LIB 013 J«Wmc Am{U m{hvremñì KQ>Zm, KS>m mos>r, ^mî

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2 LIB 013 J«Wmc Am{U m{hvremñì KQ>Zm, KS>m mos>r, ^mî g nmxh$ S>m. YwH$a eodmio H$m H$mar g nmxh$ àm. àdru KmoS>oñdma g nmxh$ S>i S>m. amo Ð Hw $^ma, nwuo S>m. mohz IoaS>o, A amdvr S>m. Y amo dra, Am a Jm~mX S>m. Z{ Vm ImoV, H$moëhmnya S>m. Jcm {hadms>o, ZmJnya àm. àh$me ~d}, Zm{eH$ 2016 ed Vamd MìhmU hmamï > w³v {dúmnrr> {Z{ Vr lr. AmZ X mxd, ì dñwmnh$, J«W{Z{ Vr H $Ð,. M.. w³v {dúmnrr> AjaOwiUr o. na o$³q> H$m åß wq>a, {Ì yvu Mm H$, {gs>h$mo, Zm{eH$ wðh$ lr. àem V amh$m, o. amh$m qàq>g, H$mdoar g Hw$c, AemoH$ñV ^, Zm{eH$ àh$meh$ S>m. {XZoe ^m S>o, Hw$cg{Md,. M.. w³v {dúmnrr>, Zm{eH$ nìì dhmammm nîmm dj Ur d ì dñwmnz - S>m. YwH$a eodmio, Cn-J«Wnmc d à wi, J«Wmc Am{U m{hvròmov H $Ð, ed Vamd MìhmU hmamï > w³v {dúmnrr>, Zm{eH$ g nmxh$s (gm{hë nmr>{dê mgmr>r) - S>m. YwH$a eodmio, Cn-J«Wnmc d à wi, J«Wmc Am{U m{hvròmov H $Ð, ed Vamd MìhmU hmamï > w³v {dúmnrr>, Zm{eH$ m A H$mV ì ³V Pmcoë m Vm er g nmxh$ d g nmxh$ S>i gh V AgocM Ago Zmhr. B kmzj JmoÌr df 17do kmzj JmoÌr _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 A H$-4 AZwH«$_{UH$m ISSN g nmxh$s` ì`dñwmnh$s` VÎdo Am{U V Ìo `m À`m Cn`moOZmÛmao 01 gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`m Mo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU - S>m. amo Ð Hw $^ma àm. Oo. EM. eoam `m Mr VÎdàUmbr : 09 ^mj -1 - S>m. àxrn H${U H$ àm. Oo. EM. eoam `m Mr VÎdàUmbr : 28 ^mj -2 - S>m. àxrn H${U H$ bm`~«ar hoamës> `m {Z`VH$m{bH$m_Ü`o 46 àh$m{ev Pmboë`m boim Mo Ame` {díbofu - gm. AmaVr _ Xma ZmB H$ AOyZ VmOm dmg OwÝ`mbm - àm. A. H$m. {à`moih$a 69

3 g nmxh$s` Was Ranganathan a Yahoo? Agm boi 1998 _Ü`o B Q>aZoQ>da àh$m{ev Pmbm. `m boimà`m bopih$m A _r ½bmgob `m Zr àñvwv boimg Ago erf H$ H$m {Xbo Agmdo Ago Amnë`mbm dmq>uo gmh{oh$m Amho. OmJ{VH$ nmvirda djuh$aumà`m AZoH$ nõvr {Z_m U Pmë`mV. Ë`mVrb H$mhr OmJ{VH$ nmvirda dmnaë`m OmD$ bmjë`mv. _ob{db S>çwB `m Mr S>çwB So>{g_b djuh$au nõvr Am{U S>m. a JZmWZ `m Mr H$mobZ djuh$au nõvr. H$mobZ djuh$au nõvr hr Oar \$maer dmnabr OmV Zgbr Var Vr \ $goq>os> Agë`mZo _m{hvrà`m KQ>H$mn`ªV Am{U Ë`m À`m gd M CnKQ>H$m n`ªv nmohmv {ZX}eZmV _hîdnyu CnbãYr Ë`mÛmao H$aÊ`mg X^m V Cn`wŠV nõv Amho. EÝ`w_aoQ>oS> djuh$au nõvr_ü`o `m ~m~r nyu nuo eš` hmouma ZmhrV. _m{hvrà`m n[añ\$moq>m_wio B Q>aZoQ>da Oo gm{hë` CnbãY Pmbobo Amho Ë`mMohr ì`dñwmnz (Organisation) H$aUo _hîdmmo AgVo. àë`oh$ gm B {OZ_Ü`o AmnUmg Aem àh$mamo H$mhrZm H$mhr ì`dñwmnz {XgyZ `ovo. a JZmWZ `m Zr Á`m H$mir H$mobZ djuh$au nõvr emoyyz H$mT>br Ë`mdoiog g JUH$ CnbãY ZìhVo. _mì Ë`m Zr gm {JVbobr VÎdo AmOÀ`m g JUH$s` `wjmv A{Ve` MnIb ~gvmv, Cn`moJmV `ov AmhoV. A _r ½bmgob `m B Q>aZoQ> H $Q>bm Ja AmhoV Am{U B Q>aZoQ>darb gm{hë`mmo ì`dñwmnz H$aVm Zm Ë`m Zm `m VÎdm Mm Iyn Cn`moJ Pmbobm Amho. a JZmWZ `m Mr H$mobZ djuh$au nõvr Am{U n by {díbofummr VÎdo `m_wio A H$s` gm{hë`mmo ì`dñwmnz Am{Ve` gwb^ Pmbo Ago A _r ½bmgob `m Mo åhuuo Amho. åhuyzm Was Ranganathan a Yahoo? Ago Ë`m åhuvmv. (g X^ : Aimee Glassel: (1998). Internet Scout Research Group). B Q>aZoQ>darb _m{hvr gmyzm Mo ì`dñwmnz H$aVm Zm S>m. a JZmWZ `m Zr _m S>bobr VÎdo {ZpíMVM Cn`wŠV AmhoV. kmzj JmoÌrÀ`m àñvwv A H$m_Ü`o ì`dñwmnh$s` VÎdo Am{U V Ìo `m Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`m Mo H$go AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$aVm `ob b `m g X^m Vrb {dmma àm. amo Ð Hw $^ma `m Zr _m S>bo AmhoV. J«Wmb` Am{U _m{hvremó {df`mvrb EH$ {dmmad V àm. Oo. EM. eoam `m Zr Social Epistemological Foundation for Libraries ZmdmMr VÎdàUmbr nþmg dfm nydu _m S>br, Ë`mg X^m Vrb {dmma S>m. àxrn H${U H$ `m À`m XmoZ boim _YyZ gmxa H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. àm. Oo. EM. eoam `m Mr VÎdàUmbrMr Cn`wŠVVm bjmv KoVm ho XmoÝhr boi nwzà H$m{eV H$aÊ`mV `ov AmhoV. VgoM bm`~«ar hoamës> `m {Z`VH$m{bH$m_Ü`o àh$m{ev Pmboë`m boim Mo Ame` {díbofu hm AmaVr ZmB H$ `m Mm g emoyzmë_h$ boi Am{U AOyZ VmOm dmg OwÝ`mbm A VJ V _amr>r Xmobm_wqÐVo hm àm. A. H$m. {à`moih$am Mm boi gmxa H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. S>m. _YwH$a eodmio g nmxh$

4 ì`dñwmnh$s` VÎdo Am{U V Ìo `m À`m Cn`moOZmÛmao gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`m Mo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU S>m. amo Ð Hw $^ma àmü`mnh$, J«Wmb`emó {d^mj gm{dìr~mb \w$bo nwuo {dúmnrr>, nwuo B _ob - kumbharrajendra@yahoo.co.in gxa boim_ü`o AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMm AW, J«Wmb`rZ joìmvrb ~XbVo àdmh, J«Wmb`m Zr, gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`m Zr AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMm Ü`mg H$m Yamdm BË`mXr~m~V MMm Ho$bobr Amho. VgoM ì`dñwmnh$s` VÎdo Am{U V Ìo `m À`m Cn`moOZmVyZ gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`m Mo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$go eš` Amho Vo ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. {edm` J«Wmb` à{v{zyr (Library Representative) `m g H$ënZoMrhr MMm Ho$br Amho. àñvmdzm _mzdr OrdZm_Ü`o g àofumg \$ma _hîd Amho. _Zwî` Ë`mMo kmz, AZw^d, ^md-^mdzm, Anojm g àofumûmaom ì`šv H$ê$ eh$vmo; OmUyZ KoD$ eh$vmo. _mzdr g ñh $VrÀ`m gwê$dmvrnmgyzm _Zwî` `m qh$dm Ë`m _mjm Zo g àofu H$aV Ambm Amho. gwê$dmvrbm hmd-^md, hmvdmao, AmdmO, BË`mXr _mjm Zo _Zwî` g àofu H$aV hmovm. nwt>o boizh$bomm emoy bmjbm Am{U g àofumgmr>r _Zwî` _mvrà`m {dq>m, XJS>, PmS>mMr gmb, nmzo, BË`mXtMm dmna H$ê$ bmjbm. H$mbm VamZo H$mJX Am{U _wðuv ÌmÀ`m emoymz Va _mì g àofu joìmv _mor>rm H«$m Vr Pmbr. _m{hvr, kmz ghonuo _w{ðv H$ê$Z Ë`mMo OVZ Am{U g àofu H$aUo ghogwb^ Pmbo. àboim À`m AZoH$ àvr N>mnUo ghoeš` Pmbo. gü`mà`m g JUH$ `wjm_ü`o _m{hvr Am{U g àofu V ÌkmZmÀ`m {dh$mgm_wio _m{hvr joìmv Am_ybmJ«~Xb KSy>Z Ambo AmhoV. EdT>oM Zmhr Va `m nwt>rb H$mim_Ü`o AmUIr ì`mnh$ n[aum_ H$aUmao ~Xb KSy>Z `ouma `mv e H$mM Zmhr. g JUH$ Am{U g àofu V ÌkmZmVrb {dh$mgm_wio _m{hvr {S>{OQ>b ñdê$nmv gmr>{duo, OVZ H$aUo eš` hmov Amho. `m_wio H$_r OmJoV OmñV _m{hvr g J«{hV H$aUo eš` hmov Amho. g àofu V ÌmVrb {dh$mgm_wio _m{hvr XÿaÀ`m {R>H$mUr dojmzo nmr>{duo eš` hmov Amho. H$moR>ohr CnbãY Agbobr _m{hvr H$moRy>Zhr emoyuo eš` hmov Amho. 24 x 7 åhuoom _m{hvr 24 Vmg CnbãY hmov Amho. {deof åhuoo V ÌkmZmVrb {dh$mgm_wio _m{hvr ~hþ_mü`_ (Multimedia) ñdê$nmvhr CnbãY hmov Amho. dmmh$, J«Wmb`rZ godh$ d godm VgoM dmmzgm{hë` BË`mXr gd M J«Wmb`rZ KQ>H$m da V ÌkmZmVrb {dh$mgmmo n[aum_ hmov AmhoV. J«Wmb`ogwÕm Ë`m À`m_Ü`o AmYw{ZH$Vm AmUÊ`mgmR>r V ÌkmZmMm dmt>vm dmna H$aV AmhoV. Á`mà_mUo V ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnamvyz J«Wmb`m Mo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU eš` Amho Ë`mMà_mUo ì`dñwmnh$s` VÎdo Am{U V Ìo `m À`m Cn`moOZmÛmaohr J«Wmb`m Mo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU eš` Amho Ago _mpo _V Amho. H$maU (1) Á`mà_mUo V ÌkmZm_Ü`o _mor>çm à_mumda emoy bmjv AmhoV Ë`mMà_mUo ì`dñwmnzm_ü`ohr ZdZdrZ VÎdo Am{U V Ìo {dh${gv hmov AmhoV. (2) AmO ì`dgm{`h$ joìmv (Commercial field) Am{U CÚmoJ OJVm_Ü`o (Corporate world) AmnUmg gd Xÿa AmYw{ZH$sH$aU OmUdV Amho. Ë`m Zr Ë`m À`m joìm_ü`o gmü` Ho$bobo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU ho ~hþvm eh$ê$z ì`dñwmnh$s` VÎdo Am{U V Ìo `m À`m Cn`moOZmVyZ gmü` Ho$bo Amho. ì`dñwmnh$s` VÎdo Am{U V Ìo `m À`m Cn`moOZmVyZ gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`m Mo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$go H$amdo `m~m~vmr MMm gxa boimv Ho$br Amho. gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`o dmmh$m Zm, Aä`mgH$m Zm, g emoyh$m Zm hdo Agbobo dmmzgm{hë` Am{U _m{hvr ghonuo nwa{dumar g ñwm AWdm ` ÌUm åhuoo J«Wmb`. dmmzgm{hë` nwa{dê`m~amo~am J«Wmb`o dmmh$m Zm _m{hvr~m~v gmjahr H$aVmV. VgoM dmmzgm{hë` d _m{hvr{df`h$ g mhr XoVmV. gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`o g_momvrb gd OmVr-Y_m À`m, Jar~ Am{U lr_ Vm Zm kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 1 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 2

5 g_mz Ý`m`mZo dmmzgm{hë` Am{U dmmz{df`h$ g m eš`vmo _mo\$v nwa{dvmv. gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`o ZmJ[aH$m Zm godm nwa{dvmzm Ë`m Mo d`, ì`dgm`, {eju Agm H$moUVmM ^ox^md H$aV ZmhrV. Amnë`mH$S>rb gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`o ~hþvm eh$ê$z dmmh$m Zm H$a_UyH$àYmZ dmmzgm{hë` CnbãY H$aVmV Am{U åhuyz Ë`m Mr gü`mmr à{v_m ~hþym H$a_UwH$sMo _mü`_, doi Kmb{dÊ`mgmR>rMo {R>H$mU AerM Amho. AWm V `mbm AndmX AgUmar gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`oXoIrb Amnë`mH$So> AmhoV. gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`mMr Ho$di H$a_UwH$sMo gmyz hr à{v_m ~XbÊ`mMr JaO Amho. A_o[aH$m, {~«Q>Z `mgma»`m {dh${gv Xoem _Ü`o gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`o "g_mo _m{hvr H $Ð' (Community Information Centers) åhuyz H$m` H$aV AmhoV. _m{hvr{df`h$ gdmªjru OmJê$H$Vm {Z_m U H$aUmar "_m{hvr gmjavm H $Ðo' Pmbr AmhoV. hr gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`o gmvë`mzo ZdZdrZ godm {dh${gv H$aV gvv dmmh$m À`m g nh$m V AmhoV, Ë`m À`mn`ªV {Z`{_VnUo nmohmomv AmhoV. Aem àh$mamo ZdrZ ê$n YmaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r hr J«Wmb`o _m{hvr V ÌkmZmMm Adb ~ H$aV AmhoV. Ë`mM~amo~a ì`dñwmnh$s` VÎdo Am{U V Ìo `m Mmhr Adb ~ H$aV AmhoV. Amnë`mbmgwÕm ì`dñwmnh$s` VÎdo Am{U V Ìo `m Mm Adb ~ H$ê$Z gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`m Zm Am{U Ë`m À`m godm Zm AmYw{ZH$ ñdê$n XoUo eš` Amho. d Ë`mÛmao `m J«Wmb`m À`m godm Mo _yë`dy Z (Value addition) H$aUo eš` Amho. J«Wmb`m Mo ~XbVo n by V ÌkmZ, g emoyz, ZmdrÝ`mMm Ü`mg, g OZerbVm BË`mXt_wio J«Wmb`mÀ`m gd M n by _Ü`o Am_ybmJ«~Xb hmovmzm {XgV AmhoV. J«Wmb`m Mo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Ë`mMm Ano{jV Agm doj gmyê`mgmr>r J«Wmb`mMo ~XbVo n by OmUyZ KoUo Cn`wŠV R>aob. (1) dmmzgm{hë`mvrb àmh ${VH$ ~Xb gmymaunuo 20ì`m evh$mn`ªv ~hþvm e dmmzgm{hë` dojmzo dmt>v Amho. B -OZ ëg, B -~wšg, B -Q>rS>r (BboŠQ >m {ZH$ {Wgog A±S> {S>PaQ>oeZ), B -ao\$aýg, gmog}g ho dmmzgm{hë`mmo àh$ma AmVm àñwm{nv Pmbo AmhoV. EdT>oM Zmhr Va ~hþvm e BboŠQ >m {ZH$ dmmzgm{hë` ho B Q>aZoQ>À`m _mü`_mvyz Am ZbmBZ nõvrzo CnbãY H$aÊ`mV `ov Amho. BboŠQ >m {ZH$ ñdê$nmvrb Am ZbmB Z dmmzgm{hë`m_wio J«Wmb`m g ~ YrÀ`m AZoH$ ~m~t_ü`o ~Xb H$aUo/hmoUo eš` Pmbo Amho. CXmhaUmW, (A) BboŠQ >m {ZH$ dmmzgm{hë` g J«hUmgmR>r (Physical space) Iyn H$_r OmJm bmjvo. g JUH$, gìh a, grs>r EdT>çmnwaVrM OmJm bmjvo. (Am)Ago dmmzgm{hë` H$moRy>Zhr emoyvm `ovo. åhuoom dmmh$ J«Wmb`mnmgyZ {H$Vrhr A Vamda Agbm Var Ë`mbm dmmzgm{hë` {_i{dê`mgmr>r / nwa{dê`m_ü`o A VamMr AS>MU {Z_m U hmov Zmhr. (B) dmmzgm{hë` Am ZbmB Z ñdê$nmv CnbãY Agë`m_wio "gmo_dma Vo e{zdma gh$mir 10 Vo 6' Aer J«Wmb`rZ H$m_H$mOmMr doi hr g H$ënZm _mos>rv {ZKV Amho. AmVm J«Wmb`o 24 Vmg AmR>dS>m^a (åhuoom 24 x 7) Am ZbmB Z CnbãY AgVmV. (2) _mo\$v dmmzgm{hë`mmr CnbãYVm {Z{_ VrMm Am{U dmhvwh$smm IM {dmmamv KoVm _w{ðv dmmzgm{hë` _mo\$v CnbãY H$aUo Odinmg AeŠ` hmovo. na Vw BboŠQ >m {ZH$ dmmzgm{hë` {Z_m U H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM Vo Am ZbmB Z CnbãY H$aÊ`mgmR>r _w{ðv dmmzgm{hë`medt>m IM `ov Zmhr. {edm` V ÌkmZmVrb {dh$mgm_wio BboŠQ >m {ZH$ VgoM Am ZbmBZ ~m~r {Xdg {Xdg ñdñv hmov AmhoV. `m{edm` bmoh$h$ë`mummr, namonh$mammr ^mdzm g_mom_ü`o {Xdg {Xdg A{YH$ ÑT> hmov Amho. `mvyzm _mo\$v dmmzgm{hë`mmr Midi C^r am{hbr Amho. hr Midi Open caess Initiative (OAI) `m ZmdmZo g ~moybr OmVo. `m MidirÀ`m _mü`_mvyz AmO homamo B -OZ ëg _mo\$v CnbãY H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. (nhm doaj.org). `mvrb OZ ëgmr g»`m gmvë`mzo dmt>v Amho. VgoM homamo B -~wšghr _mo\$v CnbãY H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. (nhm project guttenberg) (3) dmmh$m H$Sy>Z _m{hvr V ÌkmZmMm hmov OmUmam dmt>vm dmna g JUH$, b nq>m n, Am`n S>, ñ_mq> \$moz, B -~wh$ ars>g (B -~wh$ dmmz ` Ì, Ogo H$s qh$s>b), dm`-\$m`, _mo~mb b H$m åß`wqq>j, B -b{zªj `mgma»`m V ÌkmZmMo, kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 3 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 4

6 Am{U V ÌkmZmYm[aV gw{dym Mm g_momvrb Cn`moJ dmt>v Amho. Ë`m_wio dmmh$m Zm dmmzgm{hë` {_i{dê`mgmr>r J«Wmb`mMmM dmna Ho$bm nm{hoo Aer Amdí`H$Vm ^mgv Zmhr. {H$_mZ hr gmyzo Am{U gw{dym J«Wmb`mg n`m ` AmhoV Agm Am^mg Var VyV {Z_m U Pmbm Amho. _mì `m gmyz-gw{dym Mm dmna H$ê$Z dmmh$m Zm J«Wmb`mH$So> AmH${f V H$ê$ eh$vmo. AmYw{ZH$sH$aU: AW Am{U _mj da M{M boë`m VgoM BVa ~m~t_wio J«Wmb`m Zr AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMm Ü`mg YaUo; AmYw{ZH$sH$aU Adb {~Uo H$_ àmá Pmbo Amho, na Vw AmYw{ZH$sH$aU åhuoo H$m`? AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMm gd _mý` Agm H$m` AW Amho? _mâ`m _VmZwgma AmYw{ZH$sH$aU hr EH$ {dmmagaur Amho. `m {dmmagaurzwgma ì`švr, g_mo, Ë`m À`m g ~ {YV joìm_ü`o ZdZdrZ ~m~tmm ñdrh$ma H$aVmV Am{U Vo H$aV Agbobo H$m` A{YH$ dojmzo, A{YH$ AMyH$nUo Am{U A{YH$ n[aum_h$mah$ arvrzo nyu H$aÊ`mMm à`ëz H$aVmV. `mvyzm g ~ {YV H $Vr_YyZ V`ma hmoumè`m dñvy Am{U godm _Ü`o JwUdÎmm AmUVm `ovo. AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMr {dmmagaur àë`jmv CVa{dÊ`mMo XmoZ _mj AmhoV. (1) ZdrZ V ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnamvyz AmYw{ZH$sH$aU 19ì`m evh$m_ü`o ZdZdrZ emoym_wio AZoH$ ZdrZ CnH$aUo, gmyzo {Z_m U hmod$ bmjbr. Ë`mVyZ CÚmoJm Mo, H$maImÝ`m Mo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU dojmzo hmod$ bmjbo. `m ZdrZ CnH$aUm À`m dmnamvyz nwt>o eovr, ì`dgm`, {eju, dmhvwh$smr gmyzo, XiUdiUmMr gmyzo `m Mohr AmYw{ZH$sH$aU hmod$ bmjbo. J«Wmb`m ZrgwÕm gwê$dmvrbm Q>mB nam`q>a, Poam Šg, _m`h«$mo{\$pë_ J, BË`mXr ` Ìm À`m dmnamûmao AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmg gwédmv Ho$br. H$mbm VamZo g JUH$mÀ`m dmnam_wio J«Wmb`m À`m AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmg doj Ambm Am{U AmVm g JUH$m~amo~aM B Q>aZoQ>, BboŠQ >m {ZH$ dmmzgm{hë` ~mah$mos>, AmaE\$Am`S>r d BVa AmYw{ZH$ gmyzm Ûmao J«Wmb` AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMm dojhr dmt>bm Amho Am{U {Xemhr `mo½` Amho. (2) ì`dñwmnh$s` VÎdo Am{U V ÌmÀ`m dmnamvyz AmYw{ZH$sH$aU Ho$di AmYw{ZH$ V ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnamvyz AmYw{ZH$sH$aU eš` hmovo Ago Zmhr. AmYw{ZH$ ì`dñwmnh$s` VÎdo Am{U V Ìo `m À`m Cn`moOZmÛmaohr J«Wmb`mMo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU eš` Amho. da gm {JVë`mà_mUo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU hr dojmzo, n[aum_h$mah$, AMyH$ H$m` H$aÊ`mMr {dmmagaur Amho; JwUdÎmmnyU dñvy Am{U godm {Z{_ VrMr {dmmagaur Amho. AZoH$ CÚmoJ-ì`dgm`m Zr ì`dñwmnh$s` VÎdo Am{U V Ìm À`m gmhmæ`mzo Ë`m Mo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU gmü` Ho$bo Amho. J«Wmb`o, gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`o `m Mohr AmYw{ZH$sH$aU ì`dñwmnh$s` VÎdo Am{U V Ìo `m À`m AmYmao H$aUo eš` Amho. ì`dñwmnh$s` VÎdo Am{U V Ìo ì`dñwmnz kmzemim AZoH$ VÎdo Am{U V Ìm Zr g_ Õ Amho. {edm` ZdZdrZ VÎdo Am{U V Ìm Mr Ë`m_Ü`o gmvë`mzo ^a ns>v Amho. H$mhr àñwm{nv VÎdo Am{U V Ìo nwt>rbà_muo AmhoV. - {dnuzmmr VÎdo. Oer, _mh}$q> {_Šg - _yë`_mnzmmr VÎdo. Oer, _yë`-z\$m {díbofu, _yë`-n[aum_h$mah$ {díbofu, ñdmoq> {díbofu - JwUdÎmmdY H$ V Ìo. Oer, gh$b JwUdÎmm ì`dñwmnz, {gšg {g½_m, ~w{õ_ WZ, BË`mXr. {dnuz : AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMo gdmªv n[aum_h$mah$ V Ì {dnuz hm AmYw{ZH$ ì`mdgm{`h$ à{h«$`omm H$m` {eamo_ur Amho. H$maU dñvy Am{U godm `mmr {dh«$s Pmbr Zmhr Va Ë`m À`m {Z{_ VrMm _yb^yv CÔoe gmü` hmouma Zmhr Am{U åhuyzm gd M ì`mdgm{`h$ g ñwm Am{U AmVm Va Aì`mdgm{`H$ (Zm Z H$_{e Ab) g ñwmgwõm Ë`m À`m dñvy Am{U godm Mr {dh«$s H$aÊ`mMm AmQ>moH$mQ> à`ëz H$aV AmhoV. g ^mì` Cn^moŠË`mn`ªV nmohmomuo d Ë`m Zm dñvy/godm IaoXr H$aÊ`mg àd Îm H$aUo hm {dnuzmmm _yb^yv CÔoe Amho. gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`m ZrgwÕm à{gõr, Om{hamV, àxe Zo, ì`m»`mzo, nwzmq>ç, J«Wmb` à{v{zyr, BË`mXr _mjmªzr g ^mì` Cn^moŠË`m n`ªv nmohmombo nm{hoo; kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 5 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 6

