EVENT BY EVENT PHYSICS IN ALICE
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1 EVENT BY EVENT PHYSICS IN ALICE Panos Christakoglou NIKHEF - Utrecht University for the ALICE Collaboration 1
2 MOTIVATION The nature and the time evolution of the hot and dense system created in a heavy-ion collision are expected to show the characteristic behavior of a QGP phase transition, which could dramatically change from one event to the other. Apart from the very well known probes (inclusive probes, probes related to deconfinement...), an analysis on an Event by Event basis offers the opportunity to study the QCD phase transition and to get insights into the QGP. For example: Thermodynamic quantities (T,S) Energy density fluctuations Jets and minijets DCC, Balance function... Global system properties Order of phase transition Medium properties Chiral phase transition, hadronization time... 2 Panos.Christakoglou@cern.ch - WPCF, Krakow
3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP CENTRAL BARREL HMPID PID high pt Coverage: η < 0.6 φ: 57.61o TOF PID Coverage: η < 0.9 φ: 2π TRD Electron ID Coverage: η < 0.9 φ: 2π TPC Tracking, dedx Coverage: η < 0.9 φ: 2π PHOS Detection of photons Coverage: η < 0.12 φ: 100o ITS Low pt tracking Vertexing ITS Coverage: η < 2.0 φ: 2π (SPD ) Coverage: η < 0.9 φ: 2π (SDD++SSD) 3
4 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FORWARD DETECTORS Multiplicity FMD V0 PMD (photons) (-3.7 < η < -2.3) charged (barrel+fmd): (-5.4 < η < 3) Forward muon arm (2.4 < η < 4.0) absorber, dipole magnet tracking and trigger chambers Trigger, timing, luminosity: ZDC, V0, T0, CRT EM Calorimeter (future) (charged particles) 4
5 PARTICLE IDENTIFICATION Many identification techniques 3σ and 2σ separation between particle species Estimated pt ranges for 10 M central PbPb events (PPR vol. II). Ranges for first year p-p events can be close if one month of data taking. 5
6 CENTRALITY DETERMINATION Correlation between the deposited energy in the ZDC and the multiplicity measured in the central (ITS+TPC) and forward regions (FMD). 6
7 ALICE PERFORMANCE Efficiencies vs. pt: i) p+p and Pb+Pb comparison; ii) species dependence de/dx resolution for PID: i) de/dx vs. # of TPC cluster; ii) de/dx vs. pt ALICE is designed for high multiplicity: excellent efficiency and resolution at low pt Charm and strange weak decay identification via topology reconstruction (not shown) Lower magnetic field w-r-t ATLAS and CMS but also lower luminosity conditions required 7
8 EVENT BY EVENT STUDIES IN ALICE Net charge fluctuations Multiplicity fluctuations Transverse momentum fluctuations Balance functions Particle ratios Temperature fluctuations Long range correlations Flow HBT DCC With red what is not addressed in this talk! Wavelets.. 8
9 NET CHARGE FLUCTUATIONS Fluctuations of conserved quantities such as the electric charge provide information about the initial stage of the formation of the system after a collision, when possibly a system with different degrees of freedom existed. NA49: Phys. Rev. C (2004) ΔΦq values close to 0 as expected for a pion gas correlated only by global charge conservation. The existence of resonances may mask the initial fluctuations. G. Westafall: QM08 Scaling of the νdyn with multiplicity apparent for different systems/energies. 9
10 NET CHARGE FLUCTUATIONS IN ALICE Higher moments of net charge fluctuations D parameter of net charge fluctuations PYTHIA pp s = 900 GeV and 14 TeV HIJING PbPb snn = 5.5 TeV Courtesy of Tapan Nayak & Marian Putis Plans for ALICE Provide the possibility to calculate as many parameters as possible: o D ΔΦq - νdyn Calculate also the higher moment o skeweness (3rd moment) o kurtosis (4th moment) 10
11 MULTIPLICITY FLUCTUATIONS NA49: nucl-ex/ PHENIX: Phys. Rev. C (2007) Uncorrected multiplicity distributions for each η window. Solid lines are fit results from NBD Scaled variance is similar for positive and negative particles Plans for ALICE Provide the possibility to calculate as many parameters as possible Study the multiplicity fluctuations in the central region but also in the forward region (FMD+V0) 11
12 TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM FLUCTUATIONS NA49: Phys. Rev. C Significant non statistical fluctuation observed for light nuclei and peripheral Pb+Pb collisions G. Westafall: QM08 No indication of any energy dependence of the ΣpT 12
13 TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM FLUCTUATIONS IN ALICE Charged particles Pions Kaons Protons HIJING PbPb snn = 5.5 TeV Plans for ALICE Provide the possibility to calculate as many parameters as possible ΦPT ΣPT Study the transverse momentum fluctuations for different particle species 13
14 BALANCE FUNCTIONS The width of the BF was initially proposed to be related to the time of hadronization. NA49: PRC (2005) NA49: PRC (2007) G. Westfall: QM08 B Dy = { 1 N +- Dy N ++ Dy N -+ Dy N -- Dy 2 N N } Bass, Danielewicz, Pratt PRL (2000) 14
15 BALANCE FUNCTIONS IN ALICE Balance function for non-identified particles Balance function for identified particles: Analysis in Qinv and its components. Two dimensional differential analysis PYTHIA pp s = 14 TeV HIJING PbPb snn = 5.5 TeV Plans for ALICE Non-identified o Centrality/energy dependence Identified o Rapidity o Qinv (identified) [S. Pratt, Phys.Rev.C 68 (2003)] o Azimuthal angle [P. Bozek, Phys.Lett.B 609 (2005)] BF for Λs and anti-λs [A. Bialas, J. Rafelski, Phys.Lett.B 633 (2006)] 15
