Study on the Bursting Strength of Jute Fabric Asis Mukhopadhyay 1, Biwapati Chatterjee 2, Prabal Kumar Majumdar 3 1 Associate Professor,

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1 American International Journal of Research in Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics Availale online at ISSN (Print): , ISSN (Online): , ISSN (CD-ROM): AIJRSTEM is a refereed, indexed, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary and open access journal pulished y International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR), USA (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) Study on the Bursting Strength of Jute Faric Asis Mukhopadhyay 1, Biwapati Chatterjee, Praal Kumar Majumdar 3 1 Associate Professor, Department of Jute and Fire Technology, University of Calcutta 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata , India Associate Professor Government College of Engineering and Textile Technology Serampore, Hoogly 7101, India 3 Praal Kumar Majumdar Professor, Government College of Engineering and Textile Technology Serampore, Hoogly 7101, India Astract: In ursting strength testing, farics are sujected to multidirectional pressure. Filled in jute ags in stacked condition are sujected to such type of pressure. In this paper ursting strength of six different types of jute farics are measured. The measured ursting strength values are then compared with calculated ursting strength values otained from two mathematical models, one is ased on the strengths of constituent yarns and the other on the uniaxial faric strengths and a good conformity have een otained etween the experimental and the calculated values. So the uniaxial faric strength testing, the age old practice in jute industry is adequate to predict the ursting strength. Keywords: Bursting strength, memrane theory, multidirectional pressure, uniaxial strength Introduction In industrial applications, textile farics are generally sujected to loads directed along the threads of the faric, either uniaxial or iaxial or to pressures directed at right angle to faric structure. Typical examples of the first case are the kinds of loads carried y drive elts or safety elts. The second kind of load occurs in farics for sacks, tents, water ag, filter cloth, parachute farics. Assuming that, during ursting, the samples were distended into spherical owls, i.e., section of a sphere, Sommer [3] has suggested that the linear tension per unit length of the specimen along the arc of the great circle is a c h N p p 4h where p = pressure on the specimen, a = radius of the sphere of which sample owl is a part, c = radius of the owl ase and h = height of the owl. This equation is ased on memrane theory of shell. Zurek et al [] have given the formula for calculating the ursting pressure ased on the strength of the constituent yarns and faric structure, assuming that the distended faric sample is a part of spherical owl: 1 F 1 F p () a E1 p1 E p F 1 and F are the reaking strengths of warp and weft yarns, p 1 and p are the warp and weft thread spacing in deformed state, E 1 and E are the relative increase in spacing of warp and weft thread, p E, 01 p0 E p and p0 are warp and weft thread spacing in the un-deformed state respectively. E e 100 1, e is the extension (%) of yarn; a is the radius of the spherical owl that can e calculated from the geometry of the distended specimen. 1 p p 1 01 (1) and AIJRSTEM ; 016, AIJRSTEM All Rights Reserved Page 144

2 Ertugrul [3] predicted ursting strength of cotton knitted farics using intelligent techniques of neural network and neuro-fuzzy approaches with yarn strength, extension and faric weight as the input parameters. II. Materials and Methods Six types of jute farics, which are used commonly for making ags, were selected for experimental studies. The dimensional parameters of the farics are given in Tale 1. Tale 1. Particulars of the Faric Samples Sample code Thread density (threads/dm) Yarn linear density (tex) Yarn crimp (%) Areal density Thickness (mm) numer Warp (n 1) Weft (n ) Warp (T 1) Weft (T ) Warp (c 1) Weft (c ) (g/m ) Tensile Strength of Yarns Strength of warp and weft yarns for each faric sample are measured on Zwick Roell Z010 Tensile tester, with a gauge length of 00 mm and 300 mm/min testing speed (IS: ; method 3). Fifty specimens were tested and the average was calculated. The results are given in Tale. Tale. Tensile Test Results for Yarns Sample code Warp yarn Weft yarn Breaking Force Tenacity (cn/tex) Extension at reak (%) Breaking force Tenacity (cn/tex) (0.48) * (1.67) (15.53) (0.74) (1.16) (1.67) (15.6) (1.4) (10.48) (15.1) (10.9) (10.6) Tensile Strength of Farics Tensile strengths of farics are measured on Zwick Roell Z010 tensile tester following ravelled strip method (IS: ) with sample size of 350mmX10mm. The specified width, 100 mm, of the specimen was otained y removing yarns at the edges. The gauge length was 00 mm and the test speed was 460 mm/min. Results are shown in Tale 3. Ten specimens were tested for each sample. Tale 3. Tensile Strength Results of Faric Sample code (19.83) (10.16) (.50) (17.80) (16.39) (19.80) [ * Figures in the parentheses show the coefficient of variation (%)] Warp way Breaking force Strength Extension at Breaking force (kg/cm) reak (%) (3.73) * (3.75) (9.56) (5.69) (7.03) (7.0) (7.44) (7.9) (15.96) (13.6) (9.04) (14.9) (4.86) (7.9) (16.38) (5.64) (5.68) (8.56) [ * Figures in the parentheses show the coefficient of variation (%)] Extension at reak (%) (11.76) (0.9) (16.65) (0.50) (14.88) (13.8) Weft way Strength Extension at (kg/cm) reak (%) (4.79) (4.91) (10.13) (14.19) (4.66) (6.90) The ursting strength of the samples was tested in a ursting strength tester developed y CTRONIX, India which is shown in Figure 1(a). The schematic diagram of the instrument is shown in Figure 1(). The diameter of the circular aperture is 76. mm, which is larger than the 5.4 mm diameter in commonly availale instruments. The AIJRSTEM ; 016, AIJRSTEM All Rights Reserved Page 145