7 Ë`m Zm J«Wmb`mH$So> AmH${f V Ho$bo nm{hoo. gü`mà`m OJm_Ü`o Á`m g ñwm AmnUhÿZ Cn^moŠË`m n`ªv nmohmomvmv (Outreach) Á`m Amnë`m J«mhH$m Zm OmñVrVOmñV doi piidyz R>odVmV Am{U {Q>H$dyZhr R>odVmV (Customer retention) Ë`m ZmM AmYw{ZH$ åhq>bo OmVo. J«Wmb` à{v{zyr (Library Representative) J«Wmb` AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMm AmUIr EH$ _mj : J«Wmb` à{v{zytmr {Z`wŠVs H$aUo hm Cn^moŠË`m Zm J«Wmb`m H$So> AmH${f V H$aÊ`mMm EH$ ZmdrÝ`nyU _mj Amho. hr g H$ënZm _ybv: "d ÚH$s` à{v{zyr' (Medical Representative -MR) `m g H$ënZoda AmYm[aV Amho. d ÚH$s` à{v{zyr ZdZdrZ Am fyo, Ë`mVrb KQ>H$, Ë`m Mo Cn`moJ, n[aum_, BË`mXr S>m ŠQ>am Zm _m{hvr XoVmo d Amnë`m Am fym gmr>r OmñVrVOmñV _mjur `mdr `mgmr>r à`ëz H$aVmo. gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`o {Z`{_VnUo ZdZdrZ dmmzgm{hë` Cnm{O V H$aV AgVmV. `m gd M dmmzgm{hë`mmr, Ë`mVrb {df`m Mr, Ame`mMr dmmh$m Zm _m{hvr AgVoM Ago Zmhr. VgoM J«Wmb`mV `ovmzm àë`oh$ doiog Vo "{ZpíMV Ago nwñvh$ hdo' Ago R>adyZ `ovrb Ago Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Amnbm dmmh$dj R>moH$Vmù`mZo, A XmOmZo, ñdv: dmmê`mgmr>r dmmzgm{hë` {ZdS>Vmo. AWm V dmmê`mgmr>r, J«W {ZdS>Ê`mgmR>r dmmh$ H$mhr à_mumv Ë`mMo {_Ì Am{U J«WnarjUmdahr Adb ~yz amhvmo na Vw {d{eï> hovygmr>r {ZpíMV Ago H$moUVo nwñvh$ dmmmdo ho _mì Ë`mbm ¹${MVM _mhrv AgVo; g_ovo. Aem n[apñwvrv Oa Amnë`mH$S>rb J«Wmb` à{v{zyrzo ZdrZ dmmzgm{hë`mmm Aä`mg Ho$bm, Ë`mVrb {df`, Ame` _mhrv H$ê$Z KoVbm Am{U ñdv: dmmh$mh$so> OmD$Z dmmh$mg nwñvh$m ~Ôb _mhrvjma ~Z{dbo Va dmmh$ Ë`mMo ñdmjvm H$aVrb. {d{eï> nwñvh$ dmmh$mzo H$m dmmmdo, Vo Ë`mbm H$go Cn`wŠV Amho, Ë`mMm Ë`mbm H$m` \$m`xm hmob b BË`mXr _m{hvr J«Wmb` à{v{zytzr dmmh$m Zm nwadmdr. `m_wio dmmh$mbm hdo VoM dmmzgm{hë` {_iob, Ë`mMm dmmzgm{hë` {ZdS>Ê`mVrb doi dmmob, J«Wm Mm dmna dmt>ob. ~r.{b~. Am{U E_.{b~. Pmbobo {dúmwu "J«Wmb` à{v{zyr' `m H$m`m gmr>r {ZdS>Vm `ovrb. Ago {dúmwu EH$mnojm A{YH$ J«Wmb`mMohr à{v{zyr Agy eh$vrb. EdT>oM Zmhr Va dmmh$m À`m àh$mamzwgmahr J«Wmb` à{v{zyr Agy eh$vmv. Ogo H$s ~mbdmmh$m gmr>r J«Wmb` à{v{zyr. ho J«Wmb` à{v{zyr ~mbdmmzgm{hë`m~m~v bhmz _wbm Zm _m{hvr XoD$Z Ë`m Zm dmmzmgmr>r àd Îm H$aVrb. Á`oð> ZmJ[aH$m gmr>rmo J«Wmb` à{v{zyr. ho J«Wmb` à{v{zyr Á`oð> ZmJ[aH$m Zm Cn`wŠV R>aob Aem dmmzgm{hë`m~m~v _m{hvr nwadvrb. _{hbm Zm Cn`wŠV AgUmè`m dmmzgm{hë`m~m~v _m{hvr nwa{dumao J«Wmb` à{v{zyrhr _hîdmmr ^y{_h$m {Z^mdy eh$vmv. {deofv _{hbm J«Wmb` à{v{zyr ho H$m` A{YH$ Mm Jë`m nõvrzo H$ê$ eh$vrb. J«Wmb` à{v{zytzm Ë`m À`m j_vozwgma Am{U H$m eë`mzwgma _mo~xbm {_iy eho$b. gwê$dmvrbm gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`m Zr `m g H$ënZoMm AZm nmm[ah$nuo Adb ~ H$ê$Z Ë`mZ Va AZw^dmZwgma Ë`mV ~Xb H$aUo Cn`wŠV R>aob. g_mamon gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`m Zm Amnbo ApñVËd {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r VgoM d Õr Am{U {dh$mgmgmr>r AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMo, n[aum_h$mah$nuo H$m` H$aÊ`mMo, JwUdÎmmnyU godm XoÊ`mMo AZoH$ _mj CnbãY AmhoV. àë`oh$ J«Wmb`mZo Amnë`m j_vozwgma Am{U ñdê$nmzwgma `mo½` Ë`m _mjm Zo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mMm Ü`mg Yamdm. _hmamï >mvrb gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`m Zr g JUH$sH$aUmÛmao AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmÀ`m {XeoZo emídv Aer nmdbo Q>mH$br AmhoV. ì`dñwmnh$s` V Ìm À`m Adb ~ZmZo `m nmdbm Zm A{YH$ ~ih$q>r {Xë`mg hr J«Wmb`o A{YH$ AmYw{ZH$ hmovrb Aer ImÌr Amho. kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 7 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 8

8 àm. Oo. EM. eoam `m Mr VÎdàUmbr : ^mj 1 S>m. àxrn H${U H$ J«Wnmb, S>r.Or. ê$nmaob _hm{dúmb` _mqw> Jm, _w ~B B _ob : karnikpl@gmail.com J«Wmb` Am{U _m{hvremó `m {df`mvbo {dmmad V àm. Oo. EM. eoam `m Zr 1965 gmbr Social Espistemological foundatiiom for Libraries ZmdmMr VÎdàUmbr _m S>br, gmvë`mzo Ë`m~m~V Amnbo boiz à{güx Ho$bo gmbr Oo. E_. ~S> `m Zr eoam `m À`m VÎdàUmbrH$So> nwz^}q> XoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm {dex Ho$br d Ë`m À`m {dmmam Mm {M{H$ËgH$nUo D$hmnmoh Ho$bm. eoam `m Mo {dmma Zo_Ho$ H$go AmhoV, Ë`m À`m {dmmam da Q>rH$mH$mam Mr _Vo H$m` AmhoV Am{U BVŠ`m dfmªz Vahr Vo H$go bmjy ns>vmv `m gdmªmm hm AmT>mdm Social Espitemology `m VÎdàUmbrda àm. Oo. EM. eoam `m Zr gmvë`mzo ^a {Xbobm {XgyZ `ovmo. J«Wmb` Am{U _m{hvremó `m emiov AbrH$So> `m àumbrmm {dmma {dñvmamzo Am{U ImobmV OmD$Z Ho$bm OmVmo`. Social Espistemology Mm {dmma nwt>rb _wúm À`m AmYmao H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. - Oo. EM. eoam `m Zm A{^àoV AgUmar Social Espitemology Mr àumbr Zo_H$s H$er Amho? Ë`mV Ë`m Zr Zo_Ho$ H$m` _m S>bo Amho. - eoam `m À`m go àumbrmm {dmmad Vm Zr H$gm ñdrh$ma Ho$bm? Ë`m~m~V H$mhr _V^oX AmhoV H$m? - eoam `m À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Am{U {dmmad Vm À`m _Vm Zwgma `m àumbrmm nwz{d Mma H$amdm H$m`? Ho$ë`mg Vmo H$m` Agob? - hr àumbr dmnê$z EImÚm J«Wmb`mMo {díbofu H$aUo eš` Amho H$m`? Agë`mg Ë`m {díbofummo ñdê$n H$go Agob / Agmdo? - `m _wúm Mm {dñvmamzo {dmma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. - Oo. EM. eoam `m Mm gmoeb E {nñq>o_m bm Or~m~VMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ gmbr Social Epistemology hr g H$ënZm Oo. EM. eoam `m Zr àw_ dmnabr. `m g H$ënZoMo lo` eoam `m Zr Mararet.E Egan 1 `m Zm {Xbo Amho. nwt>o _mì Am`wî`^a eoam `m Zr `m g H$ënZoÀ`m {dñvmamgmr>r gmvë`mzo à`ëz Ho$bo. H$m` Amho eoam `m Mr hr g H$ënZm? eoam `m Zm A{^àoV AgUmar SE Mr g H$ënZm nwt>rbà_muo Amho -"An Epistemological foundation for Library Science' `m àh$aumv Oo. EM. eoam `m Zr Social Epistemology Mm {dñvmamzo {dmma Ho$bm Amho. eoam `mmm {dmma nwt>rbà_muo H$aVmV - Need of information - Need of New Epistemological Disicpline - The Nature of Knowledge - The classification of knowledge - Social Epistemology and the Sociology of knowledge - Social Epistemolgy and the Library darb ghm _wúm Mm {dmma {dñvmamzo bjmv KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m{edm` eoam `m Mr g H$ënZm ñnï> hmouma Zmhr. 1.1 _m{hvrmr JaO (Need of Information) eoam _mzdmà`m _yb^yv JaOm nmgyz {dmma H$aVmV. hdm, nmur, AÞ, Am{U {Zdmam `m _mzdmà`m Mma _yb^yv JaOm AmhoV. _mzdmà`m `m Mma JaOm _Ü`o John Reader platt `m Zr "Information" nmmì`m JaOoÀ`m g_mdoe Ho$bm, Ë`mMm AmYma eoam KoVmV. The Fifth need of man is the need for what can be called - in a mathematical sense-"information' for a Continous, novel, unpredictable, nonredundent and surprising flow of stimuli'' Platt `m Mo ho dmš` CÕ V H$ê$Z Ago à{vnmxz H$aVmV H$s _m{hvr (Information) hr _mzdmà`m _ XÿMr JaO Amho. kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 9 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 10

9 The brain also exists in order to organise and to weave pattenrs from information presented to it, and it becames seriously deranged if this essential opportunity is denied. This activity of organising input information only characterizes the sane mind but is also necessary to maintenance of sanity'' _ Xÿbm hr JaO gmvë`mzo ns>v AgVo. ZdZdrZ _m{hvr O_m H$aUo, Ë`mMr à{h«$`m (Process) H$aUo hr {H«$`m Nervous systems Mm EH$ ^mj Pmbobm AgVmo. _mzdmà`m ~m {ÕH$ {dh$mgm_ü`o `m à{h$`omm \$ma _mor>m dmq>m Amho. VgoM _mzdmmr {eh$ê`mmr Or {H«$`m AgVo Ë`mgmR>rhr `m à{h«$`omr JaO AgVo. _ XÿMm AË` V bhmz ^mj OÝ_V:M _mzdm~amo~a `ovmo, nu Ë`mÀ`m _mor>çm ^mjmmm {dh$mg _mì Stimulation Am{U AZw^dm_wioM hmovmo. _ XÿÀ`m `m JaOo~m~V eoam `m Zr Ago _V _m S>bo Amho H$s, _mugmà`m OJÊ`mgmR>r _m{hvrmr (Information) Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Ë`m{edm` _mugmmo ApñVËdM YmoŠ`mV `ob b. "A constant need of the brain for something upon which to feed -for information -may be seen as a basic human drive and the power to communicate becomes not a happy and fortuitous invention but an inevitable essential to man's survival '' eoam `m Zr _ XÿÀ`m `m JaOoMr Amdí`H$Vm EH$m ì`švrà`m ~m~v _m Sy>Z hrm JaO ì`pšv g_yhmà`m åhuoo g_momà`m ~m~vrvhr Amho, `m {df`mh$so> Vo Aä`mgH$m Mo bj doyvmv. eoam `m À`m ^mî`mvyz J«Wmb`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo AZÝ`gmYmaU _hîd Amho. For the discussion and analysis of the society's need for information, shera argues that there is a need for new discipline as the then existing discipline of Epistemology considers only information need at individual level. 1.2 ZdrZ kmzemiomr JaO SE àumbrmm nm`m eoam À`m _Vo g àofu (Communication) Am{U _m{hvr (Information) hm Amho d Ë`mÀ`m{edm` g_mommr ~m {ÕH$ àjvr hmod$ eh$v Zmhr, VgoM Vr A J^yV d _yb^yv JaO Amho. _m{hvr (Information) Am{U kmz (Knowledge) `m Vbm \$ah$ eoam `m Zm Epistemology À`m {dmmam H$So> ZoVmo. Oo. EM. eoam nwt>o _mì Epistemology À`m àm VmV àdoe H$aVmV. `m emiomo VÁk Epistemology `m joìmv, kmzmmm {dmma "a body of knowledge about knowledge itself ' Agm H$aVmV. nu Aä`mgmZ Va Ë`m Zm Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo H$s, `m kmzemiomm Aä`mg ì`švrmm ~m {ÕH$ {dh$mgmà`m g X^m VM H$aÊ`mV `ovmo. The study of epistemology has always been seen against a background of the intellectual processes of an individual'' Am{U Ë`m~m~V AOyZ A{YH$ g emoyz hmoê`mmr JaO eoam `m Zr Aer _m S>br Amho H$s? The manner in which knowledge has developed and has been augmented has long been a subject of study. but the ways in which knowledge is coordinated, intergrated and put to work is, yet, an almost unrecognised filed for investigation'' eoam nwt>o OmD$Z Agohr _m S>VmV H$s "neither epistemologists nor psychologists have developed an ordered and comperhensive body of knowledge about intellectual differentiation and the integration of knowledge within a complex organization. BWo eoam g_momà`m ~m {ÕH$ {dh$mgà{h«$`omr JaO {dex H$aVmV. ì`švrà`m ~m {ÕH$ {dh$mgmmr à{h«$`m Am{U g_momà`m ~m {ÕH$ {dh$mgmmr à{h«$`m `mv _yb^yv \$ah$ Agë`mZo eoam `m Zm ZdrZ kmzemiomr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgvo hr kmzemim åhuoo Social Epistemology. The new discipline that we here envisage (and which for want of a better name, we have called social epistemology) should provide a formework for the effective investigation of the entire complex problem of the intellectual proceses of society -a study by which society as a whole seeks a perceptive relation to its total environment'' g_momà`m ~m {ÕH$ {dh$mgà{h«$`oà`m Aä`mgmMm à_wi PmoV (focus) gwõm H$m` Agm`bm hdm hohr eoam `m Zr Z_yX Ho$bo Amho. kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 11 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 12

10 The focus of this new discipline will be upon the production flow, interation and consumption of all forms of communicated thought throughout the entire social problem. Form such a discipline should emerge a new body of knowledge about and a new synthesis of the interaction between knowledge social activity'' `m {dmmam_ü`o {Z{_ Vr (Porduction), àdmh (flow) EH$g KVm (Integration) Am{U dmna (Consumption) `mbm _hîd {Xbo AmhoM; nu Ë`mM~amo~a kmz (Knowledge) Am{U gm_m{oh$ {H«$`m (Social activity) _Yrb XodmUKodmUrbm (Interaction) eoam `m Zr _hîd {Xbo Amho. d Mm[aH$VoÀ`m {Z{_ VrMo gd KQ>H$ (Forms) ho gm_m{oh$ àízm ~m~v (Social probelm) g àofu _mü`_mvyz H$go (Communicate) hmovmv `mh$so> eoam `m Zr bj nwadbo Amho. gm_m{oh$ {H«$`m Am{U kmz Am{U `m Mo AmXmZàXmZ H$go hmovo `m g emoyzmda ZdrZ kmzemiomm ^a Agbm nm{hoo, Ago eoam `m Zm dmq>vo. Ë`m_wio eoam "kmz' `m g H$ënZoÀ`m AmUIr _wimer OmÊ`mMm à`ëz H$aVmV.{bpIV ñdê$nmmo Oo kmz Amho Ë`mÀ`m~ÔbMr g_o AgUo BVH$sM Amdí`H$Vm nwaoer Zmhr, Va kmzmmm g_momvrb ^mj (Role) H$m` Amho Vo nmhuo AË`mdí`H$ Amho, Ago Ë`m Zm dmq>vo. `m gm_m{oh$ ^y{_ho$à`mhr ( Role) _wimer OmÊ`mgmR>r eoam H$mhr àíz CnpñWV H$aVmV. - How man Knows? - How society knows? - How personal Knowledge becomes social knowledge? - How the History and Philosophy of knowledge have evolved through time and in various caltures? - How the library mechanisms and systems are useful to communicate the knowlege to the society? 1.3 kmzmmo ñdê$n (The Nature knowledge) eoam `m Zr CnpñWV Ho$boë`m àízm Mm {dmmahr Ë`m Zr AZoH$ àh$mamo XmIbo XoD$Z Ho$bm Amho. kmz åhuoo H$m` (What knowledge is) `mmm {dmma H$aVmZm eoam Webster's À`m {Vgè`m Amd ÎmrV {dmma H$aVmV. `m Dictionary Zo 12 ì`m»`m {Xë`mMo Ë`m Zr Z_yX Ho$bo Amho. "Syntopicon of the Great Books of the Western World' `m nwñvh$mmmhr XmIbm Ë`m Zr {Xbm Amho. Karl Deutch, Kenneth Boulding `m À`m Term Mmhr {dmma Ho$bm Amho. VmpÎdH$ {dmmam À`m MM}H$Sy>Z Vo Boulding 12 `m À`m {dmmammm ñdrh$ma H$aVmV, H$maU J«Wmb`mÀ`m g X^m V Ë`m g H$ënZobm _hîd Amho. We follow Boulding in distingushihing between information and knowledge. Despite Fritz Machulp's proposal that we get rid of the duplication "knowledge and information' but we shall refer to certain kinds of "knowledge and information'. The present writer, however sees a clear distinction between the two probably derived from the terminology of information theorists: information is the input of knowledge and is always received through the senses no matter what or how many devices may intervene between transmitter and receptor'' J«Wmb`m À`m g X^m V AmUIr _yb^yv {dmmamh$so> eoam kmz Am{U _m{hvrà`m g X^m V Jobo AmhoV. The extent to which the library as an information system is involved in the knowledge -situation is not accidenatal The use of the library and the knowledge-situation are generically related in much as the former is one manifiestation of the latter. The knowledge situation or knowledge process, is a unity of subject vehicle, and object.'' `m ì`m»`m ñnï> hmoê`mgmr>r eoam `m Zr AmH $Vrhr (Digram) gmxa Ho$br Amho. The Library User The Library's Bibliographic Intellectual (subject) Apparauus Content of the Library Store (vehicle) (Object ) kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 13 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 14

11 `m AmH $VrÀ`m ñnï>rh$aumw eoam Ago Z_yX H$aVmV H$s, The Library is more than an important link in the communication chain as intellectual system it is part of the total knowledge-situation.the Librarian must be concerned not only with that which is known. but also with the intellectual condition or state of knowing This condition is both personal and social, and the librarian must operate in two worlds at once, the microcosm of the individual and the, macrocosm of the cluture in which the individual resides and with which he must work out a harmonious relationship''. kmzmà`m g X^m V eoam OmñV _hîd _m{hvr Am{U g àofumbm XoV Agbo Var kmzmmo Oo djuh$au AZoH$ VÁkm Zr Ho$bo Amho Ë`mH$So>hr Vo bj nwadvmv. 1.4 kmzmmo djuh$au kmzmà`m djuh$aummm {dmma H$aVmZmhr eoam `m Zr AZoH$ VÎdk _ S>irMr djuh$au nõvr {dmmamv KoVbr Amho. {deof åhuoo S>m. Eg. Ama. a JZmWZ `m À`m djuh$aummmhr {dmma Ho$bm Amho. eoam kmzmà`m djuh$aummm {dmmahr g àofumà`m A JmZoM H$aVmV. The study of the functions of knowledge in society asks the question. "who knows, and why and for what purpose'? Thus, there can be no absoultes in the classification knowledge according to funcation. Instrumental knowledge,to use Scheler's grouping, for the professional man may be intellectual knowledge for layman: a knowledge of thermodynamics is instrumental knowledge for the physicist and intellectual knowledge for the librarian. while the understanding of the principles of bibliographic organization is instrumental to the librarian and intelleual of the physicist.to the bibliophile, however, the lore of books is probably more spirtual than eighter instrumental or intelectual. MachlupÀ`m djuh$au nõvrmmhr eoam {dmma H$aVmV. Ë`mMo H$maU the subjective meaning of the known to the knower is the most useful for persent purpose Ago Ë`m Zm dmq>vo Ë`mgmR>r Vo Ë`mMo 5 àh$mahr gm JVmV Am{U subjectively new and socially new knowledge `m _Ybm \$ah$hr Zm XdVmV Am{U J«WnmR>mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Ë`mMo _hîdhr {dex H$aVmV. Investigations into the rate of obsolescence of knowledge are still far from exetensive and would be of tremendous value to the librarian, even thorugh social utility is not necessarily to be measured only in terms of its rate of decay'' `mz Va Sociology of knowledge À`m MM}H$So> divmv. 1.5 Social Epistemology and the Sociology of knowledge Kenneth Boulding Am{U Don K.Price `m À`m {dmmam Mm AmT>mdm KoD$Z eoam Ago Z_yX H$aVmV H$s, Social espistemology is related to, but in a sense is the reverse of, the sociology of knowledge.the sociology of knowledge reveals very clearly the distinction between information and knowledge for the former does not admit of sociohistorical perspective. The assertion, to cite the simplest example that two plus two equals four gives no clue as to when where, and by whom it was formulated perspective becomes important when the validity of the information in doubt we cannot here become involved with a consideration of the nature of truth. but it is important to record that it is at the point of validation, that information passes the barrier into knowledge Sociology of knwoledge À`m g X^m V Vo g ñh $VrMmhr {dmma H$aVmV; nu Ë`mgmR>r Vo Boulding `m MmM XmIbm XoVmV. Every culture, as Boulding has shown, produces a " transcript' a record in more or less permanent form which cab be handed down form generation to generation nwt>o Vo Z_yX H$aVmV -g_mo kmzmmr àmár XmoZ _mü`_m VyZ H$ê$Z KoVmo. WoQ> AZw^d (Direct experience) Am{U {bpiv Zm Xr ( the record or transcirpt) d kmzr` gì (areas of knowledge) Am{U {d{dy g ñh $Vr kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 15 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 16

12 (different cultures) _YyZ ho kmz g_momn`ªv OmVo. in the western world depends upon many instrumentalities, of "The growth of public knowledge is part and parcel of which the library is but one. Once need not dwell upon the impact that the telegraph, the telephone, the radio and television, the growth and organization of society Ago Z_yX H$ê$Z Margaret not to mention the newspaper and the pariodical,have made Mead `m Mm XmIbm XoVmV. upon the communication petterns of our society. Each of these kmzmmo ñdê$n (Nature of knowledge), kmzmmo djuh$au has had its effect upon the role of the library with them has (Classification of Knowledge) Am{U Sociology of knowledge come a new urge on the part of the librarian to assume a vigorously `m gdmªmm {dmma eoam `m Zr Ho$di 5 àízm Mm doy KoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm Amho. active role in communcation. librarians no longer are content _mugmbm kmz H$go {_ivo, g_mombm H$go kmz {_ivo, BË`mXr 5 àíz _mjo to accumulate materials in anticipation of use. but seek to engage actively bringing their resources to the attention of those who Ambo AmhoV. need them.the growing importance of all types of graphic records eoam `m Zr hm Omo doy KoVbm Amho. Vmo Ho$di ñdv:à`m {díbofumûmao to the successful operation of contemporary society, conditional ZgyZ Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m Zr AZoH$m Mo XmIbo {Xbo AmhoV. `m {díbofumûmao Vo H$m`_ as it is by and to science and technology has forced the g àofummm _wôm AYmoaopIV H$aVmV. librarian to search for and adopt new methods and techniques for making recorded information available not only to scholars 1.6 Social Epistemology and The Library but also to business, insdustry, and government. Effective use of the library has been demanded by the educational sysetm, J«Wmb`mMm {dmma H$aVmZm Vo àm_w»`mzo J«Wnmb Am{U J«WnmbZ ì`dgm` for elementary and secondary schools as well as institutions `m KQ>H$mMr H$V ì`o Am{U hovy Am{U O~m~Xmar XmIdyZ XoÊ`mMm à`ëz H$aVmV. of higher learning In recent years the introducation of automation "Librarianship is primary concerned with the utilization into a variety of learning and teaching activities has provided of the social transcript by human beings it is fundamentally a the librarian with potentially powerfull tools for increasing his behaviristic science. but because the method and findings of effiectiveness as a communicator, though the capabilities of the physical and biological sciences are being increasingly applied these developments have not yet fully realized.'' to the study of human behavior librarianship must be "scientific' eoam `m À`m Social Epistemology Mm {dmma ZwgVm VmpÎdH$ nmvirdarb even in the classical use of the term'' MMm Agm Z amhvm, Ë`m {dmmambm Vo àmë`{jh$mmr OmoS> XoVmV, dñvwv: nwt>o Vo Agohr åhuvmv. Epistemology hr VÎdkmZm_Yrb (Theory of knowledge) emim Amho. "The librarian's responsibility is the effcient and effective Truth, Justification for belief Aem VmpÎdH$ g KQ>ZoMm {dmma Ë`mV Ho$bm management of the transcript, the graphic record of all that OmVmo. Sociology knowledge hrgwüxm VÎdkmZ Am{U gm_m{oh$emó `m society knows about itself and its word'' The librarian's as an Agency of Social Communication' `m {df`m Mr emim Amho. Ë`mV Va Agm {dmma Ho$bm` H$s, g_momvrb ì`švrà`m boimv J«Wmb`mÀ`m ^y{_ho${df`r Ë`m Zr A{YH$ AMyH$ {Xem XmIdyZ {Xbr gh^mjmbm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m gm_m{oh$ Am`wî`mbm H$moUVr àoaum Amho. Ë`mÀ`mH$S>rb Amho. kmzmmm, {dmmam Mm Am{U g ñh $VrMm à^md Amho H$m Am{U Agë`mg Vmo à^md "The complex communication system that operates today H$gm Amho? eoam Epistemology Vrb kmzmmm {güxm V Am{U Social Epistemology kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 17 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 18

13 _Yrb g ñh $VrMr àoaum `m Mo {_lu H$ê$Z ho XmIdyZ XoVmV H$s, J«Wmb`mMm nm`m (Foundation) Oa H$moUVm Agob Va Vmo Social Epistemology MmM Amho. `mmo à_wi H$maU eoam `m Zm {XgyZ Ambo Vo àë`oh$ {R>H$mUr hmoumao Oo g àofu Amho VoM Amho. g àofu hr Va J«Wmb`mMr _hîdmmr ^y{_h$m Amho. Ë`m_wio eoam hr VÎdàUmbr J«Wmb`mV XoD$Z J«Wmb`mMr ^y{_h$m AYmoaopIV H$aVmV Ë`mgmR>rhr _mj hr gwmdvmv. eoam `m À`m VÎdàUmbrMm AmT>mdm KoVë`mZ Va àíz Agm {Z_m U hmovmo H$s Lis emiozo `m àumbrmm H$gm ñdrh$ma Ho$bm? VÁkm Mo `m~m~v _V H$m`? Vo nmhuo Amdí`H$ R>aob. 2) Oo. EM. eoam `m Mr VÎdàUmbr Am{U BVa {dmmad V Oo. EM. eoam `m À`m Social Epistemology À`m g H$ënZoMm {dmma XmoZ ^mjm V H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. 1) eoam `m À`m H$mimV ì`šv Pmbobo {dmma. 2) eoam `m À`m {ZYZmoÎma ì`šv Ho$bobo {dmma. `m XmoÝhr H$mim V ì`šv Pmboë`m {dmmam Mm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mnydu eoam `mà`m~ôb WmoS>r _m{hvr XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Oo. EM. eoam `m Mm OÝ_ 8 {S>g ~a 1903 amoor Pmbm. Over the years, he has been one of the leading commentaors and theorists on the American library science. For several years he was member of that outsatanding team the faculty of the Graduate Library School at the University of chicago. Since his appointement as Dean of the school of Library science at Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, he has brought it into the very front rank both in its work of education for librarianship and through the centre for Documentation and Communication Research in pushing forward the frontiers of Knowledge in the development of our professional theory'' Ago S>r. Oo. \$m ñho$q> `m Zr {bhÿz R>odb`. Ë`m Mm _ Ë`y 8 _mm 1982 gmbr Pmbm. eoam `m Zr `m H$mimV AZoH$ {Z~ Y {b{hbo, g emoyzna nona, ^mfuo Am{U nwñvho$ à{güx Ho$br. 79 dfmªà`m H$mimV Ë`m Zr gmvë`mzo Social Epistemology `m g H$ënZoda {dmma Ho$bm. Ë`mMm {dñvma H$aÊ`mMm H$gmoerZo à`ëz Ho$bm. Ë`m À`m h`mvrvrb d nímmv `m g H$ënZoda J«Wmb`emómVrb VÁkm Zr {dmma ì`º$ Ho$bo AmhoV. Vo g_oyz KoUo Cn`wŠV R>aob. 2.1 eoam `m À`m H$mimV ì`šv Pmbobm {dmma Social Epistemology hr g H$ënZm {Z_m U H$aÊ`mMo lo` eoam `m Zr Margaret E. Egan `m Zm Oar {Xbo Agbo, Var Ë`m Zr ñdv:m Z_yX Ho$bo Amho H$s "So far as the present writer knows. Miss Egan never used the phrase in any published writing but she used it frequently in class lectures and in conversation'' Social Epistemology `m g H$ënZoda AmYm[aV n{hbm boi "Foundations of a theory of bibliogarpy' hm Miss Egan Am{U shera `m À`m g `wšv ZmdmZo 1952 gmbr The Librany Quarterly (vol.22.no 2 pp ) _Ü`o àh$m{ev Pmbm. nwt>o _mì shera `m Zr ñdv ÌnUo `m {df`mda {b{hbo qh$dm ^mfuo {Xbr Ë`mVyZ g H$ënZm {dñvmav Jobr. 15 gßq> ~a 1954 amoor Western Reserve University _Ü`o In Beginning was the World' `m {df`mda commencement ^mfu eoam `m Zr Ho$bo. Ë`mVrb H$mhr ^mj Documentation Action (1956) `m J«WmV g_m{dï>hr Pmbm. Ë`mV Social Epistemology `m g H$ënVoÀ`m C oim_ü`o ViQ>rnhr {Xbr Amho. "a fuller statement of this discipline is to be found in Foundation of a Theory of Bibliography 1961 gmbr "Willson Library Bulletion (vol.35 june 1961) _Ü`o "Social Epistemology, General semantics and Librarianship' (pp ) hm boi à{gõ Ho$bm (Am JñQ>) _Ü`o eoam `m Mo (Libraries and the Organization kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 19 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 20