16 PARTICLE RATIOS Strangeness fluctuations are sensitive to the QCD phase transitions. NA49: PoS CFRN 12 (2006) Z. Ahammed: QM08 K/π decreases with increasing energy UrQMD doesn t reproduce the data p/π increases with increasing energy UrQMD points follow the data points K/πfluctuations RHIC don t show any sign of energy dependence. Similar for Cu+Cu and Au+Au 16
17 PARTICLE RATIOS IN ALICE ALICE PPR vii: J.Phys.G 32 (2006) K/π PYTHIA pp s = 900 GeV and 14 TeV p/π HIJING PbPb snn = 5.5 TeV Courtesy of Chiara Zampoli Courtesy of Michalis Fragkiadakis Plans for ALICE Calculate the EbyE K/π, p/π. Λ/π ratios Usage of the following detector configurations: o TPC alone: Restricted momentum separation for π-k-p (not able to measure the Λ ratio?) o Combined tracking: Extend to larger momentum range and have good separation Centrality/energy dependence 17
18 TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS Important to study whether there is a unique freeze-out temperature of the system or if this parameter fluctuates from event to event. If yes what would be the fluctuation? This kind of studies can be performed on charged particles but also per particle species. PT spectra Temperature fluctuations influence the shape of the PT distributions. Event s transverse mass Define and measure the transverse mass of the event from which we can extract: ΦPT Simple connection between this parameter and the variance of the temperature: σ = <T2> - <T>2 G. Wil et al. hep-ph/ S. Mrowczynski et al. Phys. Rev. C
19 TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS IN ALICE Single event PT distribution Plans for ALICE Use the powerful PID capabilities to distinguish π, K and p. Calculate the effective temperature on an event by event basis based on a fit with an exponential function. Centrality/energy dependence HIJING PbPb snn = 5.5 TeV 19
20 LONG RANGE CORRELATIONS Study of correlations among particles produced in different rapidity regions helps to understand the particle production mechanism. Production of particles in the central region is dominated by SRC at all energies. This long range correlation (LRC) may be enhanced in hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collision compared to hadron-hadron collision. Strings Low Energy Sh ort Long Range Backward nb - η2 - η1 = η2 Long Range + L ong Ra ng High Energye 0 Rapidity Gap Forward nf η1 η2 η - η1 20
21 LONG RANGE CORRELATIONS IN ALICE b= N f N b N f N b N 2f N f 2 D bf = D ff 2 2 Courtesy of Ajay Kumar Dash PYTHIA pp s = 10 TeV Dependence of b on s Dependence of n on ηgap:correlation length λ h gap / λ b~e Plans for ALICE Study the LRC using the central barrel detectors (ITS+TPC) and the detectors that cover the forward region (FMD) 21
22 SUMMARY ALICE gives a unique opportunity to study in detail different key EbyE observables due to its: Coverage on both the central and the forward regions Powerful PID capabilities. Event-by-event physics provides interesting insight to many different physics aspects. The EbyE group of ALICE will be ready for heavy ions but it might be interesting to look at the EbyE physics possibility in the high multiplicity p-p events! Contact Panos.Christakoglou@cern.ch and/or Tapan.Nayak@cern.ch for question or comment. 22
23 BACKUP 23
24 MATERIAL BUDGET Cumulative mid-rapidity material budget for ALICE, ATLAS and CMS ALICE x/x0 (%) ATLAS x/x0 (%) CMS x/x0 (%) Beam pipe 0.26 Beam pipe 0.45 Beam pipe 0.23 Pixels (7.6 cm) 2.73 Pixels (12 cm) 4.45 Pixels (10.2 cm) 7.23 ITS (50 cm) 7.43 SCT (52 cm) TIB (50 cm) TPC (2.6 m) 13 TRT (1.07 m) TOB (1.1 m) Ideal Reconstruction and identification low pt : lowest material budget 24
25 GENERAL ALICE CHARACTERISTICS Central Barrel (-0.9 < h < 0.9) tracking, PID (ITS, TPC, TRD, TOF) single arm RICH single arm EM cal (PHOS) photons in PMD (-2.3 < h < -3.7) tracking and trigger chambers Multiplicity charged (barrel+fmd): (-5.4 < h < 3) Forward muon arm (2.4 < h < 4.0) absorber, dipole magnet Trigger, timing, luminosity: ZDC, V0, T0, CRT EM Calorimeter (future) 3 2 (charged particles) p,k,π from 0.1GeV Topological identification (K0, K+, K-, Λ): up to ~ 10 GeV Leptons (e, μ), γ, π0, h: electrons in TRD: p > 1 GeV, muons: p > 5 GeV, π0 in PHOS: 1 < p < 80 GeV 25
26 TRACK RECONSTRUCTION ITS TPC TRD TOF 26
27 PARTICLE IDENTIFICATION STUDIES N Ci r s j i j=1 N w i s = Ci r s j k k Where Ci is the relative concentration of the particle of type i and r is the response function (probability to detect a PID signal s for a particle of type i j=1 PIONS KAONS PROTONS Using the AND of all detector signals: Requesting tracks to have PID signal from all the detectors (ITS+TPC+TOF). Using the OR of all detector signals: Requesting tracks to have PID signal on one of the central detectors (ITS TPC TOF). 27
28 LONG RANGE CORRELATIONS IN ALICE b= N f N b N f N b N 2 f 2 Nf D bf = D ff Dependence of n on ηgap:correlation length λ 2 2 Variation of dispersions with eta gap b~e Dependence of b on s 10 TeV PYTHIA Dependence of b on Δη h gap / λ Plans for ALICE Study the LRC using the central barrel detectors (ITS+TPC) and the detectors that cover the forward region (FMD) Courtesy of Ajay Kumar Dash 28
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