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1 Plant Pathology Bulletin 14: , , : tsaijn@wufeng.tari.gov. t w : : : (Phellinus noxius (P h y t o p h t h o r a s p p. P. parasitica, P. palmivora, P. citro p h t h o r a, P. cinnamomi (G a n o d e r m a spp., G. australe, G. tro p i c u m, G. lucidum (R o s e l l i n i a n e c a t r i x K retzchmaria clavus (Phellinus punctatus (R i g i d o p o ru s m i c ro p o ru s (S c l e rotium ro l f s i i ( A p h y l l o p h o r a l e s ( Xylariaceae (wood decay fungi 50% ( d e c l i n e (Phellinus noxius ( 26 Phellinus noxius 5 2 l mm 0. 5 % (Corner G. H. Cunningham NaClO min ( 6, 8, 9, 1 0, 11, 1 4, 1 5, 1 7, 1 8 (potato dextrose agar, PDA 9 cm (P h y t o p h t h o r a s p p. ( 3,4,13,18,19,25 (R o s e l l i n i a n e c a t r i x P r i l l i l e u x ( 18, 22 (G a n o d e r m a spp. ( 5, 7, 18, 33 (Phellinus punctatus ( F r. Pilat. ( 18 K retzchmaria clavus ( F r. Sacc. (7 Nectria haematococca Berk. et Br. ( streptomycin sulfate (100 ppm ( ( 6, PDA 200g 20g (Sigma Co. 15% ( ampicillin (10 ppm 24 -

2 (P. noxius ( 112 P. puntatus ( 3 (P h y t o p h t h o r a s p p.( 59 (non-wood decay (G a n o d e r m a spp. (36 (R. necatrix ( 15 (K. clavus ( 6 (R. micro p o ro u s ( 3 PDA (S. ro l f s i i ( 2 P e re n n i p o r i a s p.( 1 ( Aphyllophorales ( Xylariaceae ( 2, 21, 24 (1 (wood-decay fungi (white rotted ( c o l l a p s e (P h y t o p h t h o r a d e B a r y (2 (1 (brown lines ( 20, 29 or brown pockets (2 ( c l a m p ( 8 c o n n e c t i o n ( 31 (3 ( 22, 30 (4 ( 2 (Xylariaceae (5 ( A p h y l l o p h o r a l e s ( ( ( ( 38 Fig. 1.Distribution of wood-decay fungi causing fruit and ornamental tree decline in Taiwan (

3 Table 1. Isolation of fungi from stem and/or root systems of fruit trees and ornamental woody plants associated with decline symptoms from 1987 to 2004 in Ta i w a n Fungi isolated Associated diseased plants Phytophthora species P. paracitica C i t rus spp., pomelo, loquat, passion fruit, guava, roselle, hibiscus, croton P. palmivora C i t ru s spp., avocado P. citro p h t h o r a C i t ru s spp., Kumquat, malabar chestnut, Rhododendron P. cinnamomi, P. palmivora Avocado, rhododendron, Taiwan cycas, Zamia furfuracea A s c o m y c e t e s Rosellinia necatrix Peach, pear, carambola, grapevine, persimmon K retzchmaria clavus Macadamia, loquat, Taiwan cherry, mimusop ( Unidentified species in Xylariaceae Loquat, pear, Taiwan cherry, litchi, caramborla, banyan B a s i d i o m y c e t e s Ganoderma australe Sugar apple, atimoya, loquat, pear, peach, grape, avocado, Indian jujube, citrus, logan, persimmon, Taiwan cherry, Bauhinia, blakeana (, Taiwan acacia, Araucaria cunninghamii G. tro p i c u m Sugar apple, Taiwan cherry, flame tree, Jacaranda (, banyan G. lucidum Macadamia Other Ganoderma s p e c i e s Peach, avocado, banyan S c l e rotium ro l f s i i Peach, malabar chestnut R i g i d o p o rus micro p o ru s Loquat, litchi, avocado P e renniporia sp. P l u m P. noxius 115 species of hosts (not listed P. punctatus Loquat and pear Unidentified species Loquat, pear, litchi, Taiwan cherry Phytophthora parasitica Dastur ( P. cinnamomi Rands (P. noxius P. palmivora Butler (Butler 1000 ( 6, 8, 10, 11 P. citro p h t h o r a Leonian ( 12 ( (Persea americana (C i t rus limon (Te r m i n a l i a m a n t a l y (P e l t o p h o rum inerme (decline (E rythrina variegata (Ficus stenopylla (Schinus tere b i n t h i f o l i n u s ( 1-3 (P. punctatus ( ( ( b a s a l ( stem rot (neck rot (collar rot ( f o o t rot ( S. ro l f s i i Sacc. ( ( (