14 of Knowledge' ho nwñvh$ àh$m{ev Pmbo. `m nwñvh$mv "In the Beginning was the World'. Social Epistemolgoy. General semantics and Librarianship' Am{U "foundations of a Theory of Bibliography' ho boi n{hë`m ^mjmv g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. `m nwñvh$mbm D.J Foskett `m Mr àñvmdzm Amho `m àñvmdzov Foskett `m Zr Social Epistemology {df`r _V Zm Xdbo Amho. In the First section he gives a lucid account of " social epistemology'- the function of recorded information in the actual working of society. It may at first appear a large claim, but it is none the less true that the contemporary world could not exist without effective communcation; and because we live in a world order and not merely in a small city or nation state in which millions of people and vast distances are involved, most communication has to be recorded Librarianship has always been the profession of looking after the records of civillization and it is therefore proper that librarians should be invloved at the centre of thanking in the modern world. shera thesis is the "documentaion' -the extension of librarianship from the world of books to the world information.-is more than the mere preserving of information necessary through that still is It means also the dissemination of information, it means taking the initiative in creating channels along which information may pass quickly to those who can use it. such a role cannot be played extempore it has to be carefully studied and a technique elaborated.'' 1965 n`ªv Social epistemology À`m g H$ënZoMo ñdê$n AË` V _`m {XV hmovo. `m g H$ënZoMm {dñvma Am{U ImobmV OmD$Z _m S>Ur H$aÊ`mMm à`ëz eoam `m Zr EH$m MMm gìm_ü`o dmmboë`m nona_ü`o Ho$bm. 28 Vo 30 Owb 1965 amoor Syracuse University _Ü`o "The Foundaions of Access to knowledge" `m {df`mda Pmboë`m MMm gìm_ü`o eoam `m Zr "An Epistemology Foundations for Library Science' hm nona dmmbm. `m nonabm L. B. Heilprin `m Zr à{vgmx {Xbm. eoam `m Mm nona Am{U Heilprin `m Mm à{vgmx BVa nona~amo~a Edwared B. Montgomery `m Zr g nm{xv Ho$boë`m "The Foundations of Access to knowledge' `m 1968 gmbr àh$m{ev Pmboë`m nwñvh$mv g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo. nwt>o eoam `m Zr `m nona_ü`o A{YH$ ^a KmbyZ Zì`mZo nona {bhÿz H$mT>Vm. Vmo `m nwñvh$mv g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. ZdrZ nonamo ñdê$n {dñvm[av Va AmhoM; nu Ë`mV XmoZVrZ {R>H$mUr eoam `m Zr L. B. Heilprin `m Zm CÕ V Ho$bo Amho. eoam `m À`m {dmmambm à{vgmx XoUmao Heilprin ho Ë`mMo n{hbo _hîdmmo g_rjh$ R>aVmV. L. B. Heilprin `m Zr Social Epistemology {df`r Ago {b{hbo Amho H$s "Social epistemology is described as a new kind of epistemogoly a theory of knowledge about how society knows as a whole This apparently contrasts it with traditional epistemology... based on the knowledge of indiviual. However, we know only as individuals, never as a group or a society. The refereent of the concept "Society' is not a sing superbeing but a set of individual... Evidently 'Social Epistemogoly' ZmdmMo nwñvh$ Fuller `m Zr 1988 _Ü`o àh$m{ev Ho$bo gmbr Ë`mMr Xþgar Amd Îmrhr à{gõ Pmbr gmbr Ë`m Zr Amercian Philosphical Quarterly _Ü`oo (Vol.33 pp ) 'Recent work in social epistemology' Agm boihr {b{hbm gmbr F. E. Schmitt `m Zr 'Socializing Epistemology The Social Dimensions of knowledge Ago EH$ nwñvh$ {b{hbo. Agm {dñvma ho eoam `m MoM lo` åhum`bm hdo. g H$ënZoÀ`m A JmZo Pmbobm hm {dmma Amho. `m~amo~a XmoZ boim Mm C oi H$am`bm hdm, Oo eoam `m À`m {dmmam da H$mhr ^mî` H$aVmV. `m_ü`o _hîdmmo Zmd `m`bm hdo J. M. Budd `m Mo. Ë`m Zr XmoZ boi {b{hbo. kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 21 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 22

15 1) The Library Quarterly (Vol 65 No. 3) 1995 À`m A H$mV Budd `m Zr 'An Epistemological Foundation for Library and Information Science' Agm boi {b{hbm. 2) The Library Quarterly (Vol. 72 No. 4) Am ŠQ>mo~a 2002 _Ü`o 'Jess Shera, Socialogist of Knowledge' Agm boi {b{hbm. Jack Anderson `m Zr 'Journal of Documentation (Vol 58 No. 4) À`m A H$mV "The Role of subject literature in scholarly communicaiotn An interpretation based on social epistemology" Agm boi {b{hbm Amho. Jack Anderson `m Zr eoam `m À`m {dmmambm LIS _Ü`o ñdrh$mabo Jobo Zmhr Ago åhq>bo Amho. In LIS social epistemogoly is particulary known through the writings of Egan and shera (1952) They argued for social epistemology in connection with the crcatoin of a thoery of bibliography and defined social epistemology as... the analysis of the producation distribution and utilization of intellectual products (Egan and shera 1952 pp 33-4 ) Such, an epistemology was needed, they, argudc because cassical epostemology was/ is centered around.. the intellectual processes of the indiv individual (egan and Shera, 1952, p. 132) As a consequence classical episemology cannot come up with an answer as to what the social - epistemic function of knowledge in Society and in science and scholarship is, However, Egan and Shara s social epistemology never received (the intent is ) to place new comphasis on an old area we need to study that part of access to knowledge which affects us all and on which we must act together'' eoam `m Zm Heilprin `m Mo {dmma Am{U à{vgmx _hîdmmm dmq>bm hmovm. Ë`m Zr `m gwym[av boimv Heilprin `m Zm CÕ V Va Ho$bo AmhoM, nu boimmm eodq> Heilprin `m Mo XrK AdVaU XoD$Z Ho$bm Amho. `mm boimv eoam `m Zr XmoZ nwñvh$m Mo XmIbo {Xbo AmhoV, H$s Or Ë`m À`m g H$ënZoer g_m Va AmhoV. 1) Fritz Machlup `m Mo "The Producation and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States" 2) Frederick Harbison Charles Myers `m Mo "Education Manpower and Economic Growth" `m XmoÝhr nwñvh$m ~m~v eoam `m Zr Ago åhq>bo Amho H$s "In recent years there have appered two inportant books that are aimed in the direction of providing a foundation for the kind of discipline here indicated, neither work could properly be called "social epistemology' as the term is here employed, but each is dealing, in certain ways with the problems with which "social epistemology' is concerned hm g_mz Xþdm IwÔ eoam `m ZmM gmns>bm Agë`mZo hmhr g X^ _hîdmmm R>aVmo Vo 1968 Agm H$mbmdYr eoam `m Zm hr g H$ënZm Aä`mgnyU _m S>Ê`mgmR>r bmjbm. nwt>o Vo `m g H$ënZoÀ`m {dñvmamh$so> \$mago diiobo {XgV ZmhrV. Am ŠQ>mo~a 1973 _Ü`o B. C. Brookers `m Zr "Journal of Librarianship' `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mV "Jesse shera and the Theory of Bibligraphy " Agm boi {b{hbm Va Goldman Alvin `m Zr "Foundations of Social Epistemics Agm boi "Synthese' _Ü`o (Oct.1973) {bhÿz Ë`m À`m g H$ënZoMm EH$m narzo ñdrh$mam Ho$bobm {XgVmo. 2.2 {ZYZmoÎma ì`šv Pmbobo {dmma "Social Epistemogoly" `m g H$ënZoÀ`m A JmZo nwt>rb H$mimV {dñvma Pmbobm {XgyZ `ovmo. `m_ü`o Steve Fuller `m Mm àm_w»`mzo {dmma H$am`bm hdm. that much attention is LIS (expect for Wilson 1983) which is a dedicated work to this area. Recently, however, Warner (1993, 2001) among others, has revived social epistemology in connection with historical analysis of copyright acts viewed as public texts. Anderson `m Zr \$ŠV eoam `m Mo 1952 _YrbM boiz {dmmamv KoVbobo kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 23 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 24

16 {XgVo. An Epistemological foundation for Library Science (1968) hm boi {dmmamv KoVbm AgVm Va H$Xm{MV Ago _V _m S>bo ZgVo. J«Wmb`emómZo eoam `m À`m g H$ënZobm ñdrh$mabo Zmhr Ago Oo Anderson åhuvmv Vohr ~amo~a Zmhr. J. M. Budd `m Zr 1995 gmbr boi {bhÿz Ë`m Mr XIb Var KoVbrM; nu 2002 _Ü`o Omo boi {b{hbm Ë`mMm CÔoe Agm hmovm. "Throught his career, Jesse Shera suggested that social epistemology (SE) could provide librarianship with the intellectual basis it needed to evolve.while he spoke of social epistemology on a number of occasions, he did not aritculate a completely clear and consistent idea of SE, Given an Empasis on knowledge today, it may be time to revisit Shera's writing on SE what emerges is a fuzzy conception of knoweldge and an approch that is more sociological than philosophical in nature shera's sociological grounding has hepled establish a foundation for the profession but the foundation can be strengthened by the addition of a more strictly epistemological component'' `m boim_ü`o Budd `m Zr eoam `m À`m _hîdmà`m àë`oh$ {dymzmmm {dmma Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mVrb ÌwQ>r {ZXe Zmghr AmUë`m AmhoV. AbrH$So>M à{gõ Pmbobm hm boi Agë`mZo `m boimmo _hîd eoam `m À`m g H$ënZoMm nwz{d Mma (Revisit) H$aÊ`mg CÚwŠV R>abo Ago åhuvmv `ob b. 3) eoam `m À`m VÎdàUmbrMm nwz{d Mma J. H. Shera `m À`m Social Epistemology Mm nwz{d Mma H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. Budd `m Zr Va Ë`mMr JaO {dex H$aVmZm Ago åhq>bo Amho H$s, "Shera's contribution in the area of SE is monumental but the practice and study of LIS will benfit from a close examination of his ideas and what they impy for the field. His version of SE is at the end of the day, Sociological, LIS may be in a better position to grow and develop if the implications for knowledge of Shera's writing related to the human use of the graphic record (and graphic record is defined broadly as information recorded in any usable format) were explored. Spectifically, LIS can build upon the foundation Shera has provided us by incorporating epistemological grounding into his sociologice program" Buud `m À`m {dymzmvrb "Close examination of his ideas' hm g X^ Am{U "Human use of the graphic record' hr g H$ënZm dmt>dyz {dñvmabr nm{hoo Ago Oo gm {JVbo Amho Vo \$ma _hîdmmo Amho. `m ì`{v[ašv H$mhr Jmoï>rhr Z_yX H$am`bm hì`mv. 1) eoam `m Zr gd MM}_Ü`o OmñV ^a hm J«Wnmb qh$dm J«WnmbZ ì`dgm`mda {Xbm Amho. hmm ^a Oa J«Wmb` `m KQ>H$mbm S>moù`mg_moa R>odyZ {Xbm Jobm AgVm, Va eoam `m Zm EImXo "_m So>b' {dh${gv H$aUo Z $sm eš` Pmbo AgVo. 2) eoam ho ì`dgm`mzo Libray and information Science School Mo àmü`mnh$/s>rz Agë`mZo Ë`m Zm J«Wnmb KS>dÊ`mV OmñV ag hmovm Ago {XgVo. Vo Oa ì`dgm`mzo J«Wnmb (Practicing Librarian) AgVo Va Ë`m Zr Z $sm J«Wmb` `m KQ>H$mbm H $ÐñWmZr AmUbo AgVo Am{U Ë`m Mo {ddomz dojù`m {XeoZo Jobo AgVo. 3) "Social Episetmology' `m g H$ënZoda {dmma H$aVmZm Vo d Ë`m Mo {dmma (Am{U ^mî`hr) VÎdkmZmÀ`m MM}V OmñV {eabobo {XgVo. EpistemologyMr ñdv Ì emim {Z_m U H$aÊ`mV Am{U Ë`mMo ì`mgnrr> J«Wmb`mbm {_idyz XoÊ`mV Ë`m Zm A{YH$ ag hmovm Ago {XgVo d åhuyz hr MMm VÎdkmZmÀ`m àm VmVrb qh$dm gm_m{oh$emómà`m àm VmVrb OmñV à_mumv Pmbr Amho. 4) Ë`m Zr Communication Am{U Communicable `m g km Zm _hîd {Xbo Agbo Var Ë`mMo àë`j H$m` H$go Agm`bm hdo ho _mì {dñvmamzo {dex Ho$bo Zmhr. 5) kmz `m g H$ënZoMm emoy Ë`m Zr ImobmV OmD$Z KoVbm Amho. VÎddoÎ`m Mo XmIbohr {Xbo AmhoV. Varhr _m{hvrmo kmzm_ü`o ê$nm Va H$go hmovo, Ho$ìhm hmovo d H$m hmovo `mmm emoy KoVbm Zmhr. ho kmz nwýhm g_momv H$go OmVo `mmmhr {dmma {dñvmamzo Ho$bm Zmhr. 6) H$mhr {R>H$mUr J«WnmbmZo H$m` H$amdo ho gm {JVbo Jobo Amho na Vw Ë`mMm {dñvma kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 25 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 26

17 Ho$bm Zgë`mZo Vr VmpÎdH$ MMm M amhvo. CXm. Librarians no longer are concern to accumulate material in anticipation of use but Seek to engage actively in bringing their resources to attention of those who need them" hr MMm VmpÎdH$ am{hbr. gmyzm Mm A Xm{OV dmna (Anticipated use) H$am`Mm åhuoo Zo_H$m H$moUVm H$m` H«$_ `m`bm hdm? Vo {dex Pmbo Zmhr Ago AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Pmbo Amho. qh$dm Ë`m À`m Z Vahr VÁkm Zr eoam `m À`m {dmmamvrb àë`j H $VrÀ`m (Application) ^mjmmm {dñvma Ho$bm Zmhr. 7) EImÚm J«Wmb`mMo CXmhaU KoD$Z hr g H$ënZm Oa _m S>br Jobr AgVr Va H$Xm{MV `m g H$ënZoVrb C{Udm, Xmof, ÌwQ>r {ZKyZ Joë`m AgË`m Am{U {VMm {dñvma AMyH$ Pmbm AgVm. darb _Vm À`m AZwf JmZo H$mhr R>mog MMm H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. àm. Oo. EM. eoam `m Mr VÎdàUmbr : ^mj-2 S>m. àxrn H${U H$ J«Wnmb - S>r. Or. ê$nmaob _hm{dúmb`, _mqw> Jm, _w ~B B _ob : karnikpl@gmail.com _mjrb boim_ü`o eoam `m À`m VÎdàUmbrMm {dmma _m S>bobm Amho. CÎmamYm V eoam `m À`m àumbrdarb ^mî` XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. eoam `m Mr àumbr EImÚm J«Wmb`mbm bmdyz VnmgVm `ob b H$m`? `mh$so> boih$mzo bj doybo Amho. Dicussion about Knowledge àw_ eoam `m Zr Knowledge À`m g X^m V Oo nmm àíz {Z_m U Ho$bo AmhoV, VoWyZM MM}bm gwédmv H$aUo g`wpšvh$ R>aob. 1) _mugmbm kmz H$go àmá hmovo? How Man Knows? VmpÎdH$ MMm eoam `m Zr Ho$br AmhoM. BWo g_momv Zo_Ho$ H$m` KS>Vo, Vo nmhuo Amdí`H$ R>aob. _wimv EH$m àízmmo CÎma XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Vmo àíz nwt>rbà_muo kmz H$embm åhum`mo? Am{U _m{hvr (Information) H$embm åhum`mo? `mvrb {d^moz aofm H$moUVr? _mugmbm H$mhr dñvy Mr, KQ>Zm Mr, ì`švrmr, XoemMr _m{hvr hmovo (àw_m qh$dm Zì`mZo dm A{YH$ ^a KmbyZ) Ë`mbm kmz åhum`mo H$m`? H$s Ë`mbm A_wH$ A_wH$ Jmoï>rMr _m{hvr Pmbr Ago åhum`mo? _muyg kmzmà`m à{h«$`ov Ho$ìhm àdoe H$aVmo? H$moUË`m ñdê$nmmr _m{hvr Ë`mbm "kmz' {_i{dê`mbm CÚwŠV H$aVo? _muyg Ë`m _m{hvrmo kmzmv ê$nm Va H$aVmo åhuoo Zo_Ho$ H$m` H$aVmo? H$m` KS>Vo? ho kmz XoUmao KQ>H$ H$moUVo? `m àízm Mr CÎmao emoym`bm hdrv; VaM H$mhr gm JVm `ouo eš` Amho. Ë`mgmR>r H$mhr AmH $VrÛmao ho _m Sy>Z nmhÿ`m. kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 27 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 28

18 _m{hvrmm àdmh (Flow Of Information) ì`švrh$so> _m{hvr `oê`mmo AZoH$ _mj AmhoV /AgVmV. _yb bhmz AgVmZm AZw^d d {ZarjU (Am{U AZwH$aU) `mvyz {eh$v OmVo. ñdv:mo, BVam Mo d dmmbobo AZw^d _mugmbm _m{hvr nwadv AgVmV. {ZarjUmMohr VgoM Amho. g dmxmvyz, dmmzmvyz, na namjv Amboë`m _m{hvrvyz Ë`mbm AZoH$ Jmoï>r kmv hmovmv. H$mhr doim AmË_àoaUoVyZhr _m{hvr {_ivo. `m Ë`mÀ`mnmer Amboë`m _m{hvrmo H$m` hmovo? {VMm g ~ Y ñ_ Vrer (Memory) Amho ñ_ VrMm àdmh (Flow Of Memory) ì`švsh$so> `oumè`m _m{hvrmo ê$nm Va H$mhr doim VmËnwaË`m ñ_ VrV hmovo d H$mbm VamZo Vr _m{hvr nwgbr OmVo. H$mhr AY OmJ V _ZmV (Subconcious mind) _Ü`o OmD$Z pñwa hmovmv. H$YrVar, àg JmZo, dmgmzo, EImÚm KQ>Zo_wio Vr OmJ V hmovo. H$mhr _m{hvrmo {dñ_ VrV ê$nm Va hmovo. H$mhr Ho$ë`m Vr _m{hvr AmR>dV Zmhr. Mm Wm H$ßnm nšš`m ñ_ VrMm V`ma hmovmo. añvo, Zmd, Jmd, nîmo, AmR>dUr, BË`mXrMm H$moe V`ma hmovmo. øm AmR>dUr H$Yr gwix g doxzm {Z_m U H$aVmV, H$Yr Xþ:IX gwix g doxzm nwýhm nwýhm {_imì`mv Ago dmq>vo; Va Xþ:IX ZH$moem dmq>vmv. nšš`m ñ_ VrV Joë`mda Ë`m Cn`wŠVVoÀ`m H$ßß`mV OmVmV. H$mhr _m{hvr, Hw$Vyhb / {Okmgm {Z_m U H$aVmV. hm H$ßnm _m{hvrmo ê$nm Va kmzmv H$am`bm àd Îm H$aVmo. hr pñwvr A{YH$ _m{hvr {_i{dê`mgmr>r dm emoy KoÊ`mgmR>r àoaum XoVo. {VMr nyv Vm Pmbr H$s Ë`m _m{hvrmo kmzmv ê$nm Va ìhm`bm bmjvo. `m nšš`m ñ_ VrVrb H$mhr _m{hvr nwýhm 1, 2, 3, H$ßß`m VyZ àdoe H$aVo. Hw$Vyhb /{Okmgm {Z_m U H$aUmar _m{hvr {eh$ê`mà`m (learning) AgVo. kmzmmm OÝ_ H$gm hmovmo? kmzmmm OÝ_ (Birth Of Knowledge) `m~m~v nwt>rb nmzmdarb AmH $Vr 3 nmhm. eoam `m À`m Xþgè`m àízmh$so> diuo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m Mm Xþgam àíz Agm Amho H$s g_ï>rbm kmz H$go àmá hmovo? 2) g_ï>rbm kmz H$go hmovo? (How society Knows )? `m_ü`o XmoZ àh$maà`m g ñwm g àofummo (Communicatin) H$m` H$aVmV. _m{hvrmo AmXmZàXmZ hmovo Am{U g nyu g_mombm kmz /_m{hvr {_ivo. `m_ü`o AZoH$ _mü`_m Mm Cn`moJ hmovmo. g dmx, Jßnm, \$moz, nìì`dhma, ^oq>r, g_ma ^ `m Ûmao àë`j _m{hvrmo AmXmZàXmZ hmovo, Va H$Umo nh$um hr _m{hvr ngavo. _m{hvr {Z{_ Vr g ñwm ìxmao _m{hvr {_ivo. Vgm hm àdmg gmonm Amho. BWo J«Wmb`mMm Role eoam åhuvmv Ë`mà_mUo \$ma _mor>m Amho. J«Wmb`mbm hr à{h«$`m _mhrv Agm`bm hdr; nu Ë`mhrnojm eoam `m À`m nwt>à`m àízmmr _m{hvr A{YH$ CÎm_ Agm`bm hdr. Vr Agob Va J«Wmb`o Amnbr ^y{_h$ AXm H$ê$ eh$vmv. eoam `m Mm nwt>mm àíz Amho. How Personal Knowledge social Knowledge? ì`pšvjv kmz gm_m{oh$ kmz H$go ~ZVo? Ë`mH$So> AmVm dim`bm hdo. 3) ì`pšvjv kmz g_ï>rmo kmz H$go hmovo?(how Personal Knowledge social Knowledge?) g_momv VrZ àh$mamo g_yh AgVmV, Vo nwt>rbà_muo: 1) gm_mý` _muyg 2) g_mo ZoV Ëd 3) g emoyh$ /boih$ / H$bmd V / {dmmad V eoam `m Zr Mm Wm àíz Agm {Z_m U Ho$bm` H$s, How the history and philosophy of Knowledge have evolved through time and in various cultures? kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 29 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 30

19 4) H$mi Am{U g ñh $VrMm kmzmdarb n[aum_ hr {H«$`m KS>m`bm Iyn H$mbmdYr OmVmo. g ñh $Vr Ë`m Ë`m KQ>Zm da n[aum_ H$aVmV Am{U à{h«$`m hmov hmov Ë`mMo ê$nm Va B{VhmgmV qh$dm VÎdkmZmV hmovo. H$moUVmhr emoy KQ>Zm, EH$mH$s B{Vhmg dm VÎdkmZ KS>dy eh$v ZmhrV. eoam Z Va J«Wmb`m H$So> divmv. Ë`m~m~V Vo Agm àíz {Z_m U H$aVmV H$s, How the library's mechanisms and systems are useful to communicate the Knowledge to the society? `m g X^m V Vo g àofu Am{U empãxh$ AWdm {M{ÌV Zm Xrbm (Graphic Record) _hîd XoVmV. Vo nwaogo Amho H$m `mmm {dmma nwt>o Ho$bm OmUmaM Amho; na Vw J«Wmb` `m KQ>H$mH$So> "kmz' `oê`mmr à{h«$`m H$m` AgVo, H$er AgVo Vo bjmv `m`bm hdo. Ë`m{edm` J«Wmb`mÀ`m Vm {ÌH$ nõvr (Mechanism) Am{U H$m` nüxvr (System) da ^mî` H$aUo `mo½` hmouma Zmhr. 5) kmz J«Wmb`m n`ªv H$go `ovo?(how Knowledge comes to the Library?) ho g_oyz KoÊ`mgmR>r _mjà`m Mma àízm À`m AZwf JmZo Oo AmH $VrÀ`m ê$nmv _m S>bo Jobo Vo EH${ÌV[aË`m _m Sy>Z nmhm`bm hdo. Vr EH${ÌV _m S>Ur nwt>rb nmzmda {Xbr Amho. kmzmmr (Knowledge) hr Jw VmJw VrMr à{h«$`m AmnU g_omdyz KoVbr. AmVm àíz Agm {Z_m U hmovmo H$s, eoam `m Zm Social Espistemology À`m ZdrZ kmzemim An[a{MV Amho, Ago J«Wnmb /J«Wmb`o AmOhr H$m` av AmhoV, _J SEMm nm`m Agmdm /{_idm Ago eoam `m Zm H$m dmq>bo? `m àízmmm emoy KoD$ bmjbo Va {ZpíMV Amnë`mbm eoam `m À`m g àofu Communication Am{U Communicable `m g koà`m {dmmamh$so> `mdo bmjvo. eoam `m Zm g àofu_ü`o J«Wmb`mMr Vm {ÌH$ nõvr A{^àoV Amho Am{U Communicable _Ü`o J«Wmb`mÀ`m H$m` nõvr A{^àoV AmhoV. `m~m~v Ë`m Zr Oo {dmma _m S>bo Amho Vo ~mah$mb Zo g_oyz KoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. Vo {dmma H$m` AmhoV Vo nmhÿ`m. eoam `m À`m _Vo J«Wmb`mMr ^y{_h$m eoam `m Zr àw_m _m{hvrmr JaO _ Xÿbm H$er Amho Vo _m S>bo. _mugmmr hr nmmdr JaO Amho `mda Xþ_V AgÊ`mMo H$maU Zmhr. _m{hvrmr JaO ^mjdê`mgmr>r g àofu g_momv H$go KS>Vo Vo AmnU _mjo nm{hbom Amho, nu g àofumà`m XmoZ nõvr Oa {dmmamv KoVë`m Va eoam `m Mo _V A{YH$ ñnï> hmob b. g dmxmvyz g àofu hmovo Am{U empãxh$ AWdm {M{ÌV Zmo Xr_YyZ g àofu hmovo. H$moUË`mhr g dmxmvyz {Z_m U Pmboë`m g àofumbm pñwa/{q>h$md$ ñdê$n àmá hmov Zmhr. Vo H$mbm VamZo {dñ_aumv OmVo. Graphic empãxh$ dm {M{ÌV Zm Xr_YyZ (^mfm, Üd{Z\$sV, {MÌ\$sV, Mw ~H$s` gm{hë`, {MÌo BË`mXr ) Oo g àofu hmovo, Ë`mV EH$ pñwanum, {Q>H$mD$nUm AgVmo Am{U åhuyzm eoam empãxh$ dm {M{ÌV Zm XrZm _hîd XoVmV. AmVm Agm àíz {Z_m U hmovmo H$s, eoam `m g àofugmr>r J«Wmb` hm KQ>H$M H$m {ZdS>VmV? g_momv BVahr AZoH$ àh$maà`m g ñwm AmhoV. gm ñh ${VH$, gm_m{oh$, e j{uh$, Am{W H$, BË`mXr. AZoH$ àh$maà`m g ñwm Mm {dmma eoam H$m H$aV ZmhrV? Vo "J«Wmb`m'bmM hm nm`m XoÊ`mMm H$m à`ëz H$aVmV? J«Wmb`mì`{V[aŠV Á`m BVa g ñwm g_momv H$m` av AgVmV, Ë`m Mm CÔoe, ñdê$n d H$m` Ë`m Ë`m {df`mnwavo _`m {XV AgVo. H$mhr AndmX djivm {VWo hmoumao g àofu EH$_mJu AgVo. (Once way communication) EImXo CXmhaU KoD$Z ho ñnï> H$ê$`m. gm ñh ${VH$ H$m` H$aUmar g ñwm {d{dy àh$mamo H$m` H«$_ KoVo. Ë`m H$m` H«$_m Zm, Ë`m {df`mv ag AgUmam g_mokq>h$ hoa amhvmo. ^mfu, ZmQ>H$, n[ag dmx, gm ñh ${VH$ H$m` H«$_ hmovmv. {dmmam Mo àxmz hmovo (AmXmZ hmovom Ago Zmhr ) Am{U Vmo {dmma {dê$z OmVmo. g_om Ë`mVyZ EImXr nwpñvh$m, Ahdmb à{güx Oar Pmbm Var Vmo Ë`m KQ>H$mnwaVmM _`m {XV amhvmo. g_momvë`m gd Wam n`ªv ho {dmma OmV ZmhrV. J«Wmb`m~m~V Ago hmov Zmhr. J«Wmb`mV gd àh$maà`m dmmz gm{hë`mmm gmr>m Ho$bm Joë`mZo {d{eï> dmmh$dj nwavm Role AXm H$aUo ho J«Wmb`m Zm A{^àoV ZgVo. d ÎmnÌo, _m{gho$, nwñvho$, A_w{ÐV gm{hë`, J«o {bq>oma, hñv{bpivo Aem Ag»` àh$maà`m empãxh$ dm {M{ÌV Zm XrMm gmr>m J«Wmb`mH$So> AgVmo Am{U åhuyzm eoam `m Zm empãxh$ dm {M{ÌV Zm XtÀ`m _mü`_mvyz hmoumao g àofu _hîdmmo dmq>vo. ho gm{hë` H$mimMr _`m Xm Amobm Sy>Z {Q>H$Vo. `m Mm gmr>m J«Wmb`o H$aVmV åhuyz eoam J«Wmb`mbm hm nm`m XoD$ BpÀN>VmV. kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 31 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 32

