spill spread vaporisation liquid, volatile, evaporation LNG incidents, historical review base event probabilities cumulative frequency curve , ,330,626, , ,279, , , ,613,636, ,618,677, , , , , ,617, , , ,

9 derivation of failure rates description fault tree overall impact assessment probability analysis log-normal distribution Mach number meteorological data selected conditions uncertainty mixing length mixing relation Monin-Obukhov length Monte Carlo method mortality index ammonia chlorine flammable gas Natural convection neutral density dispersion transition nitrogen blanketing Overall assessment, methods accuracy overall impact, assessment summary of results overall impact assessment hydrodesulphuriser overpressure fatalities overpressure, peak Pancake cloud pancake explosion model (Battelle) peak overpressure fatalities , , , 67, , , , , , , , , , ,631, ,711, , , ,701, ,631 '774

10 790 physical models accuracy/uncertainty errors piston velocity planetary boundary layer plume centreline velocity polymerisation of acrylonitrile pool fire pool, limiting thickness population distribution positive phase duration potential temperature pressure wave decay probability analysis hydrodesulphuriser probability in consequence analysis probability, methods for estimating probability of explosion probability of ignition probability of weather class probit function ammonia chlorine propylene incidents, historical review base event probabilities cloud formation cumulative frequency curve derivation of failure rates description fault tree overall impact assessment probability analysis protection by remaining indoors Radiation, thermal continuous fire function of flame height transient fire , , ,612,713 57,325, , ,690, ,631, , , ,320,626, , , ,345, ,716, ,422, , ,743, , , ,345, , ,696

11 rain-out regression rate, liquid release continuous from pressure storage influencing factors instantaneous probability Richardson number risk contours block diagram calculation validation risk maps roughness length Security screening soil, thermal properties sonic gas discharge spread and evaporation spreading constant spread of liquid spill stability parameter steady state fire surface area of jet flame surface heat flux BLEVE jet flame pool fire surface release, dense material surface roughness parameter Taylor explosion model temperature gradient thermal dose levels thermal properties, soil/concrete thermal radiation continuous fire function of flame height transient fire thermodynamic limits, ammonia cloud thickness, spreading pool, limiting TNO explosion model TNT equivalent TNT explosion model ,613,636,642,726, , 55 52, , ,620, ,558, , , ,300, ,290,292,301,638, , ,299,619, , ,630, , , ,317,626,769,

12 792 top event topography toxic criteria toxic effects acrylonitrile ammonia chlorine hydrogen sulphide toxicity model uncertainty toxic load/effect relation toxic release, calculation procedure transient fire thermal radiation transition criterion transition to neutral density Transloc model turbulence scale length turbulence spreading rate turbulence velocity turbulent diffusion two phase flow types of cloud Uncertainty uncertainty range uncertainty in physical models, identification hydrodesulphuriser Vaporisation and spreading vaporisation from bund vaporisation from liquid spill vaporisation rate cryogenic liquid on land cryogenic liquid on water vapour diffusivity vapour/liquid ratio velocity entrainment flame friction ,623 61, , , , ,344, , ' 621", , , ,298, ,279,615,681, , , , , ,618, , , ,630,691,

13 793 frictional piston plume centreline turbulence vertical, fire-ball venting rate view factor BLEVE fuel-air mixture pool fire vulnerability model Warning time weather class, probability wind drag force wind profile , ,298, ,346, , , , ,620,637