Exotica production with ALICE
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1 Exotica production with ALICE Benjamin Dönigus Institut für Kernphysik Goethe Universität Frankfurt for the ALICE Collaboration
2 Content Motivation ALICE performance Anti-Alpha Deuteron Hypertriton Search for Ln bound state and H-Dibaryon Search for the pentaquark f -- (1860) Summary Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 2
3 Motivation Andronic, private communication, model described in Andronic et al., PLB 697, 203 (2011) and references therein Explore QCD predictions for unusual multi-baryon states Search for rarely produced anti- and hyper-matter Test model predictions, e.g. thermal and coalescence Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 3
4 ALICE A Large Ion Collider Experiment Particle identification techniques involved: Energy loss (de/dx) Time-Of-Flight Topological Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 4
5 Time Projection Chamber (TPC) Excellent de/dx performance of TPC (~7% resolution in central Pb-Pb collisions) An offline trigger selects events with at least one 3 He/ 4 He candidate Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 5
6 Time-Of-Flight (TOF) Excellent TOF performance s TOF = 85 ps TOF performance is allowing a 2σ p/k-separation up to 5 GeV/c Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 6
7 Anti-Alpha For the full statistics of 2011 we identified 10 Anti-Alphas using TPC and TOF Corresponds to 23x10 6 events of a trigger mix (central, semi-central and min. bias) Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 7
8 Secondaries The measurement of nuclei is affected by a background coming from knockout from material (not relevant for antinuclei) Rejection possible restricting DCA Z and fitting the DCA XY distribution Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 8
9 Deuterons Deuterons are identified combining de/dx and TOF After cut on 3s of de/dx the m 2 -distribution is fitted with a Gaussian function + exponential tail Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 9
10 Deuterons: spectra Characteristic hardening of the spectrum with increasing centrality, qualitatively similar to proton spectra Lines show individual Blast-Wave fits Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 10
11 Light nuclei: results Thermal model: production yield dn/dy ~ exp(-m/t) Nuclei nicely follow the exponential fall predicted by the model Each added baryon gives a factor of ~300 less production yield p d 3 He 4 He Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 11
12 Hypertriton m(hypertriton) = ± GeV/c 2 investigated decay channel: Hypertriton 3 He + π - Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 12
13 Hypertriton: results dn/dy in good agreement with thermal model prediction from Andronic et al. for T = 156 MeV Andronic et al., Nucl. Phys. A 772, 167 (2006) Andronic et al., PLB 697, 203 (2011) and references therein Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 13
14 Hypertriton: lifetime Lifetime estimated from particle and anti-particle in four ct-bins Andronic et al., Nucl. Phys. A 772, 167 (2006) Andronic et al., PLB 697, 203 (2011) and references therein Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 14
15 Thermal model fit to ALICE data - Heidelberg The yields of all measured nuclei are in good agreement with a equilibrium thermal model fit with a temperature of T 156 MeV Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 15
16 Ln bound state HypHI experiment at GSI sees evidence of a new state: Ln d p -? 6 Li beam at 2 AGeV on 12 C target Experiment intended as hypernuclei factory (search for undiscovered hypernuclei) Rappold et al., PRC 88, (2013)) Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 16
17 Ln bound state Assuming a V0 type decay topology Efficiency estimation from Monte Carlo simulation Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 17
18 Ln bound state Schaffner-Bielich, private communication 4003 Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 18
19 Ln bound state: results No visible signal From the non observation we can set an upper limit: dn/dy 1.5x10-3 (99% CL) thermal model input at 164 MeV: dn/dy = 1.65x10-2 thermal model would need to be wrong by a factor ~10 Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 19
20 H-Dibaryon Hypothetical bound state of uuddss (LL) First predicted by Jaffe in a bag model calculation (Jaffe, PRL 38, (1977)) Recent lattice calculations suggest (Inoue et al., PRL 106, (2011) and Beane et al., PRL 106, (2011)) a bound state (20-50 MeV/c 2 or 13 MeV/c 2 ) Shanahan et al., PRL 107, (2011) and Haidenbauer, Meißner, PLB 706, 100 (2011) made chiral extrapolation to a physical pion mass and got as result: the H is unbound by 13±14 MeV/c 2, respectively lies close to the Xp threshold Renewed interest in experimental searches T. Inoue, private communication Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 20