20 `m g àofumà`m ~m~vrv eoam `m Zr XmoZ KQ>H$ _hîdmmo åhuyz Z_yX Ho$bo AmhoV. 1) Product, Flow, Integration, Consumption of all forms of communcated thoughts. 2) Interaction between Knowledge and social activity ho XmoZ KQ>H$ eoam `m Zr gm {JVbo, nu Ë`m Mm {dñvma Z Ho$ë`mZo eoam `m Mr g H$ënZm ZrQ> g_oyz KoVbr Jobr Zgmdr. 1) {dmma ì`šv hmoumao gd AmH ${V~ Y (All forms of communicated thoughts) eoam Ooìhm hm {dmma _m S>VmV Voìhm Ë`m Zm J«Wmb`mV hmoumao H$moUVo g àofu A{^àoV Amho? `mmm emoy KoÊ`mgmR>r "g dmx'mm {dmma H$aUo ^mj ns>vo. J«Wmb`mV nwt>rbà_muo g dmx KS>Vmo. 1) Vm{bH$m Ûmam hmoumam g dmx 2) _m{hvrnìho$/ Zmo{Q>gm `m Ûmao hmoumam g dmx 3) nwñvho$ / {Z`VH$m{bH$m Ûmam hmoumam 4) J«WoVa gm{hë`mûmam g dmx 5) g X^m V XoVmZm hmoumam g dmx hm g dmx EH$_mJu g àofummm àh$ma amhv Zmhr. `m gd g dmxmvrb KQ>H$m Zm empãxh$vm, {M{ÌV ñdê$n Agë`mZo H$mhr à_mumv AmXmZàXmZ hmov AgVo. na Vw eoam `m Zm BVHo$M g àofu A{^àoV Zmhr. XmoZ ì`švs, g_yh (qh$dm EH$Q>rM ì`švrhr ) Ooìhm g dmx gmyvmv Voìhm Ë`m À`m g dmxmbm ñdm^m{dh$ _`m Xm AgVmV. hm g dmx Ho$di H$mhrM ì`švt_ü`o AgVmo, Ë`m g dmxmv Omo {dmma ì`šv hmovmo, Ë`m~m~V BVam Zm H$m` dmq>vo, Ë`m Mo Ë`m~m~V _V H$m` Amho ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mMo Z g{j H$ Hw$Vyhb AgVo. Xþgao Ago H$s, EH$mM g_yhmv g dmx gmyê`mnojm BVa g_yhm ~amo~a g dmx gmyuo g_mokq>h$ ng V H$aVmV, Oo An[a{MV AmhoV qh$dm ghgm g dmxmgmr>r H$maUm{edm` CnbãY hmov ZmhrV. {Vgao Ago H$s, g_momvrb OmUH$ma ì`švr~amo~a, kmzr _mugm ~amo~a hm g dmx ìhmdm, Agohr dmq>v AgVo. Aem AZoH$ H$maUm gmr>r H$moUVo Var gm_mý` _mü`_ CnbãY Agmdo bmjvo. eoam J«Wmb`mH$So> g_mommr hr JaO åhuyz nmhvmv. "J«Wmb`' ho EH$ ì`mgnrr> hmod$ eh$vo Ago eoam `m Zm dmq>vo Am{U åhuyzm Vo gd àh$ma (All Forms) Agm eãx à`moj H$aVmV. hm g dmx J«Wmb`o H$er gmyvmv? 1) {dñvm[av H$m` H«$_mÀ`m (Extention cativities) _mü`_mvyz g_mombm ho _mü`_ J«Wmb`o CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmV ho H$m` H«$_ H$moUVo? Ë`mÛmao g dmx H$gm hmovmo? 1) nwñvh$ àxe Z : ZdrZ /{df`mzwgma 2) BVa àxe Z : hñvmja g J«h /Xþ_ui gm{hë` /N>m`m{MÌ g J«h /ZmUr g J«h / {MÌo /H$mÌU g J«h 3) nwñvh$ {dh«$s : 4) gw{dmma : 5) AmOMr ~mv_r : 6) g_ma ^ : ^mfuo /_wbmivr /H$a_UyH$àYmZ H$m` H«$_ 7) H$m` H«$_ : {MÌnQ> _hmoëgd/zmq>çg _obz /{MÌ\$sV /CD `m Mo gmxarh$au 8) g _obz : gm{hë` /ZmQ>` /{dkmz/a YlÕ {Z_y bz 9) em j{uh$ : ì`m»`mz_mbm/n[ag dmx /MMm gìo /àm T> {eju/h$m`xm g m 10) à{eju : J«Wmb`emó/(Reading habits) dmmz gd`r 11) àh$mezo : nwpñvh$m - ì`m»`mz_mbm/^mfuo {Z`VH$m{bHo$ - Ahdmb - gymr n[ag dmx {Z~ Y g ñwm B{Vhg/Üd{Z\$sV/{MÌ\$sV 12) g emoyz : Aem AZoH$ H$m` H«$_m _YyZ J«Wmb`o {Z{_ Vr (Producation), àdmh (Flow), EH$mË_Vm (Intergation) Am{U dmna (Consumption) gmyvmv Am{U Ë`mVyZ {dmmam Mo g àoju hmovo, Ago eoam `m Zm A{^àoV Amho. kmz Am{U gm_m{oh$ {H«$`mà{H«$`m `m_yrb AmXmZ -àxmz (Interaction between Knowledge and social activity) eoam `m Xþgè`m KQ>H$mbmhr \$ma _hîd XoVmV. J«Wmb`mVrb Vm{bH$m / dmmzgm{hë` `m À`m _mü`_mvyz kmzmer AmXmZàXmZ hmovo ho AJXr CKS> Amho, nu gm_m{oh$ H$m` åhuoo Zo_H$s H$moUVr {H«$`m? g_momvrb "gm_m{oh$ H$m` ' kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 33 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 34

21 hm AW eoam Zm A{^àoV Amho. `m gm_m{oh$ H$m`m Mm g ~ Y J«Wmb`mÀ`m {dñvm[av H$m` H«$_mer Amho. nu hr Extention activity hr Intellectual activities À`m ñdê$nmmr Amho. J«Wmb`mV BVa H$m` H«$_ MmbVmV, Ë`m Mo ñdê$n H$go AgVo? g_momv {Z_m U hmoumè`m g_ñ`m, KQ>Zm, KS>m_moS>r, dv _mz àíz, gm_m{oh$ Midir `m H$m` H«$_mMo ho {df` hmovmv. `m _mü`_mvyz g_momer g dmx gmybm OmVmo. g_mombm _mj Xe Z hmob b Ago `mmo ñdê$n AgVo, H$m` H«$_m À`m _mü`_mvyz {Z_m U hmoumè`m kmz~amo~a `m gm_m{oh$ H$m`m Mo AmXmZàXmZ hmovo, Ago eoam `m Zm A{^àoV Amho. Aem AmXmZàXmZm_wio g_mombm {Xem {_ivo, g_mo {ZH$mon Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm hmovmo. àízm Mo, g_ñ`omo Iao ñdê$n Ë`m À`mg_moa CKSo> hmovo. EImXm {df`mmm gd ~moy Mm {dmma g_mombm Iwbm hmovmo. `mvyz ZdrZ H$m`m bm MmbZm {_ivo. g emoyz, boiz, Midir, BVa gm ñh ${VH$ H$m` H«$_ H$aUmgmR>r g_mo CÚwŠV hmovmo. Ë`mMm nwadr>m nwýhm J«Wmb`m H$So> hmovmo Am{U ho dvy i gwê$m amhvo. Social Epistemology Mm AW Omo eoam `m Zm A{^àoV Amho Vmo hm Amho Am{U hr kmzemim J«Wmb`m Zr g_oyz KoVbr nm{hoo, Ago eoam `m Zm dmq>vo. empãxh$ dm {M{ÌV Zm XrMr gm_m{oh$ Cn`wŠVVm (Social Utility of Graphic Records) J«Wmb`m _Ü`o dmmzgm{hë` {ZdS> H$aVmZm gm_m{oh$ ^mz amibo OmVo. gm_m{oh$ àízm À`m AZwf JmZo gm{hë` O_m Ho$bo OmVo. dv _mz KQ>Zm d KS>m_moS>r{df`r gm{hë` nwñvh$ê$nmzo `oê`mg doi bmjvmo. åhuyz dv _mz KQ>Zm À`m g X^m V H$mÌUohr O_m Ho$br OmVmV. Ë`m Mm g J«hhr Ho$bm OmVmo. `mà`m OmoS>rbm nwñvh$ àxe Z, H$mÌUg J«h àxe Z, N>m`m{MÌm Mr àxe Zo ^adbr OmVmV; na Vw eoam `m À`m _Vo ho nwaogo Zmhr. J«Wmb`mbm g_mommo kmz hdo. g_momvrb _hîdmà`m àízm Mo ^mz hdo. g_mommr dv _mz JaO H$m` Amho Vo J«Wmb`mZo AmoiIm`bm hdo. CXmhaUmW, nmê`mmm àíz "nmur' hr g_ñ`m AË` V J ^ra Amho. Ë`mMr {ZH$S> gd M Wam Vë`m ì`švtzm OmUdVo Amho. Aem doir J«Wmb`m Zr Ë`m àízmdarb Ë`m À`mH$So> AgUmè`m gm{hë`mmo àxe Z ^adyz hr JaO ^mjob H$m? Vo {VVHo$ nwaogo Zmhr Ago eoam `m Zm dmq>vo. "nmur' `m {df`mda MMm, n[ag dmx KS>dyZ AmUUo Amdí`H$ Amho. nmur dmq>nmmo g ~ {YV A{YH$mar, emgz Am{U g_momvrb Cn^moŠVm `m Zr EH$Ì AmUyZ Ë`mda g dmx gmym`bm hdm. EImXm àmñvm{dh$ {Z~ Y (Background paper) V`ma H$ê$Z {d{dy ì`švtzm {dmma H$am`bm bmdm`bm Am{U Cnm`mH$So> Om`bm àd Îm hmob b, Agm H$m` H«$_ KS>dyZ AmUm`bm hdm. Amnë`mH$So> AgUmè`m gm{hë`mvyz B{VhmgmV nydu KSy>Z Jobobr g_m Va KQ>Zm emoyyz Ë`mH$So> g_mommo bj H$go OmB b Agm H$m` H«$_ KoVm `ouo eš` H$am`bm hdo. "nmur' g X^m Vrb _m{hvrnq>, H$mì`dmMZ, nwzmq>ç `m Mo Am`moOZ H$am`bm hdo. ì`m»`mz_mbm KS>dyZ g_mommo à~moyz H$aÊ`mMr JaO AgVo. eoam `m À`m _Vo g_mombm ho hdo AgVo. J«Wmb`mZo hr g_mommr JaO ^mjdbr nm{hoo. "BamH$ `wõ', "½bmoãbmPoeZ', "gmg ', BË`mXr AZoH$ Ádb V àízm H$So> J«Wmb`mMo bj Om`bm hdo. Ho$di g J«h H$ê$Z Am{U àxe Z ^adyz ho H$m` VS>rg OmV Zmhr. ^bo _J J«Wmb`m Zr {H$Vrhr CÎm_ Vm{bH$m Ho$boë`m AgmoV, Xoer -{dxoer J«W, {Z`VH$m{bHo$ O_m Ho$bobr AgmoV. Vr hdrvm, nu Ë`mM~amo~a hr OmUrd hdr. kmzmmo ì`dñwmnz (Management of Knowledge) `m~m~vrv Va Z $sm Jm Yi CS>Ê`mMr eš`vm Amho. J«Wmb`mV djuh$au d Vm{bH$sH$aU `m À`m _mü`_mvyz "kmzm'mr ì`dñwm bmdê`mv `ovo. Vr gwg K{Q>Vhr AgVo. dmmh$mà`m _mjurzwgma gm{hë` H$_rVH$_r doiov {Xbohr OmVo, ì`dñwmnzm_wiom KS>Vo; na Vw eoam `m Zm ho Va Ano{jV AmhoM; nu Ë`mhrnojm A{YH$ dojio Ano{jV Amho. J«Wnmbm Mr J«Wmb`mVrb g J«hrda hþhy$_v hdr. Amnë`mH$So> H$m` Amho, Ë`mMo _hîd Zo_Ho$ H$m` ho Ë`mbm _mhrv AgyZ MmbV Zmhr, Va Ë`m kmzmmm Cn`moJ \$ŠV J«Wmb`mV `oumè`m Am{U Ë`m gm{hë`mmr _mjur H$aUmè`m ZmM hmob b Ago Z nmhv gd g_mombm Ë`mMm Cn`moJ H$gm hmob b ho J«Wmb`m Zr nmhm`bm hdo. J«Wmb`mMo AmUIr _hîdmmo d Ho$di J«Wmb`m MoM ì`dàn>oxh$ H$m` åhuoo Ë`m-Ë`m {df`mvrb VÁkmbmhr _mhrv Zgob Ago AWdm {dñ_ VrV Jobo AgVrb Ago J«m{\$H$ aoh$m S >g² CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo. J«Wmb`m_Ü`o _wšvûma g H$ënZm kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 35 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 36

22 Ho$di `mgmr>rm AmUbr OmVo. J«Wmb`mV kmzgmyzm Mm gmr>m H$ê$Z R>odbobm ZgVmo, nu Vmo Aem [avmzo _m S>bobm AgVmo H$s, Ë`m Ë`m {df`mer g ~ {YV, {df`mdarb J«W ñwybmh$sy>z gyú_mh$so> Aem nõvrzo (djuh$au nõvr_wio) _m S>bo OmVmV. g ~ {YV {df` Ë`mÀ`m _mjo-nwt>o AgVmV. hr _m S>Ur Ho$di _m{jvbobm J«W gmns>mdm åhuyzm Ho$di ZgVo Va kmzgmyzm À`m emoymv Agboë`m Aä`mgH$mbm Vr {Z~ªYnUo nmhê`mgmr>r AgVo. Aem emoym_ü`o Ë`mbm Ë`mÀ`m Aä`mg{df`H$ An[a{MV dm {dñ_ VrV Jobobm J«W Va gmns>vmom, nu J«Wm À`m emoymà`m à{h«$`ov AgVmZm Ë`m {df`mda Vmo A V_ ZmV {dmmahr H$arV AgVmo. Aem doir AMmZH$ EImXm J«W Agm gmns>vmo H$s, Ë`mÀ`m gwá {dmmambm Vmo nmofh$ R>aVmo qh$dm Ë`m J«Wm_wio Ë`mbm AMmZH$ ZdrZ H$ënZm, Zdm _wôm, ZdrM Ñï>r gmns>vo d Ë`mÀ`m g emoyzmbm Zdr {Xem àmá hmovo. Ë`m_wio kmzmmm {dñvma hmovmo. hr à{h«$`m J«Wmb`mV àm_w»`mzo KS>Vo. J«Wmb`mV Vmo Aä`mg _moh$imhr AgVmo. JaO ^mgë`mg bjom {VWë`m {VWo Ë`mMr dmmzmmr gmo` hmovo. Vmo Vo nwñvh$ KoD$Z dmmv ~gy eh$vmo AWdm g^mgx Agë`mg Vo nwñvh$ Karhr KoD$Z OmD$ eh$vmo. J«Wmb`mÛmao hmoumè`m g àofummo ho EH$ _hîdmmo A J Amho. `mbm nmofh$ åhuyz J«Wmb`mV nwaoer hdm, COoS> AWdm dmvmzwhy${bv dmvmdau Aer ì`dñwmhr nwadbr OmVo. EH$Q>çmZo dmmm`mr gw{dym hr J«Wmb`mVbr gdmªv _hîdmmr gw{dym AgVo. EH$mJ«VoZo dmmzg_myr bmjy eh$ê`mmo Vo EH$ n{dì d em V {R>H$mU AgVo. Ë`mÀ`m Zd{Z{_ Vrbm MmbZm, MoVmdUr XoÊ`mMo H$m` J«Wmb`mVbm kmzgmr>m H$arV AgVmo Am{U åhuyzm eoam kmzmà`m ì`dñwmnzmbm _hîd XoVmV. _mzdomvrmm ^bonum Am{U H$ë`mU (Accomplishment and betterment of Mankind) g_mo_z H$mhr doim g ^«{_V hmovo, Jm YiyZ OmVo. g_mommr {Zaja d Îmr g nwï>mv `ovo. g_mo H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV _mjo aoq>bm OmÊ`mMr eš`vm AgVo. _yë` ì`dñwmm T>mgiVo. AZrVrbmM Zr{V_ÎmoMo ê$n `ovo. CXmhaUmW, AmUr~mUrMm H$mi, ApíbbVodê$Z `oumar goýgma{en, ^«ï>mmmambm {_imbobr à{vð>m Aem AZoH$ àg Jm V J«Wmb`mZo ^y{_h$m `m`bm hdr. g_mombm Iar pñwvr, gë`vm XmIdyZ Úm`bm hdr. `mgmr>r J«WnmbmMr/ J«Wmb`mMr ^y{_h$m g_momvrb _mumgm Mr _Zmo^y{_H$m C MdÊ`mH$So> Agm`bm hdr. àgma_mü`_o AZoH$Xm Aem doir g_mombm g ^«{_V H$ê$Z Q>mH$VmV. "Zo_Ho$ H$m`?' Agm àíz g_mombm àgma_mü`_mvrb _m{hvr dmmyz ns>vmo. Aem doir H$mÌUg J«hmMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z BVa VmpÎdH$ gm{hë`mmo n[aerbz H$ê$Z àgma_mü`_m _Yrb {díbofumë_h$ gm{hë`mmo g_mbmomz H$ê$Z `mo½` Vr _m{hvr g_momn`ªv Aä`mg dj, Study Circle, nmoñq>a àxe Z, dñë`m _Yrb g^m, N>moQ>çm g_yhm À`m MMm, g gx, ~mø g KQ>Zm ~amo~amo H$m` H«$_ KoD$Z J«Wmb`m Zm Amnbm dmq>m CMbVm `m`bm nm{hoo. eoam `mbmm "Expertly Done' Am{U "Precise The Mechanism' åhuv AmhoV. ho bjmv `m`bm hdo. ZdrZ Ñï>r (New Insights) hr ZdrZ Ñï>r Structuring, Organization Am{U Availbility of human knowledge À`m g X^m V R>odm`bm hdr, Ago eoam gm JVmV. kmzmda ZOa R>odUo, ZdrZ V`ma hmoumè`m kmzmmm doy KoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. g_momv dojdojio àdmh AgVmV. OwZo à^md _mjo ns>vmv. EHo$ H$mir _mjà`m gd {nt>rda _mšg À`m {dmmam Mm à^md hmovm. AmO Vmo à^md _mjo ns>bm Amho. XþgaoM àdmh H$m` H$aVmhoV. Xþgè`m _hm`wõmmm à^md OJ^a hmovm. Ë`mMm à^md gm{hë`mda ns>bm. Ë`mVyZ {d\$bvomm AZw^d gm{hë`mvyz dmhv hmovm. _mšg dmxr gm{hë`hr nydu Omo_mV hmovo. AmVm g_momv H$moUVr {dmmaàumbr H$m` av Amho? Vr g_mombm Cn`wŠV Amho H$m?Zgë`mg g_mombm {eh$dê`mmr JaO {Z_m U hmovo. Aem OwÝ`m, Zì`m {dmmam Mo gm{hë` J«Wmb`mV Zgobhr. _J H$m` H$am`Mo? gm{hë` Zmhr åhuyz Jßn ~gm`mo H$m`? `mgmr>r eoam ZdrZ Ñï>rMr Amdí`H$Vm _m S>VmV. OwZm {dmma Oa AmO Amdí`H$ dmq>v Agob (CXmhaUmW, _mšg dmx) Va Ë`mVrb OmUH$mam Zm ì`m»`mzm gmr>r, ^mfum gmr>r nmmmau H$am`bm hdo. bmoh$gm{hë`, haxmg H$Wm, nwamu, H$sV Z, ^mê$s> `m À`m _mü`_mvyz OwÝ`m-Zì`m {dmmam Zm g_momn`ªv nmohmomdm`bm hdo. _m pih$ B{VhmgmÀ`m (Oral history) emiomm dmna H$ê$Z OwÝ`m ì`švsmo g {MV O_m H$ê$Z Vo g_momn`ªv Ý`m`bm hdo. J«Wmb`mbm ì`švrbm {eh$dm`mo ZgyZ g_mombm {eh$dm`mo Amho. `mgmr>r "ZdrZ Ñï>r'Mr JaO Amho, Ago eoam `m Zm dmq>vo. kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 37 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 38

23 ^{dî`h$mbrz Cn`moJ (Anticipation of use and to engage activity) Amnë`mH$S>rb g J«hmMm H$moUmbm, H$moUË`m KQ>H$mbm Cn`moJ Amho `mmm A XmO KoVm `m`bm hdm Am{U Á`m Zm Ë`mMr JaO Amho Aem n`ªv Vmo nmohmomdm`bm hdm. ho CXmhaU KoD$ZM nmhÿ`m. g_om, J«Wmb`m_Ü`o _Oya (Labour) `m {df`mdamr H$mÌUo AmhoV. Vr \$ŠV J«Wmb`mV R>odyZ H$m` hmouma? Ë`mMm Cn`moJ ìhm`bm hdm, H$mhrVar H$m` H$am`bm hdo, `m Mo Cn^moŠVo H$moU `mmm A XmO ~m YyZ Ë`m À`mn`ªV ho kmz Zobo VaM Ë`mMm Cn`moJ hmouma Amho. "_Oya' (Lobour) hm {df` H$moUmbm Cn`wŠV R>aob? 1) ì`švs : J«Wmb`mV `od$z OmUmè`m dmmh$m Mm JQ> 2) g ñwm 2.1 e j{uh$ g ñwm CXmhaUmW, {dúmnrr>o, {dúmnrr>mmo Lobour Economics Mo {dúmwu /àmü`mnh$, _hm{dúmb`o. 2.2 {df`m À`m g ñwm CXmhaUmW, g Q >b bo~a g ñwm, Q >os> `w{z`ýg, à{eju XoUmè`m g ñwm (Training Institutions) 2.3 Xoem~mhoarb g ñwm /amá`m~mhoarb g ñwm 3) {Z`VH$m{bHo$ (Learned Periodicals) 4) dv _mznìo (Newspapers) 5) Xÿa{MÌdmUr 6) emgzmh$so> Think Tank gmr>r 7) boih$/ñv ^boih$ 8) kmzh$moe dm{f H$m Mo(Year Book) 9) àh$meh$ Aem g ñwm Mm AmYrM A XmO ~m YVm `ouo d Amnbm g J«h Cn`moJmV H$gm `ob b Vo nmhuo _hîdmmo Amho. `mmm So>Q>m~og V`ma H$ê$Z, grs>r V`ma H$ê$Z qh$dm Poam Šg H$ê$Z nmr>duo eš` Amho. `m g ñwm g K{Q>V g ñwm (Organised Institutions) AmhoV. g_momvrb Ag K{Q>V (Unorganised) KQ>H$m gmr>r ì`m»`mz_mbm, àxe Z, nwpñvh$m N>mnyZ hr _m{hvr nmr>duo eš` Amho. To search for and Adopt New Methods J«Wmb`m Zr Amnë`m g J«hmMm Cn`moJ ìhmdm `m Ñï>rZo ZdrZ _mj emoybo nm{hoov Am{U Vo ñdrh$mabohr nm{hoov. eoam `m À`m _Vo, J«Wmb`mVrb g J«hmMm Cn`moJ hm \$ŠV {dûmzm ZmM Pmbm nm{hoo qh$dm Ë`m ZmM CnbãY Ho$bm nm{hoo Ago Zìho; Va ì`mdgm{`h$, CÚmoJnVr, emgz `m Zmhr hm g J«h CnbãY Ho$bm nm{hoo Ago Ë`m Zm dmq>vo. Ago KS>m`Mo Agob Va J«Wmb`m Zr ZdrZ Cnm` qh$dm nõvr H$moUVr ñdrh$mamdr?h$mouvm emoy KoVbm nm{hoo? hr nõvrhr _m S>Vm `ouo eš` Amho. g J«hmMo AdbmoH$Z H$ê$Z Ë`m {df`mer g ~{YV ì`švsà`m `múm ~ZdVm `ovrb. Ë`mgmR>r {Z`VH$m{bHo$ d nwñvho$ `m Mm AmYma KoD$Z Ë`mV boiz H$aUmao `m Mm EH$ JQ> g ^mì` Cn^moŠVm åhuyz V`ma H$aVm `od$ eh$vmo. Vr {Z`VH$m{bHo$ dmmumao dj UrXma emoyyz Ë`m Mm EH$ JQ> ~ZdVm `ob b. Ë`m {df`mer g ~ {YV g ñwm, e j{uh$ g ñwm, {dúmwu d àmü`mnh$ `m Mrhr `mxr ~ZdUo gho eš` Amho. Aer {gõvm Pmbr H$s nwt>o H$m` H$am`Mo? Ë`m Ë`m JQ>m Zm Amnë`m g J«hmMr _m{hvr H$ê$Z Km`Mr. CXmhaUmW, 1) g J«hmMr `mxr hr du ZmË_H$ R>odUo d Ë`m JQ>mbm nmr>duo. 2) g J«hmVrb _m{hvrmm gmam e JQ>mbm nmr>duo. 3) Amdí`H$Vm Agë`mg g nyu g {hvm (Full text) hr nmr>duo. 4) Ë`mda _m{hvrnwpñvh$m V`ma H$aUo. 5) `m g J«hmMr Om{hamV hmob b Ago _mj emoyuo. CXmhaUmW, Amnë`m Am{U Xþgè`m J«Wmb`mV hr _m{hvr Display H$aUo. 6) EImXo ~wbo{q>z gwê$ H$aUo. 7) _hîdmà`m {df`m da n[ag dmx KS>dUo. ì`m»`mz_mbm Am`mo{OV H$aUo. 8) nwñvho$ V`ma hmoê`mà`m Ñï>rZo boih$m Zm/àH$meH$m Zm CÚwŠV H$aUo. 9) Ë`m {df`mdarb {Z`VH$m{bH$m Zm hr _m{hvr nwadyz Ë`m Zm Ë`mMm Cn`moJ H$am`bm bmduo. 10) gm_mý` _mugmbm àd Îm H$am`bm, {dmma H$am`bm bmdê`mgmr>r dv _mznìm Zm hm g J«h XoUo. ñv ^boih$m Zm Ë`mgmR>r CÚwŠV H$aUo. Ago AZoH$ _mj emoyê`mmr Am{U Vo ñdrh$maê`mmr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. eoam `m Zm A{^àoV AgUmam Social Espistemology Mm {dmma Aem _mjmªzr H$m`m pýdv hmovmo, hmod$ eh$vmo. kmzj JmoÌr : gßq> ~a 2016 Vo Zmoìh ~a 2016 : 39 kmzj JmoÌr : gßq> ~a 2016 Vo Zmoìh ~a 2016 : 40