4 ( A p h y l l o p h o r a l e s ( Ganoderma, Phellinus ( A g a r i c a l e s ( Armillaria (xylariacious fungi K re t z c h m a r i a (Ganoderma australe ( F r, Pat.(19 spp. X y l a r i a spp. Ceratocystis spp. ( 26 (G. tro p i c u m (Jungh Bres.(7 (Phellinus noxius (G. lucidum ( C u r t.: F r. Karst(3 (P h y t o p h t h o r a s p p. (R o s e l l i n i a n e c a t r i x (G a n o d e r m a spp. 2-3 ( (decay & collapse (Aphyllophorales ( 31 (clamp connection ( 31 ( 30 ( 23 R i g i d o p o rus micro p o ru s (Klotzsch Imazeki (A r m i l l a r i a s p p. (2 P e re n n i p o r i a sp. ( K. clavus (Xylariaceae R. n e c a t r i x 1000 ( K. clavus ( k e y s ( P. noxius ( 7 P. noxius ( 1, 20, 21, ( v i r u l e n c e ( 28 ( 2 P. noxius ( 16 ( d e c a y ( 3 2 & collapse (wood decay & ( 6 rotting fungi P. n o x i u s

5 207 Table 2. Survey of fruit and ornamental tree decline caused by fungi in Taiwan ( P a t h o g e n No. of diseased samples F r e q u e n c y (% R e m a r k s P h y t o p h t h o r a spp Slow & quick decline, with stem gummosis in c i t r u s Phellinus noxius ( Below sea level 1000 m. Slow & quick decline or sudden wilt P. punctatus ( 1. 5 Below sea level 1000 m. Slow & quick decline or sudden wilt G a n o d e r m a s p p ( Slow decline R i g i d o p o rus micro p o ru s ( 1. 5 Quick decline S c l e rotium ro l f s i i Quick wilt Other basidiomycete fungi (6.2 Slow or quick decline Rosellinia necatrix (7.7 At high land, Slow & quick decline K retzchmaria clavus (2.6 Slow decline Other xylariaceae fungi ( 4. 6 Slow decline mostly To t a l 256 (195 1 Figures in parenthesis indicated that only wood decay fungi were counted. Table 3.Comparision of the pathogen characteristics and diseases caused by Phellinus noxius and Rosellinia necatrix I t e m Phellinus noxius Rosellinia necatrix C l a s s i f i c a t i o n B a s i d i o m y c e t e s A s c o m y c e t e s Brown root rot fungus Black root rot fungus C o l o n y White initially, turn brown or dark White initially, turn gray and black after mature brown after mature Growth temperature Ranges: 8-36, optimum Ranges :8-30, optimum Mycelium Clamp connection absent, with arthrospores Swollen at the hyphal base and trichocyst hyphae Symptoms on diseased 1.brown mycelial mats sticking on diseased 1.white thick mycelia turning gray slightly root with soil particles t i s s u e s 2.brown mycelial match and pocket 2.iregullar black line (caused by interaction of host and pathogen Type of wood rot White rot White rot D i s t r i b u t i o n Island wide, mainly at central and southern. Cool places (Central and northern Ta i w a n Taiwan under sea level 1000 cm Table 4. A key for identification of fungi associated with decline of woody fruit and ornamental trees in Ta i w a n 1. Decay and decomposed of infected tissues (2 1. Not decomposed (6 2.Gray to black lines on diseased tissues, with thick white to gray mycelial mats (xylariaceae fungi (3 2. Irregular or pocketed brown lines on diseased tissues, with brown mycelial mats (P h e l l i n u s spp. (4 2. Mycelial mats with other than described above (other basidiomycetes (5 3. Mycelia growing very slow, linear grow less than 2 mm per day K retzchmaria clavus 3. Mycelia growing much faster, swollen on hyphal base Rosellinia necatrix 3. Mycelia growing much faster, without swollen on hyphal base Other xylariaceae fungi 4. Linear mycelia growth > 5 mm per day, diseased wood with brown pocket. > 1cm in diam Phellinus noxius 4. Linear mycelia growth < 5 mm per day, with small brown pocket < 1cm in diam Phellinus punctatus 5.Fruiting bodies of Ganoderma formed in natural or on sow dust media G a n o d e r m a s p p. 5.Fruiting bodies of other types with caps, mycelia with clamp connection or not other basidiomycet fungi 5.No fruiting bodies, mycelia with clamp connection other basidiomycete fungi 6. Silky white mycelial mats and round sclerotia formed around diseased tissues S c l e rotium ro l f s i i 6. White mycelial mats and sporangia of P h y t o p h t h o r a formed under moist condition P h y t o p h t h o r a s p p. 6. White mycelial mats formed but without Phytophthora sporangia or sclerotia other fungi

