Lecture Notes for Math 1000
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1 Lecture Notes for Math 1000 Dr. Xiang-Sheng Wang Memorial University of Newfoundland Office: HH-2016, Phone: Office hours: 13:00-15:00 Wednesday, 12:00-13:00 Friday Course website: Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 1
2 Numerical investigation of f() = sin f() = sin f() = sin f() = sin approaches 1 when is close (but not equal) to 0. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 2
3 Graphical investigation of f() = sin 1 f() = sin approaches 1 when is close (but not equal) to 0. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 3
4 Definition of limits If 1. f() is defined for all near c, but not necessarily at c itself. 2. f() L becomes arbitrarily small when is any number sufficiently close (but not equal) to c. Then we say that the limit of f() as approaches c is equal to L. We write lim f() = L. c We also say that f() L (f() approaches or converges to L) as c ( tends to c). Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 4
5 Limits of two simple functions For any constant k and c, we have lim k = k and lim = c. c c k c c c Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 5
6 Numerical investigation of lim lim = 2. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 6
7 Graphical investigation of lim lim = 2. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 7
8 Numerical investigation of lim lim 1 2 = 1. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 8
9 Graphical investigation of lim lim 1 2 = 1. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 9
10 e Numerical investigation of lim 1 0 e 1 e lim 0 e 1 = 1. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 10
11 e Graphical investigation of lim lim 0 e 1 = 1. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 11
12 Numerical investigation of lim 0 cos cos cos lim cos = 1. 0 Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 12
13 Graphical investigation of lim 0 cos 1 lim cos = 1. 0 Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 13
14 One-sided limits Left-hand limit: left-hand side. lim f() = L if f() converges to L as approaches c from c Right-hand limit: lim f() = L if f() converges to L as approaches c c + from right-hand side. Theorem: lim f() = L if and only if both lim f() = L and lim f() = L c c c + are satisfied. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 14
15 Infinite limits If f() increases without bound as c, then we write lim c f() =. If f() tends to (i.e., f() becomes negative and f() ) as c, then we write lim c f() =. If f() as approaches c from the left-hand side ( c ), then we write lim f() =. c If f() as approaches c from the right-hand side ( c + ), then we write lim f() =. c + If f() as c, then we write lim f() =. c If f() as c +, then we write lim f() =. c + Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 15
16 The function f() = 1 1 lim 0 =, lim =, lim 0 1 does NOT eist. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 16
17 The function f() = lim =, lim =, lim =. 0 2 Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 17
18 The function f() = ln lim ln does NOT eist, lim 0 ln =, lim 0 + ln does NOT eist. 0 Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 18
19 The notation The notation looks like a sideways 8: Good mathematical skills: 1 lim =. 1 lim = 1 lim = lim = Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 19
20 An eample Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 20
21 Basic limit laws Assume that lim f() and lim g() are finite. Then c c (i) Sum/Difference Law: lim(f() ± g()) = lim f() ± lim g(). c c c (ii) Constant Multiple Law: For any number k, (iii) Product Law: lim kf() = k lim f(). c c ( ) ( ) lim (f()g()) = lim f() lim g(). c c c (iv) Quotient Law: If lim c g() 0, then lim c f() lim f() g() = c lim g(). c Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 21
22 Basic limit laws The Sum and Product Laws are valid for any finite number of functions. For eample, assume that lim f 1 (), lim f 2 () and lim f 3 () are finite. Then c c c lim (f 1() + f 2 () + f 3 ()) = lim f 1 () + lim f 2 () + lim f 3 (). c c c c ( ) ( ) ( ) lim (f 1()f 2 ()f 3 ()) = lim f 1() lim f 2() lim f 3() c c c c To apply the Limit Laws, we need to assume lim c f() and lim c g() are finite. If the function at the bottom g() tends to 0, then the Quotient Law does not apply. In this case, we have to do algebraic transformation before applying the Limit Laws.. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 22
23 Continuity Let f() be defined for near c AND = c. We say f is continuous at = c if lim f() = f(c). c Otherwise, we say f is discontinuous at = c. 1. We say f has a removable discontinuity at = c if lim f() f(c). c 2. We say f has a jump discontinuity at = c if lim f() lim f(). c c + 3. We say f has an infinite discontinuity at = c if either or both the one-sided limit is or. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 23