24 Shera's View about Library Techniques eoam Ja J«Wmb`mÀ`m Vm{bH$ nõvrbm {ZH$mbmV H$mT>VmV qh$dm Ë`m _mü`_m Zm H$_r _hîdmmo _mzvmv Ago Zmhr. CbQ> Ë`m~m~V Douglas Foskett `m Zr Ho$boë`m Q>rHo$À`m g X^m V eoam J«Wnmbm Mr ~moym KoVmV. "Over the centruries library techniques and procedures have evolved slowly and pragmatically in response to assumed needs and patterned upon ad -hoc methods". Ago eoam åhuvmv Voìhm J«Wmb`m Zr Ho$bobo Analytical Index, Articles Indexes to perioical ZOaog_moa `ovmv. `m gmyzm Zm eoam _hîd XoVmV; nu Ë`m~m~V Ë`m Mo _V Ago Amho H$s, only rareely have libraries thought seriously of their libraries as social agencies Ago åhuyz eoam Foskett `m Mr Q>rH$m _m S>VmV. as Douglas Foskett has said, they have failed to give serious consideration to the role of libraries (not merely public libraries) in a society, and how the professional community as a whole can best serve society as a whole'' eoam `m À`m _Vmbm nwï>r XoUmao ho Foskett `m Mo {dmma H$moUmbmhr nq>vrb, H$maU eoamhr J«Wmb`mH$So> Social Agencies åhuyzm nmhvmv. nu eoam Foskett `m À`m {dymzmda H$mhr àíz {Z_m U H$ê$Z J«Wnmbm Mr ~moy KoVmV. "This is very ture, but it may not be entirely the librarians' fault if they have nonthing to draw on for their practice but unvalidated assumptions -not to say guesses about the ways in which individuals and societies acquire knowledge and the networks by which knowledge and the networks by which knowledge is disseminated.what happens within that physiological process that take place when ahuman mind confronts a library store or the bibliographic tools that are intended assimilates become a part of the collective intelligence of culture? How is social behaviour influenced by the knowledge that society absorbs? These are the basic problems that confront the librarian and should guide his professional practice.obviously librarians cannot seek unaided the answers to -such questions ; they must enlist the help of many specialists in many disciplines. In the largest sense, the proper study of librarianship is man''. eoam `m Zr CnpñWV Ho$bobo àíz Vm{bHo$À`m ~m~vrv AË` V _hîdmmo AmhoV. dmmh$mmm emoy, Ë`mbm hdr AgUmar _m{hvr d Ë`m _m{hvrh$so> dmmh$ Á`m Ñï>rZo nmhvmo Vr Ñï>r, J«Wnmbmbm An[a{MV AgVo. àë`oh$ dmmh$mzwgma hr Ñï>r ~XbVo. gm{hë`mmm OmUH$ma Ë`mM _m{hvrh$so> dojù`m Ñï>rZo nmhuma Am{U VÎdkmZmMm Aä`mgH$ dojù`m Ñï>rZo. Vm{bH$m V`ma H$aVmZm J«Wnmbmbm dmmh$mmr {^Þ, {^Þ Ñï>r AZ{^kM AgVo d amhvohr. `mda Cnm` H$m`? eoam åhuvmv H$s, J«WnmbZo /dm J«Wmb`mZo dojdojù`m {df`mvë`m VÁkm Mr `m`bm hdr Aer _XV `m`mr Va Aem VÁkm Zm J«Wmb`mÀ`m ì`dhmam_ü`o gm_rb H$ê$Z `m`bm hdo. Xþgao Ago H$s Vm{bH$mnÌm Mr _`m Xm Amobm Sy>Z {d{dy àh$maà`m gymr à{güx H$am`bm hì`mv Ë`mVyZ Ë`mVrb _`m Xm H$mhr à_mumv g nwï>mv `od$ eh$vmv. eoam `m Mo eodq>mo dmš` \$ma _hîdmmo Amho. "The proper study of librarianship is man' Ago Ë`m Zr åhq>bo Amho. "_mugm'bm H $ÐñWmZr R>odUo H$moUË`mhr J«Wmb`mbm _hîdmmo R>aUma Amho. Am{U _mugmmm, g_mommm Aä`mg H$aUmgmR>r eoam gm JVmV Ë`mà_mUo Social Epistemology À`m kmzemiomr {ZVm V JaO Amho. hr MMm bjmv KoVë`mda àíz Agm {Z_m U hmovmo H$s eoam `m Mr VÎdàUmbr dmnê$z EImÚm J«Wmb`mMo {díbofu H$aUo eš` Amho H$m`? Vo J«Wmb` H$moUVo Agmdo? Vgo {díbofu H$aUo eš` Agob Va Ë`mMo ñdê$n H$go Agmdo? `mh$so> diuo g`wpšvh$ hmob b. Shera's theory and Survey of the Library eoam `m Mr Social Epistemology hr g H$ënZm dmnê$z EImÚm J«Wmb`mMo {díbofu H$aUo eš` Amho. ho J«Wmb` gmd O{ZH$ Agm`bm hdo. BVa J«Wmb`o g_momvrb H$mhrM g_yhmgmr>r H$m` H$aVmZm {XgVmV. _mì gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb`o kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 41 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 42

25 _mì ~è`mm à_mumv eoam `m À`m VÎdàUmbrÀ`m Odi OmVrb Ago dmq>vo. AWm V ho _V Aä`mgmZ Va XoUo eš` Amho. Agm Aä`mg H$am`Mm Pmbm Va H$m` H$am`bm hdo? 1) J«Wmb`mMm B{Vhmg Vnmgmdm bmjob. 2) Ë`m À`m Activities Mr `mxr H$amdr bmjob. Ë`m `mxrmo {díbofu g_mo Cn`moJr {H$Vr à_mumv Amho Vo Vnmgmdo bmjob. 3) J«Wmb`mMm g J«h d Ë`mMm g_momà`m Ñï>rZo Ho$bobm Cn`moJ VnmgUo. 4) J«Wmb`mVrb gmyzo d Ë`mgmR>r AgUmar Ñï>r. 5) J«Wmb`mV AÝ` H$mhr {d^mj AmhoV H$m Vo nmhmdo bmjob. 6) J«Wmb`mMr àh$mezo, Ë`m Mo {df` d Cn`moJ. 7) J«Wmb`mMm dmmh$dj. 8) J«Wmb`mer g ~ {YV g_momvrb VÁk _mugo. Aem H$mhr A Jm Zr Oa emoy KoVbm Va J«Wmb`o eoam åhuvmv Ë`m Jmoï>tZm nmì R>aVmV H$s Zmhr ho bjmv `od$ eho$b.agë`mg Ë`mMo à_mu XmIdyZ XoVm `ob b. Zgë`mg H$mhr gymzm XoVm `ovrb. Aem J«Wmb`mMo Model V`ma H$ê$Z BVa J«Wmb`m gmr>r CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVm `ob b. J«Wmb`mMr nmhur Ho$ë`m{edm`, Ë`mVë`m AS>MUr bjmv `ouma Zmhr. H$mhr doim Agohr hmoê`mmr eš`vm Amho H$s eoam `m Mm EImXm {dmma "AmXe ' Agob; nu Ë`mbm àmë`{jh$mmr OmoS> XoVm `ouo eš` Zgob. qh$dm J«Wmb`mZo à`moj Ho$bmhr Agob; nu Ë`mbm g_momzo à{vgmx {Xbm Zgob. ho gd VnmgÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. H$mhr doim eoam åhuvmv dm Anojm H$aVmV Ë`mnojm dojiohr H$mhr J«Wmb`mZo Ho$bobo Agy eh$vo. Ago H$m` H«$_ eoam `m Mm {dmma g_ Õ H$aVrb. nmhur{edm` ho eš` Zmhr. bm`~«ar hoamës> `m {Z`VH$m{bH$m_Ü`o àh$m{ev Pmboë`m boim Mo Ame` {díbofu ( ) gm. AmaVr _ Xma ZmB H$ {Q>iH$ _hmamï > {dúmnrr> J«Wmb`, nwuo B _ob : aarti.yelange@gmail.com gmam e : àñvwv boim_ü`o bm`~«ar hoamës> `m {X r J«Wmb` g KmH$Sy>Z àh$m{ev hmoumè`m {Z`VH$m{bH$mMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m J«Wmb` Am{U _m{hvremó {df`mer g ~ {YV Agboë`m {Z`VH$m{bH$m_Yrb 2007 Vo 2014 `m H$mbmdYr_Ü`o àh$m{ev Pmboë`m boim Mo Ame` {díbofu gxa boimûmao _m S>Ê`mV Ambo Amho. 4.1 bm`~«ar hoamës> (Library Herald) {X r J«Wmb` g K ^mavmv gdmªv OwZr Am{U gdm V bjdoyh$ J«Wmb` g KQ>Zm Amho. g KmH$Sy>Z AZoH$ H$m` H«$_m Mo Am`moOZ Ho$bo Jobo Amho. AZoH$ àh$ën Ambo AmhoV. {X r J«Wmb` Agmo{gEeZ Ë`mMm g J«h (Archive) H$m`_ amivo. {X r J«Wmb` g K H$mhr J«W d {Z`VH$m{bH$ àh$m{ev H$aVo. `mn H$s J«Wmb` Am{U _m{hvremóm~m~v _m{hvr àh$m{ev H$aUmao "bm`~«ar hoamës>' ho 1958 nmgyz àh$m{ev hmoumao B J«Or ^mfovrb {Z`VH$m{bH$ Amho. "bm`~«ar hoamës>' ho {naa [aìøys> {Z`VH$m{bH$ Amho. ho Ì _m{gh$ dfm VyZ 4 doim åhuoo _mm, OyZ, gßq> ~a, {S>g ~a `m _{hý`m V àh$m{ev Ho$bo OmVo Vo 1961 `m H$mbmdYrV "bm`~«ar hoamës>'mo n{hbo g nmxh$ lr. nr. EZ. H$m bm ho hmovo. "bm`~«ar hoamës>'mm Am`.Eg.Eg.EZ.Z. kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 43 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 44

26 Am{U Am ZbmB Z Am`.Eg.Eg.EZ.Z Agm Amho. AmÎmmn`ªV `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mMo g nmxh$ëd lr. nr. EZ. H$m bm ( ), lr. EZ. Ho$. Jmo`b ( ), àm. {H«$eZ Hw$_ma ( ), àm. gr. nr. d{eï> (2006 Vo AmÎmmn`ªV) `m 4 g nmxh$m Zr ^yf{dbo Amho. B {S>`Z gm`q>oez B So>Šg_Ü`o [agm Bån ŠQ> \ $ŠQ>a 0.1 Amho. 4.2 bm`~«ar hoamës> {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb Ame` {díbofu "bm`~«ar hoamës>' `m J«Wmb`emó {df`mer g X^m V Ì _m{gh$mà`m 2007 Vo 2014 `m AmR> dfmªvrb boim Mo {díbofu gxa àh$aumv Ho$bo Amho emoy{z~ YmMr g»`më_h$ {Z{_ Vr gmaur H«$. 1 : emoy{z~ YmMr g»`më_h$ {Z{_ Vr A. H«$. df I S> H«$. EHy$U A H$ emoy{z~ YmMr g»`m % EHy$U 8 I S> 32 A H$ % "bm`~«ar hoamës>' `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mMo àë`oh$ dfu _mm, OyZ, gßq> ~a, {S>g ~a `m _{hý`mv A H$ àh$m{ev Ho$bo OmVmV. àë`oh$ dfu Mma I S>mV `mà_muo 2007 Vo 2014 `m AmR> dfmªv 308 boi àh$m{ev Pmbo AmhoV _Ü`o 33(10.71%) boi, 2008 _Ü`o 23 (4.47%) boi, 2009 _Ü`o 51(16.56%) boi, 2010 _Ü`o 42(13.64%) boi, 2011 _Ü`o 38(12.34%) boi, 2012 _Ü`o 52(16.88%) boi, 2013 _Ü`o 34(11.04%) boi, Va 2014 _Ü`o 35(11.26%) boi àh$m{ev Pmbo AmhoV _Ü`o 52(16.88%) Ago gdmªv OmñV boim Mo àh$mez Ho$bo Jobo. `m_ü`o àmo. XmgJwám `m À`m ñ_aumw gßq> ~a _{hý`mv 27 boi àh$m{ev Ho$bo Jobo, Va 2009 {S>g ~a _Ü`o àmo. H$m bm `m À`m ñ_aumw 22 boi àh$m{ev Ho$bo Jobo : 2007 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu gmaur H«$. 1.1 : 2007 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu df _{hzo Vol. No. Issue No. boim Mr g»`m % 2007 _mm OyZ gßq> ~a {S>g ~a EHy$U AmboI H«$. 1 : 2007 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu 2007 `m dfu OyZ _{hý`mvrb boim Mr g»`m gdmªv OmñV åhuoo 11(33.33%) BVH$s Amho, Va _mm _{hý`mv 9(27.27%), gßq> ~a _{hý`mv 6(18.18%), {S>g ~a _{hý`mv 7(21.22%) BVHo$ boi {b{hbo Jobo. kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 45 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 46

27 : 2008 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu df Vol. No. Issue No. boim Mr g»`m % 2008 _mm OyZ gßq> ~a {S>g ~a EHy$U AmboI H«$. 2 : 2008 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu : 2009 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu gmaur H«$. 1.3 : 2009 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu df Vol. No. Issue No. boim Mr g»`m % 2009 _mm OyZ gßq> ~a {S>g ~a (àmo. H$m bm ñ_aumw ) EHy$U AmboI H«$. 3 : 2009 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu 2009 `m dfm Vrb boim Mo {díbofu _mm 8(16.67%), OyZ 9 (18.75%), gßq> ~a 9(18.75%), {S>g ~a 22(45.83%) Ago {XgyZ `ovo `m dfu _mm _{hý`mv 5(21.74%), OyZ _{hý`mv 8(34.78%), gßq> ~a _{hý`mv 4(17.39%), {S>g ~a _{hý`mv 6(26.09%) Aer àh$m{ev Pmboë`m boim Mr g»`m Amho. OyZ _{hý`mvrb boim Mr g»`m gdmªv OmñV Amho : 2010 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu gmaur H«$. 1.4 : 2010 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu df Vol. No. Issue No. boim Mr g»`m % 2010 _mm OyZ gßq> ~a {S>g ~a EHy$U kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 47 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 48

28 AmboI H«$. 4 : 2010 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu 2010 `m dfm Vrb boim Mo {díbofu : _mm 10(23.81%), OyZ 10(23.81%), gßq> ~a 8 (19.05%), {S>g ~a 14 (33.33%) Ago {XgyZ `ovo : 2011 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu gmaur H«$. 1.5 : 2011 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu df Vol. No. Issue No. boim Mr g»`m % 2011 _mm OyZ gßq> ~a {S>g ~a EHy$U AmboI H«$. 5 : 2011 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu 2011 `m dfm Vrb boim Mo {díbofu : _mm 9(23.68%), OyZ 11 (28.95%), gßq> ~a 7 (18.42%), {S>g ~a 11 (28.95%) Ago {XgyZ `ovo. {S>g ~a d OyZ _{hý`mvrb boim Mo {dvau gmaio Amho : 2012 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu gmaur H«$. 1.6 : 2012 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu df Vol. No. Issue No. boim Mr g»`m % 2012 _mm OyZ gßq> ~a (àmo.xmg Jwám ñ_aumw ) {S>g ~a EHy$U AmboI H«$. 7 : 2012 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu 10.31% 2012 `m dfm Vrb boim Mo {díbofu : _mm 9(17.31%), OyZ 7 (13.46%), gßq> ~a 27 (59.92%), {S>g ~a 9 (17.31%) Ago {XgyZ `ovo. gßq> ~a _{hý`mv àm. XmgJwám `m À`m ñ_aumw 27 (59.92%) boi àh$m{ev Pmbo Ë`m Mr g»`m gdmªv OmñV Amho. kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 49 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 50

29 : 2013 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu gmaur H«$. 1.7 : 2013 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu df Vol. No. Issue No. boim Mr g»`m % 2013 _mm OyZ gßq> ~a {S>g ~a EHy$U AmboI H«$. 8 :2013 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu AmboI H«$. 9 : 2014 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu 2014 `m dfm Vrb boim Mo {díbofu : _mm 9 (25.71%), OyZ 9 (25.71%), gßq> ~a 8 (22.87%), {S>g ~a 9 (25.71%) Ago {XgyZ `ovo. VrZ _{hý`mmo boim Mo {dvau gmaio Amho, Va gßq> ~a _{hý`mmo boim Mo {dvau 22.87% BVHo$ Amho `m dfm Vrb boim Mo {díbofu : _mm 9 (26.47%), OyZ 9 (26.47%), gßq> ~a 8 (23.53%), {S>g ~a 8 (23.53%) Ago {XgyZ `ovo. _mm d OyZ _{hý`mv VgoM gßq> ~a d {S>g ~a _{hý`mv gmaiom boi àh$m{ev Pmbo AmhoV : 2014 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu gmaur H«$. 1.8 : 2014 `m dfu àh$m{ev boim Mo {díbofu df Vol. No. Issue No. boim Mr g»`m % 2014 _mm OyZ gßq> ~a {S>g ~a EHy$U {deof A H$ Am{U gd gmymau A H$ EHy$U 32 A H$m n H$s {H$Vr A H$ {deof Am{U {H$Vr gd gmymau AmhoV `mmr _m{hvr Imbrb gmaurdê$z bjmv `ob b. gmaur H«$. : 2 {deof A H$ Am{U gd gmymau A H$ A. H«$. df I S> H«$. EHy$U A H$ {deof A H$ gd gmymau A H$ gßq> ~a {S>g ~a EHy$U 8 I S> 32 A H$ 2 30 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 51 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 52

30 2007 Vo 2014 `m H$mbmdYr_Yrb bm`~«ar hoamës> `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mÀ`m EHy$U 8 I S>m _Yrb à{gõ Pmboë`m 32 A H$m _Ü`o gßq> ~a 2012 (I S> 50) d {S>g ~a 2009 (I S> 47)_Ü`o à{gõ Pmbobo A H$ {deof A H$ AmhoV. `m I S>m _Ü`o ì`º$s{df`h$ Aem {deof A H$m gmr>r gdmªv OmñV boim Mo àh$mez Ho$bo Jobo _Ü`o àmo. XmgJwám `m À`m ñ_aumw gßq> ~a _{hý`mv 27 boi àh$m{ev Ho$bo Jobo, Va 2009 {S>g ~a _Ü`o àmo. H$m bm `m À`m ñ_aumw 22 boi àh$m{ev Ho$bo Jobo emoy{z~ YmMr bm ~r bm`~«ar hoamës>à`m gz 2007 Vo 2014 _Ü`o àh$m{ev Pmboë`m A H$m _Ü`o EHy$U 308 boi àh$m{ev Pmbo AmhoV. `m emoy{z~ YmMr bm ~r {H$Vr Amho `mmr _m{hvr nwt>rb gmaur_ü`o {_ivo. gmaur H«$. 3 : emoy{z~ YmMr bm ~r n ð> g»`m emoy{z~ Y g»`m % darb gmaurzwgma gdmªv OmñV åhuoo 34 n ð> g»`m Agbobo boi 2 (0.64%) BVHo$ AmhoV, Va gdmª V H$_r åhuoo 1 n ð> g»`m Agbobo boi 9 (2.92%) BVHo$ AmhoV. `mdê$z Ago {XgyZ `ovo H$s, OmñV n ð> g»`m Agbobo boi H$_r à_mumv {b{hbo OmVmV Va H$_r n ð> g»`m Agbobo boi OmñV à_mumv {b{hbo OmVmV boim Mo {díbofu boim Mo {díbofu H$aVmZm Imbrb ~m~tmm A V^m d Ho$bobm Amho. gmaur H«$. 4 boim Mo {díbofu erf H$ dojdojio erf H$ Agboë`m boim Mo {díbofu % boi J«WnarjU 27 9 ~mvå`m Am{U {deof H$m` H«$_ 26 8 Ahdmb 16 5 EHy$U kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 53 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 54

31 AmboI H«$. 9 : boim Mo {díbofu gmaur H«$. 5 : boih$ `mojxmz {díbofu boih$m Mr g»`m boim Mr g»`m % EH$ boih$ XmoZ boih$ VrZ boih$ VrZ nojm OmñV boih$ boih$ Zgbobo EHy$U AmboI H«$. 10 : boih$m à_muo {díbofu bm`~«ar hoamës> `m {Z`VH$m{bH$m_Ü`o {d{dy {df`m darb boi, J«WnarjU, ~mvå`m Am{U {deof H$m` H«$_, Ahdmb Aem erf H$m Imbr boizmmo {díbofu Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ `ovo. boi 239 (78%), J«WnarjU 27 (9%), ~mvå`m Am{U {deof H$m` H«$_ 26 (8%), Ahdmb 16 (5%) Ago {díbofu Ho$bo Amho. `mdê$z Ago {XgyZ `ovo H$s, gdmªv OmñV Agboë`m boim_ü`o J«Wmb`m À`m {dh$mgmgmr>r Amdí`H$ _m{hvr {XgyZ `ovo, Va J«WnarjU, ~mvå`m Am{U {deof H$m` H«$_ d Ahdmb `mûmao J«Wmb` Am{U _m{hvremó {dh$mgmg ~ {YV _m{hvr àh$m{ev Ho$br Amho boih$ `mojxmz {díbofu boih$ `mojxmz {díbofu H$aVmZm EH$ boih$, XmoZ boih$, VrZ boih$ d VrZnojm A{YH$ boih$ `m n by Mm A V^m d H$ê$Z _m{hvrmo {díbofu Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mMr _m{hvr Imbrb gmaur H«$. 5 _Ü`o {Xbobr Amho. darb _m{hvrzwgma EH$ boih$ AgUmè`m boim Mr g»`m OmñV åhuoom 166 (53.90%) BVH$s Amho. XmoZ boih$ AgUmè`m boim Mr g»`m 73 (23.70%), VrZ boih$ AgUmè`m boim Mr g»`m 28 (9.10%), VrZnojm OmñV boih$ AgUmè`m boim Mr g»`m 2 (0.64%), boih$ Zgboë`m boim Mr g»`m 39 (12.66%) BVH$s Amho. boih$ Zgbobo boi åhuoom Ahdmb, ~mvå`m Am{U H$m` H«$_ Ago boi AmhoV. `mdê$z Ago åhuvm `ob b H$s, EH$M boih$ AgUmao boi VwbZoZo OmñV AmhoV. åhuoom EH$mM ì`švrmr R>m Vo nhm`bm {_ivmv. d `pšvh$[aë`m g emoyz H$ê$Z _m{hvr {_idyz Vr àgm[av H$aUo Agm g emoyh$ boih$m Mm H$b {XgyZ `ovmo. kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 55 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 56

32 gmaur H«$. 6 : boih$ `mojxmz {díbofu df I S EHy$U EH$ XmoZ VrZ VrZnojm EHy$U > H«$. A H$ boih$ boih$ boih$ A{YH$ boih$ EHy$U àë`oh$ dfm gmr>r EH$, XmoZ, VrZ d VrZnojm OmñV boih$m Mo `mojxmz darb gmaurdê$z {XgyZ `ovo. `m_ü`o 2012 gmbr EH$ boih$ AgUmè`m boim Mr g»`m gdmªv OmñV åhuoo 38 BVH$s Amho, Va 2008 gmbr EH$m boih$ AgUmè`m boim Mr g»`m gdmªv H$_r åhuoo 8 BVH$s Amho d 2014 `m gmbr XmoZ boih$ AgUmè`m boim Mr g»`m OmñV åhuoo 12 BVH$s Amho, Va 2011 `m gmbr XmoZ boih$ AgUmè`m boim Mr g»`m H$_r åhuoo 6 BVH$s Amho d 2013 `m dfu VrZ boih$m Zr {b{hboë`m boim Mr g»`m 6 BVH$s Amho d 2013 `m dfu VrZnojm OmñV boih$ AgUmao boi àë`oh$s 1 AmhoV. 7 boi Vo 3 boi {b{humè`m boih$m Mr Zmdo d g»`m Imbrb gmaurv {Xbobr Amho. gmaur H«$.7 : AJ«oga boih$ Author No. of Article Riahinia Nosrat 7 Vyas S. D. 5 Vashishth C. P. 5 Emami Maryam 3 Tripathi Manorama 3 Prerna 3 Satija M. P. 3 Sen B. K. 3 Singh K. P. 3 Riahinia Nosrat `m bopiho$mo boi {b{hê`mvrb `mojxmz gdmªv OmñV åhuoo 7 BVHo$ Amho. 5 boi {b{humè`m boih$m Mr g»`m 2 BVH$s Amho. 3 boi {b{humè`m boih$m Mr g»`m 6 BVH$s Amho VgoM 2 boi {b{humè`m boih$m Mr g»`m 35 BVH$s Amho. 1 boi {b{humè`m boih$m Mr g»`m 183 BVH$s Amho. H$mhr boi XmoZ, VrZ qh$dm VrZ nojm OmñV boih$m Zr {_iyz {b{hbobo AmhoV _w»` {df` n by Imbrb _w»` {df` Xem e djuh$au nõvrà`m (DDC) À`m 19 ì`m Amd Vrà_mUo V`ma Ho$bobo AmhoV AJ«oga boih$ bm`~«ar hoamës> `m {Z`VH$m{bH$_Ü`o J«Wmb` d _m{hvremómvrb AË` V {dûmz d Aä`mgy boih$m Mo boi àh$m{ev hmov AgVmV. `m boih$m Zr gz 2007 Vo 2014 `m H$mbmdYrV Ë`mZr {b{hboë`m boim Mo `mojxmz Ë`m À`m Zmdmgh Imbrb gmaur H«$. 6 _Ü`o {Xbobr Amho. darb H$mbmdYrV `m {Z`VH$m{bH$m_Ü`o EHy$U 227 BVHo$ boih$m Zr boi {b{hbo AmhoV. Ë`mn H$s kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 57 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 58

33 gmaur H«$. 8 : _w»` {df` n by AZw. {df` boim Mr % H«$. g»`m 1. e j{uh$ J«Wmb` emim (Academic Library) _hm{dúmb` {dúmnrr> gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb` (Public Library) {deof J«Wmb` (Special Library) _m{hvr g àofu V ÌkmZ (Information Communication Technology) J«Wmb` godm (Library Services) J«Wmb` g J«h (Library Collection) ì`º$s{df`h$ (Personalities) J«WgyMr` narju (Bibliometrics) Cn`moOH$ Aä`mg (User Study) Cn`moJ Aä`mg (Use Study) _m{hvr gmjavm (Information Literacy) J«WnmbZ ì`dgm` (Library Profession) g emoyz (Research) C oi {ZX}e (Citation Analysis) J«W narju (Book Review) Ahdmb (Report) H$m` H«$_ (Events) EHy$U darb gmaurdê$z Ago {XgyZ `ovo H$s, _m{hvr g àofu V ÌkmZ `m {df`mdarb boim Mr g»`m gdmªv A{YH$ åhuoo 62 (20.13%) BVH$s AmhoV, Va gdmªv H$_r boi g emoyz `m {df`mdarb åhuoo 2 (0.65%) BVHo$ AmhoV. darb _w»` gmaurdê$z Imbrbà_mUo Ë`mMo Cn{d^mJ V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mMo {dñv V {díbofu Imbrb gmaê`m _Ü`o Ho$bobo Amho J«Wmb`mÀ`m àh$mamzwgma boim Mo {díbofu J«Wmb`mÀ`m àh$mamzwgma åhuoom e j{uh$, {deof d gmd O{ZH$ `m àh$mam _Ü`o J«Wmb`m Mr {d^mjur H$ê$Z Or _m{hvr àmá Pmbobr Amho Ë`mMr _m{hvr Imbrb gmaur H«$ 7.1 _Ü`o {Xbobr Amho. gmaur H«$. 7.1 : J«Wmb`mÀ`m àh$mamzwgma boim Mo {díbofu {df` boim Mr g»`m % e j{uh$ J«Wmb` emim 8 _hm{dúmb` 6 {dúmnrr> 7 gmd O{ZH$ J«Wmb` {deof J«Wmb` EHy$U AmboI H«$. 11 : J«Wmb`mÀ`m àh$mamzwgma boim Mo {díbofu darb _m{hvrà_muo J«Wmb`mÀ`m àh$mamzwgma e j{uh$ J«Wmb`m Mr (Academic Library) _m{hvr Agbobo boi 21 (51.12%), gmd O{ZH$ kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 59 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 60

