Advanced Placement Calculus AB/BC Standards

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1 A Correlation of Calculus AP Edition, 2018 To the Advanced Placement Calculus AB/BC Standards AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. Copyright 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved

2 Math Practices MPAC 1: Reasoning with definitions and theorems MPAC 2: Connecting concepts Definitions and theorems occur throughout the textbook; however, there are several specific opportunities for developing the skills comprised in this MPAC using theorems and definitions that are covered on the AP Exam. Please see: Definition of Limits, p. 68 The Squeeze Theorem, p 83 Definition of Continuity, pp. 107, 111 The Intermediate Value Theorem, p. 115 Rolle s Theorem, p. 302 Mean Value Theorem, p. 303 In addition to providing opportunities to apply theorems, exercise types such as Explain why or why not and Pitfalls using technology develop the ability to reason and conjecture. Limits underlie all of calculus and can be used as an overarching connector when teaching. The following main topics are based on limits: Definition of Continuity, pp. 107, 111 The Derivations of Derivative Rules, Chapter 3 L Hôpital s Rule, Section 5.3 Infinite Series, Section 9.1 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Section 5.4) further connects these topics. Procedure boxes and Guidelines boxes throughout the textbook help students identify common structures and problem-solving processes in problems. The following sections have suggested procedures or guidelines appearing in boxes: Related Rates, Section 3.11, p233 Optimization, Section 4.4, p.283 Linear Approximation, Section 4.5, p 296 Velocity-Displacement vs. General Net Change, Section 6.1, pp. 433, 437 Partial Fractions, Section 7.3, p. 519 Slope Field and Euler s Method, Section 8.2, p. 564 Separable Differential Equations, Section 8.3, p. 573 Choosing a Series Test, Section 9.5, p

3 (Continued) MPAC 2: Connecting concepts MPAC 3: Implementing algebraic/computational processes Many sections of the textbook also use the exercises to connect concepts. These exercises are typically found in the Additional Exercises section. For example, in Section 5.4 (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus), the following exercises connect with topics from other chapters. Exercise 109. Exercise 112. Sine integral connects with differential equations. Exercise 110. Max/min of area functions connects with optimization. Exercise 115. Discrete version of the Fundamental Theorem connects with the definition of derivative. Selecting strategies and sequencing steps in a procedure are treated throughout the textbook through extensive Examples and in the Procedure boxes and Guidelines boxes related to MPAC 2 (see above). Examples are keyed to specific exercises so students can practice a procedure immediately after working the Example. Exercises using technology (such as a graphing calculator) are marked with a throughout the book, allowing one to focus on the technology portion of the AP Exam as needed. Students working exercises online in MyMathLab (see p. xiii) have access to extra guidance in sequencing steps by using the Help Me Solve This and View an Example features. Additionally, MyMathLab now includes Setup & Solve exercises, which require students to show how to set up a problem as well as solve it. A variety of topics are developed using numerical or graphic investigations that include considerations of precision, including: The Idea of Limits, Section 2.1 A Limit with Strange behavior, p. 71 Graphing Functions, Section 4.3 Linear Approximations, Example 2, p. 294 Newton s Method, Section 4.8 Euler s Method, Section 8.2 2

4 MPAC 4: Connecting multiple representations The treatment of functions and calculus topics using tables, graphs, and formulas is maintained throughout the textbook. The need for analytic graphing (without technology) is clearly developed in Section 4.3, Graphing Functions, while concomitantly cultivating skills with technology, as in the technology exercises of that section, p The online ebook (see p. xv) features hundreds of Interactive Figures that dramatically leverage understanding of graphical representations and concepts. For example, one can move a slider to see a secant becoming a tangent on a diagram defining the derivative at a point. MPAC 5: Building notational fluency MPAC 6: Communicating Important new notations are introduced carefully and completely, starting with one representation and then developing variety. For example, after f 1x2 notation is explained (p. 140) and exemplified, alternative notations are explained and used (p. 142). Other examples include different versions of the Chain Rule, p. 192, and the connection between definite integral and summation notations in the side bar of p The textbook provides many tools and features to facilitate teaching that encourages learning these communication skills. Every set of exercises begins with Review Questions that feature questions that require students to explain their thinking (i.e., questions such as, Explain what net area means. ). Exercise sets also include more involved Explain why or why not questions requiring proof or counterexample. These exercises are perfect for discussion, Socratic method, or think/pair/share. The Teacher s Resource Guide (see details on p. xiii) includes fifty-nine Guided Projects that provide excellent templates for facilitating group and individual practice of all these skills in the context of complex problem solving. 3