3 larger aperture helps to urst the jute faric properly; in case smaller aperture, ursting of heavy jute farics is not satisfactory. The chamer is filled with oil and pressure is raised y means of a pump. The pressure in the chamer is converted into an electrical signal y means of a pressure transducer. As the pressure uilds up, the faric along with the ruer diaphragm ulges out and the deflection of the central point of the distended faric is recorded y means of a LVDT. The displacement recorded y the LVDT is the height of the central point of the distended faric. The electrical signals from the pressure transducer and the LVDT are fed to computer software and a plot of pressure and height of the ulge in terms of displacement is otained. A typical pressure displacement curve otained in case of first specimen of sample 1 is shown in Figure. When the faric ursts the instrument stops automatically, the pressure reduces to zero and the proe of the LVDT recedes to its original position. The instrument records the ursting pressure and the height of the ulge at the time of urst. The results are given in Tale 4. Ten specimens were tested for each sample. (a) Figure 1(). Bursting strength tester Tale 4. Results Bursting Strength of Faric Sample code Bursting strength Pressure (kg/cm ) Displacement (mm) (8.86 * ) (13.9 * ) 5.70 (10.5) (1.43) (11.) (8.06) (13.6) (16.53) (6.5) (16.1) (5.95) (18.03) [ * Figures in the parentheses show the coefficient of variation (%)] AIJRSTEM ; 016, AIJRSTEM All Rights Reserved Page 146

4 Figure. Pressure displacement curve of ursting strength test In the aove Figure the displacement values in the horizontal axis represent the height of central point of the distended faric. III. Results and Discussion During ursting testing, the distended faric specimen can e considered as a spherical owl [1] as shown in Figure 3. D h A C B c a O Figure 3. Geometry of the distended specimen The radius of the sphere OB = OD = a. The normal section of the faric is the arc ADB. AC = c is the radius of the circular aperture. In the present case c = 3.81 cm (1.5 inch). CD = h = height of distension. From the right angled triangle OBC a a c h c h a h (3) The values of h is otained from the instrument are given in Tale 4 and hence a can e calculated from equation (3). The ursting pressures are calculated, using equation (), for the faric samples from the corresponding yarn test data, given in Tale, and compared with the experimentally determined ursting pressures given in Tale 4. These results are shown in Tale 5. Tale 5. Calculated and Measured Values of Bursting Pressure Sample code numer Calculated ursting pressure (kg/cm ) Measured ursting pressure (kg/cm ) There is a reasonale agreement etween the actual and the calculated values. The reaking strength and reaking extension values of the constituent yarns are required for calculating the ursting pressure. AIJRSTEM ; 016, AIJRSTEM All Rights Reserved Page 147

5 Bursting pressure can also e calculated y considering the faric as memrane, Clive [4] and the distended specimen is a part of a sphere then the pressure, p, inside the spherical shell is given y the following equation [4] N p a N is the faric strength in kg/cm. Sustituting the value of a from equation (3) 4h N p c (4) h Sommer [1] also reported the similar type of Equation (1). It is to e mentioned here that memranes are homogeneous and isotropic, ut farics are non-homogeneous and orthotropic and the warp way and weft way strengths are different. The strength N in Equation (4) can e either warp way or weft way strengths. Bursting pressures are calculated for warp way, weft way and also the average value of the warp way and weft way strengths. The results of ursting pressure (p), displacement (h) in Tale 4 and the faric strength results in Tale 3 are used to calculate the ursting pressures from Equation (4). The calculated ursting pressures are compared with the actual values of ursting pressure. These results are shown in Tale 6 and shown in Figure 4. Sample code numer Tale 6. Calculated and Measured Values of Bursting Pressure Calculated ursting pressure (kg/cm ) Higher value of Lower value of Average value of faric strength faric strength faric strength (kg/cm) (kg/cm) (kg/cm) Measured ursting pressure (kg/cm ) Figure 4. Calculated and actual ursting pressures Tale 6 and Figure 4.0 show that the calculated ursting pressures derived from the higher value of uniaxial faric strength etween warp and weft directions are, in general, closer to the actual ursting pressures otained experimentally. These results show that the ursting pressure depends on the uniaxial faric strength in the stronger direction. Figure 5. Actual and predicted values of ursting pressure AIJRSTEM ; 016, AIJRSTEM All Rights Reserved Page 148

6 Figure 5 shows that oth the equations () and (4) give reasonale prediction of the ursting pressures. Equation (4) predicts on the asis of the reaking strength of the faric and hence more convenient. Moreover, since equation (4.7) is derived from memrane shell theory so it can e said that memrane shell theory is applicale in explaining deformation of faric when the faric forms shell like structure. IV. Conclusions Bursting strength depends on the higher value of the uniaxial faric strength. Separate ursting strength tester is not required for jute faric. Bursting strength can e predicted oth from the strength of the constituent yarns as well as the uniaxial faric strength, ut the second method is simpler. Memrane shell theory is applicale in analysing faric deformation. V. References [1] H. Sommer, (1941), The Principles of Analysis of Faric Bursting Strength, Melliand Textiler., 414. [] W. Zurek and W. Bendkowska, (1983), Phenomenon Occurring in Bursting Strength of Circular Faric Samples, Part I: Geometry of the distended Samples, Textile Res. J., 53, 19. [3] S. Ertugrul, N. Ucar, (000), Predicting Bursting Strength of Cotton Plain Knitted Farics using Intelligent Techniques, Text Res J, 70, 845. [4] Clive L Dym. (1990), Introduction to the Theory of Shells, Hemisphere Pulishing Corporation, Chapter IV AIJRSTEM ; 016, AIJRSTEM All Rights Reserved Page 149

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