Predictive Modeling: Classification. KSE 521 Topic 6 Mun Yi
|
|
- Elizabeth Chase
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Predictive Modeling: Classification Topic 6 Mun Yi
2 Agenda Models and Induction Entropy and Information Gain Tree-Based Classifier Probability Estimation 2
3 Introduction Key concept of BI: Predictive modeling Supervised segmentation: how can we segment the population with respect to something that we would like to predict or estim ate Which customers are likely to leave the company when their contracts expire?" Which potential customers are likely not to pay off their acc ount balances?" Technique: Find or select important, informative variables / attributes of the entities w.r.t. a target Is there one or more other variables that reduces our uncertainty about the value of the target? Select informative subsets in large databases 3
4 Models and Induction A model is a simplified representation of reality created to serve a purpose A predictive model is a formula for estimating the unknown value of interest: the target Classification/class-probab. estim. and regression models Prediction = estimate an unknown value Credit scoring, spam filtering, fraud detection Descriptive modeling: gain insight into the underlying phenomenon or process 4
5 Finding Informative Attributes Is there one or more other variables that reduce our uncertainty about the value of the target variable? Person Mortgage ID Age Gender Income Balance payment F Y M N F Y M Y
6 Main Questions How can we judge whether a variable contains important information about the target variable? How can we (automatically) obtain a selection of the more informative variables with respect to predicting the value of the target variable? Even better, can we obtain the ranking of the variables? 6
7 Example - A Set of People to be Classified Attributes: head-shape: square, circular body-shape: rectangular, oval body-color: black, white Target variable: Yes, No 7
8 Selecting Informative Attributes Which attribute is the most informative? Or the most useful for distinguishing between data instances? If we split our data according to this variable, we would like the resulting groups to be as pure as possible. By pure, we mean homogeneous with respect to the target variable. If every member of a group has the same value for the target, then the group is totally pure. 8
9 Example If this is our entire dataset: Then, we can obtain two pure groups by splitting according to body shape: 9
10 Concerns Attributes rarely split a group perfectly. Even if one subgroup happens to be pure, the other may not. Is a very small, pure group, a good thing? How should continuous and categorical attributes be handled? 10
11 Entropy and Information Gain Target variable has two (or more) categories: 1, 2 (, m) - Probability P1 for category 1 - Probability P2 for category 2 Entropy: H 2 ( X ) p1 log2 p1 p2 log2 p2 p m log p m 11
12 Entropy H 2 ( X ) p1 log 2 p1 p2 log 2 p2 p m log p m H ( X ) 0.5log log H ( X ) 0.75log log H ( X ) 1log
13 Entropy 13
14 Information Gain Calculation of information gain (IG): IG (parent, children) = entropy(parent) [p(c1) entropy(c1)+p(c2) entropy(c2) + ] Parent Child 1 (c1) Child 2 (c2) Child Note: Higher IG indicates a more informative split by the variable. 14
15 Information Gain mortgage person id age>50 gender residence balance payment N F own delayed Y M own OK N F rent delayed Y M other delayed
16 Information Gain - delay - OK 16
17 Information Gain Entropy(parent) = [p( ) log2 p( ) +p( ) log2 p( )] = [0.53 ( 0.9) ( 1.1)] = 0.99 (very impure!) Left child: entropy(balance < 50K) = [p( ) log2 p( ) + p( ) log2 p( )] = [0.92 ( 0.12) ( 3.7)] = delay - OK Right child: entropy(balance 50K) = [p( ) log2 p( ) + p( ) log2 p( )] = [0.24 ( 2.1) ( 0.39)] =
18 Information Gain Entropy(parent) = 0.99 Left child: entropy(balance < 50K) = 0.39 Right child: entropy(balance 50K) = 0.79 IG for the split based on balance variable : IG = entropy(parent) [p(balance < 50K) entropy(balance < 50K) +p(balance 50K) entropy(balance 50K)] = 0.99 [ ] =
19 Information Gain entropy(parent) =0.99 entropy(residence=own) =0.54 entropy(residence=rent) =0.97 entropy(residence=other) =0.98 IG = delay - OK 19
20 So far We have measures of: Purity of the data (entropy) How informative a split by a variable is. We can identify and rank informative variables. Next we use this method to build our first supervised learning classifier a decision tree. 20
21 Decision Trees If we select multiple attributes each giving some information gain, it s not clear how to put them together decision trees The tree creates a segmentation of the data Each node in the tree contains a test of an attribute Each path eventually terminates at a leaf Each leaf corresponds to a segment, and the attributes and values along the path give the characteristics Each leaf contains a value for the target variable Decision trees are often used as predictive models 21