6 Ann, P. J., Lee, H. L., and Tsai, J. N Survey of brown root disease of fruit and ornamental trees caused by Phellinus noxius in Taiwan. Plant Pathol % Bull. 8: (in Chinese with English abstract 12. Ann, P. J., Tsai, J. N., Wang, I. T., and Hsien M. L Responses of fruit trees and ornamental plants to brown root rot disease by artificial inoculation with Phellinus noxius. Plant Pathol. Bull. 8: (in Chinese with English abstract 13. Ann, P. J., Wu, I. F., and Lin, C. Y Studies on etiology of quick decline and death of Jingkang in Ilan areas and the disease control. Plant Pathol. Bull.6:198. (English abstract. 14. Chang, T. T Decline of some forest trees associated with brown root rot caused by P h e l l i n u s n o x i u s. Plant Pathol. Bull.1: Chang, T. T Decline of nine tree species (LITERATURE CITED associated with brown rot root caused by P h e l l i n u s 1. Abe, Y., Kobayashi, T., Onuki, M., Hattori, T., and Tsurumachi, M Brown root rot of trees caused by Phellinus noxius in windbreaks on Ishigaki Island, Japan Incidence of disease, pathogen and artificial inoculation. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 61: n o x i u s in Taiwan. Plant Dis. 79: Chang, T. T Survival of Phellinus noxius in soil and in the roots of dead host plants. Phytopathology 86 : Chang, T. T., and Yang, W. W Phellinus noxius 2. Alexopoulos, C. J., Mims, C. W., and Blackwell, M Introductory Mycology. 4 t h ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. 869 pp. in Taiwan: distribution, host plants and the ph and texture of the rhizosphere soils of infected hosts. Mycol. Res. 102: Ann, P. J Species, mating types and pathogenicity of P h y t o p h t h o r a distributed in citrus orchards in Taiwan. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 82: Chang, T. T., Hsieh, H. J., Chang, R. J., and Fu, C. S Common Tree Diseases in Taiwan. Ta i w a n Forestry Research Institute. Taipei. 202 pp. 19. Chern, L. L., Ann, P. J., Young, H. R Foot and 4. Ann, P. J Soil-borne fungal diseases of citrus. TARI special publication 51: (in Chinese with English abstract root rot of loquat in Taiwan caused by P h y t o p h t h o r a. Plant Dis 82: C o r n e r, E. J. H The identification of the brown 5. Ann, P. J., Chang, T. C., Tsai, J. N., and Wang, I. T Decline of fruit trees associated with root rot caused by G a n o d e r m a species in Taiwan. Plant Pathol. Bull. 9:178. (English abstract root fungus. Gard. Bull. Straits Settl. 5: Cunningham, G. H Polyporaceae of New Zealand. N. Z. Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 164: Ann, P. J., Chang, T. T., and Ko, W. H P h e l l i n u s n o x i u s brown root rot of fruit and ornamental trees in Taiwan. Plant Dis. 86: Duan, C. H., Tsai, W. H., and Tu, C. C Dissemination of white root rot disease of loquate and its control. Jour. Agric. Res. China 39: (in 7. Ann, P. J., and Ko, W. H Root rot of macadamia caused by Ganoderma lucidum and K re t z c h m a r i a c l a v u s in Taiwan. J. Agric. Res. China. 37: Chinese, with English abstract 23. Erwin, D., and Ribeiro, O P h y t o p h t h o r a Diseases Worldwide. APS press. Minnesota. 562 pp. 8. Ann P. J., and Ko, W. H Longan decline: association with brown root rot caused by P h e l l i n u s n o x i u s. Plant Pathol.Bull.1: Florance,E. R., and Shaw, C.G Surface morphology of basidiospores from decay fungi that are common in Pacific Northwest forest U.S.A.. 9. Ann, P. J., and Ko, W. H Studies on ecology of brown root rot of fruit trees caused by Phellinus noxius and disease control. Plant Pathol. Bull. 3:69. (Abstract Northwest S.C.I.5: Ho, H. H., Ann, P. J., and Chang, H. S The Genus P h y t o p h t h o r a in Taiwan. Acad. Sin. Mon. Ser. 10. Ann P. J., Lee, H. L., and Huang, T. C Brown root rot of ten fruit trees caused by Phellinus noxius i n Taiwan. Plant Dis.83: Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. 86 pp. 26. Hsu, S. T. et al e d i t o r List of plant diseases in Taiwan. Taiwan Phytopathological Society. Ta i c h u n g.