5 Big Idea 1: Limits EU 1.1: The concept of a limit can be used to understand the behavior of functions. LO 1.1A (a): Express limits symbolically using correct notation. SE/TE: 2.1 The Idea of Limits, 2.2 Definitions of Limits, 2.4 Infinite Limits, 2.5 Limits at Infinity LO 1.1A (b): Interpret limits expressed symbolically. SE/TE: 2.1, 2.2 Definitions of Limits, 2.4 Infinite Limits, 2.5 Limits at Infinity LO 1.1B: Estimate limits of functions. SE/TE: 2.1 The Idea of Limits, 2.2 Definitions of Limits LO 1.1C: Determine limits of functions. SE/TE: 2.3 Techniques for Computing Limits, 4.7 L Hôpital s Rule LO 1.1D: Deduce and interpret behavior of functions using limits. SE/TE: 2.5 Limits at Infinity, 4.7 L Hôpital s Rule EU 1.2: Continuity is a key property of functions that is defined using limits. LO 1.2A: Analyze functions for intervals of continuity SE/TE: 2.6 Continuity or points of discontinuity. LO 1.2B: Determine the applicability of important calculus theorems using continuity. SE/TE: 2.6 Continuity, 4.1 Maxima and Minima, 4.6 Mean Value Theorem Big Idea 2: Derivatives EU 2.1: The derivative of a function is defined as the limit of a difference quotient and can be determined using a variety of strategies. LO 2.1A: Identify the derivative of a function as the limit of a difference quotient. SE/TE: 2.1 The Idea of Limits, 3.1 Introducing the Derivative, 3.2 Working with Derivatives LO 2.1B: Estimate the derivative. SE/TE: 3.1 Introducing the Derivative LO 2.1C: Calculate derivatives. SE/TE: 3.3 Rules of Differentiation, 3.4 The Product and Quotient Rules, 3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions, 3.7 The Chain Rule, 3.8 Implicit Differentiation, 3.9 Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions, 3.10 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions, 11.6 Calculus of Vector- Valued Functions 4

6 LO 2.1D: Determine higher order derivatives. SE/TE: 3.3 Rules of Differentiation EU 2.2: A function s derivative, which is itself a function, can be used to understand the behavior of the function. LO 2.2A: Use derivatives to analyze properties of a function. SE/TE: 4.1 Maxima and Minima, 4.2 What Derivatives Tell Us, 4.3 Graphing Functions, 11.4 Calculus in Polar Coordinates LO 2.2B: Recognize the connection between differentiability and continuity. SE/TE: 3.2 Working with Derivatives EU 2.3: The derivative has multiple interpretations and applications including those that involve instantaneous rates of change. LO 2.3A: Interpret the meaning of a derivative within a SE/TE: 3.6 Derivatives as Rates of Change problem. LO 2.3B: Solve problems involving the slope of a tangent line. SE/TE: 3.1 Introducing the Derivative, 4.5 Linear Approximation and Differentials LO 2.3C: Solve problems involving related rates, optimization, rectilinear motion, (BC) and planar motion. SE/TE: 3.6 Derivatives as Rates of Change, 3.11 Related Rates, 4.4 Optimization Problems, 11.7 Two- Dimensional Motion LO 2.3D: Solve problems involving rates of change in applied contexts. SE/TE: 3.6 Derivatives as Rates of Change, 3.11 Related Rates LO 2.3E: Verify solutions to differential equations. SE/TE: 8.1 Basic Ideas, 8.2 Slope Fields and Euler s Method LO 2.3F: Estimate solutions to differential equations. SE/TE: 8.1 Basic Ideas, 8.2 Slope Fields and Euler s Method, 8.2 Slope Fields and Euler s Method EU 2.4: The Mean Value Theorem connects the behavior of a differentiable function over an interval to the behavior of the derivative of that function at a particular point in the interval. LO 2.4A: Apply the Mean Value Theorem to describe SE/TE: 4.6 Mean Value Theorem the behavior of a function over an interval. 5