22 How to build a decision tree (1/4) EXPERT DECISION TREE GENERATED ELEMENTARY RULES INDUCTION DWH SAMPLE ELE MENTARY RU LES heuristic enumerative heuristic enumerative Manually build the tree based on expert knowledge very time-consuming trees are sometimes corrupt (redundancy, contradictions, non-completenes, inefficient) Build the tree automatically by induction recursively partition the instan ces based on their attributes (d ivide-and-conquer) easy to understand relatively efficient 22
23 How to build a decision tree (2/4) Recursively apply attribute selection to find the best attribute to partition the data set The goal at each step is to select an attribute to partition the current group into subgroups that are as pure as possible w.r.t. the target variable 23
24 How to build a decision tree (3/4) 24
25 How to build a decision tree (4/4) 25
26 Dataset mortgage person id age>50 gender residence Balance>= 50,000 payment delay N F own N delayed Y M own Y OK N F rent N delayed Y M other N delayed Based on this dataset we will build a tree-based classifier. 26
27 Tree Structure All customers Balance 50,000 Balance<50,000 Residence = Own OK Residence = Rent OK Residence = other Delay Age 50 OK Age<50 Delay 27
28 Tree Structure All customers (14 Delay,16 OK) 28
29 Tree Structure balance residence gender age cust id Information Gain All customers (14 Delay,16 OK) 29
30 Tree Structure All customers (14 Delay,16 OK) Balance 50,000 (4 delay, 12 OK) Balance<50,000 (2 OK, 12 delay) 30
31 Tree Structure All customers (14 Delay,16 OK) Balance 50,000 (4 delay, 12 OK) Balance<50,000 (2 OK, 12 delay) 31
32 Tree Structure All customers (14 Delay,16 OK) Balance 50,000 (4 delay, 12 OK) Balance<50,000 (2 OK, 12 delay) Age 50 OK (1 delay,2 OK) Age<50 Delay (11 delay,0 OK) 32
33 Tree Structure All customers (14 Delay,16 OK) Balance 50,000 (4 delay, 12 OK) Balance<50,000 (2 OK, 12 delay) Information Gain residence gender age cust id Age 50 OK (1 delay,2 OK) Age<50 Delay (11 delay,0 OK) 33
34 Tree Structure All customers (14 Delay,16 OK) Balance 50,000 (4 delay, 12 OK) Balance<50,000 (2 OK, 12 delay) Residence = Own OK (0 delay, 5 OK) Residence = Rent OK (1 delay, 5 OK) Residence = Other Delay (3 delay, 2 OK) Age 50 OK (1 delay,2 OK) Age<50 Delay (11 delay,0 OK) 34
35 Tree Structure All customers Balance 50,000 Balance<50,000 Residence = Own OK Residence = Rent OK Residence = Other Delay Age 50 OK Age<50 Delay id Age>50 Residenc Gender e Balance >=50K Delay Y F own <50K??? 35
36 Information gain for numeric attributes "Discretize" numeric attributes by split points How to choose the split points that provide the highest information gain? Segmentation for regression problems Information gain is not the right measure We need a measure of purity for numeric values Look at reduction of VARIANCE 36
37 Open Issues All customers (14 Delay,16 OK) Balance 50,000 (4 delay, 12 OK) Balance<50,000 (2 OK, 12 delay) Residence = Own OK (0 delay, 5 OK) Residence = Rent RESIDENCE = Other OK Delay (1 delay, 5 OK) (3 delay, 2 OK) Age 50 OK (1 delay,2 OK) Age<50 Delay (11 delay,0 OK) 37
38 Probability Estimation (1/3) We often need a more informative prediction than just a classification E.g. allocate your budget to the instances with the highest expected loss More sophisticated decision-making process Classification may oversimplify the problem E.g. if all segments have a probability of <0.5 for write-off, every leaf will be labeled not write-off" We would like each segment (leaf) to be assigned an estimate of the probability of membership in the different classes Probability estimation tree 38
39 Probability Estimation (2/3) Tree induction can easily produce probability estimation trees instead of simple classification trees Instance counts at each leaf provide class probability estimates Frequency-based estimate of class membership: if a leaf contains positive and negative instances, the probability of any new instance being positive may be estimated as n/(n+m). Approach may be too optimistic for segments with a very small number of instances ( overfitting) Smoothed version of frequency-based estimate by Laplace correction, which moderates the influence of leaves with n+1 only a few instances: p(c) = with n as number of instances that n+m+2 belong to class c and m as the number of instances not belonging to class c. 39
40 Probability Estimation (3/3) Effect of Laplace correction o n several class ratios as the number of instances increas es (2/3, 3/4, 4/5) Example: A leaf of the classification tree that has 2 pos. instances and no negative instances would produce the same f-b estimate ( = 1) as a leaf node with 20 pos. and no negatives. The Laplace correction smooths the estimate of the first lea f down to = 0.75 to reflect this uncertainty, but it has much less effect on the leaf with 20 instances ( 0.95) 40