24 One-sided continuity and laws of continuity f() is called left-continuous if f() is called right-continuous if lim f() = f(c). c lim f() = f(c). c + (Laws of Continuity) If f() and g() are continuous at = c. Then f() ± g(), kf(), f()g() are continuous at = c. If further, g(c) 0, then f() g() is continuous at = c. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 24
25 An eample f() is continuous at = 1, and discontinuous at = 1, 0, 2. f() has an infinite discontinuity at = 1, a jump discontinuity at = 0, and a removable discontinuity at = 2. f() is left-continuous (but NOT right-continuous) at = 0. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 25
26 Basic functions, inverse function and composite function (Polynomial and rational functions) Let P () and Q() be polynomials. Then: 1. P () is continuous on the real line. 2. P ()/Q() is continuous at = c if Q(c) 0. (Basic functions) 1. f() = sin and f() = cos are continuous on the real line. 2. For b > 0, f() = b is continuous on the real line. 3. For b > 0 and b 1, f() = log b is continuous for > If n is a rational number, then f() = 1/n is continuous on its domain. (Inverse function) If f() is continuous on an interval I with range R, and if the inverse f 1 () eists, then f 1 () is continuous on R. (Composite function) If g() is continuous at = c, and if f(y) is continuous at y = g(c), then f(g()) is continuous at = c. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 26
27 The squeeze theorem f f() is squeezed at = 0 by l() and u(). Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 27
28 The squeeze theorem f f() is NOT squeezed at = 0 by l() and u(). Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 28
29 The squeeze theorem If f() is squeezed at = c by l() and u(), namely, 1. l() f() u() for all close (but not equal) to c. 2. lim l() = lim u() = L. c c Then the limit lim c f() eists and lim c f() = L. The meat/vegetable is squeezed by the two breads. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 29
30 The squeeze theorem: lim 0 sin = 1 u 1 l cos f() = sin is squeezed at = 0 by l() = cos and u() = 1. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 30
31 The squeeze theorem: lim 0 sin 1 = 0 u f sin 1 l f() = sin 1 is squeezed at = 0 by l() = and u() =. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 31
32 Three techniques for evaluating limits and two formulas Three techniques: 1. Algebraic Transformation 2. The Squeeze Theorem 3. Change of Variable Two formulas: lim 0 sin = 1 and lim 0 1 cos 2 = 1 2. Remark: the second formula implies ( 1 cos lim = lim cos 2 ) ( ) lim 0 = ( ) 1 (0) = 0. 2 Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 32
33 Limits at infinity and asymptotes If f() L becomes arbitrarily small (f() L) as increases without bound ( ), then we write lim f() = L. If f() L becomes arbitrarily small (f() L) as decreases without bound ( ), then we write lim f() = L. The horizontal line y = L is called a horizontal asymptote of f() if lim f() = L, or lim f() = L. The vertical line = c is called a vertical asymptote of f() if either or both the one-sided limit at = c is or (namely, f() has an infinite discontinuity at = c). Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 33
34 Limits at infinity For any a > 0, we have lim a = 0, and lim a =. Proposition: Given positive constant L > 0, we have ± L =, + = L =, ( L) =, = L 0 + =, L 0 =, L 0 + =, L 0 = Remark: 0 0,, 0, are indeterminate. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 34
35 2 runs faster than as 2 is the hare (rabbit), is the tortoise (turtle), 2 runs faster than as. lim (2 ) =. Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 35
36 Limits of polynomials at infinity Transform the difference/sum into a product: lim (2 ) = lim 2 (1 1 ) =. The leading term of a polynomial dominates when, namely, if n 1 and a n 0, then lim (a n n + a n 1 n a 0 ) = lim n (a n + a n a 0 n ) = lim a n n {, for a n > 0 =, for a n < 0 Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 36
37 Limits of rational functions at infinity and limits at Let n 1, m 1, a n 0 and b m 0, then lim a n n + a n 1 n a 0 b m m + b m 1 m 1 + b 0 = lim = lim n (a n + a n a 0 n ) m (b m + b m b 0 m ) a n n b m m = a n b m lim n m. If, then we make a change of variable y = (replace by y and by y): lim f() = lim f( y). y Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 37
38 Horizontal and vertical asymptotes The horizontal asymptotes come from the limits at infinity (if eist). The vertical asymptotes come from the points of infinite discontinuity. Find horizontal and vertical asymptotes of a rational function: 1. Evaluate the limits at and to obtain horizontal asymptotes. 2. Find the zeros of denominator and evaluate the corresponding one-sided limits to obtain vertical asymptotes (if any). Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Net Last 38
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