Slide 1-2. Slide 3-4. Slide 5-6. Review from Physics 114. Gasses. Three possible mechanisms that explain how the alcohol disappears
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1 Slide 1-2 Review from Physics 114 Gasses Physics 115 Eyres Draw force diagrams (FBDs) (Section 2.1). Use Newton's second and third laws to analyze interactions of objects (Section 2.8). Use the impulse-momentum principle (Section 5.3). Slide 3-4 What's new in this chapter When we studied energy, we found that in many processes some of the mechanical energy of a system is transformed into internal energy, resulting in a change in the temperature of the interacting objects. One goal of this chapter is to investigate the connection between temperature and internal energy. The key to this connection lies in understanding the internal structure of matter. Three possible mechanisms that explain how the alcohol disappears The little pieces of liquid move to the inside of the paper and are still there, even though the paper looks dry. The air surrounding the paper somehow pulls the liquid pieces out of the paper. The pieces of liquid are moving they bump into each other and slowly bump each other out of the paper one by one. Slide 5-6 Testing various mechanisms for the drying of wet objects Conclusions from the testing experiments Based on these experiments, it is reasonable to assume that alcohol and other liquids are composed of smaller objects, called particles, that move randomly in all directions. These particles need empty space between them so that particles of other materials can move between them. This model of the internal structure of alcohol can be used to explain many other phenomena that we encounter.
2 Slide 7-8 Gases, liquids, and solids Gases are easy to compress, whereas liquids and solids are almost incompressible. The particle model helps us explain this difference: the amount of empty space between the particles is different in solids, liquids, and gases. Gases, liquids, and solids Gases tend to occupy whatever volume is available. In contrast, if we move the liquid filling a small container to a much larger container, the liquid volume remains the same independent of the container's shape. Solids maintain not only their volume but also their shape. Slide 9-10 Ideal gas model Pressure What is the meaning of Ideal? The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa), where 1 Pa = 1 N/m 2. Slide Gauge pressure Density For gases, a much more useful physical quantity than mass of the individual particles is the mass of one unit of volume density. When you use a tire gauge to measure the air pressure in a car tire, you are comparing the pressure inside the tire to the pressure of the atmosphere outside the tire.
3 Slide The Mole Another Conversion Factor You can work with Atomic Mass and Avogadro s Number easily by remember they are both about how much. 1 mole = 6.02 x things = # grams (from periodic table) Kinetic Theory of Gasses Assumptions All molecules identical (for Ideal gas, are point like) Many molecules take up little space Obey Newton s laws, random motion No long range forces (F g ) on each other Elastic Collisions Slide Quantitative: Ideal Gas Law Quantitative Exercise 9.4 Estimate the average speed of air particles at normal conditions, when the air is at atmospheric pressure (1.0 x 10 5 N/m 2 ) and 1 mole of the air particles (6.02 x molecules) occupies 22.4 L or 22.4 x 10 3 m 3. Although air is composed of many types of particles, we will assume that the air particles have an average mass m air = 4.8 x kg/particle. 3 dimensions of motion gives 3PV: Where does m go in the equation? Where is the speed in the equation? Compare this solution to the one in your text. Slide Temperature Temperature is often measured with a liquid thermometer. The bulb and part of the tube are filled with a liquid that expands predictably when heated and that shrinks when cooled. Thermometric Properties Characteristics that we observe change when heat is added or removed. Size Elongation: L L 0 T Area? and Volume? How is related to? Appearance Color Electrical Properties: Our next Lab! Resistivity
4 Slide Eyeglass frames made of epoxy plastic ( = C 1 ). At room temperature (20.0 C), the frames have circular lens holes r=2.20 cm. To insert lenses of r=2.21 cm in what Temp is needed? Is this an Area or a Linear Problem? Does it matter? Solve. Finding the constant "k" We now have two equations with two unknowns: the constant k and the water temperature T. We subtract the first equation from the second to get k = 1.38 x J/degree. Answer = 35 degrees Slide Ideal gas law Gasses The Periodic Table (Think Conversion Factors) Mole = Molar Mass PV Ideal Gas What is an ideal gas? PV RnT Ideal Gas Law N and n? k and R?: Same thing, different units. Simplifications lead to Boyles, Charles,. Laws Slide Kinetic Theory of Gasses Conslusions Pressure Kinetic Energy Pressure Temperature Temperature Kinetic Energy Monatomic 3 directions of motion Non-monatomic Other modes of motion 3 and 2 more or A cylinder, A=0.050 m 2 is fitted with a tight, frictionless piston of mass 5.0 kg. If there are 3.0 mol of an ideal gas in the cylinder at 500 K, determine the height h at which the piston will be in equilibrium under its own weight. FBD? How do you know? Other code words for plan? What form of Equation? PV PV RnT
5 Slide 25 Testing the ideal gas law A cylinder, A=0.050 m 2 is fitted with a tight, frictionless piston of mass 5.0 kg. If there are 3.0 mol of an ideal gas in the cylinder at 500 K, determine the height h at which the piston will be in equilibrium under its own weight. Solution: 2.4 m PV RnT 2 P( r h) R(3mol) T F ma F gas W 0 PA mg Slide A summary of ideal gas law processes Speed distribution of particles In 1860, James Clerk Maxwell included the collisions of the particles in his calculations involving an ideal gas. This inclusion led to the following prediction: at a particular temperature, the collisions of gas particles with each other cause a very specific distribution of speeds. Slide Speed distribution of particles Fast-moving particles hit the film almost directly across from the slit, whereas slow-moving particles hit somewhat later. The density of particles hitting a particular part of the film indicates the particles' relative speed. Measured speed distribution patterns match the Maxwellpredicted distributions. Limitations of the ideal gas law For real gases such as air, measurements of pressure and volume at conditions of normal pressure and temperature are consistent with predictions made by the ideal gas law. At very high pressures or very low temperatures, real measurements differ from those predictions. The ideal gas law describes gases accurately only over certain temperature and pressure ranges.
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