41 Example - The Churn Problem (1/3) Solve the churn problem by tree induction Historical data set of 20,000 customers Each customer either had stayed with the company or left Customers are described by the following variables: We want to use this data to predict which new customers are going to churn. 41
42 The Churn Problem (2/3) How good are each of these variables individually? Measure the information gain of each variable Compute information gain for each variable independently 42
43 The Churn Problem (3/3) The highest information gain feature (HOUSE) is at the root of the tree. Why is the order of features chosen for the tree different from the ranking? When to stop building the tree? How do we know that this is a good model? 43
44 When to Stop Building the Tree Tree pruning identifies and removes subtrees within a decision tree that are likely to be due to noise and sample variance in the training set. Pre-pruning a tree is pruned by stopping its construction early specifying a threshold for - the number of instances per node - information gain - depth of the tree Post-pruning a tree is pruned after tree induction algorithm is allowed to grow a tree to completion 44
45 Decision Trees with R R also allows for much finer control of the decision tree construction. The script below demonstrates how to create a simple tree for the Iris data set using a training set of 75 records: >library(rpart) >iris.train <- c(sample(1:150,75)) >iris.dtree <- rpart(species~.,data=iris, subset=iris.train) >library(rattle) >drawtreenodes(iris.dtree) >table(predict(iris.dtree,iris[-iris.train,], type= class ), iris[-iris.train, Species ]) 45
Decision Tree Analysis for Classification Problems. Entscheidungsunterstützungssysteme SS 18
Decision Tree Analysis for Classification Problems Entscheidungsunterstützungssysteme SS 18 Supervised segmentation An intuitive way of thinking about extracting patterns from data in a supervised manner
More informationCS 6375 Machine Learning
CS 6375 Machine Learning Decision Trees Instructor: Yang Liu 1 Supervised Classifier X 1 X 2. X M Ref class label 2 1 Three variables: Attribute 1: Hair = {blond, dark} Attribute 2: Height = {tall, short}
More informationCS145: INTRODUCTION TO DATA MINING
CS145: INTRODUCTION TO DATA MINING 4: Vector Data: Decision Tree Instructor: Yizhou Sun yzsun@cs.ucla.edu October 10, 2017 Methods to Learn Vector Data Set Data Sequence Data Text Data Classification Clustering
More informationData Mining Classification: Basic Concepts and Techniques. Lecture Notes for Chapter 3. Introduction to Data Mining, 2nd Edition
Data Mining Classification: Basic Concepts and Techniques Lecture Notes for Chapter 3 by Tan, Steinbach, Karpatne, Kumar 1 Classification: Definition Given a collection of records (training set ) Each
More informationDecision Tree Learning
Decision Tree Learning Berlin Chen Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering National Taiwan Normal University References: 1. Machine Learning, Chapter 3 2. Data Mining: Concepts, Models,
More informationClassification: Decision Trees
Classification: Decision Trees These slides were assembled by Byron Boots, with grateful acknowledgement to Eric Eaton and the many others who made their course materials freely available online. Feel
More informationCS6375: Machine Learning Gautam Kunapuli. Decision Trees
Gautam Kunapuli Example: Restaurant Recommendation Example: Develop a model to recommend restaurants to users depending on their past dining experiences. Here, the features are cost (x ) and the user s
More informationCHAPTER-17. Decision Tree Induction
CHAPTER-17 Decision Tree Induction 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Attribute selection measure 17.3 Tree Pruning 17.4 Extracting Classification Rules from Decision Trees 17.5 Bayesian Classification 17.6 Bayes
More informationClassification and Prediction
Classification Classification and Prediction Classification: predict categorical class labels Build a model for a set of classes/concepts Classify loan applications (approve/decline) Prediction: model
More informationDecision Trees. CS57300 Data Mining Fall Instructor: Bruno Ribeiro
Decision Trees CS57300 Data Mining Fall 2016 Instructor: Bruno Ribeiro Goal } Classification without Models Well, partially without a model } Today: Decision Trees 2015 Bruno Ribeiro 2 3 Why Trees? } interpretable/intuitive,
More informationDecision Trees Part 1. Rao Vemuri University of California, Davis
Decision Trees Part 1 Rao Vemuri University of California, Davis Overview What is a Decision Tree Sample Decision Trees How to Construct a Decision Tree Problems with Decision Trees Classification Vs Regression
More informationLearning Decision Trees
Learning Decision Trees Machine Learning Fall 2018 Some slides from Tom Mitchell, Dan Roth and others 1 Key issues in machine learning Modeling How to formulate your problem as a machine learning problem?