34 J«Wmb`m Mr (Public Library) _m{hvr Agbobo 12 (29.27%) Am{U {deof J«Wmb`mMr (Special Library) _m{hvr Agbobo 8 (19.51%) Aem àh$mao {díbofu Ho$bo Amho. darb _m{hvrdê$z Ago {XgyZ `ovo H$s, e j{uh$ J«Wmb`mVrb godh$ dj OmñV à_mumv boi {bhrv AmhoV. e j{uh$ J«Wmb`m Mr g»`m OmñV Agë`mZo d Ë`m Zm {dúmnrr> AZwXmZ Am`moJmÀ`m {Z`_mZwgma {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb boi {b{huo ~ YZH$maH$ Agë`mZo Ë`mMo à_mu OmñV Amho J«Wmb`mVrb godm, dmmzgm{hë` Am{U g ~ {YV J«WnmbZ ì`dgm` J«Wmb`mÀ`m dvrzo XoÊ`mV `oumè`m godm, dmmzgm{hë`, J«WnmbZ ì`dgm` `m Cn{df`m da àmá Pmbobr _m{hvr Imbrb gmaur H«$. 7.2 _Ü`o {Xbobr Amho. gmaur H«$. 7.2 : J«Wmb`mVrb godm, dmmzgm{hë` Am{U g ~ {YV J«WnmbZ ì`dgm` {df` boim Mr g»`m % J«Wmb` godm dmmzgm{hë` J«WnmbZ ì`dgm` EHy$U AmboI H«$. 12 : J«Wmb`mVrb godm, dmmzgm{hë` Am{U g ~ {YV J«WnmbZ ì`dgm` J«Wmb`rZ godm d J«Wmb`mVrb dmmzgm{hë` `m{df`r _m{hvr XoUmao boi AZwH«$_o 12 (30.77%), 12 (30.77%) AmhoV. ho gxa {Z`VH$m{bH$mV àh$m{ev Pmbo AmhoV, VgoM J«WnmbZ ì`dgm`mg Amdí`H$ Jmoï>t{df`r _m{hvr gm JUmao 15 (38.46%) boixoirb à{gõ Pmbo AmhoV. darb VŠË`mdê$Z Ago {XgyZ `ovo H$s, J«WnmbZ ì`dgm`mda gdmªv OmñV boi {b{hbo Jobo AmhoV. `mmmm AW J«WnmbZ joìmvrb ì`švr Amnë`m ì`dgm`m{df`r AË` V OmJê$H$ AmhoV J«Wmb`mVrb gmyzgm{hë`m À`m dmnammo _mnz H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ J«Wmb`mVrb gmyzgm{hë`m À`m dmnammo _mnz H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ H$s Á`m_Ü`o Cn`moOH$ Aä`mg, Cn`moJ Aä`mg Am{U _m{hvr gmjavm `m {df`m da CnbãY AgUmè`m boim Mr g»`m Imbrb gmaur H«$. 7.3 _Ü`o {Xbobr Amho. gmaur H«$. 7.3 : J«Wmb`mÀ`m dmnammo _mnz H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ {df` boim Mr g»`m % Cn`moOH$ Aä`mg (User Study) Cn`moJ Aä`mg (Use Study) _m{hvr gmjavm EHy$U AmboI H«$. 13 : J«Wmb`mÀ`m dmnammo _mnz H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 61 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 62

35 J«Wmb`mVrb g J«h d godm `m Mm dmna {H$Vr à_mumv hmov Amho d hm dmna H$gm dmt>dvm `ob b `m{df`r _m{hvrgmr>r Cn`moOH$ Aä`mg, Cn`moJ Aä`mg Am{U _m{hvrmr gmjavm `m g ~ {YV boi àh$m{ev Ho$bo Jobo. Ë`mMo {díbofu nwt>rbà_muo - Cn`moOH$ Aä`mg 13 (33.33%) boi, Cn`moJ Aä`mg 15 (38.46%) boi Am{U _m{hvrmr gmjavm 11 (28.21%) boi Ago Amho. darb KQ>H$m Mm {dmma H$aVm Ago {XgyZ `ovo H$s Cn`moJ Aä`mg (Use Study) `m {df`m da boi {b{humè`m boih$m Mo à_mu OmñV Amho, H$maU J«Wmb`mVrb godh$ Amnë`m J«Wmb`mV AgUmao dmmz gm{hë` OmñVrVOmñV à_mumv dmnaê`mv `mdo `m{df`r Xj AgVmV _m{hvr g àofu V ÌkmZ {df`mmo {díbofu gxamm Aä`mg H$aVmZm g emoyh$mbm Agohr AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho H$s `m H$mbmdYrV _m{hvr g àofu V ÌkmZ `m {df`mda EHy$U 62 boi àh$m{ev Pmbobo AmhoV. Ë`m Mo Cn{df`mZwgma Imbrbà_mUo {d^moz Ho$bobo Amho. Ë`mMr _m{hvr Imbrb gmaur H«$. 7.4 _Ü`o {Xbobr Amho. gmaur H«$. 7.4 _m{hvr g àofu V ÌkmZ {df`mmo {díbofu {df` boim Mr g»`m % ZoQ>dŠg J«Wmb` g JUH$sH$aU A H$s` gmyzo g àofu V ÌkmZ do~ AmYmarV EHy$U gü`mà`m _m{hvr V ÌkmZmÀ`m `wjmv _m{hvr V ÌkmZmbm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hîd Amho, Ë`mg ~ YrMo 62 boi àh$m{ev Pmbo AmhoV. `m_ü`o ZoQ>dŠg 10 (16.13%), J«Wmb` g JUH$sH$maU 12 (19.36%), A H$s` gmyzo 10 (16.13%), g àofu V ÌkmZ 20 (32.25%), do~ AmYm[aV 10 (16.13) boi àh$m{ev Pmbo AmhoV. darb VŠË`mdê$Z Ago AmT>iyZ `ovo H$s J«Wmb`mÀ`m {dh$mgmg X^m V {dmma H$aVm _m{hvr g àofu V ÌkmZmMm J«Wmb`mV dmna dmt>bm Amho. åhuyz gxa {Z`VH$m{bH$m_Ü`o J«Wmb`mÀ`m godm gw{dym _Ü`o gwymaum H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Amdí`H$ ZoQ>dŠg, J«Wmb` g JUH$sH$aU, A H$s` gmyzo, g àofu V ÌkmZ, do~ AmYm[aV _m{hvr gm JUmao boi gdmªv OmñV AmhoV : J«WgyMr` narju, C oi {ZX}e `m{df`rmr _m{hvr J«WgyMr` narju, C oi {ZX}e `m {df`mda EHy$U 7 boi àh$m{ev Pmbobo AmhoV. Ë`m Mr _m{hvr Imbrb gmaur H«$. 7.5 _Ü`o {Xbobr Amho. gmaur H«$. 7.5 : narju, C oi {ZX}e `m{df`rmr _m{hvr {df` boim Mr g»`m % J«WgyMr` narju C oi {ZX}e EHy$U AmboI H«$. 14 : J«WgyMr` narju, C oi {ZX}e `m{df`rmr _m{hvr J«WgyMr` narju 4 (57.14%) d C oi {ZX}e 3 (42.86%) Ago boim Mo {díbofu Ho$bo Jobo Amho. darb _m{hvrzwgma Ago {XgyZ `ovo H$s, J«Wmb`rZ gmyzm Mr Cn`mo{JVm _mooê`mà`m Ñï>rZo Amdí`H$ C oi {ZX}e d narjuo `m g ~ {YV _m{hvr gm JUmao boixoirb gxa Ì _m{gh$mv àh$m{ev Pmbo AmhoV. kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 63 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 64

36 4.2.8 Xoem à_muo {díbofu bm`~«ar hoamës> ho {Z`VH$m{bH$ ^mavmvyz àh$m{ev hmov Agbo Var BVa Xoem Vrb boih$m Mo boi `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mVyZ àh$m{ev hmov AgVmV. àmá Pmboë`m _m{hvrzwgma Xoem à_muo {d^moz H$ê$Z {_imbobr _m{hvr Imbrb gmaur H«$. 8 _Ü`o {Xbobr Amho. gmaur H«$. 8 : Xoem à_muo {díbofu Xoem Mr Zmdo EHy$U boi % ^mav Zm`Oo[a`m BamU Zonmi ~m ½bmXoe EHy$U AmboI H«$. 15 : Xoem à_muo {díbofu boim Mo Xoem à_muo {díbofu bjmv KoVm : gdmªv OmñV boi ho ^mav Xoemer g ~ {YV AmhoV. ^mav 283 (91.88%), Zm`Oo[a`m 12 (3.90%), BamU 10 (3.25), Zonmi 1 (0.32%), Va ~m ½bmXoe 2 (0.65%) Ago Xoem à_muo boim Mo {díbofu {XgyZ `ovo. darb _m{hvrzwgma gxa Ì _m{gh$ ^mav XoemV àh$m{ev hmov Agë`mZo OmñVrVOmñV boi ^mav XoemVrb J«Wmb`rZ pñwvrmm AmT>mdm KoUmao AmhoV. VÁkm À`m OrdZnQ>mda àh$me Q>mH$Umao {deof A H$ àh$m{ev Ho$bo AmhoV. `m boim Mr g»`m gdmªv OmñV Amho {S>g ~a_ü`o àmo. H$m bm `m À`m ñ_aumw 22 (45.83) boi àh$m{ev Ho$bo Jobo, Va àmo. XmgJwám `m À`m ñ_aumw gßq> ~a 2012 À`m I S>mV 27 (51.92) boi àh$m{ev Ho$bo Jobo. Ë`m_wio 2007 Vo 2014 `m H$mbmdYrVrb gdmªv OmñV boim Mo àh$mez 2009 d 2012 `m dfu Pmbo. J«Wmb`mÀ`m {dh$mgmg X^m V {dmma H$aVm _m{hvr g àofu V ÌkmZmMm J«Wmb`mV dmna dmt>bm Amho. åhuyz gxa {Z`VH$m{bH$m_Ü`o _m{hvr g àofu V ÌkmZm{df`r _m{hvr gm JUmao boi gdmªv OmñV åhuoo 62 (20.12%) AmhoV. {ZîH$f "bm`~«ar hoamës>' `m {Z`VH$m{bH$m_Ü`o J«Wmb`emó `m {df`mmr _m{hvr Amho. J«Wmb`emómer {ZJ{S>V gyú_ {df`m da Aä`mgnyU 308 boi gxa {Z`VH$m{bH$mV àh$m{ev Ho$bo Jobo AmhoV. gxa {Z`VH$m{bH$m_Ü`o EH$m boih$mzo {b{hboë`m boim Mr g»`m (53.90%) OmñV Amho. åhuoom {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb boi d `pšvh$[aë`m {b{hê`mda OmñV ^a Amho. EH$mM ì`švr_m\ $V _m S>bobo g emoyz {ZîH$f Aä`mgVm `ovmv. gxa {Z`VH$m{bH$mV J«Wmb`emómer {ZJ{S>V kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 65 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 66

37 AOyZhr VmOm dmg OwÝ`mbm _amr>r Xmobm_w{ÐV àm. A. H$m. {à`moih$a "Xmobm' åhuoo nmium. _wðummr nmiê`mvrb AdñWm åhuoo _wðuh$boà`m àma ^r {Z_m U Pmbobr nwñvho$. Aem nwñvh$m Zm B J«OrV Incunabull a åhuvmv. _amr>rv Ë`mMo Zm_H$aU "Xmobm_w{ÐV ' Ago àm. {à`moih$am Zr Ho$bo d ê$t> Pmbo. àma ^rà`m _w{ðv nwñvh$m Mr H$mb_`m Xm H$moUVr Agmdr? VrM H$m Agmdr? `mmo {ddomzhr àm. {à`moih$am Zr Ho$bo Amho. àë`oh$ J«Wmb`mÀ`m J«Wnmbm Zr Amnë`m J«Wmb`mV Aer nwñvho$ AgVrb Va Onm`bm hdrv. Ë`m Mo OVZ, g aju, g dy Z ìhm`bm hdo, `mgmr>r hm boi nwz_w {ÐV H$arV AmhmoV. "_amr>r g emoyz n{ìho$'à`m OmZodmar 1965 À`m A H$mV hm boi Ambm hmovm. 52 dfmªnydumm hm boi AmOhr J«Wmb`mMm {dmma H$am`bm bmdumam R>ê$ eh$vmo. g nmxh$ _w ~B _Ü`o Zo{Q>ìh OZab bm`~«ar 1845 gmbr àw_ ñwmnz Pmbr. `mojm`moj Agm H$s, ~amo~a e ^a dfmªzr _w ~B `owo _w ~B _amr>r J«Wg J«hmb`mÀ`m dvrzo _w ~B, CnZJa d R>mUo {Oëhm dmmzmb` n[afxomo Xþgao A{YdoeZ 1945 À`m Am ŠQ>mo~a_Ü`o lr`wv ~mimgmho~ Ioa `m À`m AÜ`jVoImbr ^a{dê`mv Ambo. `mdoir Xþ_ui J«Wm Mo Oo àxe Z ^a{dê`mv Ambo Ë`mMo CX²KmQ>Z H$aVmZm "_amr>r Xmobm_w{ÐVm ' g ~ Yr _mâ`m ^mfum V _r H$mhr {dmma àw_m nwt>o _m S>bo. "Xmobm_w{ÐV' hm eãx _r Incunabula `m eãxm~ôb `moobm. Cunae åhuoo b {Q>Z ^mfov "nmium' nmiê`mbm g ñh $V ^mfov "Xmobm' Ago Zmd Amho. Incunabula åhuoo nmiê`mvrb _w{ðv J«W. `wamonmv _wðuh$bm n Yamì`m evh$mv ApñVËdmV Ambr. `m evh$mv Oo J«W _w{ðv Pmbo, Ë`m Zm ~më`mdñwovrb åhuoo nmiê`mvrb J«W (Incunabula) Aer g km XoVmV. Oxford English Dictionary _Ü`o Incunabula `m eãxmmm AW Agm {Xbm Amho Vmo Agm :- "Books produced in the infancy of printing; spec. those printed before 1500." qhxþñwmzmv _wðuh$bomm àdoe gmoimì`m evh$mà`m _Ü`mV - OmñV Vnerbdma gm Jmd`mMo åhuoo 1556 gmbr - Jmo_mV H$m V Pmbm. `m N>mnImÊ`mV H$mhr _amr>r ^mfomr nwñvho$ gvamì`m evh$mv à{gõ Pmbr; nu Vr amo_z {bnrv. Xoer (V{_i) {bnrv n{hbo nwñvh$ {H$ moz (Ho$ai) `owo 1578 gmbr qh$dm ~ Jmbr {bnrv n{hbo nwñvh$ 1778 gmbr à{gõ Pmbo Agbo, Var AemgmaIo à`ëz AndmXmË_H$ _mzbo nm{hoov. qhxþñwmzmv _wðuh$bomm àdoe Iam EH$mo{Ugmì`m evh$mà`m Ama ^r Pmbm. XodZmJar d BVa {bnrv nwñvho$ `m evh$mà`m Ama ^r _w{ðv hmod$ bmjbr. åhuyz `wamonmvrb Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr _`m Xm Á`mà_mUo 1500 hr _mzmdr, Ago _V _r _w ~B À`m CX²KmQ>ZmÀ`m doir ^mfumv nwt>o _m S>bo. `mdoir Ho$di _amr>r Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m àíz _mâ`mnwt>o hmovm. BVa ^mavr` ^mfm Mm _r {dmma Ho$bm Zmhr. JwOamWr ^mfomohr g emoyz d JwOamWr Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mm g J«h _r Ë`mdoir H$arV hmovmo. _bm Ago {XgyZ Ambo H$s, JwOamVr _wðummo H$m` àma ^r nmaer bmoh$m Zr Ho$bo. JwOamWr qhxÿ qh$dm _wgb_mz \$ma C{eam `m joìmv {eabo. _w ~B `owrb \$m~m g JwOamWr g^m d A_Xm~mX `owrb JwOamV ìhzm Š`wba gmogm`q>r `m g ñwmvrb Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr VnmgUr Ho$br Ë`mdê$Z _mâ`m ZOaog Ambo H$s, 1850 n`ªvmo JwOamWr _w{ðv J«W ~hþvoh$ nmaer bmoh$m Mo AmhoV. _wgb_mz qh$dm qhxÿ bmoh$m Mo \$mam WmoSo> {ZKVrb. Voìhm 1850 hr Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr H$mb_`m Xm R>aUo C{MV Amho; na Vw Vmo H$mi AJXr OdiMm dmq>bm. nwt>o 1848 gmbr Hw$bm~m {Oëhm dmmzmb` g KmMr n{hbr n[afx JmoaoJmd `owo ^abr hmovr. `mdoir `m n[afxoà`m AÜ`jñWmZmdê$Z ^mfu H$aVmZm hr Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr H$mb_`m Xm _r 1850 dê$z 1867 n`ªv dmt>{dbr. `mmo H$maU Ago H$s, 1867 gmbr nwñvh$m g ~ Yr 25 dm A ŠQ> nmg Pmbm Am{U nwt>rb dfm nmgyz à{gõ hmoumar nwñvho$ gah$mah$so> O_m hmod$z Ë`m À`m Ì _m{gh$ `múm à{gõ hmod$ bmjë`m. gmbmnydu Or nwñvho$ à{gõ Pmbr hmovr Vr ì`dpñwv Jmoim Pmbr ZmhrV qh$dm Ë`m Mr nõvera Zm X Pmbr Zmhr, åhuyz 1867 À`m AJmoXaMr _w{ðv nwñvho$ OmñV _hîdmmr _mzyz Ë`m Zm Xmobm_w{ÐVo åhumdo, Ago _r Omhra Ho$bo. hr Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr H$mb_`m Xm _amr>r dms²_`gy{mh$ma H $. e H$aamd XmVo `m Zmhr ng V ns>br. _w ~B kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 67 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 68

38 _amr>r J«Wg J«hmb`mZo "Jw OrH$a ì`m»`mz_mbm' gwê$ Ho$br, {VÀ`m_Ü`o hrm H$mb_`m Xm ñdrh$maê`mv Ambr hmovr gmbr _w ~B _amr>r J«Wg J«hmb`mMm gwdu _hmoëgd gmoam Pmbm. Ë`màg Jr _w ~B _amr>r J«Wg J«hmb`mªV Agboë`m Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr EH$ du ZmË_H$ `mxr à{gõ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. hr `mxr g ñwomo Ë`mdoioMo J«Wnmb am. nw. h. ghó~wõo `m Zr Ho$br hmovr. `m Zm_mdbrV 1867 n`ªvmr nwñvho$ g_m{dï> AmhoV. Ë`m nwñvh$mbm OmoS>boë`m _mâ`m àñvmdzov, Xþ_ui J«W, AmÚ _w{ðvo, Ë`m Mr Zm X d Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mo _hîd `m Mm _r {dmma Ho$bobm Amho. Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr Or hr `mxr à{gõ Pmbr {VÀ`m_Ü`o 1848 n`ªv _w ~B _amr>r J«Wg J«hmb`mÀ`m g J«hr Agboë`m nwñvh$m Mr Zm X hmovr. Ë`mÀ`mZ Va AmUIrhr nwîh$i Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr ^a KmbÊ`mMm _r à`ëz Ho$bm. EH$m {_ÌmÀ`m g J«hr Agbobr ~arm Xmobm_w{ÐVo {_idvm Ambr; na Vw OwZr `mxr Anwar Pmbr. Am{U Zì`m `mxrmr Amdí`H$Vm dmqy> bmjbr; na Vw Aer Ho$di _w ~B _amr>r J«Wg J«hmb`m_Ü`o Agboë`m Xmobm_w{ÐVm MrM `mxr à{gõ H$aÊ`mnojm, _hmamï >mv d BVa {R>H$mUr Xmobm_w{ÐVo AgVrb Ë`mMmhr g_mdoe H$ê$Z Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr EH$ "g `wšv Zm_mdbr' à{gõ H$aÊ`mMm {dmma nwt>o Ambm Am{U ho H$m_ ZwH$VmM J«WemómMm {S>ßbmo_m KoVbobo am. gw. Am. JmdñH$a `m À`mH$So> gmon{dê`mv Ambo. Ë`m À`mnwT>o g `wšv Zm_mdbrMr Or `moozm R>odÊ`mV Ambr hmovr Vr Aer:- (1) _w ~B _amr>r J«Wg J«hmb`mV Agboë`m EH $Xa Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr Zm X H$amdr. Aem nwñvh$m À`m nwt>o Ë`m Mm ñwb{zx}e H$ê$ Z`o. Vr _w ~B _amr>r J«W g J«hmb`m_Ü`o AmhoV, Ago _mzmdo. (2) _w ~B _amr>r J«Wg J«hmb`m_Ü`o ZgyZ BVa g ñwm À`m g J«hr qh$dm ì`švrà`m g J«hr Or Xmobm_w{ÐVo AmT>iVrb Vr àë`j nmhÿz Ë`m Mr ñwb{zx}enyd H$ Zm X H$amdr. (3) àë`j {O Xmobm_w{ÐVo nmhê`mg {_imbr ZmhrV; na Vw Á`m Mo ApñVËd {Z:g e`nuo {gõ hmovo Aer åhuoo {~«{Q>e å`w{pa_ d B {S>`m Am {\$g `m Mo H $Q>bm J, e H$aamd XmË`m Mr _amr>r J«WgyMr, Aemgma»`m {dídgzr` J«Wm_Ü`o Á`m Mr Zm X Amho, Ë`m Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr `m g `wšv Zm_mdbrV Zm X ìhmdr. AmYmaJ«W Z_yX H$amdo. (4) Or àë`j H$moR>ohr nhmd`mg {_imbr ZmhrV, Á`m Mr Cn`wŠV {dídgzr` H $Q>bm J_Ü`o Zm X Zmhr, d Or à{gõ Pmë`mMm Ho$di {ZX}e gmns>vmo, Aemhr J«WmMm g X^ XoD$Z `m g `wšv `mxrv Zm_{ZX}e ìhmdm. (Aem nwñvh$m Mr Zmdo {Zamiçm n[a{eï>m Vhr XoUo eš` Amho.) R>am{dH$ H$mb_`m XoV ho nwñvh$ à{gõ H$amd`mMo Agë`m_wio am. JmdñH$am Zm `m gymzm nyu ËdmZo A_bmV AmUVm Amë`m ZmhrV. Ë`m À`m KmB _wio _bmhr Ë`m Mo H$m_ àh$mezmnydu ZOaoImbr KmbUo AeŠ` Pmbo. _mâ`m Ñï>rZo "Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr Zm_mdbr' H$er Agmdr, ho gm JÊ`mMr H$Yr g Yr _bm {_imbr Zmhr. AbrH$So> nwuo {dúmnrr>mzo Amnë`m g J«hmb`mVrb Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr EH$ `mxr à{gõ Ho$br Amho. {VMr EH$ àv H $nmnyd H$ AdbmoH$ZmW _mâ`mh$so> nmr>{dê`mv Ambr. Vr nmhÿz Oo {dmma _ZmV Ambo Vo nwt>o Z_yX H$arV Amho. Ë`m nwñvh$mmo ho narju Zmhr. {dbm`vr n[a^mfoà_muo Xmobm_w{ÐV (Incunabula) åhuoo 1500 nydu _w{ðv Pmbobo H$moUVohr bhmz_mor>o qh$dm ~aodmb Q> nwñvh$. B.g nydu N>mnbobo EH$mXo nìh$ qh$dm `m Zm Incunabula åhuv ZmhrV. Amnë`mH$So> 1867 nydu _w{ðv Pmbobr nìho$ AgVrb. "Xn U', "à^mh$a', "kmzqgyw', "kmzàh$me' Aer H$mhr d ÎmnÌohr `m H$mb_`m XoÀ`m AmVbr AmhoV; Vr _w{ðv Agbr, Var Ë`m Zm Xmobm_w{ÐV åhumdo H$s H$m` hm àíz Amho, na Vw `m H$mim Vrb Or _m{gho$ qh$dm Ì _m{gho$ AgVrb Ë`m Mr Vr nwñvh$m À`m ñdê$nmv Xmobm_w{ÐVm V JUZm hmob b. \$ma H$m`, n Mm Jo hrxoirb {Z`VH${bHo$M AmhoV. Ë`m Zm dm{f Ho$ åhuvm `ob b. Ë`mMmhr Xmobm_w{ÐVm V g_mdoe H$amdm bmjob. _w ~B V _wðumbm n Mm JmZoM gwédmv Pmbr Ago åhuvmv. The Bombay Times Mm g nmxh$ George Buist {b{hvmo, "A value native friend has sent us the originals of some papers illustractive of the early history of Bombay; though not of very great importance, the appear to us well deserving preservation. The first of these is a Calendar for the year of Our Lord 780, printed by Rustom Caresajee in the Buzar- price two rupees. (The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce, No (Tuesday, Dec. 4, 1855). kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 69 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 70

39 "aju`mo½`' åhq>bobo ho Calendar D$\ $ n Mm J gü`m CnbãY Zmhr. XmoZ én`o qh$_v Agë`m_wio ho gmyo q^vrda Q>mJÊ`mMo H $b os>a (nìh$) Zgmdo. {edm` Vo B J«OrV Agbo nm{hoo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMm OmñV {dmma H$aÊ`mMo `owo H$maU Zmhr. gwà{gõ _amr>r _wðh$ JUnV H $îumor `m Zr àw_ 1831 gmbr {eimn>mnmda n Mm J _w{ðv Ho$ë`mMo JmoqdX Zmam`U Amnë`m _w ~B du ZmV {b{hvmv. OmdOr XmXmOtZr Amnbr Q>mB n\$m S >r 1864 gmbr ñwmnz Ho$br Am{U 1869 gmbr {ZU `gmja àog gwê$ Pmbm gmbr Ë`mV Ë`m Zr {dç>b grvmam_ A{¾hmoÌr `m Mo n Mm J àw w{ðv Ho$bo, Ago Z_yX Amho; na Vw Vo CnbãY Pmbobo Zmhr. AmnUmH$So> _amr>r n MmJo N>mnÊ`mMr àwm àw_ Ho$ìhm gwê$ Pmbr Am{U Vr H$moUr Ho$br, ho Z $s H$iV Zmhr. Zm{eH$gma»`m joìmà`m {R>H$mUr ^Q>OtÀ`m qh$dm Á`mo{Vfm À`m OwÝ`m KamÊ`mV Aer OwÝ`mVbr OwZr _w{ðv n Mm Jo gmns>ê`mmm g ^d Amho. H $. e H$a ~mih $îu Xr{jV "^mavr` Á`mo{Vemó' `m Amnë`m J«WmV {b{hvmv, `m àm VmV AJXr OwZo n Mm J eho$ df 1753 Mo _mâ`m nmhê`mv Ambo Amho. `mdê$z Ë`m gw_mamg _hmamï >mv n Mm J N>mny bmjbo Ago {XgVo. e åhuoo B.g JUnV H $îumotzr `mmdfu n Mm J N>mnÊ`mg gwê$dmv Ho$br `m Zr AmnU ñdv {bhÿz Ë`m dfm Mo _amr>r n Mm J N>mnbo. Ë`mnydu _amr>r N>mnrb n Mm J H$moUmgM R>mD$H$ ZìhVo Am{U øm n Mm JmMr qh$_v Xa àvrg AmR> AmUo R>odyZ {d{h$v AgV. `m Mo n Mm J ewõ AgyZ ZrQ> N>mnbobo nmhÿz ~«måhu bmoh$ Oar N>mnrb nwñvh$mg {edm`mg H$m Hy$ H$arV AgV Var Vo g VmofmZo hr n Mm Jo {dh$v KoD$Z ømm n Mm Jmdê$Z g dëga à{vnxoà`m {Xder df \$i dmmy bmjbo, _J `m Zr N>mnbobo H$mhr J«W ZoD$Z S>mŠVa {dbgz, nmðr ½`maoQ> d nmðr AmbZ `m g XmIdbo. Vo nmhÿz ho gmho~ \$ma Iwe Pmbo. Am{U JUnV H $îumorà`m ~wõrà`m àe gm Ho$br Am{U `m À`m CÚmoJmg CÎmoOZ Úmdo åhuyz AmnUmH$So> H$mhr N>mnÊ`mMo H$m_ XoD$ bmjbo. _J {OH$So>{VH$So> `m À`m N>mnImÊ`mMr à{gõr hmod$z H$m_ dmt>v Jobo. (_ms>jmdh$a, _w ~B Mo du Z, 1863, n. 247) _ms>jmdh$am À`m _Vo JUnV H $îumotzr àw amr>rv n Mm Jo à{gõ H$aÊ`mMr gwédmv eho$ 1753 (gz 1831) nmgyz Ho$br. ^mavr` Á`moVr:emóH$V} e H$a ~mih $îu Xr{jV `m Zr OwÝ`mVbo OwZo nm{hbobo n Mm J hom Agmdo. Ë`m Zr Ë`mÀ`m _wðh$mà`m {ZX}e Ho$bobm Zmhr; nu _mâ`m g J«hr e gmbmo n Mm J Amho Am{U e gmbmmohr n Mm J Amho. XþX dmzo `m n Mm Jm Zm ~mhoamr doï>zo (H$ìhao) ZmhrV; Ë`m_wio Vr n Mm Jo H$moUr V`ma Ho$br Am{U H$moR>À`m N>mnImÝ`mV _w{ðv Pmbr, ho H$iÊ`mg _mj Zmhr. Voìhm JUnV H $îumorzo Oa IamoIarM e _Ü`o n Mm J N>mnÊ`mg gwédmv Ho$br Agob Va Ë`m À`m AmYr Xþgè`m H$moUrVar n Mm J _w{ðv Ho$bo Agmdo qh$dm JUnV H $îumorzom e À`m nydu n Mm J N>mnÊ`mMm CnH«$_ Ho$bm Agmdm. _mâ`m g J«hmVrb n Mm Jm Zm ~mhoamr H$ìhao ZmhrV `mmm AW Vr nwt>o \$mqy>z JiyZ ns>br AgmdrV, qh$dm Aer H$ìhao KmbÊ`mMr Ama ^r nõv Zgmdr. eho$ 1777 (gz 1855) Mo Am{U nwt>mr H$mhr JUnV H $îumormr n MmJo _mâ`m g J«hr AmhoV Ë`m Zm H$ìhao AmhoV. _w ~B _amr>r J«Wg J«hmb`mVhr e Mo n Mm J Amho; nu _mâ`m g J«hr Agboë`m Ë`mM gmbà`m n Mm Jmnojm Vo dojio Amho. Ë`mbmhr H$ìha Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMm H$Vm qh$dm _wðh$ H$moU hmovm, Vo H$iV Zmhr. n Mm Jo hr {Z`VH$m{bH$mÀ`m gxamv `ov Agë`m_wio XmË`m À`m _amr>r J«WgyMr_Ü`o Ë`m Mr Zm X Z ìhmdr, ho ñdm^m{dh$ Amho; na Vw Ë`m À`m _m{gh$m À`m gymrà`m `moozovhr Ë`m Mm g_mdoe Zmhr, Ago _bm g_ovo. JmdñH$am À`m Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m Zm_mdbrV XmoZ n Mm JmMr Zm X Amho. (gz 1834;1845). Ë`m À`mnwT>o n Mm JmMr XmoZ ~m Ybobr nwñvho$ Ambr Am{U Ë`m Zr Ë`m Mr Zm X Ho$br. n Mm JmMr Zm X H$amdr H$s H$m`, Ë`mMm Ë`m Zr OmñV Imob {dmma Ho$bm Zgmdm. Vgm Ho$bm AgVm Va n Mm J ho dm{f H$ àh$mez Agë`m_wio AmUIr n Mm Jmbm Ë`m Zr emoy Ho$bm AgVm. IwÔ _w ~B _amr>r J«Wg J«hmb`mÀ`m g J«hr eho$ 1751 åhuoo B.g nmgyzmr Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m _`m XoV `oumar nwîh$i n Mm Jo AmhoV Ago _bm AmT>ibo. Var `mnwt>o Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m qh$dm {Z`VH$m{bH$m À`m `mxrv n Mm Jm Mmhr g_mdoe ìhmdm, Ago _bm dmq>vo. Xþ_ui åhuyz EImÚm nwñvh$mmo \$ma _hîd AgVo, nu Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mo _hëd OÝ_OmV _mzvmv. dms²_`ñï>çm qh$dm J«WemóÑï>çm EImXo nwñvh$ {H$Vrhr {Zén`moJr Agbo Var Vo Oa Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m H$mb_`m XoV ~gbo Va Vo AmnmoAmnM kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 71 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 72

