!"#$! &% ('*),+'-.#/!0/!#'#$/! ('1/!2+$)3 ( 4 ('1 (/!+-5 - ('1/!#$667#($#$6#86%'1+%!66 ('11%/(#$669! (9+.#:6#'19#$68+#$(;<*/!6! =9!"7>0 ('1.1>0+9), (#

Transcription

1 "!# $%'&)(+*-,/.)01% 2435/5#2 6'

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

5 9 / / / #M),+'0#.%'1+%!66 ('&MD/!6 (#'!@ $ & $! +'"M%!!?%6#"766(@K&+$),(9/!+('1!7+98D#- #$ 3;?/!+'1+66"?>#$ ('D%!!K=.!D!/!+=+.(@=4!/!(@/!+'1+66" %'1+%!66('#" ; '#'1+D+- (+#$6%#'#-!('1&#'1!77M+$)%'1+%!66('1(;!K- 8('17#'1K)*6#$M!G#$66+$> /!+-.%#'1+ +$) /!#'#$/! ('1/!7+$) 4 ('1(?%'1+%!66('17>+7(%("G+?%!/! B /K/!++?+$) (#$/!!(;2 %#'#-!('1!7M&M#'1N C&$#/! + 9/! ((@ 0N Ö 9P "!#$$% & % % '"( &)% & ' + 9/! ((@,.-N % % ' ( *!+$,.- / O & 0 $1 0.2!P % % ' 3 &!# 4& & & 5$&6"! T &-"7 % % "( &#% & % % ( *!+$ T%$ :M +'. + 9/! ((@ T%$,.8N 4& & 1 2 => 9/! (/!3N,.8 9 O & $1 6:!P % % );3 "!#$+<% 3 & & & 5$&6"! T &-"7 4& & 1 2 % % '"( &)% & % % ' ( *!+$? $$(( Ö 0,.- P O "@ 0,.82P A '$$((,.- 3 T T 7,.8 ;3 '$$(( B C>D EEFG H"I$J KJ HFL"J H MNOQPOR S$T U OQV#OQPWXS>Ÿ Z[\](^W _+OS` aphb>fcd eqf g"h i>ell"h"jfk Lml0n$eJ H opqqr Hs J ot u J

6 #= 9/! (/!=#'1.#$66K%6+!=#$"#$m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

9 E 0 2 % %'1+%!66 ('1>0 ('10!!),+'1>#'1'1+#$+D>D),+'1>#'1>#$ /!++ ),+' +'-.#$60- ++'1"7+'- ++'*5*#$6" ;?H? (#$'1 (- (+$)&' #?+'.>0 ('1 #$/#.'1!K8M#R"M #$#.'1+"+D# B3!6?%#$/!!='#" +$)/4 +$> %!!M#S%'1+%!66 (' /2H " (;=M# #'1=),+'-.#$D),+' %'1! (" %'1+%!66 ('0 #$#D',.-2@ T%$ 5,.8@#. 9/! (/!M#$2)*/!+0+$)> 0;2/('1! ),+'0D (9!&%'1+%!66 ('1#'1D+$>&99B "'1! '1+" TT ;

10 Michigan Wheel two bladed 13 x 10 fixed pitch Thrust coefficient, K T 10 x Torque coefficient, 10 x K Q Efficiency advance coefficient J = V A / (n x D)!2"'1 NH?/!"#E!!6 86#$B :! Michigan Wheel three bladed 13 x 10 fixed pitch Thrust coefficient, K T 10 x Torque coefficient, 10 x K Q Efficiency advance coefficient J = V A / (n x D)!2"'1 NH?/!"#E!!6 86#$B :! &

11 Campbell Sailer two bladed 13 x 10 fixed pitch Thrust coefficient, K T 10 x Torque coefficient, 10 x K Q Efficiency advance coefficient J = V A / (n x D)!2"'1 N #-.%8!66.86#$!7B :! Campbell Sailer three bladed 13 x 10 fixed pitch Thrust coefficient, K T 10 x Torque coefficient, 10 x K Q Efficiency advance coefficient J = V A / (n x D)!2"'1,N #-.%8!66.86#$!7B :! T%$