More informationDecision Trees. Lewis Fishgold. (Material in these slides adapted from Ray Mooney's slides on Decision Trees)
Decision Trees Lewis Fishgold (Material in these slides adapted from Ray Mooney's slides on Decision Trees) Classification using Decision Trees Nodes test features, there is one branch for each value of
More informationDecision trees. Special Course in Computer and Information Science II. Adam Gyenge Helsinki University of Technology
Decision trees Special Course in Computer and Information Science II Adam Gyenge Helsinki University of Technology 6.2.2008 Introduction Outline: Definition of decision trees ID3 Pruning methods Bibliography:
More informationData Mining. CS57300 Purdue University. Bruno Ribeiro. February 8, 2018
Data Mining CS57300 Purdue University Bruno Ribeiro February 8, 2018 Decision trees Why Trees? interpretable/intuitive, popular in medical applications because they mimic the way a doctor thinks model
More informationLearning Decision Trees
Learning Decision Trees Machine Learning Spring 2018 1 This lecture: Learning Decision Trees 1. Representation: What are decision trees? 2. Algorithm: Learning decision trees The ID3 algorithm: A greedy
More informationDan Roth 461C, 3401 Walnut
CIS 519/419 Applied Machine Learning www.seas.upenn.edu/~cis519 Dan Roth danroth@seas.upenn.edu http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~danroth/ 461C, 3401 Walnut Slides were created by Dan Roth (for CIS519/419 at Penn
More informationEECS 349:Machine Learning Bryan Pardo
EECS 349:Machine Learning Bryan Pardo Topic 2: Decision Trees (Includes content provided by: Russel & Norvig, D. Downie, P. Domingos) 1 General Learning Task There is a set of possible examples Each example
More informationthe tree till a class assignment is reached
Decision Trees Decision Tree for Playing Tennis Prediction is done by sending the example down Prediction is done by sending the example down the tree till a class assignment is reached Definitions Internal
More informationDecision Trees. Each internal node : an attribute Branch: Outcome of the test Leaf node or terminal node: class label.
Decision Trees Supervised approach Used for Classification (Categorical values) or regression (continuous values). The learning of decision trees is from class-labeled training tuples. Flowchart like structure.
More informationMachine Learning and Data Mining. Decision Trees. Prof. Alexander Ihler
+ Machine Learning and Data Mining Decision Trees Prof. Alexander Ihler Decision trees Func-onal form f(x;µ): nested if-then-else statements Discrete features: fully expressive (any func-on) Structure:
More informationHoldout and Cross-Validation Methods Overfitting Avoidance
Holdout and Cross-Validation Methods Overfitting Avoidance Decision Trees Reduce error pruning Cost-complexity pruning Neural Networks Early stopping Adjusting Regularizers via Cross-Validation Nearest
More informationInduction of Decision Trees
Induction of Decision Trees Peter Waiganjo Wagacha This notes are for ICS320 Foundations of Learning and Adaptive Systems Institute of Computer Science University of Nairobi PO Box 30197, 00200 Nairobi.
More informationCLUe Training An Introduction to Machine Learning in R with an example from handwritten digit recognition
CLUe Training An Introduction to Machine Learning in R with an example from handwritten digit recognition Ad Feelders Universiteit Utrecht Department of Information and Computing Sciences Algorithmic Data
More informationDecision Tree Learning Lecture 2
Machine Learning Coms-4771 Decision Tree Learning Lecture 2 January 28, 2008 Two Types of Supervised Learning Problems (recap) Feature (input) space X, label (output) space Y. Unknown distribution D over
More informationDecision Trees (Cont.)
Decision Trees (Cont.) R&N Chapter 18.2,18.3 Side example with discrete (categorical) attributes: Predicting age (3 values: less than 30, 30-45, more than 45 yrs old) from census data. Attributes (split
More informationbrainlinksystem.com $25+ / hr AI Decision Tree Learning Part I Outline Learning 11/9/2010 Carnegie Mellon
I Decision Tree Learning Part I brainlinksystem.com $25+ / hr Illah Nourbakhsh s version Chapter 8, Russell and Norvig Thanks to all past instructors Carnegie Mellon Outline Learning and philosophy Induction
More informationLecture 7: DecisionTrees
Lecture 7: DecisionTrees What are decision trees? Brief interlude on information theory Decision tree construction Overfitting avoidance Regression trees COMP-652, Lecture 7 - September 28, 2009 1 Recall:
More informationIntroduction to Data Science Data Mining for Business Analytics
Introduction to Data Science Data Mining for Business Analytics BRIAN D ALESSANDRO VP DATA SCIENCE, DSTILLERY ADJUNCT PROFESSOR, NYU FALL 2014 Fine Print: these slides are, and always will be a work in
More informationReview of Lecture 1. Across records. Within records. Classification, Clustering, Outlier detection. Associations
Review of Lecture 1 This course is about finding novel actionable patterns in data. We can divide data mining algorithms (and the patterns they find) into five groups Across records Classification, Clustering,
More informationDecision trees COMS 4771
Decision trees COMS 4771 1. Prediction functions (again) Learning prediction functions IID model for supervised learning: (X 1, Y 1),..., (X n, Y n), (X, Y ) are iid random pairs (i.e., labeled examples).