7 Big Idea 3: Integrals and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus EU 3.1: Antidifferentiation is the inverse process of differentiation. LO 3.1A: Recognize antiderivatives of basic functions. SE/TE: 5.1 Antiderivatives EU 3.2: The definite integral of a function over an interval is the limit of a Riemann sum over that interval and can be calculated using a variety of strategies. LO 3.2A (a): Interpret the definite integral as the limit of a Riemann sum. SE/TE: 5.2 Approximating Areas under Curves, 5.3 Definite Integrals LO 3.2A (b): Express the limit of a Riemann sum in integral notation. SE/TE: 5.2 Approximating Areas under Curves, 5.3 Definite Integrals LO 3.2B: Approximate a definite integral. SE/TE: 5.2 Approximating Areas under Curves, 5.3 Definite Integrals LO 3.2C: Calculate a definite integral using areas and properties of definite integrals. SE/TE: 5.3 Definite Integrals LO 3.2D: (BC) Evaluate an improper integral or show that an improper integral diverges. SE/TE: 7.4 Improper Integrals EU 3.3: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, which has two distinct formulations, connects differentiation and integration. LO 3.3A: Analyze functions defined by an integral. SE/TE: 5.4 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus LO 3.3B (a): Calculate antiderivatives. SE/TE: 5.1 Antiderivatives, 5.4 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, 5.6 Substitution Rule, 5.7 Numerical Integration, 7.1 Basic Approaches, 7.1 Basic Approaches, 7.2 Integration by Parts, 7.3 Partial Fractions LO 3.3B (b): Evaluate definite integrals. SE/TE: 5.1 Antiderivatives, 5.4 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, 5.6 Substitution Rule, 5.7 Numerical Integration, 7.1 Basic Approaches, 7.1 Basic Approaches, 7.2 Integration by Parts, 7.3 Partial Fractions 6

8 EU 3.4: The definite integral of a function over an interval is a mathematical tool with many interpretations and applications involving accumulation. LO 3.4A: Interpret the meaning of a definite integral within a problem. SE/TE: 5.3 Definite Integrals, 6.1 Velocity and Net Change, 6.6 Physical Applications LO 3.4B: Apply definite integrals to problems involving the average value of a function. SE/TE: 5.5 Properties of Integrals and Average Value LO 3.4C: Apply definite integrals to problems involving motion. SE/TE: 6.1 Velocity and Net Change, 11.7 Two- Dimensional Motion LO 3.4D: Apply definite integrals to problems involving area, volume, (BC) and length of a curve. SE/TE: 5.5 Properties of Integrals and Average Value, 6.2 Regions between Curves, 6.3 Volume by Slicing, 6.5 Length of Curves, 11.2 Calculus with Parametric Equations, 11.4 Calculus in Polar Coordinates LO 3.4E: Use the definite integral to solve problems in various contexts. SE/TE: 6.1 Velocity and Net Change, 6.6 Physical Applications EU 3.5: Antidifferentiation is an underlying concept involved in solving separable differential equations. Solving separable differential equations involves determining a function or relation given its rate of change. LO 3.5A: Analyze differential equations to obtain general solutions. SE/TE: 8.1 Basic Ideas, 8.3Separable Differential Equations, 8.4 Separable Differential Equations LO 3.5B: Interpret, create, and solve differential equations from problems in context. SE/TE: 8.4 Separable Differential Equations, 8.3 Separable Differential Equations Big Idea 4: Series (BC) EU 4.1: The sum of an infinite number of real numbers may converge. LO 4.1A Determine whether a series converges or diverges. SE/TE: 9.1 An Overview, 9.2 Sequences, 9.3 Infinite Series LO 4.1B: Determine or estimate the sum of a series. SE/TE: 9.3 Infinite Series, 9.6 Alternating Series 7

9 EU 4.2: A function can be represented by an associated power series over the interval of convergence for the power series. LO 4.2A: Construct and use Taylor polynomials. SE/TE: 9.6 Alternating Series, 10.1 Approximating Functions with Polynomials, 10.2 Properties of Power Series, 10.3 Taylor Series LO 4.2B: Write a power series representing a given function. SE/TE: 10.1 Approximating Functions with Polynomials, 10.2 Properties of Power Series, 10.3 Taylor Series, 10.4 Working with Taylor Series LO 4.2C: Determine the radius and interval of convergence of a power series. SE/TE: 10.2 Properties of Power Series, 10.3 Taylor Series 8