Integral Equations and their Relationship to Differential Equations with Initial Conditions

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1 Scece Refleco SR Vol 6 wwwscecereflecocom Geerl Leers Mhemcs GLM Geerl Leers Mhemcs GLM Wese: hp://wwwscecereflecocom/geerl-leers--mhemcs/ Geerl Leers Mhemcs Scece Refleco Iegrl Equos d her Reloshp o Dfferel Equos wh Il odos Mosef Ndr Som Guech Deprme of Mhemcs Uvers of Msl 8 Alger mosefdr@hoofr guechs7@gmlcom Asrc Iegrl d dfferel equos hve fudmel mporce he fucol lss d he prcce prolems d m doms of scefc reserch However he resoluo of dfferel equos wh cos coeffces s es u he resoluo of hese equos wh vrle coeffces s prccll dffcul or mpossle more pr of he cses Ths wor prese lcl mehod whch rsform dfferel equos wh l codos o Volerr equos of secod d effce mehods for pprome umercl soluo of hese equos he lss of he esece of her soluos d he covergece of he Ideg erms/kewords Dfferel equo Volerr egrl equo Euler mehod fe dffereces mehod rpezodl mehod SUBJET LASSIFIATION MS[]: 45D5 45E5 45L5 45L d 65R Iroduco We Two m pes of egrl equos wll pper hs pper: her mes occur he le elow Suppose h f : R d : R re couous fucos d h re coss Volerr o-homogeeous of secod d Volerr homogeeous of secod d f d d where d he fuco s clled he erelof he egrl equo 3 P g e

2 Scece Refleco SR Vol 6 wwwscecereflecocom Geerl Leers Mhemcs A dfferel equo s equo whch oe or more vrles oe or more fucos of hese vrles d lso he dervves of hese fucos wh respec o hese vrles occur he order of dfferel equo s equl o he order of he hghes occurrg dervve I hs pper we focus o secod-order dfferel equos We wre geerc secod-order equo for uow se he form A B f where A B d f re ow fucos Furher mos dfferel equos co e solved performg sequece of egros volvg ol elemer fucos: polomls rol fucos rgoomerc fucos epoels logrhms d A B re coss For we fd he reloshp ewee egrl d dfferel equos we wll eed he followg lemm whch wll llow us o replce doule egrl sgle oe Lemm Replceme Lemm [ ] Suppose h f :[ ] R s couous The f dd f d [ ] Proof See for emple [] Trsformo dfferel equos o egrl equos of Volerr d I hs seco le I [ ] wh We cosder for emple he prolem of l codos followg If we e f I d A B R A B Iegro from o I gves d d B he d B 3 we c o wre he form d B 4 P g e

3 Scece Refleco SR Vol 6 wwwscecereflecocom Geerl Leers Mhemcs 5 P g e B egro he equo 3 we ge B dzd z Afer he replceme lemm we ge B A d The A B d If we replce he vlues of ẏ d he frs equo of he prolem we wll ge equo of he form A B B f d d he F d where d A B B f F Thus we hve o-homogeeous Volerr egrl equo of he secod d The prevous emple dces fudmel reloshp ewee Volerr egrl equos d ordr ler dfferel equo of he secod-order Acull he soluo of dfferel equo of he pe d d f d d 4 wh couous coeffces ogeher wh he l codos e reduced o he soluo of cer Volerr egrl equo of he secod d F d where! d ]! [ f F

4 Scece Refleco SR Vol 6 wwwscecereflecocom Geerl Leers Mhemcs 3 Esece d Uqueess of Soluo 3 For egrl equo Theorem 3 See for emple [] Le f d suppose h s couous for herefore uforml ouded s L M The he equo d d f hs uque soluo for ll d f L Proof See for emple [] 3 For Dfferel equo h Reduco order dfferel equo o ssem of frs-order dfferel equos: Ever eplc h order dfferel equo 4 roducg he ew vrles c e reduced o ssem of frs-order dfferel equos Where f s ow fuco d d d f d d d The ssem of dfferel equos hs uque ssem of soluos whch s defed ervl d f d h h d for es he prevousl gve l vlues f he fucos f re couous wh respec o ll vrles d ssf he Lpschz codo We s h uhors follow some smple gudeles I essece we s ou o me our pper loo ecl le hs docume The eses w o do hs s smpl o dowlod he emple d replce he coe wh our ow merl Plese use -po Tmes New Rom fo The gol s o hve -po e s ou see here 4 Numercl Soluo of Ler Volerr Iegrl Equo of he Secod d The mehod of Trpezodl s mehod for cosrucg pprome soluo of egrl equo sed o he replceme of egrls fe sums ccordg o some formul Such formuls re clled Trpezodl formuls d geerl hve he form f d f f 5 6 P g e