More informationSymbolic methods in TC: Decision Trees
Symbolic methods in TC: Decision Trees ML for NLP Lecturer: Kevin Koidl Assist. Lecturer Alfredo Maldonado https://www.cs.tcd.ie/kevin.koidl/cs0/ kevin.koidl@scss.tcd.ie, maldonaa@tcd.ie 01-017 A symbolic
More informationSupervised Learning! Algorithm Implementations! Inferring Rudimentary Rules and Decision Trees!
Supervised Learning! Algorithm Implementations! Inferring Rudimentary Rules and Decision Trees! Summary! Input Knowledge representation! Preparing data for learning! Input: Concept, Instances, Attributes"
More informationMachine Learning 3. week
Machine Learning 3. week Entropy Decision Trees ID3 C4.5 Classification and Regression Trees (CART) 1 What is Decision Tree As a short description, decision tree is a data classification procedure which
More informationC4.5 - pruning decision trees
C4.5 - pruning decision trees Quiz 1 Quiz 1 Q: Is a tree with only pure leafs always the best classifier you can have? A: No. Quiz 1 Q: Is a tree with only pure leafs always the best classifier you can
More informationLecture 7 Decision Tree Classifier
Machine Learning Dr.Ammar Mohammed Lecture 7 Decision Tree Classifier Decision Tree A decision tree is a simple classifier in the form of a hierarchical tree structure, which performs supervised classification
More informationLecture VII: Classification I. Dr. Ouiem Bchir
Lecture VII: Classification I Dr. Ouiem Bchir 1 Classification: Definition Given a collection of records (training set ) Each record contains a set of attributes, one of the attributes is the class. Find
More informationLecture 3: Decision Trees
Lecture 3: Decision Trees Cognitive Systems II - Machine Learning SS 2005 Part I: Basic Approaches of Concept Learning ID3, Information Gain, Overfitting, Pruning Lecture 3: Decision Trees p. Decision
More informationIntroduction to Machine Learning CMU-10701
Introduction to Machine Learning CMU-10701 23. Decision Trees Barnabás Póczos Contents Decision Trees: Definition + Motivation Algorithm for Learning Decision Trees Entropy, Mutual Information, Information
More informationIntroduction. Decision Tree Learning. Outline. Decision Tree 9/7/2017. Decision Tree Definition
Introduction Decision Tree Learning Practical methods for inductive inference Approximating discrete-valued functions Robust to noisy data and capable of learning disjunctive expression ID3 earch a completely
More informationDecision Trees: Overfitting
Decision Trees: Overfitting Emily Fox University of Washington January 30, 2017 Decision tree recap Loan status: Root 22 18 poor 4 14 Credit? Income? excellent 9 0 3 years 0 4 Fair 9 4 Term? 5 years 9
More informationMachine Learning 2nd Edi7on
Lecture Slides for INTRODUCTION TO Machine Learning 2nd Edi7on CHAPTER 9: Decision Trees ETHEM ALPAYDIN The MIT Press, 2010 Edited and expanded for CS 4641 by Chris Simpkins alpaydin@boun.edu.tr h1p://www.cmpe.boun.edu.tr/~ethem/i2ml2e
More informationDecision Trees. Nicholas Ruozzi University of Texas at Dallas. Based on the slides of Vibhav Gogate and David Sontag
Decision Trees Nicholas Ruozzi University of Texas at Dallas Based on the slides of Vibhav Gogate and David Sontag Supervised Learning Input: labelled training data i.e., data plus desired output Assumption:
More informationJeffrey D. Ullman Stanford University
Jeffrey D. Ullman Stanford University 3 We are given a set of training examples, consisting of input-output pairs (x,y), where: 1. x is an item of the type we want to evaluate. 2. y is the value of some
More informationInformal Definition: Telling things apart
9. Decision Trees Informal Definition: Telling things apart 2 Nominal data No numeric feature vector Just a list or properties: Banana: longish, yellow Apple: round, medium sized, different colors like
More informationClassification: Decision Trees
Classification: Decision Trees Outline Top-Down Decision Tree Construction Choosing the Splitting Attribute Information Gain and Gain Ratio 2 DECISION TREE An internal node is a test on an attribute. A
More informationDecision Trees. Data Science: Jordan Boyd-Graber University of Maryland MARCH 11, Data Science: Jordan Boyd-Graber UMD Decision Trees 1 / 1
Decision Trees Data Science: Jordan Boyd-Graber University of Maryland MARCH 11, 2018 Data Science: Jordan Boyd-Graber UMD Decision Trees 1 / 1 Roadmap Classification: machines labeling data for us Last
More informationMachine Learning Recitation 8 Oct 21, Oznur Tastan
Machine Learning 10601 Recitation 8 Oct 21, 2009 Oznur Tastan Outline Tree representation Brief information theory Learning decision trees Bagging Random forests Decision trees Non linear classifier Easy
More informationDecision Trees. Tirgul 5
Decision Trees Tirgul 5 Using Decision Trees It could be difficult to decide which pet is right for you. We ll find a nice algorithm to help us decide what to choose without having to think about it. 2