40 ~hþ_mob R>aVo. Aem J«WmMr du ZmË_H$ Zm X H$aVmZm BVa AmYw{ZH$ nwñvh$m gmair Vr H$ê$Z MmbV Zmhr. Paul Sharner Dunkin hm Amnë`m How to catalog Rare Book `m nwñvh$mv {b{hvmo, But people want to find a rare book because they want to look at it. The rare book is a fascinating material object, a document in the history of civilization. If people wanted only to read it, a microfilm or reprint would do. The fact that the rare book is valued as a material object must be the keynote of any useful approach to rare book cataloging. Aem àh$maà`m H$m`m bm Amnbo gmao Am`wî` dmhÿz H$mhr H$ï>miy bmoh$m Zr `wamon- A_o[aHo$V Ë`mbm AË` V emór` ñdê$n AmUbobo Amho. nwñvh$mmo {Za{Zamio Q>mB n, H$mJX, ~m YUr, AmH$ma, Amd Ë`m djoao AZoH$ Jmoï>tg ~ Yr Ë`m Zr MMm Ho$br Amho. AmnUmH$So> VodT>o Jw VmJw VrMo àíz ZmhrV. VarnU AmhoV Ë`m À`mH$So>hr Amåhr Úmdo {VVHo$- qh$dm _wirm - bj {Xbobo Zmhr. `wamonmv Ludwig Hain `m Zr Ho$bobr Repretorium Bibilographicum...usque ad annum 1500 hr Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr `mxr AË` V _hîdmmr Amho Vo 38 `m H$mimV Vr Mma ^mjm V à{gõ Pmbr. AÚmn Vr à_mu _mzvmv. `m `mxrv 16,299 J«Wm Mr Zm X Amho. `mbm Dr. W. Copinger `mzr gw_mao 7000 J«Wm Mr nwadur OmoS>br. nwt>o Dr. Burger `m Zr Ë`mbm AmUIr nwï>r OmoS>br Am{U 1910 gmbr Dr. Dietrich Reichling `m Zr Ë`mV AmUIr ^a KmbyZ n[a{eï>o Am{U XþéñË`m OmoS>ë`m. AmO `m Zm_mdmbrbm EdT>o _hîd Amho H$s, EImÚm Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m {ZX}e H$amd`mMm Pmbm åhuoo "H425' åhuoo HainÀ`m `mxrvrb 425 H«$_m H$mMm J«W g_obm OmVmo. O_ Z AmÚ _w{ðvm Mr `mxr Panzer `mzo XmoZ ^mjm V (1788 d 1805), H ${~«O {dúmnrr>mvrb AmÚ_w{ÐVm Mr C. E. Sayle `mzo Mma I S>m V ( ) Am{U \«$mýg_yrb Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr `mxr M. Anatole Cladin `m Zr XmoZ ^mjm V à{gõ Ho$br Amho. {~«{Q>e å`w{p` Yrb Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr `mxr (Index to the Early Printed Books in the British Museum from the Invention of the Printing to the Year MD.) Proctor `m J hñwmzo V`ma H$aÊ`mg 1898 gmbr hmvr KoVbr; nu Ë`mÀ`m AH$mbr {ZYZm_wio Vo H$m_ ~ X ns>bo. nwt>o ho H$m_. W. Pollard `m Zr Mmby H$ê$Z "A Catalogue now in the British Museum" `m ZmdmImbr ghm I S>m V hr `mxr `mo{obr. Ë`mn H$s n{hë`m ^mjmv O_ ZrVrb R>moH$imN>mn (Block-Books) nwñvho$ (1908), Xþgè`m ^mjmv O_ ZrVrb piimn>mn nwñvho$ (1912), {Vgè`m ^m JmV O_ Zr, pñdëpbªs>, Am ñq >r`m Am{U h Joar `owrb _w{ðvo (1913), Mm Ï`m ^mjmv BQ>brVrb àh$mezo, nmmì`m ^mjmv B ½b S>, \«$mýg d BVa Xoem Vrb Xmobm_w{ÐVo Am{U ghmì`m I S>mV nmmhr ^mjmmr gymr, Aer `m àm ŠQ>aÀ`m J«Wm Mr amzm Amho. n{hë`m ^mjmà`m àñvmdzov J«WemómMm emór` Ñï>rZo {dmma Amho. EImÚm Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mm AmVm C oi H$amd`mMm Pmbm åhuoo àm ŠQ>a H«$_m H$ A_wH$ åhq>bo åhuoo Ë`m Mo {Zamio du Z H$amdo bmjv Zmhr. `wamonmvrb {Za{Zamù`m eham Vrb d {Oëøm Vrb Xmobm_w{ÐVm da J«W Pmbo Amho. ^mavmvrb EH $Xa ^mfm Vrb Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mm EH$hr J«W Agy Z`o, hr AmnUmbm IamoIaM AË` V bm ÀN>ZmñnX Jmoï> hmo`. gd ^mavr` Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr Zm_mdbr V`ma hmoê`mnydu àë`oh$ ^mfovrb Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mm H Q>bm J V`ma hmouo Amdí`H$ Amho. _bm {_imbobr _m{hvr Oa MwH$sMr Zgob, Va _w ~B _amr>r J«Wg J«hmb`mZo 1949 gmbr à{gõ Ho$bobm "_amr>r Xmobm_w{ÐVo' hm ^mavmvrb Aem àh$maà`m n{hbmm J«W hmo`. H$mhr bmoh$m Mr H$ënZm Ë`m nwñvh$mbm Ama ^r OmoS>boë`m _mâ`m àmñvm{dh$ {Z~ Ym_wio ho nwñvh$ _rm V`ma Ho$bo, Aer Pmbr Amho. dmñv{dh$ Ë`m J«WmMo H$Vw Ëd _w ~B _amr>r J«Wg J«hmb`mMo Ë`mdoioMo J«Wnmb am. nw. h. ghó~wõo `m À`mH$So> Amho, ho `owo Z_yX H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. øm J«Wmbm OmoS>boë`m "J«WgyMr- g{_vr'à`m `mxrv _mpo Zmdhr AmT>iUma Zmhr. J«WgyMr g{_vrmo AÜ`j S>m. nw. _. Omoer `m Zr àñvmdzm _mâ`mh$sy>z {_idmdr åhuyz gymzm _m S>br Am{U ñdv ImgJr [avrzo AmJ«h Ho$bm åhuyz _r Vr {b{hbr. J«WH$ma åhuyz am. ghó~wõo `m Mo Zmd nwñvh$mda N>mnÊ`mg H$m` H$V} A{ZÀN> {Xgë`mdê$Z Ë`m Mm Zm_{ZX}e nwñvh$m V ìhmdm, Aer _rm S>m. OmoetZm gymzm Ho$br Am{U Ë`mà_mUo Vmo Ho$bobm AmT>iob. VmËn` Vr H $Vr _mpr Zmhr. am. ghó~wõo `m Mr `mxr _w ~B _amr>r J«Wg J«hmb`mVrb Xmobm_w{ÐVm nwavr _`m {XV hmovr. Voìhm EH $Xa CnbãY Am{U AZwnbãY (nu {Z{X ï>) Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr Zm_mdbr V`ma H$amdr Aer H$ënZm _r ZwH$VoM J«WemómÀ`m {S>ßbmo_m KoVbobo kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 73 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 74

41 am. gw. Am. JmdñH$a `m À`mnwT>o R>odbr. Ë`m À`m J«WmMm {ZX}e da AmbmM Amho. ì`mnh$ ñdê$nmmr n{hbr _amr>r Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr `mxr V`ma H$aÊ`mMo lo` am. JmdñH$amZm {Xbo nm{hoo. Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr _`m {XV Zm_mdbr V`ma H$aÊ`mMm {Vgam à`ëz nwuo {dúmnrr>mzo Ho$bm, hr g VmofmMr Jmoï> hmo`. gm`šbmoñq>mb b ñdê$nmv N>mnboë`m `m `mxrv nwuo {dúmnrr>mà`m g J«hr Agboë`m 107 Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr du ZmË_H$ Zm X AgyZ ho H$m_ {dúmnrr>mà`m O`H$a J«Wmb`mVrb à_wi "Vm{bH$mH$ma' lr. em. J. _hmoz `m Zr Ho$bobo Amho. `m nwñvh$mbm "_amr>r Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr Vm{bH$m' Ago Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. "Vm{bH$m' hm eãx H $Q>bm J qh$dm `mxr `m AWu dmnaê`mv Ambm Amho. ho {Zamio gm JÊ`mMo H$maU Zmhr. H Q>bm J hm n[a{mv eãx AgVm "Vm{bH$m' hm Ana{MV eãx H$m dmnamdm H$iV Zmhr. H $Q>bm J hm eãx nah$s Va "Vm{bH$m' hmhr {VVH$mM nah$s eãx Amho. VA{bH$m hm Aa~r eãx AgyZ Ë`mMm _yi AW n[a{eï>> Agë`mMo àm. _mydamd nq>dy Zm À`m \$meu-_amr>r H$moemdê$Z H$iVo. OwÝ`m _amr>rv Vmo Z $b qh$dm g ~ Y `m AWm Zo ê$t> hmovm, Ago nq>dy Z gmoxmhau XmI{dVmV, _moëgdw Amnë`m H$moem_Ü`o "Vm{bH$' `mmm Copy or Transcript (esp.of an official paper) Agm AW XoVmV. XmË`m À`m eãxh$moem_ü`o _mì Ë`mMm `mxr Agmhr AW XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. _w ~B `owrb CXÿ [agm BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> S>m`aoŠQ>a àmo. ZXdr `m Zm, "Vm{bH$m' qh$dm "Vm{bH$m' Agm eãx Catalogue `m AWu ê$t> Amho H$m`, Ago _r {dmmabo AgVm Ë`m Zr Zgë`mMo gm {JVbo. Ë`m À`mM gmhmæ`mzo _r Aa~r ^mfomo H$moe nm{hbo. Khalil M. Saad `m À`m B J«Or- Aa~r H$moem_Ü`o Catalogue `mmm AW " \o$h[añv' Agm {Xbm Amho. F. Steingass `m À`m Aa~r- B J«Or H$moem_Ü`o "VAbrH$' Agm AW attachment (n[a{eï>) Or Persian handwiting Agm gmns>vmo F. Steingass `m À`m \$maer-b J«Or H$moem_Ü`o (Á`mV \$magr_ü`o ê$t> Agboë`m Aa~r eãxmmmhr A V^m d Amho) _mì "VAbrH$' `mmm AW appendix; a marginal note; `m~amo~a a schedule, an inventory, a list or register Agmhr AmT>ibm. _amr>r eãx-h$moem_ü`o `mm H$moemdê$Z "`mxr' Agm AW KoVbobm {XgVmo. Ë`mV CXmhaU {Xbobo Zmhr. àmo. ZXdr åhumbo H$s, OwÝ`m H$mir \$magr dms²_`mv H$moUrVar hm eãx dmnabm Agob, nu Vmo à{gõ Zmhr Voìhm Aem àh$mamm eãx _amr>rv Zì`mZo ê$t> H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm _bm dmq>v Zmhr. _amr>r eãxh$moemvyz `m "Vm{bH$m' eãxmmr Am`mV Pmbr Agmdr. àñvwv "Vm{bHo$'À`m àñvmdzov "Vm{bH$sH$aU' Agmhr EH$ eãx `mooê`mv Ambm Amho. H $Q>bm JrH$aU qh$dm `mxrh$au AemgmaIo ho Aemór` ê$n Amho. AmYr Aemór` ê$n dmnamdo Am{U nwt>o "emómðþt>r~ br`gr' åhuyz Vo Jmø _mzê`mmm AmJ«h Yamdm, ho `mo½` Zmhr. "Vm{bH$m' `m Aa~r eãx dmnamd`mmm Va "`mxr' Agm \$magr eãx H$m `mooy Z`o? "gymr' hm eãx Index `m AWu ê$t> Agë`m_wio H $Q>bm J `m eãxmbm AÝ` n`m ` nm{hoo Agob Va "du ZmË_H$ Zm_mdbr' qh$dm "H«$_nwñVH$' Agm eãx H$m `mooy Z`o? (_ w. _. J«. g. _amr>r Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr (1949), àñvmdzm n. 5 nhm). Amnë`mnwT>o AmO _amr>r Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m du ZmË_H$ `múm AmhoV Ë`m øm:- (1) ghó~wx²ü`m Mr (1949), (2) JmdñH$am Mr (1961), (3) _hmozm Mr (1964), (4) e H$a JUoe XmVo `m Mr (1943). hr Ho$di Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr `mxr Zgbr Var {VÀ`m_Ü`o XmVo `m g CnbãY Pmboë`m gd Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr Zm X Agë`m_wio Vrhr `owo {dmmamv KoVbr nm{hoo. åhuoo EH $Xa Aem Mma `múm hmovmv. Ë`m À`m du Z nõvrmr nmhur H$ê$ _hmozm À`m `mxr_ü`o n{hbom nwñvh$ har Ho$edOtMo "{gõ nxmw {dkmzemó{df`h$ g dmx' ho AgyZ Ë`m Mo du Z nwt>rbà_muo Ho$bobo AmT>iVo:- (1) har Ho$edOr, ^mfm {gõnxmw {dkmzemó{df`h$ g dmx. hm J«WeãX n[a^mfm`wšv B J«Or _yi J«Wmdê$Z _hmamï > ^mfov har Ho$edOr `m Zr Ho$bm. gz Bgdr 1833 eho$ embrdmhz ({eimn>mn). kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 75 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 76

42 [2,2,3 (1)], 15 (1), 622 n. 18 x 14 g. _r. (63177) JmdñH$am Zr `m _w{ðvmmr Zm X nwadurv (n. 137) Ho$br Amho Vr Aer:- 4) har Ho$edOr : {gõnxmw {dkmz{df`h$ g dmx, _w ~B ~m å~o Zo{Q>ìh EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogmo`q>r, 1833, n , {eim, 7 x 5.35, (_y. é ) e H$a JUoe XmË`m Mr Zm ox : (n. 367) har Ho$edOr {gõnxmw {dkmz{df`h$ g dmx Zo{Q>ìh EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`q>rgmr>r {eioda N>m{nbo; _w ~B, 1833; ; 7 x 5.6 (n[a^mfm d gymrgh). ghó~wx²ü`m À`m `mxrv ho nwñvh$ Zmhr. nwñvh$mmr Zm X _win ð>mà`m ~ahþhy$_ à{vboi H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr nõvr _hmozm Zr ñdrh$mabobr {XgVo. Aem à`ëzmbm Quasi-facsimile transcription Ago Zmd Amho. Vr `Wm_yb H$aUo \$ma H$R>rU, na Vw Amoir H$moR>o g nvmv, ho Cä`m aofm XoD$Z Ë`m Zm XmI{dVm Ambo AgVo. `m nwñvh$m À`m _amr>r _win ð>mda ho nwñvh$ H$moR>o N>mnbo Am{U H$moUr àh$m{ev Ho$bo ho {Xbobo Zmhr. Ë`m_wio _hmozm À`m Zm XrV Vo AmT>iV Zmhr. hr _m{hvr B J«Or _win ð>mda {Xbobr Amho. Vr H$mQ>H$moZ H $gmv Ë`m Zr (àh$meh$-~m å~o Zo{Q>ìh EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`q>r, _w ~B ) Aer XoUo Amdí`H$ hmovo. J«WdU ZmV nwñvh$mmo Zmd, H$Vm, _wðuñwi, àh$meh$, àh$mez H$mi, AmH$ma d n ð>g»`m `m Jmoï>r Adí` Z_yX Pmë`m nm{hoov. n ð>g»`obm Va \$mam _hîd Amho; H$maU Ë`m_wio nwñvh$ nyu H$s AnyU ho H$iyZ `ovo. Am_À`m nwt>o Agboë`m VrZ `mxrv `m nwñvh$mà`m n ð>g»`ov _oi Zmhr. Amnë`mnydu à{gõ Pmbobr XmË`m Mr `mxr JmdñH$am Zr nm{hbr AgVr Va Amnë`m du ZmV Ama ^rmr AmR> n ð>o H$_r AmhoV ho Ë`m À`m ZOaog gho Ambo AgVo. Ë`m À`m nwt>o Agboë`m àvtvrb hr n ð>o Jhmi Pmbr AgmdrV, qh$dm n ð>o _moovmzm Ë`m Mr MyH$ Var Pmbr Agmdr. Ë`m À`m àvrv Oa IamoIarM AmR> n ð>o H$_r AgVrb Va XmË`m Mr gymr nmhÿz Ë`m Zr Vgo Amnë`m àvrà`m du ZmV Z_yX H$amd`mbm nm{hoo hmovo. _hmozm À`m du ZmV JmdñH$am À`m du Zmnojm Ama ^rmr AmR> n ð>o A{YH$ Am{U XmË`m À`m du Zmnojm eodq>mr XmoZ n ð>o H$_r AmhoV. åhuoo EH$ Va Ë`m À`m nwt>mo nwñvh$ AnyU Agmdo qh$dm _moovmzm Ë`m Mr J\$bV Pmbr Agmdr. JmdñH$am À`m àvrv Ama ^rmr n ð>o H$_r AmhoV d Amnë`m àvrv eodq>mr 2 n ð>o H$_r AmhoV, Ë`m Zr Ë`m Mr Amnë`m du ZmV Zm X H$amd`mbm hdr hmovr. _mâ`m g J«hr `m nwñvh$mmr EH$ àv Amho, Ë`mdê$Z Ë`m Mo du Z _r nwt>rbà_muo H$arZ. {gõnxmw {dkmzemó & {df`h$ & g dmx & hm J«W & eãx n[a^mfm `wšv & B J«Or _yi J«Wmdê$Z _hmamï > ^mfov & har Ho$edOr & `m Zr Ho$bm. = gz Bgdr 1833 eho$ embrdmhz 1755 ({eim, _w ~B, ~m å~o Zo{Q>ìh EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`q>r) AmH$ma g. _r x n ð>o - 1 (B J«Or _win ð>), 2 (_amr>r _win ð>), 3-4 (B J«Or An Un{ÌH$m), 5-7 (_amr>r An Un{ÌH$m, BË`mXr), 8 (H$moao) (AZwH«$_{UH$m) 16 (H$moao) (_yi J«W), 576 (H$moao), (eãxn[a^mfm). hm J«W {eimn>mn Agë`mdê$Z Ë`mMm _yi Q>mBn H$moR>Mm `mmm {dmma H$aÊ`mMo H$maU Zmhr. `wamonr`z Xmobm_w{ÐVo R>moH$imN>mn (Bolck-printed) qh$dm {IimN>mn (Type-printed) AgVmV. {eimn>mn Ë`mH$mir AkmZ hmovm. Ë`mMm AR>amì`m evh$mà`m AJXr AIoarbm emoy bmjbm. Amnë`mH$S>o Ë`mMm àdoe 1825À`m gw_mamg Pmbm. Amnë`mH$S>o R>moH$imN>mn nwñvho$ ZmhrV. Ho$di {IimN>mn Am{U {eimn>mn AmhoV n`ªv H$moUVo Q>mB n _amr>r nwñvh$m Zm gmymauv: dmnaê`mv Ambo Vo nhm : 1) ~ am_or {OOr^mB N>mnJa `mzo nms>bobo _mos>r Q>mB n. 17 Owb 1802 À`m ~m å~o Hw$[a`aÀ`m A H$mV `m Q>mBnm Mr n{hbr _amr>r Om{hamV N>mnbobr AmT>iVo. Dr. Drummond `mà`m Illustrations of the Grammatical Parts kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 77 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 78

43 of the Guzerattee, Mahratta and English Languages `m 1808 gmbà`m nwñvh$mv _amr>rh$[avm ho Q>mBn dmnabo AmhoV. 2) S>m. {dë`_ Ho$ao (goam_nya) `mzo nms>bobo XodZmJar d _mos>r Q>mBn. 3) H$bH$Î`mhÿZ AmUbobo XodZmJar Q>mB n. {_ezar bmoh$ hom Q>mBn dmnarv. "B p½be ^mfummo kmz {_idê`mgmr>r erk«am{u gmonm Cnm`' `m 1818 gmbà`m nwñvh$mbm hom Q>mB n dmnabo AgmdoV. H$bH$Î`mbm Ë`mdoir {Zamir Q>mBn\$m S >r hmovr H$s goam_nyahÿz Vo _mjdrv `mmm emoy Ho$bm nm{hoo. 4) Sir Charles Wilkins `mzo nms>bobm XodZmJar Q>mB n. gah$mazo à{gõ Ho$bobr n Mmonm»`mZ (1822), {dxÿazrvr (1823), qghmgz~{îmgr, emimnõvr (1824) d V Omda `owo à{gõ Pmbobr ~mb~moy _wšvmdbr (1806-1) am_m`u-`wõh$m S> (1809) dj ao nwñvho$ `mm Q>mB nmv N>mnbobr AmhoV. 5) Thomas Graham `mzo A_o[aH$Z àogh$[avm 1836 gmbr d nwt>o nms>bobo Q>mBn. 6) JUnV H $îumor `m Zr 1843 gmbr d nwt>o nms>bobo Q>mB n. `m H$mimVrb {Za{Zamir nwñvho$ nmhÿz Q>mB nm Mo CJ_ emoyyz H$mT>bo nm{hoov. hm ñdv Ì g emoyzmmm {df` Amho. gwq>r nmzo Agbobr nmowr hm Amnë`mH$S>rb J«WmMm {deof hmo`. `wamonmv Vo AmT>iV Zmhr. Incurabula Zmd Úmd`mbm Vo "~wh$' Agmdo bmjvo. nìh$mbm ho Zmd XoVm `ov Zmhr. "~wh$' `m eãxmmm gm_mý` AW "A collection of sheets of paper or other substance blank, written or printed, fastened together at the back, and protected by covers; also a literary composition long enough to make one volume as distint from a tract, pamphlet, essay, etc." Agm Am Šñ\$S> H$moemV gmns>vmo. nmowrbm ~wh$ åhuvm `ob b H$m`? Vmo nìh$mmm EH$ g J«h Amho. darb n{hë`m AWm Zo Zgbo Var Xþgè`m AWm Zo nmowr ho ~wh$ R>aob. {ZXmZ AmnU Vgo nmowrbm ~wh$ (J«W) _mzyz Mmbbo nm{hoo. nmowrà`m Amoir AmS>ì`m AgVmV. AbrH$S>À`m nwîh$i bmoh$m Zm nmoï`m H$em dmnamì`mv ho H$iV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio EImXr nmowr dmmm`bm KoVbr åhuoo {VMr nmzo AmJo_mJo Pmbobr hq>hy$z AmT>iVmV. nwîh$i bmoh$ AbrH$S>o nmoï`m nwñvh$mgma»`m ~m YyZ KoVmV. nmoï`m Zm BVa nwñvh$m à_muo n ð>g»`m ZgVo. àë`oh$ AÜ`m`mbm {Zamio nmzm Mo AmH$S>o AgVmV. e H$aamd XmË`m Zr Amnë`m _amr>r J«WgyMrV ""{^Þ n ð>g»`m'' åhuyz nmzm Mo AmH$S>o XoÊ`mMo Q>mibo Amho. JmdñH$am Zr, Amnë`m Zm_mdbrV ""n ð>m H$ {Za{Zamio''. qh$dm ""{^Þ n ð>m H$'' Ago åhuyz H$m_ ^mj{dbo Amho. nmowrbm n ð>o (Pages) ZgyZ nmzo (folios) AgVmV. Voìhm "{^Þ numªh$' Ago du Z nm{hoo. Xþgao, hr nmzo qh$dm nuo {H$Vr AmhoV `m Mm AÜ`m`m À`m AZwH«$_mZo AmH$S>m XmË`m À`m gymrvxoirb Amdí`H$ hdm hmovm. Vmo Z XoUo åhuoo hr nmzo _mooê`mmo l_ dmm{duo qh$dm ñnï> ~mobmd`mmo åhuoo A JMwH$manUm Amho. Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m `mxrv Ago H$aUo ho Va Ajå` hmò. Xmobm_w{ÐV nmoï`m À`m du ZmV Ho$di EH $Xa H$mZmMm AmH$S>m XoD$Z MmbV Zmhr, Va àë`oh$ AÜ`m`mbm {H$Vr nmzo AmhoV Vo XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ym{_ H$ J«W N>mnbo åhuoo Amodio hmovmv, Aer OwÝ`m H$mir H$ënZm hmovr. JmdñH$am À`m `mxrv gdmªv OwZr _w{ðv nmowr 1836 gmbmr EH$ZmWm Mo "épš_urg da' hr Amho. VoWo "n ð>m H$ {Za{Zamio' EdT>oM du Z {Xbo Amho. hr nu g»`m AÜ`m`mda Úmd`mg nm{hoo; Ago _r da {b{hbom Amho. Aem nmoï`m JmdñH$am À`m `mxrv gw_mao gvam AR>am Agmì`mV. Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m H$mb_`m XoVrb EImÚm d ÎmnÌmMo VrZ qh$dm ghm _{hý`m Mo AWdm dfm Mo A H$ EH$Ì ~m YyZ Ë`mbm "~wh$mmo' ñdê$n {Xbo åhuoo Vo nwñvh$ BÝŠ`wZmã`wbm R>aVo H$m`? JmdñH$am Zr "à^mh$a' øm gmám{hh$ nìmà`m 1841 Zd ~a Vo 1842 Am ŠQ>mo~a A H$mMo EH$Ì ~m Ybobo nwñvh$ Xmobm_w{ÐVm V g_m{dï> Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m_wio hm àíz CnpñWV Pmbm Amho. AmOÀ`m AWm Zo Newspaper n Yamì`m evh$m_ü`o ZìhVm, "B p½be d ÎmnÌm Mm B{Vhmg' `m nwñvh$mv J. B. W. Williams hm boih$ 1665 gmbmo The Oxford Gazette hm B ½b S>mVrb n{hbm Newspaper g_ovmo. O_ Zr_Ü`o n{hbo d ÎmnÌ Gazette 1615 _Ü`o gwê$ Pmbo. \«$mýg_yrb n{hbo d ÎmnÌ 1631 gmbmo Gazette de France ho hmoo`. AmOÀ`m d ÎmnÌm À`m nyd Om Zm Ama ^r "News Books" åhuv, Aer bm S> Zm W pšbn _m{hvr XoVmo. ("A pamphlet was one or more unbound sheets of paper folded in quarto, and these earlier perlodicals were called "News Books".) `m gjiçm Mm {dmma H$aVm, ZmQ>H$mMm EImÚm Om{hamVrMr hñvn{ìh$m qh$dm kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 79 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 80