21 H-Dibaryon Andronic, private communication Schaffner-Bielich et al., PRL 84, 4305 (2000) 2110 strongly bound: 2110 x 0.1 = 211 lightly bound: 2110 x 0.64 = 1350 Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 21
22 H-Dibaryon: results No visible signal From the non observation we obtain as upper limits: For a strongly bound H: dn/dy 8.4x10-4 (99% CL) For a lightly bound H: dn/dy 2x10-4 (99% CL) Used thermal model prediction at 164 MeV is dn/dy=3.1x10-3 thermal model would need to be wrong by a factor ~10 Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 22
23 Comparison Different model predictions are of the same order At least factor 10 between models and estimated upper limit Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 23
24 Pentaquark f -- (1860) in pp NA49 claimed evidence for a pentaquark in pp collisions at 17.2 GeV PRL 92 (2004) ALICE determines an upper limit by looking into the same sign pairs which form the background estimate for the X(1530) 0 arxiv:1406:3206v1 Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 24
25 Conclusion ALICE has excellent capabilities for detecting different particle species (stable, weakly and strongly decaying) The combination of different particle identification techniques (TPC de/dx and TOF) allows for measurement of (anti-)nuclei Anti-Alpha Deuterons Measured light nuclei yields are in agreement with current best thermal fit from equilibrium thermal model Upper limits for Ln bound state and H-Dibaryon are significantly lower than all predicting models (thermal and coalescence) Upper limit set on the production of the pentaquark f -- (1860) in pp Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 25
26 Outlook: ALICE upgrade 50 khz Pb-Pb collisions and will deliver plenty of statistics for nuclei measurements in LHC Run 3 & Run 4 New ITS: less material budget and more precise tracking for the identification of hyper-nuclei. All the physics which is now done for A = 2 and A = 3 (hyper-)nuclei will be done for A = 4. Unfortunately, there is no stable nucleus with A = 5, but there are anti-hyper-nuclei which we might be able to observe for the first time J. Phys. G 41 (2004) Particle yields (including reconstruction efficiency) for central Pb-Pb collisions from ALICE upgrade LOI Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 26
27 Backup Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 27
28 H-Dibaryon Two cases: m H <LL threshold weakly bound measurable channel H Lpp 2.2 GeV/c 2 < m H < GeV/c 2 p m H >LL threshold resonant state measurable channel H LL m H > GeV/c 2 H 0 L L Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 28 p p p
29 H-Dibaryon Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 29
30 H-Dibaryon Efficiency estimation from Monte Carlo simulation (generated flat in y and p T ) for the detection of the H-Dibaryon Assuming the lifetime to be that of the L Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 30
31 H-Dibaryon p T -shape of the H-Dibaryon (and Ln bound state) estimated from the extrapolation of Blast-Wave fits for p,k,p Normalised to 1 and convoluted with Acceptance x Efficiency to get a weighted efficiency Unknown p T -shape is the main source of uncertainty: Therefore used different functions for the systematics (limiting cases: blast-wave of deuteron and helium-3) Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 31
32 Ln bound state Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 32
33 Lifetime dependency H-Dibaryon Lifetime (s) Decay length (cm) Efficiency Upper limit dn/dy 99% CL 1.3 x x x x Ln bound state Lifetime (s) Decay length (cm) Efficiency Upper limit dn/dy 99% CL 1.3 x x x x Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 33
34 Comparison Upper limits: Ln bound state: 1.5x10-3 H-Dibaryon: 2x10-4 (8.4x10-4 ) Thermal model (equilibrium) 164 MeV Andronic, private communication: Particle Yield dn/dy Yield scaled to 0-80% Ln bound state H-Dibaryon (LL) Thermal model (non-equilibrium) MeV Petran, private communication: Particle Yield dn/dy Yield scaled to 0-80% Ln bound state H-Dibaryon (LL) Coalescence model (only H-Dibaryon) ExHIC Collaboration, PRC 84, (2011): Model Yield dn/dy Yield scaled to 0-80% Hadron coalescence Quark coalescence Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 34
35 Deuterons: B 2 The formation probability of nuclei can be quantified through the coalescence parameter B A B 2 goes down with centrality, because d/p is constant and the overall proton multiplicity is increasing Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 35
36 Deuterons: d/p ratio Deuteron-toproton ratio for different centralities and energies ALICE measurement agrees with the average of PHENIX results Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 36
37 Thermal model fit to ALICE data The yields of all measure nuclei are in good agreement with a equilibrium thermal model fit with a temperature of T 156 MeV Andronic et al., Nucl. Phys. A 772, 167 (2006) Andronic et al., PLB 697, 203 (2011) and references therein Resonance workshop at Catania Benjamin Dönigus/ALICE 37
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