5 Scece Refleco SR Vol 6 wwwscecereflecocom Geerl Leers Mhemcs where re he scsss of he pro pos of he egro ervl [ ] or erpolo odes Le us choose cos egro sep h h For he equo d cosder he dscree se of pos cqures he form d f d f j f d f 6 j j j j Applg he Trpezodl formul 5 o he egrl 6 we rrve he ssem of equos where he odes j h j f h j j j j d f h j j j j f j f j d j j j see for emple [ 3 ] d j re pprome vlues of he uow fuco orollr 4 See for emple 4 Le e couous erel wh m d The for ll f he egrl equo of secod d d f hs uque soluo d he successve ppromo d f uforml coverge o he ec soluo for ll Proof See for emple 4 5 Numercl Soluo of secod-order dfferel equo wh l codos There re m umercl mehods for he soluo of dfferel equos of he secod-order h c e used o o pprome soluos of dfferel equos Such ppromos re ecessr whe o ec soluo c e foud I our sud we wll use wo fmous d smple mehods Euler d fe dffereces If we ppl he Euler formul or fe dffereces F-D mehod he prolem of l codos we wll rrve ler ssem of equos see for emple [ 3 ] 7 P g e

6 Scece Refleco SR Vol 6 wwwscecereflecocom Geerl Leers Mhemcs 6 Numercl Emples I hs seco we prese few umercl emples d ll hese emples gve were ru wh MATLAB R Frs Le ssf he dfferel equo wh he l vlues ep ep ep Ths correspods o he followg Volerr egrl equo 7 ep d ep 8 For whch he ec soluo s ep Tle omprso he resuls solue for he egrl equo 8 ec Trpezodl mehod e+ e+ e+ 9484e- 9468e- 547e e- 8845e- 837e e- 7443e e e e e e- 66e- 546e e- 5486e- 5564e e- 496e- 5758e e e- 576e e- 46e- 5558e e e- 599e-4 Tle omprso he resuls solue for dfferel equo 7 Euler F-D e+ e+ e+ e+ 9e e-3 9e e-3 8e- 7738e-3 89e e e e e- 4344e e- 876e-3 654e- 894e e- 7356e e- 3336e e e-3 56e- 7548e e- 9854e e- 3533e e- 55e-3 446e- 357e e- 574e e- 3875e- 3774e- 9574e-3 359e- 4965e- 8 P g e

7 Scece Refleco SR Vol 6 wwwscecereflecocom Geerl Leers Mhemcs Le ssf he dfferel equo wh he l vlues cos cos cos s Ths correspods o he followg Volerr egrl equo cos s cos d 4 4 For whch he ec soluo s cos Tle 3 omprso of resuls solue for he egrl equo ec Trpezodl mehod e+ e+ e+ 995e- 995e- 669e-6 987e- 989e- 4536e e e e e- 95e- 9886e e- 8777e- 396e e- 8553e- 8969e e- 7658e- 453e e- 697e- 99e e- 694e e-4 543e- 5467e e-4 9 T 4 omprso des resuls solue for dfferel equo 9 Euler F-D e+ e+ e+ e+ e e-3 e e-3 99e e-3 995e- 83e e- 474e- 9779e- 5456e e- 934e- 9446e- 44e- 5 95e- 396e- 9588e- 896e e- 8649e- 869e e e e- 86e e e e- 7569e e e- 47e e- 7545e- 5967e- 5645e e- 9435e- 9 P g e

8 Scece Refleco SR Vol 6 wwwscecereflecocom Geerl Leers Mhemcs Le ssf he dfferel equo wh he l vlues Ths correspods o he followg Volerr egrl equo d For whch he ec soluo s Tle 5 omprso of resuls solue for he egrl equo ec Trpezodl mehod e+ e+ e+ e+ e+ 878e-5 4e+ 4e+ 67e-4 3 9e+ 9e+ 446e-4 4 6e+ 63e+ 33e-4 5 5e+ 54e+ 45e e+ 365e+ 5378e e+ 496e+ 6359e e+ 648e+ 7668e-4 9 8e+ 89e+ 8996e-4 3e+ 3e+ 538e-3 Tle 6 omprso des resuls solue for dfferel equo Euler F-D e+ e+ e+ e+ e+ e- e+ e- e+ e- e+ 9995e- 3 6e+ 35e- 6e+ 9968e- 4 e+ 43e- e e e+ 5e- 3e e e+ 656e- 36e e e+ 754e- 4e+ 6894e e+ 84e- 568e+ 7876e e+ 9747e- 79e+ 8759e- 897e+ 8e- 945e e- 3 P g e

9 Scece Refleco SR Vol 6 wwwscecereflecocom Geerl Leers Mhemcs 7 ocluso we c coclude ll dfferel equo wh l codos correspods o Volerr egrl equo of he secod d d he umercl soluo of egrl equo for emple Trpezodl mehod s he eer h he umercl soluo of correspode dfferel equo for emple Euler or fe dffereces mehod Refereces [] P ollsdfferel d egrl equo Oford uvers of Press New Yor 6 [] H HochsdIegrl equos Polechc se of Brool New Yor 973 [3] S GuechRelo des équos egrles e dffereelles Thess of Mser uvers of Msl Alger [4] M Ndr ours sur les équos égrles Uvers of Msl Alger 8 3 P g e

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