7 pp. (in Chinese Lin, Y. S., & Chang, H. L Root rot and collar rot of passion fruit. Plant Prot. Bull. 24:275. (Chinese a b s t r a c t 2 8. Nandrid, D., Nicole, M., and Geiger, J. P Variation in virulence among R i g i d o p o rus lignosus a n d Phellinus noxius isolates from West Africa. Eur. J. For. P a t h o l. 1 7 : P e g l e r, D. N., and Waterston, J. M P h e l l i n u s n o x i u s. No. 195 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. Commonw. Mycol. Inst., Kew, England S i n c l a i r, W. A., Lyon, H. H., and Johson, W. T Diseases of trees and shrubs. Cor. Uniu. Press. Ithaca, N. Y. 31. Sivanesan, A., and Holliday, P R o s e l l i n i a n e c a t r i x. No. 352 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. Commonw. Mycol. Inst., Kew, England. 32. Tsai. J. N., Ann, P. J., and Hsieh, W. H Evaluation of fungicides for suppression of three major wood-decay fungi Phellinus noxius, R o s e l l i n i a n e c a t r i x and Ganoderma australe in Taiwan. Plant Pathol. Bull. 14 (printed(in Chinese with English a b s t r a c t 33. Wang, Z. N Three species of G a n o d e r m a pathogenic to macadamia tree and their control. R e p. Taiwan Sugar Res. Inst. 129:1-10.

8 A B S T R A C T Ann, P. J. 1, Tsai. J. N. 1, 3, Chang, T. T. 2, and Wang, I. T Distribution of decline of fruit trees and ornamental woody plants in Taiwan. Plant Pathol. Bull.14: ( 1 Plant Pathology Division, Agricultural Research Institute, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan; 2 Plant Protection Division, Forestry Research Institute, Taipei; 3 corresponding author, tsaijn@wufeng.tari.gov.tw; Fax No.: Species of important economic woody fruit trees and ornamental trees with decline symptoms were investigated from 1987 through 2004 in Taiwan. Based on the survey on the fields and pathogen isolation, more than ten species of root- and wood-infecting fungi were founded to be associated with the decline of these ornamental woody plants. According to the isolation frequency in descending o r d e r, there are Phellinus noxius, P h y t o p h t h o r a spp.(including P. parasitica, P. palmivora, P. citro p h t h o r a, P. cinnamomi and others, G a n o d e r m a spp.(including G. australe, G. tro p i c u m, G. lucidum and others, Rosellinia necatrix, K retzchmaria clavus, P. punctatus, R i g i d o p o ru s m i c ro p o ru s and S c l e rotium ro l f s i i. Besides, a total of 12 species of unidentified fungi including 7 species in Aphllophorales and 5 species in Xylariaceae were also isolated. Most of these rootinfected fungi belonged to wood decay fungi in Ascomycetes or Basidiomycetes, except P h y t o p h t h o r a spp. and S. ro l f s i i. Among them, P. noxius, which was detected from more than 50% wood decay samples, is the most destructive and widely distributed. Key words: Tree decline, Phellinus noxius, Rosellinia necatrix, Ganoderma spp., wood decay fungi