More informationRandomized Decision Trees
Randomized Decision Trees compiled by Alvin Wan from Professor Jitendra Malik s lecture Discrete Variables First, let us consider some terminology. We have primarily been dealing with real-valued data,
More informationDecision Trees. CS 341 Lectures 8/9 Dan Sheldon
Decision rees CS 341 Lectures 8/9 Dan Sheldon Review: Linear Methods Y! So far, we ve looked at linear methods! Linear regression! Fit a line/plane/hyperplane X 2 X 1! Logistic regression! Decision boundary
More informationUniversität Potsdam Institut für Informatik Lehrstuhl Maschinelles Lernen. Decision Trees. Tobias Scheffer
Universität Potsdam Institut für Informatik Lehrstuhl Maschinelles Lernen Decision Trees Tobias Scheffer Decision Trees One of many applications: credit risk Employed longer than 3 months Positive credit
More informationData Mining and Analysis: Fundamental Concepts and Algorithms
Data Mining and Analysis: Fundamental Concepts and Algorithms dataminingbook.info Mohammed J. Zaki 1 Wagner Meira Jr. 2 1 Department of Computer Science Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
More informationLearning Decision Trees
Learning Decision Trees CS194-10 Fall 2011 Lecture 8 CS194-10 Fall 2011 Lecture 8 1 Outline Decision tree models Tree construction Tree pruning Continuous input features CS194-10 Fall 2011 Lecture 8 2
More informationEmpirical Risk Minimization, Model Selection, and Model Assessment
Empirical Risk Minimization, Model Selection, and Model Assessment CS6780 Advanced Machine Learning Spring 2015 Thorsten Joachims Cornell University Reading: Murphy 5.7-5.7.2.4, 6.5-6.5.3.1 Dietterich,
More informationCSCI 5622 Machine Learning
CSCI 5622 Machine Learning DATE READ DUE Mon, Aug 31 1, 2 & 3 Wed, Sept 2 3 & 5 Wed, Sept 9 TBA Prelim Proposal www.rodneynielsen.com/teaching/csci5622f09/ Instructor: Rodney Nielsen Assistant Professor
More informationMachine Learning & Data Mining
Group M L D Machine Learning M & Data Mining Chapter 7 Decision Trees Xin-Shun Xu @ SDU School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University Top 10 Algorithm in DM #1: C4.5 #2: K-Means #3: SVM
More informationDECISION TREE LEARNING. [read Chapter 3] [recommended exercises 3.1, 3.4]
1 DECISION TREE LEARNING [read Chapter 3] [recommended exercises 3.1, 3.4] Decision tree representation ID3 learning algorithm Entropy, Information gain Overfitting Decision Tree 2 Representation: Tree-structured
More information2018 CS420, Machine Learning, Lecture 5. Tree Models. Weinan Zhang Shanghai Jiao Tong University
2018 CS420, Machine Learning, Lecture 5 Tree Models Weinan Zhang Shanghai Jiao Tong University http://wnzhang.net http://wnzhang.net/teaching/cs420/index.html ML Task: Function Approximation Problem setting
More informationData Mining Classification
Data Mining Classification Jingpeng Li 1 of 27 What is Classification? Assigning an object to a certain class based on its similarity to previous examples of other objects Can be done with reference to
More informationCSE 417T: Introduction to Machine Learning. Final Review. Henry Chai 12/4/18
CSE 417T: Introduction to Machine Learning Final Review Henry Chai 12/4/18 Overfitting Overfitting is fitting the training data more than is warranted Fitting noise rather than signal 2 Estimating! "#$
More informationDecision T ree Tree Algorithm Week 4 1
Decision Tree Algorithm Week 4 1 Team Homework Assignment #5 Read pp. 105 117 of the text book. Do Examples 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and Exercise 3.4 (a). Prepare for the results of the homework assignment. Due date
More informationData classification (II)
Lecture 4: Data classification (II) Data Mining - Lecture 4 (2016) 1 Outline Decision trees Choice of the splitting attribute ID3 C4.5 Classification rules Covering algorithms Naïve Bayes Classification
More informationUVA CS 4501: Machine Learning
UVA CS 4501: Machine Learning Lecture 21: Decision Tree / Random Forest / Ensemble Dr. Yanjun Qi University of Virginia Department of Computer Science Where are we? è Five major sections of this course
More informationUniversität Potsdam Institut für Informatik Lehrstuhl Maschinelles Lernen. Intelligent Data Analysis. Decision Trees
Universität Potsdam Institut für Informatik Lehrstuhl Maschinelles Lernen Intelligent Data Analysis Decision Trees Paul Prasse, Niels Landwehr, Tobias Scheffer Decision Trees One of many applications:
More informationNotes on Machine Learning for and
Notes on Machine Learning for 16.410 and 16.413 (Notes adapted from Tom Mitchell and Andrew Moore.) Learning = improving with experience Improve over task T (e.g, Classification, control tasks) with respect
More informationDecision Trees Entropy, Information Gain, Gain Ratio
