Anisotropy in Natural Fibres and its Influence on Composite Performance. Jim Thomason

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1 Anisotropy in Natural Fibres and its Influence on Composite Performance Jim Thomason

2 Thermoplastic Composites Growth Strong continuing growth Attractive & Improving Performance to Price Ratio Clean processing - no chemistry Intrinsically recyclable

3 Natural Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene

4 Why Natural Fibre Composites? There is a growing interest in the use of Natural Fibre as a reinforcement for composites in many applications. Some typical fibre properties are shown in the Table below Flax Sisal Jute Glass Modulus (GPa) Strength (GPa) >1.5 Density E = V E + V C η 0 η L f f m E m

5 INDUSTRY LEADER RoM Prediction Composite Modulus Modulus (GPa) INNOVATION 10 GLOBAL VISION SOLUTIONS 8 PARTNERSHIP Glass Fibre NF20GPa (Sisal) NF40GPa (Jute) NF60GPa (Flax) Fibre Content (% weight)

6 Youngs Modulus (MPa) Modulus of Injection Moulded Jute-PP ASTM bars with highly oriented fibres show some reinforcement effect by Jute fibres BUT plaques with a more random fibre orientation show less reinforcement in flow direction and NO reinforcement effect in cross-flow direction ASTM Bar Plaque Flow Plaque Cross Flow Fibre Content (%wt)

7 Measured Modulus (GPa) Jute-PP Modulus Experiment vs Calculated Experimental values are far below calculated values for moulded samples Plaque Expt = Calc line ASTM Bar Calculated Modulus (GPa)

8 Jute-PP Flexural Strength 70 Flex Strength (MPa) Plaque Cross Flow ASTM Bar Plaque Flow Fibre Content (%wt)

9 INDUSTRY LEADER Strength (MPa) INNOVATION 36 GLOBAL VISION 34 SOLUTIONS 32 PARTNERSHIP Jute-PP Tensile Strength 2% PB No PB Fibre Content (% weight)

10 Comparison Long NF vs GF Relative Performance (%) Modulus Strength Notched Unnotched Fibre Content Modulus Strength Notched Unnotched Fibre Content

11 Poor NF Performance First reactions In general, cellulose based natural fibres have highly polar surfaces rich in OH groups coated in natural waxes. Many polymer matrices (especially polyolefins) are much less polar. Therefore poor interaction Poor wetting Poor adhesion Solution must be surface treatments and silane coupling agents!

12 Silane-MaPP adhesion effects 20% Jute-PP Tensile Strength (MPa) No MaPP PP only 20% Jute-PP Octyl-silane Methacryloxypropyl-silane Aminopropyl-silane % MaPP

13 Silane-NaOH adhesion effects 20% Jute-PP 20%GF-PP > 90 MPa tensile strength

14 Anisotropic Natural Fibre Structure Crystalline Cellulose Fibrils Noncrystalline Regions 100 μm Noncrystalline Cellulose

15 Property Anisotropy of Jute Fibre Temperature ( C) E 1f (GPa) E 2f (GPa) E 2f /E 1f G 12f (GPa) ν 12f ν 21f α 1f (μm/ C) α 2f (μm/ C)

16 Property Anisotropy of Natural Fibres Jute *Flax *Sisal E 1f (GPa) E 2f (GPa) E 2f /E 1f G 12f (GPa) ν 12f ν 21f α 1f (μm/ C) -0.6 α 2f (μm/ C) 77.2 * Characterisation of the Thermoelastic Properties of Natural Fibres used in Composites, John Anderson, 2007/2008, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Strathclyde

17 Jute-PP Modulus Experiment vs Calculated Measured Modulus (GPa) E 1f = 39.4 Gpa E 2f = 5.5 Gpa G 12f = 3.5 GPa Expt = Calc line ASTM Bar Plaque Calculated Modulus (GPa)

18 Natural Fibre Anisotropy Modulus prediction improved (lowered) by consideration of fibre transverse properties. What about composite strength?

19 Residual Thermal Stresses at the Interface Thermoplastic composites formed in melt at high temperature and cooled Thermal expansion coefficient of polymer >> fibre Result - compressive radial stresses at interface σ r If static friction μ s >0 there will be a contribution from these stresses to apparent IFSS, τ = μ s.σ r

20 Residual Thermal Stresses at the Interface INDUSTRY LEADER INNOVATION GLOBAL VISION σ r model Wagner HD. and Nairn JA. Residual thermal stresses in three SOLUTIONS concentric transversely isotropic cylinders. Compos.Sci.Tech. 1997:57: PARTNERSHIP μ s =0.65 for GF-PP Schoolenberg GE. Some wetting and adhesion phenomena in polypropylene composites, in Polypropylene: Structure, blends and composites. (Chapmann Hall, London 1995). μ s =0.40 GF-PP, =0.7 GF-MaPP Thomason JL. Interfaces and Interfacial effects in glass reinforced thermoplastics, 28th Risø International Symposium on Materials Science ( Denmark, 2007)

21 Input Values for Thermal Stress Calculation Glass Carbon Aramid Jute PP Longitudinal Modulus (GPa) Transverse Modulus (GPa) Longitudinal Poisson Ratio Transverse Poisson Ratio Longitudinal LCTE (μm/m. o C) Transverse LCTE (μm/m. o C)

22 Model Thermal Stress at Fibre-PP Interface Radial Stress (MPa) Glass Carbon Aramid Jute Fibre Content (% wt)

23 Modelling IFSS of NF-PP NF σ r 3 MPa - gives τ 1-2 MPa for μ s = Use Kelly Tyson model to calculate composite strength of long fibre Jute-PP L f = 3-4mm, d f = 40 μm, σ f = 400 MPa

24 INDUSTRY LEADER Strength (MPa) INNOVATION 36 GLOBAL VISION 34 SOLUTIONS 32 PARTNERSHIP Jute-PP Tensile Strength 2% PB No PB Fibre Content (% weight)

25 INDUSTRY LEADER INNOVATION 36 GLOBAL VISION 34 SOLUTIONS Jute-PP Tensile Strength τ=2mpa, L=3-4mm Strength (MPa) 32 PARTNERSHIP σ f = 400 MPa D = 40 μm τ=1mpa, L=3-4mm Fibre Content (% weight)

26 Conclusions Residual compressive stresses at the interface may contribute significantly to the apparent IFSS in thermoplastic composites Magnitude of stresses strongly influenced by fibre structure Natural fibres are not delivering the generally overhyped performance in composite materials due to disregard of their highly anisotropic structure which results in Transverse performance similar to matrix polymers Poor offaxis reinforcement efficiency Low radial interfacial stress and consequently very low IFSS It is probable that major advances in the reinforcement efficiency of natural fibres will require significant attention to their internal structure

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