44 b¾mmr {Z_ ÌUn{ÌH$m Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m H$mimVrb Agbr Var {VMr Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m `mxrv Zm X hmod$ Z`o, nu 1867 nyduà`m EImÚm d ÎmnÌmÀ`m ~m Yboë`m nwñvh$mmr Xmobm_w{ÐVm V JUZm H$aÊ`mg hah$v Zgmdr, Ago _bm dmq>vo. Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mo du Z XoVmZm Or AmnU n[a^mfm `moovmo Vr AË` V gwñnï> Agmdr. Amd Îmr hm eãx AmnU B J«Or Edition `m eãxm~ôb dmnavmo. hbh$m H$mJX Am{U gmyr ~m YUr Agbr åhuoo {Vbm gmyr qh$dm ñdñv Amd Îmr (Ordinary qh$dm Cheap edition) Am{U C Mr H$mJX dmnê$z nwç>çmmr H$mnS>r qh$dm H$mVS>r ~m YUr Ho$br åhuoo {Vbm C Mr qh$dm J«Wmb` Amd Îmr (Deluxe qh$dm Library edition) Ago Zmd XoVmo. dmñv{dh$ hr EH$mM Amd ÎmrMr XmoZ à{gõrh$au (Issue) qh$dm ñdê$n (States) hmov. XmoZ Amd Î`m ZìhoV. Edition `m eãxmmr ì`m»`m R. B. Mekerrow `mzo Amnë`m An Introduction to Bibliography `m J«WmV "The whole number of copies of a book printed at any time or times from one setting up of type (including copies printed from the stereotype or electrotype plates made from that setting-up of type)" Aer {Xbobr Amho. åhuoo EH$mM Owi{dboë`m {Iiçm Zr EH$mM doir qh$dm AZoH$ doim _w{ðv Ho$boë`m nwñvh$mà`m àvr. pñq>[aamoq>mb n qh$dm BboŠQ >mo Q>mB n ní`m Mm Xmobm_w{ÐVH$mbmV CX²^d Pmbm Zgë`m_wio Ë`m Mm AmO `owo {dmma H$aÊ`mMo H$maU Zmhr. EImXo nwñvh$ Ë`mV {~bhw$b \o$a\$a Z H$aVm nwz: {Iio OwidyZ N>mnbo åhuoo Ë`mbm AmnU nwz_ wðu qh$dm Xþgao _wðu åhuvmo; na Vw Amd ÎmrÀ`m darb ì`m»`oà_muo Vr {ÛVr`m d Îmr R>aVo. _wðu qh$dm Impression `m eãxmmr ì`m»`m _ H$amoZo {Xbr Amho Vr Aer: "The whole number of copies printed at one time, i.e. in ordinary circumstances the total number of copies printed without removing the type of plates from the press." åhuoo EH$Xm Owi{dboë`m {Iiçm dê$z EH$m doir N>mnboë`m nwñvh$mà`m àvr. _amr>r Xmobm_w{ÐVm _Ü`o Agm àh$ma gmns>uma Zmhr. Amd Îmr Am{U _wðu gmaiom {XgVo. à{gõrh$au (Issue) `mmm C oi da AmbmM Amho. _myd M Ðmo~m Zr Amnë`m "gd g J«h' _m{gh$m_ü`o EImXo H$mì` Xa A H$mV Ë`mMm EH$-EH$ \$m _ XoD$Z hßë`mhßë`m Zr à{gõ Ho$bo. nwt>o Ë`mMo \$m _ EH$Ì OmoSy>Z g ~ Y nwñvh$ à{gõ Ho$bo; Va hr Ë`m nwñvh$mmr XmoZ à{gõrh$auo (Issues) R>aVrb. nwt>o EH$Ì ~m Ybobo nwñvh$ g në`m_wio _m{gh$m Vrb N>mnyZ V`ma Agbobo \$m _ nwz: EH$Ì H$ê$Z Am{U Ë`m Zm Zdo _win ð> OmoSy>Z Vo {dh$md`mg H$mT>bo Va Vo n{hë`m Amd ÎmrMo {Vgao à{gõrh$au R>aob. _yi H$mì`mM N>mnrb \$m _ EH$M; na Vw Ë`mbm {Za{Zamio H$mb{ZX}e Agbobr _win ð>o, Aer _myd M Ðmo~m Mr àh$mez gmns>vmv. _mâ`m g J«hr "ZdZrVm'À`m 1862 gmbà`m Mm Ï`m Amd ÎmrÀ`m XmoZ àh$maà`m àvr AmhoV. (JmdñH$a nhm) EH$m àvrv ^mñh$a Xm_moXa nmi Xo `m Mo "núamzm' d "H$dtMo du Z' ho XmoZ {Z~ Y OmñV AmhoV. Xþgè`m àvrv ho {Z~ Y ZmhrV. hr "ZdZrVm'À`m Mm Ï`m Amd ÎmrMr XmoZ ñdê$no (States) åhuvm `ovrb. nwñvh$mmm \$m _ N>mnVm N>mnVm Oa EImXm _wðuxmof ZOaog Ambm Va N>mnUo ~ X R>odyZ Vr MyH$ gwymaê`mv `ovo d _wðu nwt>o Mmby Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m_wio `m EH$mM Amd Îmr_Ü`o nmr>^ox CËnÞ hmovmv. AmYtMm MwH$sMm nmr>^ox Am{U Z Va gwymabobm nmr>^ox Agboë`m àvr `m EH$mM Amd ÎmrMr XmoZ à{gõr H$aUo (Issue) hmov qh$dm gjim \$m _ N>mnyZ nwñvh$mà`m H$mhr àvr ~m YyZ Ë`m ~mhoa Joë`mda nwñvh$mv H$mhrVar {d{mì ñdê$nmmm _OHy$a N>mnyZ Jobobm AmT>iyZ `ovmo. Voìhm ho nmz A{O~mV H$mnyZ Zdo XþéñV Ho$bobo nmz OmoSy>Z nwñvh$ ~m Ybo OmVo. Aem àh$mao XmoZ àh$maà`m àvr {Z_m U hmovmv. hr Ë`m EH$mM Amd ÎmrMr XmoZ à{gõrh$auo (Issue) g_omdrv. EH$mM nwñvh$mà`m AZoH$ àvr Amnë`mnwT>o Agë`m Am{U Ë`m ns>vmiyz nm{hë`m åhuoom EImÚm Amd ÎmrMr AZoH$ à{gõrh$auo Agë`mg Vr ZOaog `ovmv. nwñvh$mmr EH$M àv AmnUmnwT>o Agbr åhuoo Vr Amnë`m ZOaog `ov ZmhrV. EImÚm nwñvh$mà`m Amd ÎmtMr Aer Agbobr {Za{Zamir à{gõrh$auo (Issues) emoyyz H$mT>Ê`mV `wamonmvrb g emoyh$ \$ma hm g ~mijvmv Am{U Aem nwñvh$m Mo _hîd MT>Vo Am{U Ë`mMr qh$_v AVmoZmV dmt>vo. Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m H $Q>bm JmV nwñvh$ Á`m {R>H$mUr Agob Ë`mMo AZoH$ ñwb{zx}e Ho$bobo ~ao. Ë`m_wio g emoyzmg _XV hmob b. kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 81 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 82

45 n ð>m H$ Agboë`m _OHw$amÀ`m n ð>m VM Oa {MÌo Agbr Va Vo nwñvh$ g{mì Amho EdT>o du Z nwao hmob b; na Vw hr {MÌo (qh$dm ZH$meo) Oa {Zamir AgVrb Va Ë`m Mr g»`m Adí` {Xbr nm{hoo. Amnë`m Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m H$mb_`m XoV Aer {MÌ`wŠV nwñvho$ \$maer Zgbr Var _wirm ZmhrV Ago Zmhr. 1867_Ü`o à{gõ Pmbobo Am{U ^mñh$a har ^mjdv `m Zr H$g ZXmg _wior `m À`m JwOamWr nwñvh$mdê$z ^mfm V[aV Ho$bobo "B ½b S>_Yrb àdmg' ho Aem àh$mamo EH$ nwñvh$ Amho. (ghó~wõo 285, JmdñH$a 797). `m nwñvh$mmr _m{hvr XoVmZm ghó~wx²ü`m Zr ""nwîh$i {MÌo XoD$Z Ho$bobo du Z'' Am{U JmdñH$am Zr ""a JrV {MÌo'' EdT>çmda ^mj{dbo Amho. Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m H$mimV AmJmD$ J«mhH$m Mr `mxr H$mhr nwñvh$m À`m eodq>r OmoS>bobr Ago. nwñvh$m À`m qh$dm AÝ` _mbmà`m Om{hamVrhr eodq>r Agbobr nwñvho$ AgÊ`mMm g ^d Amho. nwñvh$mà`m AmVrb _OHw$amer Ë`m Mm àë`j g ~ Y Zgë`m_wio J«mhH$m Mr `mxr qh$dm Om{hamVtMo nmz Oa EImÚm nwñvh$mvyz Jibo Agob Va Vo ghgm H$moUmÀ`m bjmv `ouma Zmhr. _yi nwñvh$mv Vo à{gõ Pmbo Voìhm Oa Vo nmz Agob Va Vo Ë`m nwñvh$mmmm ^mj g_omdm bmjob Am{U åhuyz Vo nmz Zgbobo nwñvh$ AnyU R>aob Am{U Ë`mMo _hîd H$_r hmob b. åhuyz Vo nmz \$mbvy _OHw$amMo H$m AgoZm, Ë`mMm Xmobm_w{ÐVmÀ`m du ZmV {ZX}e Adí` nm{hoo. H$mhr _w{ðv nwñvh$m da à{gõr H$mi Z_yX ZgVmo. Aer H$mb{ZX}e Zgbobr AmYw{ZH$ nwñvho$hr gmns>vmv. OwÝ`m H$mir Ver Agë`mg Zdb dmq>ê`mmo H$maU Zmhr. H$mJX, Q>mBn dj ao ñdê$nmdê$z Á`m Mm _wðuh$mi Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m H$mb_`m XoVrb Agmdm Ago dmq>vo, Ë`m nwñvh$m Mo H$m` H$amdo? Aem nwñvh$m Mm H$mb BVa gmyzm dê$z Oa {gõ H$aVm `ob b Va Ë`m Mm Xmobm_w{ÐVm V A V^m d H$aÊ`mg hah$v Zgmdr, CXmhaUmW : 1) nwñvh$mà`m _mbh$mzo Oa Ë`mda Amnbo Zmd d VmarI (1867 nydumr) {bhÿz R>odbr Agob; 2) 1867 nyduà`m "kmzmox`,' "Amo[aE Q>b {¼íZM ñnošq>oq>a' Aemgma»`m {Z`VH$m{bH$m V Oa Ë`mÀ`mda A{^àm` à{gõ Pmbobm AmT>iob; 3) Aem {Z`VH$m{bH$mV qh$dm `m H$mbmVrb n Mm Jo, nwñvh$ {dh«o$ë`m À`m H $Q>bm J qh$dm `m H$mbmVrb nwñvho$ `m _Yrb Om{hamVrV Oa Ë`mMo Zmd gmns>bo; 4) J«±Q>À`m H $Q>bmJm V Ë`mMm g_mdoe Agob; 5) gxh$mar XáamV Ë`m nwñvh$mbm Aml` XoÊ`m~Ôb Ho$bobm AO gmnsy>z Vo Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m _`m XoV à{gõ Pmë`mMo Oa {gõ hmob b; Va Xmobm_w{ÐVm _Ü`o Ë`m nwñvh$mmm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mg hah$v Zgmdr. _mì Ë`mÀ`m H$mb{ZpíMVrMo H$maU ñnï>nuo Z_yZ H$amdo. CÎma-Xmobm_w{ÐVo qhxþñwmzmv _wðumbm Iar gwédmv EH$mo{Ugmì`m evh$mv Pmbobr Agë`m_wio 1900 n`ªv à{gõ Pmbobr gmarm nwñvho$ Xmobm_w{ÐVo _mzbr nm{hoov Ago da gm {JVbo. hr H$mb_`m Xm AmO Oar AmnUmg AJXr OdiMr dmq>v Agbr VarnU AmUIr e ^a XrS>eo dfmªzr Vr Ver dmq>uma Zmhr Am{U Ë`m H$mimVrb nwñvh$m Zm _hîd `ob b. {edm` hr nwñvho$ AmOhr ~hþvm er Xþ_ui Pmbr AmhoV. gz 1900 n`ªvà`m gd M nwñvh$m Mr AmnU {deof H$miOr KoVbr nm{hoo. hr nwñvho$ Am_À`m J«Wg J«hmb`m À`m MmbH$m Zr ~mhoa dmmê`mg XoD$ Z`oV, Aer _mpr gymzm Amho. gz 1867n`ªVÀ`m nwñvh$m Zm Á`mà_mUo Ë`m À`m {deof Xþ_uinUm_wio AmnU Xmobm_w{ÐVo Ago Zmd {Xbo, Ë`mà_mUo 1900 gmbmn`ªvà`m nwñvh$m Mo "CÎma-Xmobm-_w{ÐVo' Ago Zm_H$aU H$aUo `mo½` hmob b. AmUIr EH$XmoZ evh$m Zr Agm ^ox H$aÊ`mMo H$maUhr amhuma Zmhr. EImÚm nwñvh$mà`m eodq>à`m Amd ÎmrMr Zm X H$aVmZm nyduà`m gd Amd ÎmrÀ`m àh$meh$mbmmr AZwH«$_mZo Zm X H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m_wio EH$hr Amd Îmr AZwnbãY Agë`mg Vr H$iyZ `ovo. kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 83 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 84

46 nyd -Xmobm_w{ÐVo _amr>r Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mm H$mb hm 1801 Vo 1867 Ago åhuvm `ob b. `mà`mhr nydu åhuoo gmoimì`m, gvamì`m d AR>amì`m evh$mv amo_z {bnrv _amr>r nwñvho$ à{gõ Pmë`mMo {ZX}e gmns>vmv. gvamì`m d AR>amì`m evh$mv à{gõ Pmbobr H$mhr nwñvho$ AmO CnbãY AmhoV. Ë`mn H$s ~hþvoh$m À`m _m`h«$mo{\$ë amr>r g emoyz _ S>imÀ`m g J«hr AmhoV. _m`h«$mo {\$ë_dê$z nwñvh$mmm AmH$ma, H$mJX d ~m YUr `m Mr H$ënZm H$aVm `ov Zmhr; nu BVa Jmoï>r H$iVmV. Aem 1800 nyduà`m Xmobm_w{ÐVm Zm "nyd -Xmobm_w{ÐVo' Ago Zmd Úmdo, Ago _bm dmq>vo. `mn H$s CnbãY Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr g nyu du ZmË_H$ _m{hvr {_i{dvm `ouo eš` Amho. `m gd kmv (åhuoo CnbãY d AZwnbãY) Aem nwñvh$m Mr _m{hvr Imbr XoVmo. 1) Doutrina Cristam, Goa (hr {¼ñVr àízmoîmar Xoer ^mfov 1556 Vo 1561 `m Xaå`mZ N>mnbr hmovr, Ago Lins Frois `mà`m Vm À`m nìmdê$z {XgVo. nhm Silva Rego, Documentacao, VIII (1952) CnbãY Zmhr.) 2) Discurso sobre a vida de Jesu Christo-Fr. Thomas Stephens, Rechol (Goa) (nhm : {¼íMZ nwamu, _ Jiya CnbãY Zmhr. pñq>\$ýgmo _amr>r {¼ñVnwamU) 3) Doutrina Christam em lingoa Bramana Canarim-Fr. Thomas Stephens, Rachol 1622, Svo, leaves, ñwb-gah$mar J«Wmb`, {bñ~z. 4) Declaracam da Doutrina Christam - Fr. Diogo Ribeiro, Rachol 1632, 4to, VIII lealves ñwb-gah$mar J«Wmb`, {bñ~z. 5) Discursos sobre a vida do Apostolo Sam Pedro-Fr. Etiene de la Croix, Goa (1929?) Vols. in folio : Vol I, leaves, Vol II, 283 leaves. ñwb gah$mar J«Wmb`o, {bñ~z d Jmodm (_amr>r g Q> nrq>ajwamu). 6) Arte da Lingoa Canarim - Fr. Thomas Stephens, Rachol 1640, 4to-107 leaves. ñwb- g. J«. {bñ~z. (Jmo_ VH$s ~mobtmo ì`mh$au). 7) pñq>\$ýgmo {H«$ñVnwamU - (Xþgar Amd {Îm) Jmodm 1649, CnbãY Zmhr. (n{hbr Amd {Îm-H«$_m H$ 2). 8) pñq>\$ýgmo {H«$ñVnwamU - ({Vgar Amd {Îm) Jmodm 1654, CnbãY Zmhr. (n{hbr Amd {Îm-H«$_m H$ 2; Xþgar-H«$_m H$ 7 nhm.) 9) gm V Am Vmo{ZÀ`m nwê`mz... Zdbm. Fr. Antonio de Saldanha, Goa 1655, 4to; VI + 99 Leaves. ñwb. g. J«. {bñ~z. (Jmo_ VH$s ~mobrv g V Am VmoZrMo M_ËH$ma, JÚ). gm Vw Am Vmo{ZMr {O{dËdH$Wm, Goa to, leaves. ñwb g. J«. {bñ~z. _amr>r Amodr~Õ (`m J«Wmbm ñdv Ì _win ð> Zmhr. darb J«W d hm EH$Ì AmhoV. Vo EH$mM gmbr à{gõ AmhoV. 10) Fruito da Arvore de Vida (OrdZd jmmo \$i) hm J«W _w{ðv Pmbm AgyZ Ë`mda _wðuh$mb Zmhr, Ago Bibliotheca Lusitana `m J«WmV Z_yX Amho. CnbãY Zmhr. 11) dzdmiçmmmo _imo (Jardim doe Pastores) Fr. Miguel de Almeida, Goa, 5 Vols; 4to, Vol. I-Goa 1658, 271 leaves (Jmo_ VH$s ~mobrv àdmzg J«h, CnbãY Zmhr. `m ^mjm Mo {dñv V du Z The Examiner, Vol. 73, 1922 _Ü`o H. Hosten `mzo {Xbo Amho.) Vol III, Goa 1658, 270 leaves. ñwb gah$mar J«Wmb`, Jmodm. Vol. V. Goa (hm I S> The School of Oriental and African Studies `m b S>Z `owrb g ñwoà`m g J«hr Amho.) Vol. II d IV `m Mm Wm ~ bmjbobm Zmhr. 12) XodmMr `H$mJ«~mobUr (Soliloquios Divinos). Fr. Joao de Pedroza, Goa 1660, 4to, leaves (gymr d ew{õnìo). ñwb-gah$mar J«Wmb`, Jmodm Jmo_ VH$s ~mobrv. 13) Gramatica Marastta, Roma (hr n{hbr Amd Îmr JmoqQ>OZ `owo Amho.) kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 85 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 86

47 14) Cathecismo do Doutrina Christa ({¼ñVm Mr emómmm H$mWo{eÂ_w) Rome `mmr àv amo Ü`o Amho. darb nyd -Xmobm_w{ÐVm _Ü`o Aer H$mhr nwñvho$ gmns>vmv H$s, Á`m Mm _w{ðv hmod$z à{gõ Pmë`mMm {ZX}e gmns>vmo; nu Vr OJmV H$moR>oM CnbãY ZmhrV Vo 1867 `m Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m H$mimVXoIrb Aer AZwnbãY qh$dm "Aàmá' nwñvho$ AmhoV. CXmhaUmW, _moëñdw Mr "embmnõ{v' (1824). qh$dm "~ R>H$MmdS>r' (1856). Aem nwñvh$m Mr `mxr, Ë`m À`m ApñVËdmMm {ZX}e H$moR>o Amho Ë`m g X^m gh, à{gõ hmouo Adí` Amho. Aem kmv nu "Aàmá' Aem nwñvh$m Mr g H${bV `mxr `wamonmv Amho H$s H$m`, ho _bm _mhrv Zmhr, Ver Agë`mMo _r dmmë`mmo _bm AmR>dV Zmhr. JmdñH$am À`m Xmobm_w{ÐVm À`m `mxrv Á`m Mr Zm X Zmhr Aer H$moUVr Xmobm_w{ÐVo Amnë`m "Vm{bH $'V AmhoV Ë`m Mm {ZX}e am. _hmozm Zr H$amd`mbm nm{hoo hmovm. JmdñH$am À`m `mxrv Zgbobr CnbãY Xmobm_w{ÐVo H$moUr Am_À`m ZOaog AmUë`mg Ë`m Mr `mxr "_amr>r g emoyzn{ìho$v' `WmdH$me H«$_e: à{gõ H$aVm `ob b. H $aomo _amr>r ì`mh$au, H$moe dj ao J«W B J«Or_YyZ Agbo Var Ë`m Mm A V^m d _amr>r Xmobm_w{ÐVm V H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. Vgm nmovw JrOm _YyZ à{gõ Pmboë`m _amr>rdarb J«WmMmhr H$amdm bmjob. nmovw JrO {_ezè`m Mr H$mhr Xmobm_w{ÐVo: Gramatica Marastta (Am. 2ar) {bñ~z, (Am. 3ar, 1825). n{hë`m Amd ÎmrH$[aVm darb nyd Xmobm_w{ÐVo, H«$. 13 nhm nwamu CÎma H$moH$Ur ~mobrvrb, _w ~B (Ama. 2ar, 1857) Gramatica Maratha - (Ph. N. Pires), _w ~B Gramatica da Lingua Concani (pñq>\$ýgà`m ì`mh$aummr Xþgar Amd Îmr) Jmodm Gramatica da Lingua Concani no dialecto do Norte, Goa. (CÎma H$moH$Ur ~mobtmo ì`mh$au) Gramatica de Lingua Concani (BQ>m{b`Z {_ezar) Jmodm Colleccao das Praticas, Tomo I (àdmz - g J«h) _w ~B Manual das Devocoense Doutrina (Am. 2ar, _w ~B ) (n{hbr Am. 1849) nwuo {dúmnrr>mà`m O`H$a J«Wmb`mH$Sy>Z Ambobr Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr `mxr nmhÿz Oo {dmma _ZmV Ambo Vo da Z_yX Ho$bo AmhoV. àë`j `mxr V`ma H$aVmZm AmUIr AZoH$ àíz CnpñWV hmoê`mgmaio AmhoV. O`H$a J«Wmb`mÀ`m H$m` H$Ë`mªZr g~ Y nwuo ehamvrb Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr du ZmË_H$ Zm_mdbr V`ma H$aÊ`mg hmvmv `mdr Am{U Vr gm`šbmoñq>mb b Z H$aVm _w{ðv H$amdr, Aer _mpr gymzm Amho. nwuo {dúmnrr>mbm OmoS>boë`m H$m boom H$Sy>Z, Ë`m À`m g J«hmVrb Am{U Ë`m À`m n[agamv Agboë`m gmd O{ZH$ qh$dm d `pšvh$ g J«hmVrb Xmobm_w{ÐVm Mr `mxr _mjdmdr Am{U Ë`m À`m_Ü`o Oa nwuo ehamv Zgbobr H$mhr Xmobm_w{ÐVo Agbr Va Vr nwñvho$ _mjdyz Ë`m Mr du ZmË_H$ `mxr ñwb{zx}emgh Amnë`m H $Q>bmJbm n[a{eï> åhuyz OmoS>mdr. AemàH$mao `m {df`mbm MmbZm {_iob. J«Wnmb am. qhjdo `m À`m àmñvm{dh$ "{ZdoXZm'dê$Z "Xmobm_w{ÐVo' `m Zmdmbm H$mhr {dûmz ~wobo AmhoV Ago {XgVo. Incunabula hm b {Q>Z eãx gm_mý` B J«Or _mugmbm Ogm An[a{MV Vgm "Xmobm_w{ÐV o' hm eãxhr gm_mý` _amr>r _mugmbm An[a{MV Agob; na Vw AmnU Á`mdoir Agm nm[a^m{fh$ eãx `moovmo, Voìhm Vmo gmè`m ^mavr` ^mfm Vhr ê$t> ìhmdm åhuyz g ñh $V ^mfovyz KoUo àmá Amho. Ho$di AmÚ _w{ðv åhuyz MmbUma Zmhr. {d{eï> H$mb_`m Xm R>adyZ Ë`m H$mimVrb _w{ðvo _hîdmmr _mzmdr, hr H$ënZm AmnU nmímmî`m H$Sy>Z KoVbr, Ë`mà_mUo Ago {d{eï> Zmd Ë`m Zm XoUo H«$_àmá Amho. Xmobm_w{ÐVo hm eãx AmVm nyu ê$t> Pmbm Amho. nwuo {dúmnrr>mzo Vmo ñdrh$mabm `mdê$zhr hr Jmoï> ñnï> hmov Amho. kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 87 kmzj JmoÌr : _mm 2017 Vo _o 2017 : 88

48 boih$m gmr>r gymzm kmzj JmoÌr Ì _m{gh$mgmr>r J«Wmb`emó joìmvrb {d{dy VÁkm H$Sy>Z boiz _mj{dê`mv `ovo. kmzj JmoÌr Ì _m{gh$mà`m àh$mezmmr ^mfm _amr>r Amho. boi gmymaunuo 5000 eãxm Mm Agmdm Am{U boimmm gma 100 Vo 125 eãxm V Agmdm. ho boi g emoyzmë_h$, S>oQ>mda AmYm[aV {díbo{fv _m{hvrmo gmxarh$au, _m{hvr Am{U g àofu V ÌkmZ, ZmdrÝ`nyU AmñWmnZmMr H$m` e br, Á`m J«Wmb` Am{U _m{hvremómà`m dv _mz KQ>Zm, KS>m_moS>tda AmYm[aV AgVrb. boimì`{v[ašv nwñvh$ narju, do~gmb Q>Mr _m{hvr d AÝ` gxam H$[aVmMr _m{hvr 1000 Vo 1500 eãxm Mr Agmdr. boiz Q>mB n H$aVmZm ñnog R>odÊ`mV `mdr. H$mJXmÀ`m EH$mM ~moyg _w{ðv H$ê$Z gd ~moy Zr {H$_mZ 1 B M OmJm gmos>ê`mv `mdr. `w{zh$mos> \$m ÝQ>Mm dmna H$ê$Z _w{ðv Ho$bobm boi gm âq> H$m nrà`m ñdê$nmv B _obzo (librarian@ycmou.digitaluniversity.ac) nmr>{dê`mv `mdm. _w{ðv boi (S>m. _YwH$a eodmio, g nmxh$-kmzj JmoÌr, à_wi-j«wmb` Am{U _m{hvròmov H $Ð, `ed Vamd MìhmU _hmamï > _wšv {dúmnrr>, Zm{eH$ ) `m À`mH$S>o nmoñq>mzo nmr>dmdm. boi gmxa H$aVmZm Cn`moJmV AmUboë`m dmmz gm{hë`mh$[avm EnrE ñq>mb b _ Ý`wAbÀ`m Zì`m (AbrH$S>rb) Amd ÎmrZwgma g X^ XoÊ`mV `mdov. boim_ü`o dmnaê`mv `oumè`m gd g X^mªMo AMyH$ d gẁ mo½` _m S>Ur H$ê$Z nmr>{dê`mmr O~m~Xmar boih$mmr Amho. kmzj JmoÌr_Ü`o àh$m{ev hmoumè`m gd boim Mo ñdm{_ëd h $ ho {dúmnrr>mmo amhvrb.

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