Changelog: 14 Oct, 30 Oct Decision Trees Entropy, Information Gain, Gain Ratio Lecture 3: Part 2 Outline Entropy Information gain Gain ratio Marina Santini Acknowledgements Slides borrowed and adapted
More informationDecision Tree And Random Forest
Decision Tree And Random Forest Dr. Ammar Mohammed Associate Professor of Computer Science ISSR, Cairo University PhD of CS ( Uni. Koblenz-Landau, Germany) Spring 2019 Contact: mailto: Ammar@cu.edu.eg
More informationDecision Tree Learning
Topics Decision Tree Learning Sattiraju Prabhakar CS898O: DTL Wichita State University What are decision trees? How do we use them? New Learning Task ID3 Algorithm Weka Demo C4.5 Algorithm Weka Demo Implementation
More informationClassification and Regression Trees
Classification and Regression Trees Ryan P Adams So far, we have primarily examined linear classifiers and regressors, and considered several different ways to train them When we ve found the linearity
More information26 Chapter 4 Classification
26 Chapter 4 Classification The preceding tree cannot be simplified. 2. Consider the training examples shown in Table 4.1 for a binary classification problem. Table 4.1. Data set for Exercise 2. Customer
More informationMachine Learning 2010
Machine Learning 2010 Decision Trees Email: mrichter@ucalgary.ca -- 1 - Part 1 General -- 2 - Representation with Decision Trees (1) Examples are attribute-value vectors Representation of concepts by labeled
More informationSupervised Learning via Decision Trees
Supervised Learning via Decision Trees Lecture 4 1 Outline 1. Learning via feature splits 2. ID3 Information gain 3. Extensions Continuous features Gain ratio Ensemble learning 2 Sequence of decisions
More informationDecision Trees. Gavin Brown
Decision Trees Gavin Brown Every Learning Method has Limitations Linear model? KNN? SVM? Explain your decisions Sometimes we need interpretable results from our techniques. How do you explain the above
More informationData Mining. Preamble: Control Application. Industrial Researcher s Approach. Practitioner s Approach. Example. Example. Goal: Maintain T ~Td
Data Mining Andrew Kusiak 2139 Seamans Center Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1527 Preamble: Control Application Goal: Maintain T ~Td Tel: 319-335 5934 Fax: 319-335 5669 andrew-kusiak@uiowa.edu http://www.icaen.uiowa.edu/~ankusiak
More informationClassification Using Decision Trees
Classification Using Decision Trees 1. Introduction Data mining term is mainly used for the specific set of six activities namely Classification, Estimation, Prediction, Affinity grouping or Association
More informationImagine we ve got a set of data containing several types, or classes. E.g. information about customers, and class=whether or not they buy anything.
Decision Trees Defining the Task Imagine we ve got a set of data containing several types, or classes. E.g. information about customers, and class=whether or not they buy anything. Can we predict, i.e
More informationData Mining and Knowledge Discovery: Practice Notes
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery: Practice Notes dr. Petra Kralj Novak Petra.Kralj.Novak@ijs.si 7.11.2017 1 Course Prof. Bojan Cestnik Data preparation Prof. Nada Lavrač: Data mining overview Advanced
More informationCSE 151 Machine Learning. Instructor: Kamalika Chaudhuri
CSE 151 Machine Learning Instructor: Kamalika Chaudhuri Announcements Midterm is graded! Average: 39, stdev: 6 HW2 is out today HW2 is due Thursday, May 3, by 5pm in my mailbox Decision Tree Classifiers
More informationArtificial Intelligence Decision Trees
Artificial Intelligence Decision Trees Andrea Torsello Decision Trees Complex decisions can often be expressed in terms of a series of questions: What to do this Weekend? If my parents are visiting We
More informationRule Generation using Decision Trees
Rule Generation using Decision Trees Dr. Rajni Jain 1. Introduction A DT is a classification scheme which generates a tree and a set of rules, representing the model of different classes, from a given
More informationMachine Learning, Fall 2009: Midterm
10-601 Machine Learning, Fall 009: Midterm Monday, November nd hours 1. Personal info: Name: Andrew account: E-mail address:. You are permitted two pages of notes and a calculator. Please turn off all
More informationDecision trees. Decision tree induction - Algorithm ID3
Decision trees A decision tree is a predictive model which maps observations about an item to conclusions about the item's target value. Another name for such tree models is classification trees. In these
More informationM chi h n i e n L e L arni n n i g Decision Trees Mac a h c i h n i e n e L e L a e r a ni n ng
1 Decision Trees 2 Instances Describable by Attribute-Value Pairs Target Function Is Discrete Valued Disjunctive Hypothesis May Be Required Possibly Noisy Training Data Examples Equipment or medical diagnosis