12 Martec two bladed 13 x 10 folding Thrust coefficient, K T 10 x Torque coefficient, 10 x K Q Efficiency advance coefficient J = V A / (n x D)!2"'157NH=#'1!/.86#$!M),+6" Gori two bladed 13 x 9 folding Thrust coefficient, K T 10 x Torque coefficient, 10 x K Q Efficiency advance coefficient J = V A / (n x D)!2"'1 *N +'1.86#$!M),+6" TT

13 Max-Prop two bladed 13 x 10 feathering Thrust coefficient, K T 10 x Torque coefficient, 10 x K Q Efficiency advance coefficient J = V A / (n x D)!2"'1 N2H=#$:5'1+%.86#$!7), (#$ ('1" Max-Prop three bladed 13 x 10 feathering Thrust coefficient, K T 10 x Torque coefficient, 10 x K Q Efficiency advance coefficient J = V A / (n x D)!2"'1 &N2H=#$:5'1+%.86#$!7), (#$ ('1" T

14 Autoprop 3 blade self-pitching 13 in. diameter Thrust coefficient, K T 10 x Torque coefficient, 10 x K Q Efficiency advance coefficient J = V A / (n x D)!2"'1 T%$ NCD+%'1+%9!6 )A51%/!" Trumbly Tri-Blade 13 x 10 folding Thrust coefficient, K T 10 x Torque coefficient, 10 X K Q Efficiency advance coefficient J = V A / (n x D)!2"'1 TT N2'- 867'1 5 6#$),+6" T

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m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

17 Autoprop 3 blade self-feathering Gori 2 blade folding Campbell Sailer 2 blade fixed Campbell Sailer 3 blade fixed Trumbly Tri-Blade 3 blade folding Michigan Wheel 2 blade fixed Michigan Wheel 3 blade fixed Martec 2 blade folding Max-Prop 2 blade feathering Max-Prop 3 blade feathering efficiency 0.3 K T advance coefficient J = V A / (n x D)!2"'1 T ND! ('- #$+9+$)3'1+%!66 ('=> 9/! (/!! T 7

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

19 Reverse thrust performance Campbell 2 blade fixed Campbell 3 blade fixed Gori 2 blade folding Autoprop 3 blade self-pitching reverse thrust (lb) Mich. Wheel 2 bld fixed Mich. Wheel 3 bld fixed 20 Martec 2 bld folding Maxprop 2 bld feather Maxprop 3 bld feather propeller rpm!2"'1 T N0! ('1 ('*),+'-.#/! T

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m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

21 Drag force (lb) Comparison of drag forces Campbell 2 blade fixed pitch Campbell 3 blade fixed pitch Gori 2 blade folding Autoprop 3 blade self-pitching Mich. Wheel 2 blade fixed Mich. Wheel 3 blade fixed Martec 2 blade folding Maxprop 2 blade feathering Maxprop 3 blade feathering Trumbly Tri-Blade folding Water velocity (knots)!2"'1 T N +-.%#'1+9+$) '#$" ),+'1/!! " ('D#$$#/! /!+ 9/! ((;&<*9B T%$ 0,.8 /('1/(#78!:(! +9.'1"87!+M %+>& ('1 %#$!D'1+"!('1+M+'.; 3('1+ +'.?O T%$,.8 $ P!@3/!+''1!%+"?+?+M)*'1/!+=+?.#(),&)*'1+-I 8+#$(@ >0+6=)*#$660#$#8+5 $ &-,; CF'1(#$+#86M#%%'1+$:-.#$+7),+'& #$$#/!D/!+ 9/! (#$0#$/!/!+),+'28(#'1")*'1/!+9('1),+'1D- "8 T $,;)=2:("M5,.-K/('1 #$>0!66,@3$#$6.+$)#,.-=#8+5 $ ; T ; 2"&),+'- 6#),+',.-2@(2' #8+35 T %+OA T %++$) '#$"+.D8+#$(@/!m,.-7!"#$(P!; 6 (#'16@!/('1(#$!M '#$"D),+'2 #$+.>0+'1+$)/!+ ('#$+3;&/!+/!6+9)*'1+-!&/(#$6/(6#$+ #$# 8##$6 '1! '1(#$6!!=>&(7# B :!=%/!?%'1+%!66('&#$66+$>0!7+.)*'1!5*>&!!6,;&!/!+ +&)*'1!5*>&!!63+'2+(@$+"3@- #$6+#R$0+ #$/!/!+0)*#$/!+'1+$)+ #7>0(#'0#M(#'0+9D(".#78(#'1"(; $

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