More informationDecision Tree Learning Mitchell, Chapter 3. CptS 570 Machine Learning School of EECS Washington State University
Decision Tree Learning Mitchell, Chapter 3 CptS 570 Machine Learning School of EECS Washington State University Outline Decision tree representation ID3 learning algorithm Entropy and information gain
More informationSUPERVISED LEARNING: INTRODUCTION TO CLASSIFICATION
SUPERVISED LEARNING: INTRODUCTION TO CLASSIFICATION 1 Outline Basic terminology Features Training and validation Model selection Error and loss measures Statistical comparison Evaluation measures 2 Terminology
More informationDecision Trees. Machine Learning 10701/15781 Carlos Guestrin Carnegie Mellon University. February 5 th, Carlos Guestrin 1
Decision Trees Machine Learning 10701/15781 Carlos Guestrin Carnegie Mellon University February 5 th, 2007 2005-2007 Carlos Guestrin 1 Linear separability A dataset is linearly separable iff 9 a separating
More informationTutorial 6. By:Aashmeet Kalra
Tutorial 6 By:Aashmeet Kalra AGENDA Candidate Elimination Algorithm Example Demo of Candidate Elimination Algorithm Decision Trees Example Demo of Decision Trees Concept and Concept Learning A Concept
More informationDay 3: Classification, logistic regression
Day 3: Classification, logistic regression Introduction to Machine Learning Summer School June 18, 2018 - June 29, 2018, Chicago Instructor: Suriya Gunasekar, TTI Chicago 20 June 2018 Topics so far Supervised
More informationImproving M5 Model Tree by Evolutionary Algorithm
Improving M5 Model Tree by Evolutionary Algorithm Master s Thesis in Computer Science Hieu Chi Huynh May 15, 2015 Halden, Norway www.hiof.no Abstract Decision trees are potentially powerful predictors,
More informationA Decision Stump. Decision Trees, cont. Boosting. Machine Learning 10701/15781 Carlos Guestrin Carnegie Mellon University. October 1 st, 2007
Decision Trees, cont. Boosting Machine Learning 10701/15781 Carlos Guestrin Carnegie Mellon University October 1 st, 2007 1 A Decision Stump 2 1 The final tree 3 Basic Decision Tree Building Summarized
More informationEVALUATING RISK FACTORS OF BEING OBESE, BY USING ID3 ALGORITHM IN WEKA SOFTWARE
EVALUATING RISK FACTORS OF BEING OBESE, BY USING ID3 ALGORITHM IN WEKA SOFTWARE Msc. Daniela Qendraj (Halidini) Msc. Evgjeni Xhafaj Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Information Technology, University
More informationAdministrative notes. Computational Thinking ct.cs.ubc.ca
Administrative notes Labs this week: project time. Remember, you need to pass the project in order to pass the course! (See course syllabus.) Clicker grades should be on-line now Administrative notes March
More informationData Mining Classification: Basic Concepts, Decision Trees, and Model Evaluation
Data Mining Classification: Basic Concepts, Decision Trees, and Model Evaluation Lecture Notes for Chapter 4 Part I Introduction to Data Mining by Tan, Steinbach, Kumar Adapted by Qiang Yang (2010) Tan,Steinbach,
More informationSupervised Learning. George Konidaris
Supervised Learning George Konidaris gdk@cs.brown.edu Fall 2017 Machine Learning Subfield of AI concerned with learning from data. Broadly, using: Experience To Improve Performance On Some Task (Tom Mitchell,
More informationData Mining Lab Course WS 2017/18
Data Mining Lab Course WS 2017/18 L. Richter Department of Computer Science Technische Universität München Wednesday, Dec 20th L. Richter DM Lab WS 17/18 1 / 14 1 2 3 4 L. Richter DM Lab WS 17/18 2 / 14
More informationText Mining. Dr. Yanjun Li. Associate Professor. Department of Computer and Information Sciences Fordham University
Text Mining Dr. Yanjun Li Associate Professor Department of Computer and Information Sciences Fordham University Outline Introduction: Data Mining Part One: Text Mining Part Two: Preprocessing Text Data
More informationCSE 5243 INTRO. TO DATA MINING
CSE 5243 INTRO. TO DATA MINING Data & Data Preprocessing & Classification (Basic Concepts) Huan Sun, CSE@The Ohio State University Slides adapted from UIUC CS412, Fall 2017, by Prof. Jiawei Han Chapter
More informationQuestion of the Day. Machine Learning 2D1431. Decision Tree for PlayTennis. Outline. Lecture 4: Decision Tree Learning
Question of the Day Machine Learning 2D1431 How can you make the following equation true by drawing only one straight line? 5 + 5 + 5 = 550 Lecture 4: Decision Tree Learning Outline Decision Tree for PlayTennis
More informationFrom statistics to data science. BAE 815 (Fall 2017) Dr. Zifei Liu
From statistics to data science BAE 815 (Fall 2017) Dr. Zifei Liu Zifeiliu@ksu.edu Why? How? What? How much? How many? Individual facts (quantities, characters, or symbols) The Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom
More information